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21 race

I 1. [reɪs]
nome

1) sport corsa f., gara f.

to have a race — fare una corsa

to run a race — correre ( with contro)

bicycle race — corsa, gara ciclistica

a race against the clock — una corsa a tempo; fig. una corsa contro il tempo

2) fig. corsa f., gara f.

presidential race — la corsa per la presidenza

the race to reach the moon — la corsa alla luna
2.
nome plurale races equit. corse f.
II 1. [reɪs]
verbo transitivo

1) (compete with) correre contro, gareggiare con [person, car, horse]

2) (enter for race) fare correre, fare partecipare a una corsa [horse, dog]; fare partecipare a una gara [car, boat]; correre per, correre su [ Ferrari]

3) (rev) fare girare a vuoto, imballare [ engine]
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (compete in race) correre, gareggiare

to race around the track — correre facendo il giro della pista

2) (rush)

to race in — precipitarsi dentro, entrare di corsa

to race after sb., sth. — correre dietro a qcn., qcs.

to race through — fare [qcs.] velocemente o di corsa [ task]

3) [ heart] battere forte; [ engine] girare a vuoto, imballarsi; [ mind] lavorare freneticamente

4) (hurry) affrettarsi

•

- race by
III 1. [reɪs]
nome

1) antrop. sociol. razza f.

2) bot. specie f.; zool. razza f.
2.
modificatore [attack, riot, equality, law] razziale

* * *
I 1. [reis] noun
(a competition to find who or which is the fastest: a horse race.)
2. verb
1) (to (cause to) run in a race: I'm racing my horse on Saturday; The horse is racing against five others.)

2) (to have a competition with (someone) to find out who is the fastest: I'll race you to that tree.)

3) (to go etc quickly: He raced along the road on his bike.)

•

- racer
- racecourse
- racehorse
- racetrack
- racing-car
- a race against time
- the races II [reis]
1) (any one section of mankind, having a particular set of characteristics which make it different from other sections: the Negro race; the white races; ( also adjective) race relations.)

2) (the fact of belonging to any of these various sections: the problem of race.)

3) (a group of people who share the same culture, language etc; the Anglo-Saxon race.)

•

- racial
- racialism
- racialist
- the human race
- of mixed race
* * *
I 1. [reɪs]
nome

1) sport corsa f., gara f.

to have a race — fare una corsa

to run a race — correre ( with contro)

bicycle race — corsa, gara ciclistica

a race against the clock — una corsa a tempo; fig. una corsa contro il tempo

2) fig. corsa f., gara f.

presidential race — la corsa per la presidenza

the race to reach the moon — la corsa alla luna
2.
nome plurale races equit. corse f.
II 1. [reɪs]
verbo transitivo

1) (compete with) correre contro, gareggiare con [person, car, horse]

2) (enter for race) fare correre, fare partecipare a una corsa [horse, dog]; fare partecipare a una gara [car, boat]; correre per, correre su [ Ferrari]

3) (rev) fare girare a vuoto, imballare [ engine]
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (compete in race) correre, gareggiare

to race around the track — correre facendo il giro della pista

2) (rush)

to race in — precipitarsi dentro, entrare di corsa

to race after sb., sth. — correre dietro a qcn., qcs.

to race through — fare [qcs.] velocemente o di corsa [ task]

3) [ heart] battere forte; [ engine] girare a vuoto, imballarsi; [ mind] lavorare freneticamente

4) (hurry) affrettarsi

•

- race by
III 1. [reɪs]
nome

1) antrop. sociol. razza f.

2) bot. specie f.; zool. razza f.
2.
modificatore [attack, riot, equality, law] razziale

English-Italian dictionary > race
22 pass down

see academic.ru/33452/hand_down">hand down 1)

* * *

◆ pass down

vt

1. usu passive (bequeath)

▪ to be \pass downed down tradition weitergegeben werden; songs, tales überliefert werden

this tradition had been \pass downed down through the family for centuries diese Tradition wurde jahrhundertelang innerhalb der Familie weitergeführt

▪ to be \pass downed down to sb an jdn weitergegeben werden

the suit had been \pass downed down to him by his father den Anzug hatte ihm sein Vater vermacht

2. (hand down)

▪ to \pass down down ⇆ sth etw hinunterreichen

* * *

vt sep

1) traditions weitergeben (to an +acc), überliefern (
to +dat); characteristics weitergeben (to an +acc)
passed down by word of mouth — mündlich überliefert

2)

(= transmit) the story was passed down through the ranks — die Sache sprach sich (bis) zu den Soldaten durch

* * *

pass down

A v/t

1. herunter-, hinunterreichen ( beide:

sb sth jemandem etwas;

from von)

2. (to) eine Tradition etc weitergeben (dat oder an akk), Bräuche etc überliefern (dat)

B v/i → pass along

* * *

see hand down 1)

English-german dictionary > pass down
23 race

I 1. noun
1) Rennen, das

have a race [with or against somebody] — mit jemandem um die Wette laufen/schwimmen usw.

100 metres race — 100-m-Rennen/-Schwimmen, das

2) in pl. (series) (for horses) Pferderennen, das; (for dogs) Hunderennen, das

3) (fig.)

a race against time — ein Wettlauf mit der Zeit
2. intransitive verb
1) (in swimming, running, sailing, etc.) um die Wette schwimmen/laufen/segeln usw. (with, against mit)

race against time — (fig.) gegen die Uhr od. Zeit arbeiten

2) (go at full or excessive speed) [Motor:] durchdrehen; [Puls:] jagen, rasen

3) (rush) sich sehr beeilen; hetzen; (on foot also) rennen; jagen

race after somebody — jemandem hinterherhetzen

race to finish something — sich beeilen, um etwas fertigzukriegen (ugs.)

race ahead with something — (hurry) etwas im Eiltempo vorantreiben (ugs.); (make rapid progress) bei etwas mit Riesenschritten vorankommen (ugs.)
3. transitive verb
(in swimming, riding, walking, running, etc.) um die Wette schwimmen/reiten/gehen/laufen usw. mit

I'll race you — ich mache mit dir einen Wettlauf
II noun
(Anthrop., Biol.) Rasse, die

the human race — die Menschheit

* * *
I 1. [reis] noun
(a competition to find who or which is the fastest: a horse race.) das Rennen
2. verb
1) (to (cause to) run in a race: I'm racing my horse on Saturday; The horse is racing against five others.) an einem Rennen teilnehmen

2) (to have a competition with (someone) to find out who is the fastest: I'll race you to that tree.) um die Wette laufen mit

3) (to go etc quickly: He raced along the road on his bike.) rasen

•

- academic.ru/59895/racer">racer
- racecourse
- racehorse
- racetrack
- racing-car
- a race against time
- the races II [reis]
1) (any one section of mankind, having a particular set of characteristics which make it different from other sections: the Negro race; the white races; ( also adjective) race relations.) die Rasse; Rassen...

2) (the fact of belonging to any of these various sections: the problem of race.) die Rasse; Rassen-...

3) (a group of people who share the same culture, language etc; the Anglo-Saxon race.) das Geschlecht

•

- racial
- racialism
- racialist
- the human race
- of mixed race
* * *

race¹

[reɪs]

I. n

1. (competition) Rennen nt

car/dog/horse \race Auto-/Hunde-/Pferderennen nt

cycle/motorcycle \race Rad-/Motorradrennen nt

cross-country/100-metre/obstacle \race Gelände- [o SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR a. Orientierungs-] /Hundertmeter-/Hindernislauf m

egg-and-spoon \race Eierlaufen nt kein pl

pancake \race Pfannkuchenrennen nt (findet in England am Faschingsdienstag statt)

road/track \race Straßen-/Bahnrennen nt

sack \race Sackhüpfen nt kein pl

three-legged \race Dreibeinlauf m

to go in for [or take part in] a \race an einem Wettlauf [o SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR Wettrennen] teilnehmen nt

to have [or run] a \race einen Wettlauf [o SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR ein Wettrennen] machen

let's have a \race komm, wir laufen um die Wette

to keep [or stay] in the \race im Rennen bleiben a. fig

to win/lose a \race einen Wettkampf gewinnen/verlieren

2. ( fig: contest) Rennen nt; (competition) Wettkampf m fig

a \race against time [or the clock] ein Wettlauf gegen die Uhr [o SCHWEIZ Zeit]

the two are involved in a \race for promotion die zwei liefern sich ein Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen um die Beförderung

presidential \race Präsidentenwahlkampf m

the space \race der Wettlauf [o SCHWEIZ das Wettrennen] im All fig

3. no pl (rush) Hetze f, Hektik f

it's always a \race to get out of the house on time in the mornings in der Früh ist es immer eine Hetzerei, damit man rechtzeitig aus dem Haus kommt pej fam

4. SPORT

▪ \races pl:

▪ the \races das Pferderennen

a day at the \races ein Tag m beim Pferderennen

5. (fast-flowing water) river Stromschnelle f; sea Strömung f

mill \race Mühl[en]bach m

6. COMPUT Zeitbedingung f

II. vi

1. (compete) people, animals Rennen laufen; vehicles Rennen fahren

I enjoy running for fun, but I refuse to \race ich laufe gern zum Vergnügen, aber ich weigere mich, an Wettläufen teilzunehmen

▪ to \race with sb mit jdm um die Wette laufen

▪ to \race against sb gegen jdn antreten

2. (rush) rennen

the boys came racing across the playground die Jungen kamen über den Schulhof gerannt

she \raced for the bus sie rannte, um den Bus zu erreichen

to \race along [or down] the street die Straße entlangrennen

to \race into the house in das Haus rennen

to \race up the stairs die Treppe hinaufrennen

3. (pass quickly)

▪ to \race by [or past] schnell vergehen

the summer seems to have \raced by der Sommer ist wie im Nu vergangen fam

4. (beat fast) heart heftig schlagen; pulse rasen

III. vt

1.

▪ to \race sb (in competition) gegen jdn antreten; (for fun) mit jdm ein Wettrennen machen

come on, I'll \race you home los, wir laufen um die Wette bis nach Hause

2. (enter for races)

to \race a greyhound/horse einen Greyhound/ein Pferd rennen [o laufen] lassen

to \race a car an einem Autorennen teilnehmen

3. (rev up)

to \race the car engine den Motor hochjagen sl

4. (transport fast)

▪ to \race sb somewhere jdn schnellstmöglich irgendwohin bringen

the ambulance \raced the injured to hospital der Krankenwagen brachte den Verletzten mit Blaulicht ins Krankenhaus

race²

[reɪs]

n

1. (ethnic grouping) Rasse f

\race relations Beziehungen pl zwischen den Rassen

to be of mixed \race gemischtrassig sein

2. (species)

the human \race die menschliche Rasse; (of animals, plants) Spezies f

crops which are resistant to different \races of pest Getreidesorten, die gegen verschiedene Krankheiten resistent sind

3. + sing/pl vb (people) Volk nt; ( fig) Gruppe f

the British are an island \race die Briten sind ein Inselvolk

the French/Russian \race die Franzosen/die Russen

* * *
I [reɪs]
1. n

1) Rennen nt; (on foot) Rennen nt, (Wett)lauf m; (swimming) Wettschwimmen nt

100 metres race — 100-Meter-Lauf m

to run a race (against sb) — (mit jdm um die Wette) laufen

to go to the races — zum Pferderennen gehen

a day at the races — ein Tag auf der Pferderennbahn

we were at the races yesterday —

the race for the Democratic nomination/the White House — das Rennen um die Nominierung des demokratischen Kandidaten/die amerikanische Präsidentschaft

it was a race to get the work finished — es war eine Hetze, die Arbeit fertig zu machen

a race against time or the clock — ein Wettlauf m mit der Zeit or gegen die Uhr

his race is run (fig) — er ist erledigt (inf)

2) (= swift current) Strömung f; (= mill race) Gerinne nt

3) (liter of sun, moon) Lauf m

2. vt

1) (= compete with) um die Wette laufen/reiten/fahren/schwimmen etc mit; (SPORT) laufen/reiten/fahren/schwimmen etc gegen

I'll race you to school — ich mache mit dir ein Wettrennen bis zur Schule

the car was racing the train — das Auto fuhr mit dem Zug um die Wette

2) engine hochjagen

3) (SPORT) car ins Rennen schicken; horse laufen or rennen lassen

3. vi

1) (= compete) laufen/reiten/fahren/schwimmen etc

to race with or against sb — gegen jdn laufen etc, mit jdm um die Wette laufen etc

we're racing against time (to get this finished) — wir arbeiten gegen die Uhr(, um fertig zu werden)

he races at Newmarket — er lässt seine Pferde in Newmarket laufen

2) (= rush) rasen, jagen; (on foot) rennen, rasen; (with work) hetzen

to race about — herumrasen/-rennen etc

to race after sb/sth — hinter jdm/etw herhetzen or herjagen

to race to get sth finished — Dampf machen, um etw fertig zu bekommen (inf)

he raced through his work — er jagte durch sein Arbeitspensum

to race ahead with one's plans/work etc — seine Pläne/Arbeit etc vorantreiben

the project is racing ahead — die Arbeit am Projekt geht mit Riesenschritten voran

clouds raced across the sky — Wolken jagten über den Himmel

memories of the past raced through her mind — Erinnerungen an die Vergangenheit jagten ihr durch den Kopf

3) (engine) durchdrehen; (pulse) jagen, fliegen; (heart) rasen; (thoughts, mind) jagen
II
n

1) (= ethnic group, species) Rasse f

of mixed race —

of noble race (person) (horse) — edler Herkunft or Abstammung (von) edler Rasse

race is causing a problem in this town — es gibt Rassenprobleme in dieser Stadt

2) (fig of authors, poets etc) Kaste f

* * *

race¹ [reıs]

A s

1. SPORT (Wett)Rennen n, (-)Lauf m:

he wasn’t at the races fig umg er hatte mit dem Ausgang des Rennens nichts zu tun

2. pl SPORT Pferderennen pl: → play C 1

3. fig (for) Wettlauf m, Kampf m (um), Jagd f (nach):

a race against time ein Wettlauf mit der Zeit

4. Lauf m (der Gestirne, des Lebens, der Zeit):

his race is run er hat die längste Zeit gelebt

5. a) starke Strömung

b) Stromschnelle f

c) Strom-, Flussbett n

d) Kanal m, Gerinne n

6. TECH

a) Laufring m (des Kugellagers), (Gleit)Bahn f

b) Weberei: Schützenbahn f

7. → slipstream A 1

B v/i

1. a) an einem Rennen teilnehmen, besonders um die Wette laufen oder fahren (with, against mit)

b) Rennen fahren

2. (im Rennen) laufen ( for um)

3. (dahin)rasen, rennen:

race about ( oder around) herumrasen, -rennen;

her pulse was racing ihr Puls jagte;

his mind was racing fig die Gedanken überschlugen sich in seinem Kopf

4. TECH durchdrehen (Rad etc)

C v/t

1. um die Wette laufen oder fahren mit

2. Pferde rennen oder (in einem Rennen) laufen lassen

3. rasen mit umg:

race sb to hospital mit jemandem ins Krankenhaus rasen

4. (durch)hetzen, (-)jagen, Gesetze durchpeitschen

5. TECH

a) den Motor etc durchdrehen lassen (ohne Belastung)

b) den Motor hochjagen:

race up einen Flugzeugmotor abbremsen

race² [reıs] s

1. Rasse f:

the white race

2. Rasse f:

a) Rassenzugehörigkeit f

b) rassische Eigenart

3. Geschlecht n, Stamm m, Familie f

4. Volk n, Nation f

5. Abstammung f:

of noble race edler Abstammung, vornehmer Herkunft

6. BIOL Rasse f, Gattung f, Unterart f

7. a) (Menschen)Schlag m

b) (Menschen- etc) Geschlecht n:

the human race

8. Rasse f (des Weins etc)

race³ [reıs] s (Ingwer)Wurzel f

* * *
I 1. noun
1) Rennen, das

have a race [with or against somebody] — mit jemandem um die Wette laufen/schwimmen usw.

100 metres race — 100-m-Rennen/-Schwimmen, das

2) in pl. (series) (for horses) Pferderennen, das; (for dogs) Hunderennen, das

3) (fig.)

a race against time — ein Wettlauf mit der Zeit
2. intransitive verb
1) (in swimming, running, sailing, etc.) um die Wette schwimmen/laufen/segeln usw. (with, against mit)

race against time — (fig.) gegen die Uhr od. Zeit arbeiten

2) (go at full or excessive speed) [Motor:] durchdrehen; [Puls:] jagen, rasen

3) (rush) sich sehr beeilen; hetzen; (on foot also) rennen; jagen

race after somebody — jemandem hinterherhetzen

race to finish something — sich beeilen, um etwas fertigzukriegen (ugs.)

race ahead with something — (hurry) etwas im Eiltempo vorantreiben (ugs.); (make rapid progress) bei etwas mit Riesenschritten vorankommen (ugs.)
3. transitive verb
(in swimming, riding, walking, running, etc.) um die Wette schwimmen/reiten/gehen/laufen usw. mit

I'll race you — ich mache mit dir einen Wettlauf
II noun
(Anthrop., Biol.) Rasse, die

the human race — die Menschheit

* * *

n.

Rasse -n f.

Rennen - n.

Stamm ¨-e m.

Wettrennen n. v.

um die Wette rennen ausdr.

English-german dictionary > race
24 force

1. n

1) сила, воздействие

2) действенность; действительность

- entry into force

- on the entry into force

- conditions of entry into force

- full force of the treaty

- obligatory force of international treaties

- in force

- be in force

- cease to be in force

- enter into force

- come force

- enter into force on signature

- have no force

- put in force

- continue force

- remain in force

3) насилие, принуждение

- primacy of force

- by force

- use of force

- renunciation of the use of force

- non-use of force

- policy of force

- show of force

- suppression by force

- threat of force

- refrain from the threat or use of force

- unlawful recourse to force

- resort to force

- apply force

- take by force

4) обыкн. pl войска, вооружённые силы

- balance of forces

- maintain the balance of forces

- balance of nuclear forces

- in forces

- allocation of forces

- build-up of forces

- correlation of forces

- proportions of forces

- relationship of forces

- inequitable relationship of force

- disparity of forces

- rough parity of forces

- nature and posture of forces

- shifts in the alignment of forces

- intrinsic capabilities of forces

- activities of forces

- forces from outside the area

5) сила (рабочая)

6) обыкн. pl группировки в обществе, движущие силы

- correlation of forces on the international arena

- correlation of forces on the world scene

- curb the forces of aggression

- alliance of the forces of social progress

•

- strengthen strategic forces

- military force

- directing force

- strategic forces

- powerful forces

- multinational nuclear forces

- motive force

- assault force

- border-security forces

- balanced reduction of the armed forces

- economical forces

- nuclear strike force

- paramilitary forces

- guiding force

- balance of conventional forces

- sea forces

- active duty ground forces

- landing forces

- ground forces

- compulsory force

- allied forces

- forces level

- binding force

- size of the armed forces

- labour force

- force of public opinion

- ratio of the armed forces

- limitation of the number of ground forces

- force of of a document

- of legal force

- experienced labour force

- ground forces manpower

- deterrent forces

- military forces

- peace-keeping forces

- force of an agreement a document

- relationship of the armed forces

- employed labour force

- exceed the forces level

- imbalance in ground forces

- voluntary task forces

- militant force

- legal force

- residual ground forces level

- characteristics of the armed forces

- force of argument

- logistical forces

- second-strike force

- proportions of the armed forces

- effective forces

- conservative forces

- industrial reserve force

- naval forces

- task forces

- peace-safeguarding forces

- modernize strategic forces

- Right-wing Forces SPS Russia

- Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

- transformations of the productive forces

- armed forces

- rapid deployment forces

- rely on military force

- current forces levels

- bomber forces

- productive forces

- agreed forces levels

- conventional forces

- liberation forces

- neutral forces

- character of the armed forces

- national forces

- reduce military forces

- active forces

- lose one's binding force

- Joint Armed Forces

- strategic striking forces

- conventional operational forces

- monetary forces

- sea-based nuclear forces

- operational deployment forces

- number of the armed forces

- retaliatory forces

- limit conventional forces

- theatre nuclear forces

- strength of the armed forces

- competing forces

- contending forces

2. v

заставлять, принуждать

- force a bill through

- force concessions from smb.

- force a reform through

- force the market

- force to pay

- force up

- force down

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > force
25 the

abandon the takeoff
прекращать взлет
abeam the left pilot position
на левом траверзе
abeam the right pilot position
на правом траверзе
abort the flight
прерывать полет
abort the takeoff
прерывать взлет
above the glide slope
выше глиссады
absorb the shock energy
поглощать энергию удара
accelerate the rotor
раскручивать ротор
accelerate to the speed
разгонять до скорости
adhere to the flight plan
придерживаться плана полета
adhere to the track
придерживаться заданного курса
adjust the cable
регулировать трос
adjust the compass
устранять девиацию компаса
adjust the engine
регулировать двигатель до заданных параметров
adjust the heading
корректировать курс
advice to follow the controller's advance
выполнять указание диспетчера
affect the regularity
влиять на регулярность
affect the safety
влиять на безопасность
align the aircraft
устанавливать воздушное судно
align the aircraft with the center line
устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
align the aircraft with the runway
устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
alter the heading
менять курс
amplify the signal
усиливать сигнал
apparent drift of the gyro
кажущийся уход гироскопа
apply the brake
применять тормоз
approach the beam
приближаться к лучу
approve the limitations
утверждать ограничения
approve the tariff
утверждать тариф
area of coverage of the forecasts
район обеспечения прогнозами
arrest the development of the stall
препятствовать сваливанию
arrive over the aerodrome
прибывать в зону аэродрома
assess the damage
определять стоимость повреждения
assess the distance
оценивать расстояние
assess the suitability
оценивать пригодность
assume the control
брать управление на себя
attain the power
достигать заданной мощности
attain the speed
развивать заданную скорость
at the end of
в конце цикла
at the end of segment
в конце участка
(полета) at the end of stroke
в конце хода
(поршня) at the ground level
на уровне земли
at the start of cycle
в начале цикла
at the start of segment
в начале участка
(полета) avoid the obstacle
избегать столкновения с препятствием
backward movement of the stick
взятие ручки на себя
balance the aircraft
балансировать воздушное судно
balance the control surface
балансировать поверхность управления
balance the propeller
балансировать воздушный винт
bear on the accident
иметь отношение к происшествию
before the turbine
перед турбиной
below the glide slope
ниже глиссады
below the landing minima
ниже посадочного минимума
bend the cotterpin ends
загибать усики шплинта
be off the track
уклоняться от заданного курса
be on the level on the hour
занимать эшелон по нулям
block the brake
ставить на тормоз
boundary of the area
граница зоны
brake the propeller
стопорить воздушный винт
break the journey
прерывать полет
bring the aircraft back
возвращать воздушное судно
bring the aircraft out
выводить воздушное судно из крена
by altering the heading
путем изменения курса
cage the gyroscope
арретировать гироскоп
calibrate the compass
списывать девиацию компаса
calibrate the indicator
тарировать прибор
calibrate the system
тарировать систему
calibrate the tank
тарировать бак
cancel the drift
парировать снос
cancel the flight
отменять полет
cancel the forecast
аннулировать сообщенный прогноз
cancel the signal
прекращать подачу сигнала
capture the beam
захватывать луч
carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
carry out the flight
выполнять полет
center the autopilot
центрировать автопилот
center the wiper
центрировать щетку
change the frequency
изменять частоту
change the pitch
изменять шаг
change the track
изменять линию пути
check the reading
проверять показания
chop the power
внезапно изменять режим
circle the aerodrome
летать по кругу над аэродромом
clean the aircraft
убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
clean up the crack
зачищать трещину
clearance of the aircraft
разрешение воздушному судну
clearance over the threshold
безопасная высота пролета порога
clear for the left-hand turn
давать разрешение на левый разворот
clear the aircraft
давать разрешение воздушному судну
clear the obstacle
устранять препятствие
clear the point
пролетать над заданной точкой
clear the runway
освобождать ВПП
climb on the course
набирать высоту при полете по курсу
close the buckets
закрывать створки
close the circuit
замыкать цепь
close the flight
заканчивать регистрацию на рейс
come clear of the ground
отрываться от земли
commence the flight
начинать полет
commence the landing procedure
начинать посадку
compare the readings
сравнивать показания
compensate the compass
устранять девиацию компаса
compensate the error
списывать девиацию
compile the accident report
составлять отчет об авиационном происшествии
complete the circuit
закольцовывать
complete the flight
завершать полет
complete the flight plan
составлять план полета
complete the turn
завершать разворот
compute the visual range
вычислять дальность видимости
conditions beyond the experience
условия, по сложности превосходящие квалификацию пилота
conditions on the route
условия по заданному маршруту
considering the obstacles
учет препятствий
construct the procedure
разрабатывать схему
containerize the cargo
упаковывать груз в контейнере
continue operating on the fuel reserve
продолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топлива
continue the flight
продолжать полет
continue the takeoff
продолжать взлет
contribute towards the safety
способствовать повышению безопасности
control the aircraft
управлять воздушным судном
control the pitch
управлять шагом
convert the frequency
преобразовывать частоту
convey the information
передавать информацию
correct the trouble
устранять отказ
correspond with the operating minima
соответствовать эксплуатационному минимуму
counteract the rotor torque
уравновешивать крутящий момент несущего винта
coverage of the chart
картографируемый район
cover the route
пробегать по полному маршруту
crosscheck the readings
сверять показания
cross the airway
пересекать авиатрассу
data on the performance
координаты характеристики
decelerate in the flight
гасить скорость в полете
decelerate the aircraft to
снижать скорость воздушного судна до
decrease the deviation
уменьшать величину отклонения от курса
decrease the pitch
уменьшать шаг
decrease the speed
уменьшать скорость
de-energize the bus
обесточивать шину
define the failure
определять причины отказа
deflate the tire
ослаблять давление в пневматике
deflect the control surface
отклонять поверхность управления
(напр. элерон) delay the turn
затягивать разворот
delimit the runway
обозначать границы ВПП
delimit the taxiway
обозначать границы рулежной дорожки
delineate the runway
очерчивать границы ВПП
delineate the taxiway
обозначать размеры рулежной дорожки
deliver the baggage
доставлять багаж
deliver the clearance
передавать разрешение
denote the obstacle
обозначать препятствие
denoting the obstacle
обозначение препятствия
depart from the rules
отступать от установленных правил
departure from the standards
отклонение от установленных стандартов
depress the pedal
нажимать на педаль
detach the load
отцеплять груз
detach the wing
отстыковывать крыло
determinate the cause
устанавливать причину
determine amount of the error
определять величину девиации
determine the delay
устанавливать время задержки
determine the extent of damage
определять степень повреждения
determine the friction
определять величину сцепления
determine the sign of deviation
определять знак девиации
detract from the safety
снижать безопасность
development of the stall
процесс сваливания
deviate from the flight plan
отклоняться от плана полета
deviate from the glide slope
отклоняться от глиссады
deviate from the heading
отклоняться от заданного курса
deviation from the course
отклонение от заданного курса
deviation from the level flight
отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
discharge the cargo
снимать груз в контейнере
disclose the fares
опубликовывать тарифы
discontinue the takeoff
прекращать взлет
disengage the autopilot
выключать автопилот
displace the center-of-gravity
изменять центровку
disregard the indicator
пренебрегать показаниями прибора
disseminate the forecast
распространять прогноз
drain the tank
сливать из бака
draw the conclusion
подготавливать заключение
drift off the course
сносить с курса
drift off the heading
уходить с заданного курса
drop the nose
сваливаться на нос
duck below the glide path
резко снижаться относительно глиссады
ease the aircraft on
выравнивать воздушное судно
effect adversely the strength
нарушать прочность
(напр. фюзеляжа) elevation of the strip
превышение летной полосы
eliminate the cause of
устранять причину
eliminate the hazard
устранять опасную ситуацию
eliminate the ice formation
устранять обледенение
eliminate the source of danger
устранять источник опасности
(для воздушного движения) enable the aircraft to
давать воздушному судну право
endanger the aircraft
создавать опасность для воздушного судна
endange the safety
угрожать безопасности
endorse the license
делать отметку в свидетельстве
energize the bus
подавать электропитание на шину
enforce rules of the air
обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
engage the autopilot
включать автопилот
ensure the adequate provisions
обеспечивать соответствующие меры предосторожности
enter the aircraft
заносить воздушное судно в реестр
enter the aircraft stand
заруливать на место стоянки воздушного судна
enter the airway
выходить на авиатрассу
enter the final approach track
выходить на посадочную прямую
enter the spin
входить в штопор
enter the tariff into force
утверждать тарифную ставку
enter the traffic circuit
входить в круг движения
enter the turn
входить в разворот
entry into the aerodrome zone
вход в зону аэродрома
entry into the flare
входить в этап выравнивания
erection of the gyro
восстановление гироскопа
establish the characteristics
устанавливать характеристики
establish the flight conditions
устанавливать режим полета
establish the procedure
устанавливать порядок
exceeding the stalling angle
выход на закритический угол атаки
exceed the stop
преодолевать упор
execute the manoeuvre
выполнять маневр
execute the turn
выполнять разворот
expedite the clearance
ускорять оформление
express the altitude
четко указывать высоту
extend the agreement
продлевать срок действия соглашения
extend the landing gear
выпускать шасси
extend the legs
выпускать шасси
extreme aft the center-of-gravity
предельная задняя центровка
extreme forward the center-of-gravity
предельная передняя центровка
eye height over the threshold
уровень положения глаз над порогом ВПП
fail into the spin
срываться в штопор
fail to follow the procedure
не выполнять установленную схему
fail to observe the limitations
не соблюдать установленные ограничения
fail to provide the manuals
не обеспечивать соответствующими инструкциями
fall into the spin
срываться в штопор
feather the propeller
ставить воздушный винт во флюгерное положение
file the flight plan
регистрировать план полета
first freedom of the air
первая степень свободы воздуха
flight inbound the station
полет в направлении на станцию
flight outbound the station
полет в направлении от станции
flight over the high seas
полет над открытым морем
flight under the rules
полет по установленным правилам
fly above the weather
летать над верхней кромкой облаков
fly at the altitude
летать на заданной высоте
fly into the sun
летать против солнца
fly into the wind
летать против ветра
fly on the autopilot
летать на автопилоте
fly on the course
летать по курсу
fly on the heading
летать по курсу
fly the aircraft
1. управлять самолетом
2. пилотировать воздушное судно fly the beam
лететь по лучу
fly the circle
летать по кругу
fly the glide-slope beam
летать по глиссадному лучу
fly the great circle
летать по ортодромии
fly the heading
выполнять полет по курсу
fly the rhumb line
летать по локсодромии
fly under the autopilot
пилотировать при помощи автопилота
fly under the supervision of
летать под контролем
focus the light
фокусировать фару
follow the beam
выдерживать направление по лучу
follow the glide slope
выдерживать глиссаду
follow up the aircraft
сопровождать воздушное судно
forfeit the reservation
лишать брони
freedom of the air
степень свободы воздуха
fuel the tank
заправлять бак топливом
fulfil the conditions
выполнять условия
gain the air supremacy
завоевывать господство в воздухе
gain the altitude
набирать заданную высоту
gain the glide path
входить в глиссаду
gain the power
достигать заданной мощность
gain the speed
развивать заданную скорость
gather the speed
наращивать скорость
get into the aerodrome
приземляться на аэродроме
get on the course
выходить на заданный курс
get the height
набирать заданную высоту
give the way
уступать трассу
go out of the spin
выходить из штопора
govern the application
регулировать применение
govern the flight
управлять ходом полета
govern the operation
руководить эксплуатацией
grade of the pilot licence
класс пилотского свидетельства
guard the frequency
прослушивать частоту
handle the baggage
обслуживать багаж
handle the flight controls
оперировать органами управления полетом
have the runway in sight
четко видеть ВПП
head the aircraft into wind
направлять воздушное судно против ветра
hold on the heading
выдерживать на заданном курсе
hold over the aids
выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
hold over the beacon
выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
hold the aircraft on the heading
выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
hold the brake
удерживать тормоза
hold the heading on the compass
выдерживать курс по компасу
hold the position
ожидать на месте
hold the speed accurately
точно выдерживать скорость
hover at the height of
зависать на высоте
hovering in the ground effect
висение в зоне влияния земли
identify the aerodrome from the air
опознавать аэродром с воздуха
identify the aircraft
опознавать воздушное судно
identify the center line
обозначать осевую линию
impair the operation
нарушать работу
impair the safety
снижать безопасность
impose the limitations
налагать ограничения
in computing the fuel
при расчете количества топлива
in conformity with the specifications
в соответствии с техническими условиями
increase a camber of the profile
увеличивать кривизну профиля
increase the pitch
увеличивать шаг
increase the speed
увеличивать скорость
indicate the location from the air
определять местоположение с воздуха
inherent in the aircraft
свойственный воздушному судну
initiate the turn
входить в разворот
install in the aircraft
устанавливать на борту воздушного судна
install on the aircraft
монтировать на воздушном судне
intercept the beam
выходить на ось луча
intercept the glide slope
захватывать луч глиссады
International Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
Управление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиации
interpretation of the signal
расшифровка сигнала
in the case of delay
в случае задержки
in the event of a mishap
в случае происшествия
in the event of malfunction
в случая отказа
introduction of the corrections
ввод поправок
issue the certificate
выдавать сертификат
jeopardize the flight
подвергать полет опасности
judge the safety
оценивать степень опасности
keep clear of the aircraft
держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
keep out of the way
не занимать трассу
keep tab on the fleet
вести учет парка
keep the aircraft on
выдерживать воздушное судно
keep the altitude
выдерживать заданную высоту
keep the ball centered
держать шарик в центре
keep the pace
выдерживать дистанцию
keep to the minima
устанавливать минимум
kick off the drift
парировать снос
kill the landing speed
гасить посадочную скорость
landing off the aerodrome
посадка вне аэродрома
land into the wind
выполнять посадку против ветра
land the aircraft
приземлять воздушное судно
latch the pitch stop
устанавливать на упор шага
(лопасти воздушного винта) latch the propeller flight stop
ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
lateral the center-of-gravity
поперечная центровка
lay the route
прокладывать маршрут
lead in the aircraft
заруливать воздушное судно
lead out the aircraft
выруливать воздушное судно
leave the airspace
покидать данное воздушное пространство
leave the altitude
уходить с заданной высоты
leave the plane
выходить из самолета
leave the runway
освобождать ВПП
level the aircraft out
выравнивать воздушное судно
lie beyond the range
находиться вне заданного предела
line up the aircraft
выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный старт
load the gear
загружать редуктор
load the generator
нагружать генератор
load the structure
нагружать конструкцию
lock the landing gear
ставить шасси на замки
lock the landing gear down
ставить шасси на замок выпущенного положения
lock the landing gear up
ставить шасси на замок убранного положения
lock the legs
устанавливать шасси на замки выпущенного положения
longitudinal the center-of-gravity
продольная центровка
lose the altitude
терять высоту
lose the speed
терять заданную скорость
loss the control
терять управление
lower the landing gear
выпускать шасси
lower the legs
выпускать шасси
lower the nose wheel
опускать носовое колесо
maintain the aircraft at readiness to
держать воздушное судно готовым
maintain the altitude
выдерживать заданную высоту
maintain the course
выдерживать заданный курс
maintain the flight level
выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
maintain the flight procedure
выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
maintain the flight watch
выдерживать заданный график полета
maintain the flying speed
выдерживать требуемую скорость полета
maintain the heading
выдерживать заданный курс
maintain the parameter
выдерживать заданный параметр
make a complaint against the company
подавать жалобу на компанию
make the aircraft airborne
отрывать воздушное судно от земли
make the course change
изменять курс
make the reservation
забронировать место
manipulate the flight controls
оперировать органами управления полетом
mark the obstacle
маркировать препятствие
mean scale of the chart
средний масштаб карты
meet the airworthiness standards
удовлетворять нормам летной годности
meet the conditions
выполнять требования
meet the specifications
соблюдать технические условия
misjudge the distance
неправильно оценивать расстояние
modify the flight plan
уточнять план полета
monitor the flight
следить за полетом
monitor the frequency
контролировать заданную частоту
moor the aircraft
швартовать воздушное судно
mount on the frame
монтировать на шпангоуте
move off from the rest
страгивать с места
move the blades to higher
утяжелять воздушный винт
move the pedal forward
давать педаль вперед
name-code of the route
кодирование названия маршрута
neglect the indicator
не учитывать показания прибора
note the instrument readings
отмечать показания приборов
note the time
засекать время
observe the conditions
соблюдать условия
observe the instruments
следить за показаниями приборов
observe the readings
наблюдать за показаниями
obtain the correct path
выходить на заданную траекторию
obtain the flying speed
набирать заданную скорость полета
obtain the forecast
получать прогноз
offer the capacity
предлагать объем загрузки
off-load the pump
разгружать насос
on the base leg
выполнил третий разворот
on the beam
в зоне действия луча
on the cross-wind leg
выполнил первый разворот
on the down-wind leg
выполнил второй разворот
on the eastbound leg
на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
on the final leg
выполнил четвертый разворот
on the left base leg
подхожу к четвертому с левым разворотом
on the speed
на скорости
on the upwind leg
вхожу в круг
open the buckets
открывать створки
open the circuit
размыкать цепь
open the door inward outward
открывать люк внутрь наружу
operate from the aerodrome
выполнять полеты с аэродрома
operate under the conditions
эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
overcome the obstacle
преодолевать препятствие
overcome the spring force
преодолевать усилие пружины
overflying the runway
пролет над ВПП
overpower the autopilot
пересиливать автопилот
overrun the runway
выкатываться за пределы ВПП
overshoot capture of the glide slope
поздний захват глиссадного луча
over the territory
над территорией
over the top
над верхней границей облаков
over the wing
над крылом
park in the baggage
сдавать в багаж
participation in the investigation
участие в расследовании
passing over the runway
пролет над ВПП
pass the signal
пропускать сигнал
past the turbine
за турбиной
perform the service bulletin
выполнять доработку по бюллетеню
pick up the signal
фиксировать сигнал
pick up the speed
развивать заданную скорость
pilot on the controls
пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
pitch the nose downward
опускать нос
place the aircraft
устанавливать воздушное судно
place the flaps in
устанавливать закрылки
plane of symmetry of the aeroplane
плоскость симметрии самолета
plot the aircraft
засекать воздушное судно
potential hazard to the safe
потенциальная угроза безопасности
power the bus
включать шину
present the minimum hazard
представлять минимальную опасность
preserve the clearance
сохранять запас высоты
pressurize the bearing
уплотнять опору подачей давления
produce the signal
выдавать сигнал
profitability over the route
эффективность маршрута
prolongation of the rating
продление срока действия квалификационной отметки
properly identify the aircraft
точно опознавать воздушное судно
protect the circuit
защищать цепь
prove the system
испытывать систему
pull out of the spin
выводить из штопора
pull the aircraft out of
брать штурвал на себя
pull the control column back
брать штурвал на себя
pull the control stick back
брать ручку управления на себя
pull up the helicopter
резко увеличивать подъемную силу вертолета
puncture the tire
прокалывать покрышку
push the aircraft back
буксировать воздушное судно хвостом вперед
push the aircraft down
снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
push the control column
отдавать штурвал от себя
push the control stick
отдавать ручку управления от себя
put into the spin
вводить в штопор
put on the course
выходить на заданный курс
put the aircraft into production
запускать воздушное судно в производство
put the aircraft on the course
выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
put the aircraft over
переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
raise the landing gear
убирать шасси
reach the altitude
занимать заданную высоту
reach the flight level
занимать заданный эшелон полета
reach the glide path
входить в зону глиссады
reach the speed
достигать заданных оборотов
reach the stalling angle
выходить на критический угол
read the drift angle
отсчитывать угол сноса
read the instruments
считывать показания приборов
receive the signal
принимать сигнал
record the readings
регистрировать показания
recover from the spin
выходить из штопора
recover from the turn
выходить из разворота
recovery from the manoeuvre
выход из маневра
recovery from the stall
вывод из режима сваливания
recovery from the turn
выход из разворота
rectify the compass
устранять девиацию компаса
reduce the hazard
уменьшать опасность
reestablish the track
восстанавливать заданную линию пути
regain the glide path
возвращаться на глиссаду
regain the speed
восстанавливать скорость
regain the track
возвращаться на заданный курс
register the aircraft
регистрировать воздушное судно
release the aircraft
прекращать контроль воздушного судна
release the landing gear
снимать шасси с замков убранного положения
release the landing gear lock
снимать шасси с замка
release the load
сбрасывать груз
release the uplock
открывать замок убранного положения
relocate the plane's trim
восстанавливать балансировку самолета
remedy the defect
устранять дефект
remedy the trouble
устранять отказ
remove the aircraft
удалять воздушное судно
remove the crack
выбирать трещину
remove the tangle
распутывать
render the certificate
передавать сертификат
renew the license
возобновлять действие свидетельства или лицензии
renew the rating
возобновлять действие квалификационной отметки
replan the flight
измерять маршрут полета
report reaching the altitude
докладывать о занятии заданной высоты
report reaching the flight level
докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
report the heading
сообщать курс
reset the gyroscope
восстанавливать гироскоп
restart the engine in flight
запускать двигатель в полете
restore the system
восстанавливать работу системы
restrict the operations
накладывать ограничения на полеты
resume the flight
возобновлять полет
resume the journey
возобновлять полет
retain the lever
фиксировать рукоятку
retract the landing gear
убирать шасси
return the aircraft to service
допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
reverse the propeller
переводить винт на отрицательную тягу
roll in the aircraft
вводить воздушное судно в крен
roll into the turn
входить в разворот
roll left on the heading
выходить на курс с левым разворотом
roll on the aircraft
выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
roll on the course
выводить на заданный курс
roll out of the turn
выходить из разворота
roll out on the heading
выходить на заданный курс
roll out the aircraft
выводить воздушное судно из крена
roll right on the heading
выходить на курс с правым разворотом
rotate the aircraft
отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного судна
rotate the bogie
запрокидывать тележку
rules of the air
правила полетов
run fluid through the system
прогонять систему
run off the runway
выкатываться за пределы ВПП
run out the landing gear
выпускать шасси
schedule the performances
задавать характеристики
seat the brush
притирать щетку
second freedom of the air
вторая степень свободы воздуха
secure the mishap site
обеспечивать охрану места происшествия
select the course
выбирать курс
select the flight route
выбирать маршрут полета
select the frequency
выбирать частоту
select the heading
задавать курс
select the mode
выбирать режим
select the track angle
задавать путевой угол
separate the aircraft
эшелонировать воздушное судно
serve out the service life
вырабатывать срок службы
set at the desired angle
устанавливать на требуемый угол
set the course
устанавливать курс
set the flaps at
устанавливать закрылки
set the heading
устанавливать курс
set the propeller pitch
устанавливать шаг воздушного винта
set the throttle lever
устанавливать сектор газа
set up the speed
задавать определенную скорость
shift the center-of-gravity
смещать центровку
shop out the skin
вырубать обшивку
simulate the instruments responses
имитировать показания приборов
slacken the cable
ослаблять натяжение троса
slave the gyroscope
согласовывать гироскоп
smooth on the heading
плавно выводить на заданный курс
smooth out the crack
удалять трещину
smooth out the dent
выправлять вмятину
smooth the signal
сглаживать сигнал
space the aircraft
определять зону полета воздушного судна
spin the gyro rotor
раскручивать ротор гироскопа
state instituting the investigation
государство, назначающее расследование
(авиационного происшествия) state submitting the report
государство, представляющее отчет
(об авиационном происшествии) steady airflow about the wing
установившееся обтекание крыла воздушным потоком
steer the aircraft
управлять воздушным судном
stop the crack propagation
предотвращать развитие трещины
stop the leakage
устранять течь
submit the flight plan
представлять план полета
substitute the aircraft
заменять воздушное судно
supervision approved by the State
надзор, установленный государством
supply the signal
подавать сигнал
swing the compass
списывать девиацию компаса
swing the door open
открывать створку
switch to the autopilot
переходить на управление с помощью автопилота
switch to the proper tank
включать подачу топлива из бака с помощью электрического крана
takeoff into the wind
взлетать против ветра
take off power to the shaft
отбирать мощность на вал
take over the control
брать управление на себя
take the bearing
брать заданный пеленг
take the energy from
отбирать энергию
take the readings
считывать показания
take the taxiway
занимать рулежную дорожку
take up the backlash
устранять люфт
take up the position
выходить на заданную высоту
tap air from the compressor
отбирать воздух от компрессора
terminate the agreement
прекращать действие соглашения
terminate the control
прекращать диспетчерское обслуживание
terminate the flight
завершать полет
test in the wind tunnel
продувать в аэродинамической трубе
test the system
испытывать систему
the aircraft under command
управляемое воздушное судно
the route to be flown
намеченный маршрут полета
the route to be followed
установленный маршрут полета
the runway is clear
ВПП свободна
the runway is not clear
ВПП занята
the search is terminated
поиск прекращен
through on the same flight
транзитом тем же рейсом
throughout the service life
на протяжении всего срока службы
tighten the turn
уменьшать радиус разворота
time in the air
налет часов
time the valves
регулировать газораспределение
titl of the gyro
завал гироскопа
to define the airspace
определять границы воздушного пространства
transfer the control
передавать диспетчерское управление другому пункту
transit to the climb speed
переходить к скорости набора высоты
trim the aircraft
балансировать воздушное судно
turn into the wind
разворачивать против ветра
turn off the system
выключать систему
turn on the system
включать систему
turn the proper tank on
включать подачу топлива из бока с помощью механического крана
unarm the system
отключать состояние готовности системы
uncage the gyroscope
разарретировать гироскоп
unfeather the propeller
выводить воздушный винт из флюгерного положения
unlatch the landing gear
снимать шасси с замков
unlatch the pitch stop
снимать с упора шага
(лопасти воздушного винта) unstall the aircraft
выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
unstick the aircraft
отрывать воздушное судно от земли
uplift the freight
принимать груз на борт
violate the law
нарушать установленный порядок
wander off the course
сбиваться с курса
warn the aircraft
предупреждать воздушное судно
wind the generator
наматывать обмотку генератора
with decrease in the altitude
со снижением высоты
withdraw from the agreement
выходить из соглашения
with increase in the altitude
с набором высоты
within the frame of
в пределах
within the range
в заданном диапазоне
withstand the load
выдерживать нагрузку
work on the aircraft
выполнять работу на воздушном судне
write down the readings
фиксировать показания

English-Russian aviation dictionary > the
26 Creativity

   1) All Human Complex Problem Solving Is Creativity

   Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Models of Creative Association

   Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the inﬂuence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)

   3) Creative Innovation and Social Independence

   There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)

   4) Ego Strength and Emotional Stability among Creative Geniuses

   he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)

   5) Its Mundane Character

   he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)

   6) Mozart's Musical Ideas Came to Him in Polished Form

   From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)

   7) Scientific Theories and Works of Art Alike Originate in Fantasy

   Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)

   8) Self- Esteem and Creative Expression

   The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)

   9) Stages in Creative Problem- Solving

   In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)

    10) The Bisociative Pattern of the Creative Synthesis

   he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)

    11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder

   Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)

    12) The Inner Life of the Creative Process

   New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)

    13) The Problem of What Impels the Creative Person

   [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....

   Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)

    14) Theories of Creative Thinking

   A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....

   Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
27 electric arc phenomenon
1. явление электрической дуги
явление электрической дуги
-
[Интент]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Electric arc phenomenon

The electric arc is a phenomenon which takes place as a consequence of a discharge which occurs when the voltage between two points exceeds the insulating strength limit of the interposed gas; then, in the presence of suitable conditions, a plasma is generated which carries the electric current till the opening of the protective device on the supply side.

Gases, which are good insulating means under normal conditions, may become current conductors in consequence of a change in their chemical-physical properties due to a temperature rise or to other external factors.

To understand how an electrical arc originates, reference can be made to what happens when a circuit opens or closes.

During the opening phase of an electric circuit the contacts of the protective device start to separate thus offering to the current a gradually decreasing section; therefore the current meets growing resistance with a consequent rise in the temperature.

As soon as the contacts start to separate, the voltage applied to the circuit exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, causing its perforation through a discharge.

The high temperature causes the ionization of the surrounding air which keeps the current circulating in the form of electrical arc. Besides thermal ionization, there is also an electron emission from the cathode due to the thermionic effect; the ions formed in the gas due to the very high temperature are accelerated by the electric field, strike the cathode, release energy in the collision thus causing a localized heating which generates electron emission.

The electrical arc lasts till the voltage at its ends supplies the energy sufficient to compensate for the quantity of heat dissipated and to maintain the suitable conditions of temperature. If the arc is elongated and cooled, the conditions necessary for its maintenance lack and it extinguishes.

Analogously, an arc can originate also as a consequence of a short-circuit between phases. A short-circuit is a low impedance connection between two conductors at different voltages.

The conducting element which constitutes the low impedance connection (e.g. a metallic tool forgotten on the busbars inside the enclosure, a wrong wiring or a body of an animal entered inside the enclosure), subject to the difference of potential is passed through by a current of generally high value, depending on the characteristics of the circuit.

The flow of the high fault current causes the overheating of the cables or of the circuit busbars, up to the melting of the conductors of lower section; as soon as the conductor melts, analogous conditions to those present during the circuit opening arise. At that point an arc starts which lasts either till the protective devices intervene or till the conditions necessary for its stability subsist.

The electric arc is characterized by an intense ionization of the gaseous means, by reduced drops of the anodic and cathodic voltage (10 V and 40 V respectively), by high or very high current density in the middle of the column (of the order of 102-103 up to 107 A/cm2), by very high temperatures (thousands of °C) always in the middle of the current column and – in low voltage - by a distance between the ends variable from some microns to some centimeters.

[ABB]

Явление электрической дуги

Электрическая дуга между двумя электродами в газе представляет собой физическое явление, возникающее в тот момент, когда напряжения между двумя электродами превышает значение электрической прочности изоляции данного газа.
При наличии подходящих условий образуется плазма, по которой протекает электрический ток. Ток будет протекать до тех пор, пока на стороне электропитания не сработает защитное устройство.

Газы, являющиеся хорошим изолятором, при нормальных условиях, могут стать проводником в результате изменения их физико-химических свойств, которые могут произойти вследствие увеличения температуры или в результате воздействия каких-либо иных внешних факторов.

Для того чтобы понять механизм возникновения электрической дуги, следует рассмотреть, что происходит при размыкании или замыкании электрической цепи.

При размыкании электрической цепи контакты защитного устройства начинают расходиться, в результате чего постепенно уменьшается сечение контактной поверхности, через которую протекает ток.
Сопротивление электрической цепи возрастает, что приводит к увеличению температуры.

Как только контакты начнут отходить один от другого, приложенное напряжение превысит электрическую прочность воздуха, что вызовет электрический пробой.

Высокая температура приведет к ионизации воздуха, которая обеспечит протекание электрического тока по проводнику, представляющему собой электрическую дугу. Кроме термической ионизации молекул воздуха происходит также эмиссия электронов с катода, вызванная термоэлектронным эффектом. Образующиеся под воздействием очень высокой температуры ионы ускоряются в электрическом поле и бомбардируют катод. Высвобождающаяся, в результате столкновения энергия, вызывает локальный нагрев, который, в свою очередь, приводит к эмиссии электронов.

Электрическая дуга длится до тех пор, пока напряжение на ее концах обеспечивает поступление энергии, достаточной для компенсации выделяющегося тепла и для сохранения условий поддержания высокой температуры. Если дуга вытягивается и охлаждается, то условия, необходимые для ее поддержания, исчезают и дуга гаснет.

Аналогичным образом возникает дуга в результате короткого замыкания электрической цепи. Короткое замыкание представляет собой низкоомное соединение двух проводников, находящихся под разными потенциалами.

Проводящий элемент с малым сопротивлением, например, металлический инструмент, забытый на шинах внутри комплектного устройства, ошибка в электромонтаже или тело животного, случайно попавшего в комплектное устройство, может соединить элементы, находящиеся под разными потенциалами, в результате чего через низкоомное соединение потечет электрический ток, значение которого определяется параметрами образовавшейся короткозамкнутой цепи.

Протекание большого тока короткого замыкания вызывает перегрев кабелей или шин, который может привести к расплавлению проводников с меньшим сечением. Как только проводник расплавится, возникает ситуация, аналогичная размыканию электрической цепи. Т. е. в момент размыкания возникает дуга, которая длится либо до срабатывания защитного устройства, либо до тех пор, пока существуют условия, обеспечивающие её стабильность.

Электрическая дуга характеризуется интенсивной ионизацией газов, что приводит к падению анодного и катодного напряжений (на 10 и 40 В соответственно), высокой или очень высокой плотностью тока в середине плазменного шнура (от 102-103 до 107 А/см2), очень высокой температурой (сотни градусов Цельсия) всегда в середине плазменного шнура и низкому падению напряжения при расстоянии между концами дуги от нескольких микрон до нескольких сантиметров.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
EN
- electric arc phenomenon
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > electric arc phenomenon
28 acquired characteristic

биол, соц. приобретенная черта, приобретенный признак (характеристика живого организма, приобретенная им во время развития, а не унаследованная генетически; напр., умения человека, сформировавшиеся по влиянием жизненного опыта)

Endurance is an acquired characteristic, and it is only developed through repeated and extended exertion. — Выносливость является приобретенной чертой, и она развивается через повторные и длительные усилия.

Syn:

acquired character

See:

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Англо-русский экономический словарь > acquired characteristic
29 personality

plural - personalities; noun

1) (a person's characteristics (of the mind, the emotions etc) as a whole: a likeable / forceful (= strong) personality.) personalidad

2) (strong, distinctive (usually attractive) character: She is not beautiful but she has a lot of personality.) personalidad

3) (a well-known person: a television personality; (also adjective) a personality cult (= very great, usually too great, admiration for a person, usually a political leader).) personalidad

personality n

1. personalidad / carácter

he has a strong personality tiene un carácter fuerte

2. figura / personaje

a TV personality una figura de la televisión

El plural de personality se escribe personalities

personality

tr[pɜːsə'nælɪtɪ]

noun (pl personalities)

1 (nature) personalidad nombre femenino

2 (famous person) personaje nombre masculino

personality [.pərsən'ælət̬i] n, pl - ties

1) disposition: personalidad f, temperamento m

2) celebrity: personalidad f, personaje m, celebridad f

personality

n.

• carácter s.m.

• personalidad s.f.

• personalismo s.m.

'pɜːrsṇ'æləti, ˌpɜːsə'næləti
noun (pl - ties)

1)

a) c (nature, disposition) personalidad f

b) u ( personal appeal) personalidad f

2) c ( public figure) personalidad f, figura f

[ˌpɜːsǝ'nælɪtɪ]
1. N

1) (=nature) personalidad f

she reached the top through sheer force of personality — alcanzó la cima simplemente gracias a su fuerte personalidad
dual 2., multiple 3., split 5.
2) (=charisma) personalidad f

a woman of great personality — una mujer de gran personalidad

some people find him lacking in personality — algunos encuentran que le falta personalidad

3) (=celebrity) figura f, personalidad f

politicians and other prominent personalities — políticos mpl y otras prominentes figuras or personalidades

a well-known TV personality — una conocida figura de la TV

a sports or sporting personality — una figura de los deportes

4) (=remarkable person) personaje m

the old fellow is a real personality — el viejo es todo un personaje

5) personalities (=personal remarks) personalismos mpl

the debate degenerated into personalities — el debate degeneró y se entró en personalismos

2.

CPD

personality clash N — incompatibilidad f de caracteres

personality cult N — culto m a la personalidad

personality disorder N — trastornos mpl mentales

personality test N — test m psicotécnico

personality trait N — rasgo m de personalidad

* * *
['pɜːrsṇ'æləti, ˌpɜːsə'næləti]
noun (pl - ties)

1)

a) c (nature, disposition) personalidad f

b) u ( personal appeal) personalidad f

2) c ( public figure) personalidad f, figura f

English-spanish dictionary > personality
30 race

I
1. reis noun
(a competition to find who or which is the fastest: a horse race.) carrera

2. verb
1) (to (cause to) run in a race: I'm racing my horse on Saturday; The horse is racing against five others.) (hacer) correr, llevar a una carrera

2) (to have a competition with (someone) to find out who is the fastest: I'll race you to that tree.) hacer una carrera (con)

3) (to go etc quickly: He raced along the road on his bike.) correr

•

- racer
- racecourse
- racehorse
- racetrack
- racing-car
- a race against time
- the races
II reis
1) (any one section of mankind, having a particular set of characteristics which make it different from other sections: the Negro race; the white races; (also adjective) race relations.) raza

2) (the fact of belonging to any of these various sections: the problem of race.) raza

3) (a group of people who share the same culture, language etc; the Anglo-Saxon race.) raza

•

- racial
- racialism
- racialist
- the human race
- of mixed race

race¹ n

1. carrera

the Swedish athlete won the race el atleta sueco ganó la carrera

the Oxford and Cambridge boat race la regata entre Oxford y Cambridge

2. raza

there are people of many different races hay gente de muchas razas diferentes

race² vb competir / correr

my horse is racing at York mi caballo corre en las carreras de York

he raced home from school se fue del colegio a casa corriendo

El gerundio de race se escribe racing

race

tr[reɪs]

noun

1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL carrera

2 (current) corriente nombre femenino fuerte; (channel) canal nombre masculino

intransitive verb

1 (compete) competir, correr

2 (go fast) correr, ir deprisa

3 (heart) latir deprisa

4 (engine) acelerarse

transitive verb

1 (person) competir con, echar una carrera a

2 (engine) acelerar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to run a race participar en una carrera

race against time carrera contra reloj

race meeting las carreras nombre femenino plural

the races las carreras nombre femenino plural

————————

race

tr[reɪs]

noun

1 (people) raza

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

race relations relaciones nombre femenino plural raciales

race riot disturbio racial

race ['reɪs] vi, raced ; racing

1) : correr, competir (en una carrera)

2) rush: ir a toda prisa, ir corriendo

race n

1) current: corriente f (de agua)

2) : carrera f

dog race: carrera de perros

the presidential race: la carrera presidential

3) : raza f

the black race: la raza negra

the human race: el género humano

race

n.

• cancha s.f.

• carrera s.f.

• casta s.f.

• corrida s.f.

• corriente fuerte s.m.

• estirpe s.f.

• generación s.f.

• gente s.f.

• movimiento progresivo s.m.

• raza s.f.

• sangre s.m.

v.

• correr v.

• regatear v.

reɪs
I

noun

1)

a) c ( contest) carrera f

boat race — regata f

to run in a race — tomar parte en una carrera

a race against the clock — una carrera contra reloj

the race is on for the Republican nomination — ha empezado la contienda para la nominación republicana

b) races pl ( Equ)

the races — las carreras (de caballos)

2) c u ( Anthrop) raza f

the human race — el género humano; (before n)

race riot — disturbio m racial

II
1.

intransitive verb

a) ( rush) (+ adv compl)

she raced down the hill on her bike — bajó la cuesta en bicicleta a toda velocidad

I had to race to the store — tuve que ir corriendo a la tienda

b) ( in competition) correr, competir*

c) \<\<pulse/heart\>\> latir aceleradamente; \<\<engine\>\> acelerarse

my mind was racing — las ideas se me agolpaban en la cabeza

2.

vt

a) ( compete against) echarle or (RPl) jugarle* una carrera a

come on, I'll race you (to that tree)! — vamos, te echo or (RPl) juego una carrera (hasta aquel árbol)!

b) ( make go too fast) \<\<engine\>\> acelerar

I [reɪs]
1. N

1) (=contest) (lit, fig) carrera f

it was a race to finish it in time — lo hicimos a la carrera para terminarlo a tiempo

the race for the White House — la carrera hacia la Casa Blanca

the election will be a very close race — las elecciones van a estar muy reñidas

• a race against time/the clock — (fig) una carrera contra el tiempo/contra reloj

• the arms race — la carrera armamentista

• boat race — regata f

• cycle race — carrera f ciclista

• horse race — carrera f de caballos

• the race is on to find a donor — ha comenzado la carrera en busca de un donante

• to run (in) a race — tomar parte en una carrera, participar en una carrera

you ran a good race — corriste muy bien

• the races — (=horse races) las carreras (de caballos)

to go to the races — ir a las carreras

2) (=swift current) corriente f fuerte

2. VT

1) (=enter in race) [+ horse] presentar; [+ car] correr con

they race vintage cars — hacen carreras de coches antiguos

2) (=run against) echarle una carrera a

(I'll) race you home! — ¡te echo una carrera hasta casa!

3)

• to race an engine — acelerar un motor al máximo

3. VI

1) (=compete) [driver, athlete, horse] correr, competir

• to race against sb — competir con algn (en una carrera)

2) (=go fast) correr, ir a toda velocidad

we raced to get back home for eight o'clock — nos dimos prisa para estar en casa para las ocho

• to race against time/the clock (to do sth) — (fig) trabajar contra reloj (para hacer algo)

• to race ahead — ponerse a la cabeza

• he raced down the street — bajó la calle corriendo or a toda velocidad

• we raced for a taxi — corrimos a coger un taxi

• he raced past us — nos pasó a toda velocidad or a toda carrera

• he raced through the paperwork as quickly as he could — hizo el papeleo todo lo rápido que pudo

3) [pulse, heart] acelerarse; [engine] embalarse

her heart raced uncontrollably — el corazón se le aceleró descontrolado, el corazón le latía a un ritmo descontrolado

my mind was racing — los pensamientos me invadían la mente

4.

CPD

race car N — (US) coche m de carreras

race (car) driver N — (US) piloto mf de carreras, corredor(a) m / f de coches

race meeting N — (Brit) carreras fpl (de caballos)

- race back

- race in

- race off

- race out

- race towards

II [reɪs]
1.

N (=racial origin) raza f

discrimination on the grounds of race — discriminación f por la raza or por motivos raciales

people of mixed race — (esp of Indian and white descent) gente f mestiza; (of black and white descent) gente f mulata

the human race — la raza humana, el género humano

they looked on us as a race apart — nos consideraban otra casta

2.

CPD

race card N — baza f racial

• to play the race card — jugar la baza racial

race hatred, race hate N — odio m racial, racismo m

race issue N — asunto m racial

a committee was set up to tackle race issues — se formó un comité para hacer frente a los asuntos or los problemas raciales

race relations NPL — relaciones fpl interraciales

race riot N — disturbio m racial

* * *
[reɪs]
I

noun

1)

a) c ( contest) carrera f

boat race — regata f

to run in a race — tomar parte en una carrera

a race against the clock — una carrera contra reloj

the race is on for the Republican nomination — ha empezado la contienda para la nominación republicana

b) races pl ( Equ)

the races — las carreras (de caballos)

2) c u ( Anthrop) raza f

the human race — el género humano; (before n)

race riot — disturbio m racial

II
1.

intransitive verb

a) ( rush) (+ adv compl)

she raced down the hill on her bike — bajó la cuesta en bicicleta a toda velocidad

I had to race to the store — tuve que ir corriendo a la tienda

b) ( in competition) correr, competir*

c) \<\<pulse/heart\>\> latir aceleradamente; \<\<engine\>\> acelerarse

my mind was racing — las ideas se me agolpaban en la cabeza

2.

vt

a) ( compete against) echarle or (RPl) jugarle* una carrera a

come on, I'll race you (to that tree)! — vamos, te echo or (RPl) juego una carrera (hasta aquel árbol)!

b) ( make go too fast) \<\<engine\>\> acelerar

English-spanish dictionary > race
31 race

I 1. [reis] noun
(a competition to find who or which is the fastest: a horse race.) dirka
2. verb
1) (to (cause to) run in a race: I'm racing my horse on Saturday; The horse is racing against five others.) dirkati

2) (to have a competition with (someone) to find out who is the fastest: I'll race you to that tree.) tekmovati

3) (to go etc quickly: He raced along the road on his bike.) drveti

•

- racer
- racecourse
- racehorse
- racetrack
- racing-car
- a race against time
- the races II [reis]
1) (any one section of mankind, having a particular set of characteristics which make it different from other sections: the Negro race; the white races; ( also adjective) race relations.) rasa

2) (the fact of belonging to any of these various sections: the problem of race.) izvor

3) (a group of people who share the same culture, language etc; the Anglo-Saxon race.) rasa

•

- racial
- racialism
- racialist
- the human race
- of mixed race
* * *
I [réis]
noun

tek, tekanje; figuratively potek, tek (časa, stvari, življenja itd.); hitra struja, tok reke, brzica; American rečno korito, jez, kanal; mlinski žleb, rake; sport dirka, tekma, tekmovanje (tekačev, konj, jadrnic itd.); figuratively tekmovanje, boj, borba

the races — konjske dirke

race boat sport tekmovalni čoln

race driver — voznik dirkalnega avtomobila, avtomobilski dirkač

race horse — dirkalni konj

the race for the presidency — tekmovanje za predsedništvo

bicycle-race — kolesarska dirka

boat-race — veslaška tekma

horse-race — konjska dirka

motor-race — avtomobilska, motorna dirka

a half-mile race — tek na pol milje

the armement race — tekma v oboroževanju

obstacle race — tek čez zapreke

mill-race — mlinski žleb, rake

to attend the races — prisostvovati konjskim dirkam

to go to the races — iti, hoditi na dirke

to run a race — udeležiti se dirke

figuratively his race is run — življenje se mu je izteklo

his race was nearly run — bil je skoraj na koncu svoje življenjske poti
II [réis]
intransitive verb

dirkati, drveti, teči, hiteti; jadrati; meriti se v teku, v hitrosti ( with z), tekmovati ( with z), teči za stavo; iti s polno paro, z vso brzino (vijak, propeler itd.); redno prisostvovati konjskim dirkam, biti vnet gledalec konjskih dirk

a racing man — ljubitelj konjskega športa.

the race racing world — ljubitelji konjskega športa

the blood raced to his head — kri mu je planila v glavo; transitive verb pognati v dir, v tek; dreviti; meriti se, tekmovati v teku itd. s kom; jahati (konja) v dirki; dohiteti

he raced me through Italy — drevil me je skozi Italijo (ne da bi se kje ustavila)

to race a train — tekmovati v hitrosti z vlakom

he raced his horse against the train — drevil je konja v tekmi z vlakom

to race one's fortune away — zaigrati premoženje v stavah na konjskih dirkah
III [réis]
noun

rasa; pleme, pasma; poreklo, rod; zoology & botany vrsta, razred; rod, vrsta ljudi z neko skupno potezo; rasna lastnost

the race of politicians — kasta politikov

race riot — rasni nemiri

the human race — človeški rod

the winged race — ptice

race suicide — rasni samomor (zaradi nazadovanj rojstev itd.)
IV [réis]
noun

koren (ingverja)

English-Slovenian dictionary > race
32 inheritance

noun

1) (what is inherited) Erbe, das

come into one's inheritance — sein Erbe antreten

2) no pl. (inheriting) Erbschaft, die

* * *

noun

1) (money etc inherited: He spent most of his inheritance on drink.) das Erbe

2) (the act of inheriting: The property came to him by inheritance.) die Vererbung

* * *

in·her·it·ance

[ɪnˈherɪt^ən(t)s]

n

1. (legacy) Erbe nt kein pl, Erbschaft f ( from von + dat), SCHWEIZ a. Vermächtnis nt

to come into one's \inheritance ( form) sein Erbe antreten, etw erben

a cultural/literary \inheritance ( fig) ein kulturelles/literarisches Erbe

2. no pl (inheriting) of money, property Erben nt; of characteristics Vererben nt

my collection was formed partly by \inheritance meine Sammlung besteht zum Teil aus Erbstücken

3. no pl COMPUT Übernahme f

* * *
[In'herItəns]
n
Erbe nt (also fig), Erbschaft f
it passed to him through or by inheritance — er hat es durch eine Erbschaft bekommen

inheritance tax — Erbschaftssteuer f

* * *

inheritance [ınˈherıtəns] s

1. JUR

a) Erbe n, Erbschaft f (beide auch fig), Nachlass m:

inheritance tax Erbschaftssteuer f; → academic.ru/405/accrual">accrual

b) Vererbung f ( auch BIOL):

by inheritance erblich, durch Vererbung (beide a. BIOL), im Erbgang;

law of inheritance (objektives) Erbrecht; → right B 2

c) (gesetzliche) Erbfolge

2. BIOL Erbgut n

* * *

noun

1) (what is inherited) Erbe, das

come into one's inheritance — sein Erbe antreten

2) no pl. (inheriting) Erbschaft, die

* * *

n.

Erbe -s n.

Erbschaft f.

English-german dictionary > inheritance
33 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance

   The world's oldest diplomatic connection and alliance, an enduring arrangement between two very different nations and peoples, with important practical consequences in the domestic and foreign affairs of both Great Britain (England before 1707) and Portugal. The history of this remarkable alliance, which has had commercial and trade, political, foreign policy, cultural, and imperial aspects, can be outlined in part with a list of the main alliance treaties after the first treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the monarchs of England and Portugal in 1373. This was followed in 1386 by the Treaty of Windsor; then in 1654, 1661, 1703, the Methuen Treaty; and in 1810 and 1899 another treaty also signed at Windsor.

   Common interests in the defense of the nation and its overseas empire (in the case of Portugal, after 1415; in the case of England, after 1650) were partly based on characteristics and common enemies both countries shared. Even in the late Middle Ages, England and Portugal faced common enemies: large continental countries that threatened the interests and sovereignty of both, especially France and Spain. In this sense, the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance has always been a defensive alliance in which each ally would assist the other when necessary against its enemies. In the case of Portugal, that enemy invariably was Spain (or component states thereof, such as Castile and Leon) and sometimes France (i.e., when Napoleon's armies invaded and conquered Portugal as of late 1807). In the case of England, that foe was often France and sometimes Spain as well.

   Beginning in the late 14th century, England and Portugal forged this unusual relationship, formalized with several treaties that came into direct use during a series of dynastic, imperial, naval, and commercial conflicts between 1373 and 1961, the historic period when the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance had its most practical political significance. The relative world power and importance of each ally has varied over the centuries. During the period 1373-1580, the allies were similar in respective ranking in European affairs, and during the period 1480-1550, if anything, Portugal was a greater world power with a more important navy than England. During 1580-1810, Portugal fell to the status of a third-rank European power and, during 1810-1914, England was perhaps the premier world power. During 1914-61, England's world position slipped while Portugal made a slow recovery but remained a third- or fourth-rank power.

   The commercial elements of the alliance have always involved an exchange of goods between two seafaring, maritime peoples with different religions and political systems but complementary economies. The 1703 Methuen Treaty establ ished a trade link that endured for centuries and bore greater advantages for England than for Portugal, although Portugal derived benefits: English woolens for Portuguese wines, especially port, other agricultural produce, and fish. Since the signing of the Methuen Treaty, there has been a vigorous debate both in politics and in historical scholarship as to how much each nation benefited economically from the arrangement in which Portugal eventually became dependent upon England and the extent to which Portugal became a kind of economic colony of Britain during the period from 1703 to 1910.

   There is a vast literature on the Alliance, much of it in Portuguese and by Portuguese writers, which is one expression of the development of modern Portuguese nationalism. During the most active phase of the alliance, from 1650 to 1945, there is no doubt but that the core of the mutual interests of the allies amounted to the proposition that Portugal's independence as a nation in Iberia and the integrity of its overseas empire, the third largest among the colonial powers as of 1914, were defended by England, who in turn benefited from the use by the Royal Navy of Portugal's home and colonial ports in times of war and peace. A curious impact on Portuguese and popular usage had also come about and endured through the impact of dealings with the English allies. The idiom in Portuguese, "é para inglês ver," means literally "it is for the Englishman to see," but figuratively it really means, "it is merely for show."

   The practical defense side of the alliance was effectively dead by the end of World War II, but perhaps the most definitive indication of the end of the political significance of an alliance that still continues in other spheres occurred in December 1961, when the army of the Indian Union invaded Portugal's colonial enclaves in western India, Goa, Damão, and Diu. While both nations were now North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, their interests clashed when it came to imperial and Commonwealth conflicts and policies. Portugal asked Britain for military assistance in the use of British bases against the army of Britain's largest former colony, India. But Portugal was, in effect, refused assistance by her oldest ally. If the alliance continues into the 21st century, its essence is historical, nostalgic, commercial, and cultural.

    See also Catherine of Braganza.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
34 Tomás, Américo de Deus Rodrigues

(1894-1987)

   Admiral Tomás was the last president of the republic of the Estado Novo (1958-74). Although he was selected by Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar for his exceptional qualities of loyalty to the system's principles and to the dictator, the last period of the regime, a time of crisis, tested those very characteristics. In the crisis of September 1968, when Salazar was suddenly incapacitated, Tomás selected Salazar's successor, Marcello Caetano. Later, when Caetano faltered and wished to resign his besieged office, it was Tomás' intransigence that worked to make Caetano go on.

   A career naval officer who graduated from the Naval School in 1916, Tomás rose steadily through naval ranks to top positions, including minister of the navy. Salazar chose him to be the regime's presidential candidate in the controversial 1958 elections, because he considered Tomás to be the most reliable, honest, and hardworking of the regime's military officers of the day. Twice Tomás was reelected in the managed presidential elections of 1965 and 1972, as pressures on the regime mounted.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Tomás, along with Caetano, his now reluctant prime minister, was sent into exile on Madeira Island and later to Brazil. Despite demands from leftist forces for the arrest and prosecution of Tomás, the new Lisbon government never initiated a legal case against him. Tomás was allowed to return from his Brazilian exile in July 1978, to settle in Cascais, outside Lisbon. In 1980, he was granted a state pension, but, despite numerous requests, he was not restored to his rank and membership in the navy. He died peacefully at home at age 92.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Tomás, Américo de Deus Rodrigues
35 bar coding

Ops

the process of attaching a machine-readable code to a product, package, container, or subassembly, and using a scanner to relate its location to the product characteristics. Bar codes have uses in stock control and order picking and are used to validate every single transaction from packaging through to customer delivery.

The ultimate business dictionary > bar coding
36 corporate identity

Gen Mgt

the distinctive characteristics or personality of an organization, including corporate culture, values, and philosophy as perceived by those within the organization and presented to those outside. Corporate identity is expressed through the name, symbols, and logos used by the organization, and the design of communication materials, and is a factor influencing the corporate image of an organization. The creation of a strong corporate identity also involves consistency in the organization’s actions, behavior, products, and brands, and often reflects the mission statement of an organization. A positive corporate identity can promote a sense of purpose and belonging within the organization and encourage employee commitment and involvement.

The ultimate business dictionary > corporate identity
37 quality

Gen Mgt

all the features and characteristics of a product or service that affect its ability to meet stated or implied needs. Quality can be assessed in terms of conforming to specification, being fit for purpose, having zero defects, and producing customer satisfaction. Quality can be managed through total quality management, quality standards, and performance indicators.

The ultimate business dictionary > quality
38 on

aircraft on flight
воздушное судно в полете
aircraft on register
воздушное судно, занесенное в реестр
available on request
предоставляется по запросу
bear on the accident
иметь отношение к происшествию
be on the level on the hour
занимать эшелон по нулям
climb on the course
набирать высоту при полете по курсу
closing on
сближение
Commission on Illumination
Международная комиссия по освещению
Committee on Aircraft Noise
Комитет по авиационному шуму
Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection
Комитет по охране окружающей среды от воздействия авиации
Committee on Joint Support
Комитет совместного финансирования
Committee on Unlawful Interference
Комитет по незаконному вмешательству
conditions on the route
условия по заданному маршруту
continue operating on the fuel reserve
продолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топлива
convention on international civil aviation
конвенция по вопросам деятельности международной гражданской авиации
data on the performance
координаты характеристики
ease the aircraft on
выравнивать воздушное судно
effect on an aircraft
влиять на состояние воздушного судна
effect on flight characteristics
влиять на летные характеристики
effect on operating safety
влиять на безопасность полетов
engine on
работающий двигатель
flight on heading
полет по курсу
fly on instruments
летать по приборам
fly on the autopilot
летать на автопилоте
fly on the course
летать по курсу
fly on the heading
летать по курсу
get on the course
выходить на заданный курс
hold on the heading
выдерживать на заданном курсе
hold the aircraft on the heading
выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
hold the heading on the compass
выдерживать курс по компасу
information on faults
информация об отказах
install on the aircraft
монтировать на воздушном судне
involve matters on airworthiness
затрагивать вопросы летной годности
keep tab on the fleet
вести учет парка
keep the aircraft on
выдерживать воздушное судно
land on water
совершать посадку на воду
lift an aircraft on
вывешивать воздушное судно
lights on request
огни по требованию
mount on the frame
монтировать на шпангоуте
on aircraft center line
по оси воздушного судна
on board
на борту
on final
на посадочном курсе
on go-around
на втором круге
on impact
при прямом ходе
on position
положение включено
on request
по запросу
on route
на маршруте
on shock strut recovery
при обратном ходе амортстойки
on takeoff
на взлете
on the base leg
выполнил третий разворот
on the beam
в зоне действия луча
on the cross-wind leg
выполнил первый разворот
on the down-wind leg
выполнил второй разворот
on the eastbound leg
на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
on the final leg
выполнил четвертый разворот
on the left base leg
подхожу к четвертому с левым разворотом
on the speed
на скорости
on the upwind leg
вхожу в круг
operate on fuel
работать на топливе
pilot on the controls
пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
put on the course
выходить на заданный курс
put the aircraft on the course
выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
reduction on fare
скидка с тарифа
reflect on airworthiness
подвергать сомнению соответствие характеристик нормам летной годности
roll left on the heading
выходить на курс с левым разворотом
roll on the aircraft
выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
roll on the course
выводить на заданный курс
roll out on the heading
выходить на заданный курс
roll right on the heading
выходить на курс с правым разворотом
run on
пробегать после посадки
set on
задавать
(курс полета) slope on runway
уклон ВПП
smooth on the heading
плавно выводить на заданный курс
stability on water
устойчивость на воде
(после аварийной посадки воздушного судна) stand on
выдерживать заданный курс
starting on external power
запуск от внешнего источника
switch on
включать
take on load
принимать груз на борт
through on the same flight
транзитом тем же рейсом
transmit on frequency of
вести передачу на частоте
turn on base leg
1. выполнять третий разворот
2. третий разворот turn on crosswind leg
1. выполнять первый разворот
2. первый разворот turn on downwind leg
1. выполнять второй разворот
2. второй разворот turn on final
1. выполнять четвертый разворот
2. четвертый разворот turn on the system
включать систему
turn the proper tank on
включать подачу топлива из бока с помощью механического крана
work on the aircraft
выполнять работу на воздушном судне

English-Russian aviation dictionary > on
39 device definition

The characteristics of a device available through the MobileCapabilities class and the DeviceSpecific control.

تعريف الجهاز

English-Arabic terms dictionary > device definition
40 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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