time+note

 

время пуска реостатного пускателя
Период прохождения тока через пусковые сопротивления или часть их.
Примечание. Время пуска пускателя короче полного времени пуска двигателя с учетом периода разгона последнего после переключения в положение включения.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030.4.1-2002 (МЭК 60947-4-1-2000)]

EN

starting time (of a rheostatic starter)
period of time during which the starting resistors or parts of them carry current
NOTE - The starting time of a starter is shorter than the total starting time of the motor which also takes into account the last period of acceleration following the switching operation to the ON position.
[IEC 60947-4-1, ed. 3.0 (2009-09)]

FR

durée de démarrage (d'un démarreur à résistances)
période de temps pendant laquelle les résistances de démarrage ou une partie d'entre elles sont parcourues par du courant
NOTE - La durée de démarrage d'un démarreur est plus courte que la durée totale de démarrage du moteur qui tient compte aussi de la dernière période d'accélération suivant la manœuvre de passage en position MARCHE.
[IEC 60947-4-1, ed. 3.0 (2009-09)]

 

Тематики

• аппарат, изделие, устройство...
• контакторы и пускатели

EN

• starting time (of a rheostatic starter)

FR

• durée de démarrage (d'un démarreur à résistances)

 

генератор развертки в режиме свободных колебаний
-
[IEV number 314-06-04]

EN

free-running time base
time base running periodically, even in the absence of a signal
NOTE – A free-running time base can be synchronized or not. The synchronization can be internal or external.
[IEV number 314-06-04]

FR

base de temps relaxée
base de temps assurant un balayage périodique, même en l'absence de signal
NOTE – Une base de temps relaxée peut être synchronisée ou non. La synchronisation peut être interne ou externe.
[IEV number 314-06-04]

Тематики

• измерение электр. величин в целом

EN

• free-running time base

DE

• freilaufende Zeitbasis

FR

• base de temps relaxée

 

максимальное реле или максимальный расцепитель тока с обратнозависимой выдержкой времени
Максимальное реле или максимальный расцепитель тока, срабатывающие с выдержкой времени, находящейся в обратной зависимости от значения сверхтока.
Примечание. Такие реле или расцепитель могут быть спроектированы так, чтобы при высоких значениях сверхтока выдержка времени достигала определенного минимального значения.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

EN

inverse time-delay over-current relay or release
over-current relay or release which operates after a time-delay inversely dependent upon the value of the over-current
NOTE Such a relay or release may be designed so that the time-delay approaches a definite minimum value for high values of over-current.
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]

FR

relais ou déclencheur à maximum de courant à temps inverse
relais ou déclencheur à maximum de courant qui fonctionne après un intervalle de temps qui varie en raison inverse de la valeur de la surintensité
NOTE Un tel relais ou déclencheur peut être prévu pour que le retard atteigne une valeur minimale définie pour les valeurs élevées de la surintensité.
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]

Тематики

• расцепитель, тепловое реле
• реле электрическое

Классификация

>>>

EN

• inverse time-delay over-current relay or release

FR

• relais ou déclencheur à maximum de courant à temps inverse

 

устройство для отсчета текущего времени
внутренние часы
Прибор для отсчета текущего времени, являющийся частью конструкции СИ, используемый при применении методов измерений показателей КЭ, установленных в настоящем стандарте.
Примечание. Взаимосвязь между текущим временем СИ и временем "Национальной шкалы координированного времени Российской Федерации UTC (SU)" (см. 3.2) установлена в 4.6.
[ ГОСТ Р 51317.4.30-2008 (МЭК 61000-4-30:2008)]

EN

Real-Time Clock
RTC
local timekeeping device used for implementing certain methods in this standard.
NOTE The relationship between the real-time clock and UTC is defined in 4.6.
[IEC 61000-4-30, ed. 2.0 (2008-10)]

FR

Horloge Temps Réel
RTC
système d’horloge locale utilise pour implémenter certaines méthodes dans cette norme
NOTE La relation entre l’horloge temps réel et le temps UTC est défini en 4.6
[IEC 61000-4-30, ed. 2.0 (2008-10)]

Тематики

• измерения неэлектр. величин прочие

Синонимы

• внутренние часы

EN

• Real-Time Clock
• RTC

FR

• Horloge Temps Réel
• RTC

 

часы реального времени
Микросхема, которая сообщает операционной системе отсчеты времени.
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• Real-Time Clock
• RTC

In time expressions

since is used in English after a verb in the present perfect or progressive present perfect tense to indicate when something that is still going on started. To express this French uses a verb in the present tense + depuis:

= j’attends depuis samedi

= j’habite à Rome depuis 1988

When since is used after a verb in the past perfect tense, French uses the imperfect + depuis:

= j’attendais depuis neuf heures

Again since is translated by depuis, but in negative sentences the verb tenses used in French are the same as those used in English:

= je ne l’ai pas vu depuis samedi

= je ne l’avais pas vu depuis 1978

As a conjunction

When since is used as a conjunction, it is translated by depuis que and the tenses used in French parallel exactly those used with the preposition depuis (see above):

= depuis qu’elle habite à Oxford

= depuis qu’il était à Paris

Note that in time expressions with since French native speakers will generally prefer to use a noun where possible when English uses a verb:

= je ne l’ai pas vu depuis son départ

= elle habite à Nice depuis son mariage

For particular usages see the entry since.

When since is used to mean because, it is translated by comme or étant donné que:

= comme elle était malade or étant donné qu’elle était malade, elle ne pouvait pas y aller

As an adverb

When since is used as an adverb it is translated by depuis:

= on ne l’a pas vu depuis

For particular usages see C in the entry since.

 

время считывания
-
[IEV number 314-02-08]

EN

readout time
duration during which the output signal is available for reading when the instrument is in continuous operation
NOTE – Generally, the readout time is specified at the maximum conversion rate.
[IEV number 314-02-08]

FR

temps de lecture
durée pendant laquelle le signal de sortie est disponible pour la lecture lorsque l'appareil est en fonctionnement continu
NOTE – Généralement, le temps de lecture est spécifié à la vitesse de conversion maximale.
[IEV number 314-02-08]

Тематики

• измерение электр. величин в целом

EN

• readout time

DE

• Auslesezeit

FR

• temps de lecture

when can very often be translated by quand in time expressions:

= quand est-ce qu’elle est partie? or elle est partie quand? or quand est-elle partie?

Note that in questions quand on its own requires inversion of the verb and subject:

= quand arrivent-ils?

but when followed by est-ce que needs no inversion: quand est-ce qu’ils arrivent?

Occasionally a more precise time expression is used in French:

= quelle est la date de ton anniversaire?

= à quelle heure est-il parti?

Remember that the future tense is used after quand if future time is implied:

= dis-le-lui quand tu le verras

It is often possible to give a short neat translation for a when clause if there is no change of subject in the sentence:

= tout jeune, j’habitais en Normandie

= en partant, il m’a demandé mon adresse

In expressions such as the day when, the year when, où is used:

= le jour où nous nous sommes mariés

For examples of the above and further uses of when, see the entry when.

The total time from the moment an aeroplane first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight.

Note.— Flight time as here defined is synonymous with the term ‘block to block’ time or ‘chock to chock’ time in general usage which is measured from the time an aeroplane first moves for the purpose of taking off until it finally stops at the end of the flight.

(AN 1; AN 6/I; AN 6/II)

Official definition added to: AN 6/I by Amdt 25 (02/11/2000), AN 6/II by Amdt 20 (02/11/2000) and modified by Amdt 163 to AN 1.

Общее время с момента начала движения самолёта с целью взлёта до момента его полной остановки по окончании полёта.

Примечание. Вышеуказанный термин «полётное время; время полёта» является синонимом общепринятых терминов «полное полётное время» или «время от уборки до установки колодок», которое измеряется с момента начала движения самолёта с целью взлёта до момента его полной остановки по окончании полёта.

When as is used as a preposition or a conjunction to mean like it is translated

by comme:

= habillé comme un marin

= comme d’habitude

= comme c’est souvent le cas

As a conjunction in time expressions, meaning when or while, as is translated by comme:

= comme elle descendait l’escalier

However, where a gradual process is involved, as is translated by au fur et à mesure que:

= au fur et à mesure que la journée avançait il devenait plus inquiet

As a conjunction meaning because, as is translated by comme or puisque:

= comme il est malade or puisqu’il est malade, il ne peut pas sortir

When used as an adverb in comparisons, as…as is translated by aussi…que:

= il est aussi intelligent que son frère

But see category J in the entry as for as much

as and as many as.

Note also the standard translation used for fixed similes:

= fort comme un bœuf

= riche comme Crésus

Such similes often have a cultural equivalent rather than a direct translation. To find translations for English similes, consult the entry for the second element.

When as is used as a preposition to indicate a person’s profession or position, it is translated by comme:

= il travaille comme ingénieur

Note that the article a/an is not translated.

When as is used with a preposition to mean in my/his capacity as, it is translated by en tant que:

= en tant qu’enseignant je crois que…

For more examples, particular usages and phrases like as for, as from, as to etc. see the entry as.

When it is used as a subject pronoun to refer to a specific object (or animal) il or elle is used in French according to the gender of the object referred to:

= ‘où est le livre/la chaise?’ ‘il/elle est dans la cuisine’

= ‘est-ce que tu aimes ma jupe?’ ‘elle est très jolie’

However, if the object referred to is named in the same sentence, it is translated by ce (c’ before a vowel):

= c’est un bon film

When it is used as an object pronoun it is translated by le or la (l’ before a vowel) according to the gender of the object referred to:

= c’est mon livre/ma chaise et je le/la veux

Note that the object pronoun normally comes before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the perfect and the past perfect, the past participle agrees with it:

= j’ai aimé sa chemise - est-ce que tu l’as remarquée? or l’as-tu remarquée?

In imperatives only, the pronoun comes after the verb:

= c’est mon livre - donne-le-moi (note the hyphens)

When it is used vaguely or impersonally followed by an adjective the translation is ce (c’ before a vowel):

= c’est difficile

= c’est triste

But when it is used impersonally followed by an adjective + verb the translation is il:

= il est difficile de comprendre comment …

If in doubt consult the entry for the adjective in question.

For translations for impersonal verb uses (it’s raining, it’s snowing) consult the entry for the verb in question.

it is used in expressions of days of the week (it’s Friday) and clock time (it’s 5 o’clock). This dictionary contains usage notes on these and many other topics. For other impersonal and idiomatic uses see the entry it.

When it is used after a preposition in English the two words (prep + it) are often translated by one word in French. If the preposition would normally be translated by de in French (e.g. of, about, from etc.) the prep + it = en:

= j’en ai entendu parler

If the preposition would normally be translated by à in French (e.g. to, in, at etc.) the prep + it = y:

= ils y sont allés

For translations of it following prepositions not normally translated by de or à (e.g. above, under, over etc.) consult the entry for the preposition.

The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding fix to complete its approach for a landing.

Note.— The actual time of leaving the holding fix will depend upon the approach clearance.

(AN 2; PANS-ATM)

Official definition modified by: Amdt 38 to AN 2 (24/11/2005), Amdt 4 to PANS-ATM (24/11/2005).

Время, когда по расчётам органа диспетчерского обслуживания прибывающее воздушное судно покинет после задержки контрольную точку ожидания для завершения захода на посадку.

Примечание. Фактическое время покидания контрольной точки ожидания будет зависеть от диспетчерского разрешения на выполнение захода на посадку.

When by is used with a passive verb, it is translated by par:

= il a été tué par un tigre

= elle a été horrifiée par la nouvelle

For particular usages, see the entry by.

When by is used with a present participle to mean by means of, it is translated by en:

= elle a appris le français en écoutant la radio

For particular usages, see the entry by.

When by is used with a noun to mean by means of or using, it is translated by par:

= par téléphone

= tenir quelque chose par la poignée

Note, however:

= voyager en bus/train/avion

In time expressions by is translated by avant:

= il faut que ce soit fini avant vendredi

For particular usages, see the entry by.

by often appears as the second element in phrasal verbs (get by, put by, stand by etc.). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (get, put, stand etc.).

For translations of fixed phrases and expressions such as to learn something by heart, to deliver something by hand etc. consult the appropriate noun entry (heart, hand etc.).

For all other uses of by see the entry by.

In almost all its uses the preposition of is translated by de. Exceptions to this are substances ( made of gold), uses with a personal pronoun (that’s kind of you), proportions (some of us, of the 12 of us…) and time expressions ( of an evening). For translations of these, see the entry of. Remember that de + le always becomes du and that de + les always becomes des.

To find translations for phrases beginning with of (of course, of all, of interest, of late, of old) you should consult the appropriate noun etc. entry (course, all, interest, late, old etc.).

of also often appears as the second element of a verb (consist of, deprive of, die of, think of). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry.

of is used after certain nouns, pronouns and adjectives in English (a member of, a game of, some of, most of, afraid of, capable of, ashamed of). For translations, consult the appropriate noun, pronoun or adjective entry.

When of it or of them are used for something already referred to, they are translated by en:

= il y en a beaucoup

= il y en a plusieurs

Note, however, the following expressions used when referring to people:

= ils sont six

= ils étaient plusieurs

For particular usages see the entry of.

This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as Age, Capacity measurement, Dates, Illnesses, Length measurement, Quantities, Towns and cities, and Weight measurement, many of which use of.

In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; this (plural these) is translated by ce + masculine singular noun ( ce monsieur) BUT by cet + masculine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ (cet arbre, cet homme), by cette + feminine singular noun ( cette femme) and by ces + plural noun (ces livres, ces histoires).

Note, however, that the above translations are also used for the English that (plural those). So when it is necessary to insist on this as opposed to another or others of the same sort, the adverbial tag -ci, giving the idea of this one here, is added to the noun:

= je préfère cette version-ci

For particular usages see the entry this.

This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as time units, days of the week and months of the year.

In French, pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are referring to. So this is translated by celui-ci for a masculine noun, celle-ci for a feminine noun ; those is translated by ceux-ci for a masculine plural noun, celles-ci for a feminine plural noun:

= de toutes les robes celle-ci est la plus jolie

For other uses of this used as a pronoun (who’s this?, this is my brother, this is wrong etc.) and for this used as an adverb ( it was this big etc.), see the entry this.

When before is used as a preposition in expressions of time or order of sequence or importance, it is translated by avant:

= avant la réunion

= elle est partie avant moi

For more examples and particular usages, see A1, 2, 3 in the entry before.

When before is used as a preposition meaning in front of (when you are talking about physical space) or in the presence of, it is translated by devant:

= devant nos yeux

= il a déclaré devant sa mère que …

When before is used as an adjective after a noun, it is translated by précédent/-e:

= la fois précédente

the one before is translated by le précédent or la précédente:

= non, je ne parle pas de cette réunion-là mais de la précédente

For particular usages see B in the entry before.

When before is used as an adverb meaning beforehand, it is translated by avant in statements about the present or future:

= j’essaierai de lui en parler avant

= tu aurais pu me le dire avant

When before means previously in statements about the past, it is translated by auparavant:

= je l’avais rencontrée deux ou trois fois auparavant

When before means already it is translated by déjà:

= je l’ai déjà rencontrée

= tu m’as déjà posé cette question

In negative sentences before is often used in English simply to reinforce the negative. In such cases it is not translated at all:

= je n’avais jamais mangé d’escargots

= tu ne m’as jamais dit ça

For particular usages see C in the entry before.

When before is used as a conjunction, it is translated by avant de + infinitive where the two verbs have the same subject:

= il a reconnu sa voix avant de la voir

= avant de préparer le dîner je vais appeler ma mère

Where the two verbs have different subjects, the translation is avant que + subjunctive:

= Tom veut la voir avant qu’elle parte

Some speakers and writers add ne before the verb: Tom veut la voir avant qu’elle ne parte, but this is simply a slightly precious effect of style and is never obligatory. For particular usages see D in the entry before.

When used as an auxiliary in present perfect, future perfect and past perfect tenses, have is normally translated by avoir:

= j’ai vu

= j’avais vu

However, some verbs in French, especially verbs of movement and change of state (e.g. aller, venir, descendre, mourir), take être rather than avoir in these tenses:

= il est parti

In this case, remember the past participle agrees with the subject of the verb:

= elle est allée

Reflexive verbs (e.g. se lever, se coucher) always conjugate with être:

= elle s’est évanouie

For translations of time expressions using for or since (he has been in London for six months, he has been in London since June), see the entries for and since.

For translations of time expressions using just (I have just finished my essay, he has just gone), see the entry just1.

to have to meaning must is translated by either devoir or the impersonal construction il faut que + subjunctive:

= il faut que je parte maintenant or je dois partir maintenant

In negative sentences, not to have to is generally translated by ne pas être obligé de e.g.

= tu n’es pas obligé d’y aller

For examples and particular usages see the entry have.

When have is used as a straightforward transitive verb meaning possess, have (or have got) can generally be translated by avoir, e.g.

= j’ai une voiture

= elle a une bonne mémoire

= ils ont des problèmes

For examples and particular usages see entry ; see also got.

have is also used with certain noun objects where the whole expression is equivalent to a verb:

In such cases the phrase is very often translated by the equivalent verb in French (dîner, essayer, se promener). For translations consult the appropriate noun entry (dinner, try, walk).

had is used in English at the beginning of a clause to replace an expression with if. Such expressions are generally translated by si + past perfect tense, e.g.

= si j’avais pris le train, ce ne serait jamais arrivé

= s’il y avait eu un incendie, nous serions tous morts

For examples of the above and all other uses of have see the entry.

When all is used to mean everything, it is translated by tout:

= c’est tout?

= tout va bien

When all is followed by a that clause, all that is translated by tout ce qui when it is the subject of the verb and tout ce que when it is the object:

= tout ce qui reste à faire

= c’est tout ce qu’il a dit

= après tout ce que nous avons fait

= nous faisons tout ce que nous pouvons

= tout ce dont tu as besoin

When all is used to refer to a specified group of people or objects, the translation reflects the number and gender of the people or objects referred to ; tous is used for a group of people or objects of masculine or mixed or unspecified gender and toutes for a group of feminine gender:

= nous étions tous ravis

= ‘où sont les tasses?’ ‘elles sont toutes dans la cuisine’

For more examples and particular usages see the entry all.

In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede. So all is translated by tout + masculine singular noun:

= tout le temps

by toute + feminine singular noun:

= toute la famille

by tous + masculine or mixed gender plural noun:

= tous les hommes

= tous les livres

and by toutes + feminine plural noun:

= toutes les femmes

= toutes les chaises

For more examples and particular usages see the entry all.

When all is used as an adverb meaning completely it is generally translated by tout:

= mon manteau est tout sale

= il était tout seul

= ils étaient tout seuls

= les filles étaient tout excitées

However, when the adjective that follows is in the feminine and begins with a consonant the translation is toute/toutes:

= elle était toute seule

= la facture est toute fausse

= les filles étaient toutes seules

For more examples and particular usages see the entry all.

Phrases such as all along, all but, at all, for all and of all are each treated separately in the entry all.