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21 Logical Positivism

    The Question of the Validity and Justification of Metaphysics

   There have been many opponents of metaphysics from the Greek sceptics to the empiricists of the nineteenth century. Criticisms of very diverse kinds have been set forth. Many have declared that the doctrine of metaphysics is false, since it contradicts our empirical knowledge. Others have believed it to be uncertain, on the ground that its problems transcend the limits of human knowledge. Many anti-metaphysicians have declared that occupation with metaphysical questions is sterile. Whether or not these questions can be answered, it is at any rate unnecessary to worry about them; let us devote ourselves entirely to the practical tasks which confront active men every day of their lives!

   The development of modern logic has made it possible to give a new and sharper answer to the question of the validity and justification of metaphysics. The researchers of applied logic or the theory of knowledge, which aim at clarifying the cognitive content of scientific statements and thereby the meanings of the terms that occur in the statements, by means of logical analysis, lead to a positive and to a negative result. The positive result is worked out in the domain of empirical science; the various concepts of the various branches of science are clarified; their formal, logical and epistemological connections are made explicit.

   In the domain of metaphysics, including all philosophy of value and normative theory, logical analysis yields the negative result that the al leged statements in this domain are entirely meaningless. Therewith a radical elimination of metaphysics is attained, which was not yet possible from the earlier anti-metaphysical standpoints. (Carnap, 1959, p. 60)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Logical Positivism
22 старогрецька мова

Greek, the Greek language

Українсько-англійський словник > старогрецька мова
23 православен

(Greek) Orthodox, member of the Greek Orthodox Church

* * *

orthodox

Македонско-англиски речник > православен
24 греческий язык

Greek, the Greek language

Русско-английский словарь Wiktionary > греческий язык
25 греческий

Greek; ( о стиле) Grecian

греческая архитектура — Grecian architecture

Греческая церковь — the Greek Orthodox Church

Русско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > греческий
26 הכנסייה היוונית

the Greek Church

Hebrew-English dictionary > הכנסייה היוונית
27 הכנסייה היוונית האורתודוכסית

the Greek Orthodox Church

Hebrew-English dictionary > הכנסייה היוונית האורתודוכסית
28 הכנסייה היוונית האורתודוקסית

the Greek Orthodox Church

Hebrew-English dictionary > הכנסייה היוונית האורתודוקסית
29 Грекокафолическая православная церковь

the Greek Orthodox Church

Русско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > Грекокафолическая православная церковь
30 Graeci

Graeci, ōrum, m., = Graikoi, the Grecians, Greeks: contendunt Graecos, Graios memorare solent sos, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Müll. (Ann. v. 358 Vahl.):
eos septem, quos Graeci sapientes nominaverunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 7:
apud Graecos,
id. ib. 1, 3, 5; id. Fl. 27, 64:
quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque Scripta vel optima, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 28.— Sing.: Graecus, i, m., a Greek:
processit ille, et Graecus apud Graecos non de culpa sua dixit, etc.,
Cic. Fl. 7, 17:
ignobilis,
Liv. 39, 8, 3:
Graecus Graecaque,
Plin. 28, 2, 3, § 12.—
II.
Derivv.
A.
Graecus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Greeks, Greek, Grecian:
plus te operae Graecis dedisse rebus video... deinde nullam Graecarum rerum significationem daret,
Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 152 sq.; cf.
litterae,
id. Brut. 20, 78.—In neutr. absol.:
Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus,
Cic. Arch. 10, 23:
lingua (opp. Latina),
id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
ludi,
founded on Greek subjects, id. Fam. 7, 1, 3 (opp. Osci); id. Att. 16, 5, 1:
homines,
Grecian people, Greeks, id. Mil. 29, 80; id. Tusc. 2, 27, 65:
testis,
id. Fl. 5, 11:
more bibere,
i. e. to drink healths, id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:
Graeca fide mercari,
i. e. without credit, with ready money, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 47: nux, i. e. an almond, Cloat. ap. Macr. S. 2, 44: pantherae, from Asiatic Greece, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5:
rosa,
a kind of rose, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 18: ovis, perh. Tarentine, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 27: via, perh. to Magna Graecia, Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 3.—Prov.: ad Calendas Graecas, i. q. our next day after never (since the Greeks had no Calends), August. ap. Suet. Aug. 87.—Hence, subst.: Graecum, i, n., the Greek language, Greek (rare):
Graeco melius usuri,
Quint. 5, 10, 1:
librum e Graeco in Latinum convertere,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 87.— Adv. in two forms,
1.
Graece, in the Greek language, in Greek:
cum ea, quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 155:
Acilius qui Graece scripsit historiam,
id. Off. 2, 32, 115:
loqui,
id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15:
optime scire,
id. de Or. 2, 66, 265; cf.
nescire,
id. Fl. 4, 10:
licet legatum Graece scriptum non valeat,
Ulp. Fragm. 25, 9:
omnia Graece,
Juv. 6, 188.—
2.
Graecātim, in the Greek manner:
amiciri,
Tert. Pall. 4.—
B.
Graecĭa, ae, f., the country of the Greeks, Greece: ad Trojam cum misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):
quod de Corintho dixi, id haud scio an liceat de cuncta Graecia verissime dicere,
Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 36:
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 156:
magna,
Ov. H. 16, 340.—In apposition:
terra,
Gell. 1, 1, 2; M. Aur. ap. Fronto Ep. 2, 9 Mai.—
2.
Transf.: Magna Graecia, Lower Italy, inhabited by Greeks, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 3, 5, 6, § 42; Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; 3, 34, 139; id. Lael. 4, 13; id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38; called also Mājor Graecia, Liv. 31, 7, 11; Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6 med.; Sil. 11, 21; whereas by a Greek proper it is called Parva Graecia, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 55; and absol.:
Graecia,
Cic. Arch. 5, 10.— Poet.: Major Graecia, in gen., for Italy:
Itala nam tellus Graecia major erat,
Ov. F. 4, 64.—
C.
Graecānĭcus, a, um, adj., of Greek origin, in the Greek manner or fashion, Grecian, Greek (rare;
not in Cic.): alia (verba) Graeca, alia Graecanica,
i. e. words borrowed from the Greeks, Varr. L. L. 10, § 70 Müll.:
torcula,
Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317:
pavimentum,
id. 36, 25, 63, § 188:
color,
id. 34, 9, 20, § 98:
toga, i. e. pallium,
Suet. Dom. 4: milites, living in the Greek manner, voluptuously, Vulc. Avid. Cass. 5.—Hence, adv.: Graēcānĭce, in Greek:
dicere,
Varr. L. L. 9, § 89 Müll.—
D.
Graecŭlus, a, um, adj. dim., Grecian, Greek (mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense): ineptum sane negotium et Graeculum, thorough Greek, Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 86:
motus quidam temerarius Graeculae contionis,
id. Fl. 10, 23:
cautio chirographi,
i. e. not to be relied upon, id. Fam. 7, 18, 1:
homines,
id. de Or. 1, 11, 47:
ferrum,
Flor. 2, 7, 9:
civitas Massilia,
id. 4, 2, 24 Duk.— Subst.:
1.
Graecŭlus, i, m.
(α).
A paltry Greek, Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 102; id. Pis. 29, 70.—Prov.:
Graeculus esuriens in caelum, jusseris, ibit,
Juv. 3, 78.—In the form Graecŭlĭo, Petr. 76 fin. —
(β).
Post-Aug., without any odious accessory notion, for Graecus:
vitis,
Col. 3, 2, 24:
mala,
Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 50:
rosa,
id. 21, 4, 10, § 18.—
2.
Graecŭla, ae, f., a Greekling, a weak imitator of Greek women, Juv. 6, 186.—
E.
Graecĭensis, e, adj., Grecian (post-Aug. and very rare):
mare,
Plin. 4, 21, 18, § 51:
scimpodium,
Gell. 19, 10, 1.—
F.
Graecālis, e, adj., Grecian, Greek (late Lat.):
lapides,
inscribed with Greek letters, Front. de Col. p. 116 Goes.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Graeci
31 Graeciensis

Graeci, ōrum, m., = Graikoi, the Grecians, Greeks: contendunt Graecos, Graios memorare solent sos, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Müll. (Ann. v. 358 Vahl.):
eos septem, quos Graeci sapientes nominaverunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 7:
apud Graecos,
id. ib. 1, 3, 5; id. Fl. 27, 64:
quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque Scripta vel optima, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 28.— Sing.: Graecus, i, m., a Greek:
processit ille, et Graecus apud Graecos non de culpa sua dixit, etc.,
Cic. Fl. 7, 17:
ignobilis,
Liv. 39, 8, 3:
Graecus Graecaque,
Plin. 28, 2, 3, § 12.—
II.
Derivv.
A.
Graecus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Greeks, Greek, Grecian:
plus te operae Graecis dedisse rebus video... deinde nullam Graecarum rerum significationem daret,
Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 152 sq.; cf.
litterae,
id. Brut. 20, 78.—In neutr. absol.:
Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus,
Cic. Arch. 10, 23:
lingua (opp. Latina),
id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
ludi,
founded on Greek subjects, id. Fam. 7, 1, 3 (opp. Osci); id. Att. 16, 5, 1:
homines,
Grecian people, Greeks, id. Mil. 29, 80; id. Tusc. 2, 27, 65:
testis,
id. Fl. 5, 11:
more bibere,
i. e. to drink healths, id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:
Graeca fide mercari,
i. e. without credit, with ready money, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 47: nux, i. e. an almond, Cloat. ap. Macr. S. 2, 44: pantherae, from Asiatic Greece, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5:
rosa,
a kind of rose, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 18: ovis, perh. Tarentine, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 27: via, perh. to Magna Graecia, Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 3.—Prov.: ad Calendas Graecas, i. q. our next day after never (since the Greeks had no Calends), August. ap. Suet. Aug. 87.—Hence, subst.: Graecum, i, n., the Greek language, Greek (rare):
Graeco melius usuri,
Quint. 5, 10, 1:
librum e Graeco in Latinum convertere,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 87.— Adv. in two forms,
1.
Graece, in the Greek language, in Greek:
cum ea, quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 155:
Acilius qui Graece scripsit historiam,
id. Off. 2, 32, 115:
loqui,
id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15:
optime scire,
id. de Or. 2, 66, 265; cf.
nescire,
id. Fl. 4, 10:
licet legatum Graece scriptum non valeat,
Ulp. Fragm. 25, 9:
omnia Graece,
Juv. 6, 188.—
2.
Graecātim, in the Greek manner:
amiciri,
Tert. Pall. 4.—
B.
Graecĭa, ae, f., the country of the Greeks, Greece: ad Trojam cum misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):
quod de Corintho dixi, id haud scio an liceat de cuncta Graecia verissime dicere,
Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 36:
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 156:
magna,
Ov. H. 16, 340.—In apposition:
terra,
Gell. 1, 1, 2; M. Aur. ap. Fronto Ep. 2, 9 Mai.—
2.
Transf.: Magna Graecia, Lower Italy, inhabited by Greeks, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 3, 5, 6, § 42; Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; 3, 34, 139; id. Lael. 4, 13; id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38; called also Mājor Graecia, Liv. 31, 7, 11; Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6 med.; Sil. 11, 21; whereas by a Greek proper it is called Parva Graecia, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 55; and absol.:
Graecia,
Cic. Arch. 5, 10.— Poet.: Major Graecia, in gen., for Italy:
Itala nam tellus Graecia major erat,
Ov. F. 4, 64.—
C.
Graecānĭcus, a, um, adj., of Greek origin, in the Greek manner or fashion, Grecian, Greek (rare;
not in Cic.): alia (verba) Graeca, alia Graecanica,
i. e. words borrowed from the Greeks, Varr. L. L. 10, § 70 Müll.:
torcula,
Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317:
pavimentum,
id. 36, 25, 63, § 188:
color,
id. 34, 9, 20, § 98:
toga, i. e. pallium,
Suet. Dom. 4: milites, living in the Greek manner, voluptuously, Vulc. Avid. Cass. 5.—Hence, adv.: Graēcānĭce, in Greek:
dicere,
Varr. L. L. 9, § 89 Müll.—
D.
Graecŭlus, a, um, adj. dim., Grecian, Greek (mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense): ineptum sane negotium et Graeculum, thorough Greek, Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 86:
motus quidam temerarius Graeculae contionis,
id. Fl. 10, 23:
cautio chirographi,
i. e. not to be relied upon, id. Fam. 7, 18, 1:
homines,
id. de Or. 1, 11, 47:
ferrum,
Flor. 2, 7, 9:
civitas Massilia,
id. 4, 2, 24 Duk.— Subst.:
1.
Graecŭlus, i, m.
(α).
A paltry Greek, Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 102; id. Pis. 29, 70.—Prov.:
Graeculus esuriens in caelum, jusseris, ibit,
Juv. 3, 78.—In the form Graecŭlĭo, Petr. 76 fin. —
(β).
Post-Aug., without any odious accessory notion, for Graecus:
vitis,
Col. 3, 2, 24:
mala,
Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 50:
rosa,
id. 21, 4, 10, § 18.—
2.
Graecŭla, ae, f., a Greekling, a weak imitator of Greek women, Juv. 6, 186.—
E.
Graecĭensis, e, adj., Grecian (post-Aug. and very rare):
mare,
Plin. 4, 21, 18, § 51:
scimpodium,
Gell. 19, 10, 1.—
F.
Graecālis, e, adj., Grecian, Greek (late Lat.):
lapides,
inscribed with Greek letters, Front. de Col. p. 116 Goes.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Graeciensis
32 Graecula

Graeci, ōrum, m., = Graikoi, the Grecians, Greeks: contendunt Graecos, Graios memorare solent sos, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Müll. (Ann. v. 358 Vahl.):
eos septem, quos Graeci sapientes nominaverunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 7:
apud Graecos,
id. ib. 1, 3, 5; id. Fl. 27, 64:
quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque Scripta vel optima, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 28.— Sing.: Graecus, i, m., a Greek:
processit ille, et Graecus apud Graecos non de culpa sua dixit, etc.,
Cic. Fl. 7, 17:
ignobilis,
Liv. 39, 8, 3:
Graecus Graecaque,
Plin. 28, 2, 3, § 12.—
II.
Derivv.
A.
Graecus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Greeks, Greek, Grecian:
plus te operae Graecis dedisse rebus video... deinde nullam Graecarum rerum significationem daret,
Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 152 sq.; cf.
litterae,
id. Brut. 20, 78.—In neutr. absol.:
Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus,
Cic. Arch. 10, 23:
lingua (opp. Latina),
id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
ludi,
founded on Greek subjects, id. Fam. 7, 1, 3 (opp. Osci); id. Att. 16, 5, 1:
homines,
Grecian people, Greeks, id. Mil. 29, 80; id. Tusc. 2, 27, 65:
testis,
id. Fl. 5, 11:
more bibere,
i. e. to drink healths, id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:
Graeca fide mercari,
i. e. without credit, with ready money, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 47: nux, i. e. an almond, Cloat. ap. Macr. S. 2, 44: pantherae, from Asiatic Greece, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5:
rosa,
a kind of rose, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 18: ovis, perh. Tarentine, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 27: via, perh. to Magna Graecia, Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 3.—Prov.: ad Calendas Graecas, i. q. our next day after never (since the Greeks had no Calends), August. ap. Suet. Aug. 87.—Hence, subst.: Graecum, i, n., the Greek language, Greek (rare):
Graeco melius usuri,
Quint. 5, 10, 1:
librum e Graeco in Latinum convertere,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 87.— Adv. in two forms,
1.
Graece, in the Greek language, in Greek:
cum ea, quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 155:
Acilius qui Graece scripsit historiam,
id. Off. 2, 32, 115:
loqui,
id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15:
optime scire,
id. de Or. 2, 66, 265; cf.
nescire,
id. Fl. 4, 10:
licet legatum Graece scriptum non valeat,
Ulp. Fragm. 25, 9:
omnia Graece,
Juv. 6, 188.—
2.
Graecātim, in the Greek manner:
amiciri,
Tert. Pall. 4.—
B.
Graecĭa, ae, f., the country of the Greeks, Greece: ad Trojam cum misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):
quod de Corintho dixi, id haud scio an liceat de cuncta Graecia verissime dicere,
Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 36:
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 156:
magna,
Ov. H. 16, 340.—In apposition:
terra,
Gell. 1, 1, 2; M. Aur. ap. Fronto Ep. 2, 9 Mai.—
2.
Transf.: Magna Graecia, Lower Italy, inhabited by Greeks, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 3, 5, 6, § 42; Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; 3, 34, 139; id. Lael. 4, 13; id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38; called also Mājor Graecia, Liv. 31, 7, 11; Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6 med.; Sil. 11, 21; whereas by a Greek proper it is called Parva Graecia, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 55; and absol.:
Graecia,
Cic. Arch. 5, 10.— Poet.: Major Graecia, in gen., for Italy:
Itala nam tellus Graecia major erat,
Ov. F. 4, 64.—
C.
Graecānĭcus, a, um, adj., of Greek origin, in the Greek manner or fashion, Grecian, Greek (rare;
not in Cic.): alia (verba) Graeca, alia Graecanica,
i. e. words borrowed from the Greeks, Varr. L. L. 10, § 70 Müll.:
torcula,
Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317:
pavimentum,
id. 36, 25, 63, § 188:
color,
id. 34, 9, 20, § 98:
toga, i. e. pallium,
Suet. Dom. 4: milites, living in the Greek manner, voluptuously, Vulc. Avid. Cass. 5.—Hence, adv.: Graēcānĭce, in Greek:
dicere,
Varr. L. L. 9, § 89 Müll.—
D.
Graecŭlus, a, um, adj. dim., Grecian, Greek (mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense): ineptum sane negotium et Graeculum, thorough Greek, Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 86:
motus quidam temerarius Graeculae contionis,
id. Fl. 10, 23:
cautio chirographi,
i. e. not to be relied upon, id. Fam. 7, 18, 1:
homines,
id. de Or. 1, 11, 47:
ferrum,
Flor. 2, 7, 9:
civitas Massilia,
id. 4, 2, 24 Duk.— Subst.:
1.
Graecŭlus, i, m.
(α).
A paltry Greek, Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 102; id. Pis. 29, 70.—Prov.:
Graeculus esuriens in caelum, jusseris, ibit,
Juv. 3, 78.—In the form Graecŭlĭo, Petr. 76 fin. —
(β).
Post-Aug., without any odious accessory notion, for Graecus:
vitis,
Col. 3, 2, 24:
mala,
Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 50:
rosa,
id. 21, 4, 10, § 18.—
2.
Graecŭla, ae, f., a Greekling, a weak imitator of Greek women, Juv. 6, 186.—
E.
Graecĭensis, e, adj., Grecian (post-Aug. and very rare):
mare,
Plin. 4, 21, 18, § 51:
scimpodium,
Gell. 19, 10, 1.—
F.
Graecālis, e, adj., Grecian, Greek (late Lat.):
lapides,
inscribed with Greek letters, Front. de Col. p. 116 Goes.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Graecula
33 Graecum

Graeci, ōrum, m., = Graikoi, the Grecians, Greeks: contendunt Graecos, Graios memorare solent sos, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Müll. (Ann. v. 358 Vahl.):
eos septem, quos Graeci sapientes nominaverunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 7:
apud Graecos,
id. ib. 1, 3, 5; id. Fl. 27, 64:
quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque Scripta vel optima, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 28.— Sing.: Graecus, i, m., a Greek:
processit ille, et Graecus apud Graecos non de culpa sua dixit, etc.,
Cic. Fl. 7, 17:
ignobilis,
Liv. 39, 8, 3:
Graecus Graecaque,
Plin. 28, 2, 3, § 12.—
II.
Derivv.
A.
Graecus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Greeks, Greek, Grecian:
plus te operae Graecis dedisse rebus video... deinde nullam Graecarum rerum significationem daret,
Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 152 sq.; cf.
litterae,
id. Brut. 20, 78.—In neutr. absol.:
Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus,
Cic. Arch. 10, 23:
lingua (opp. Latina),
id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
ludi,
founded on Greek subjects, id. Fam. 7, 1, 3 (opp. Osci); id. Att. 16, 5, 1:
homines,
Grecian people, Greeks, id. Mil. 29, 80; id. Tusc. 2, 27, 65:
testis,
id. Fl. 5, 11:
more bibere,
i. e. to drink healths, id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:
Graeca fide mercari,
i. e. without credit, with ready money, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 47: nux, i. e. an almond, Cloat. ap. Macr. S. 2, 44: pantherae, from Asiatic Greece, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5:
rosa,
a kind of rose, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 18: ovis, perh. Tarentine, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 27: via, perh. to Magna Graecia, Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 3.—Prov.: ad Calendas Graecas, i. q. our next day after never (since the Greeks had no Calends), August. ap. Suet. Aug. 87.—Hence, subst.: Graecum, i, n., the Greek language, Greek (rare):
Graeco melius usuri,
Quint. 5, 10, 1:
librum e Graeco in Latinum convertere,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 87.— Adv. in two forms,
1.
Graece, in the Greek language, in Greek:
cum ea, quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 155:
Acilius qui Graece scripsit historiam,
id. Off. 2, 32, 115:
loqui,
id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15:
optime scire,
id. de Or. 2, 66, 265; cf.
nescire,
id. Fl. 4, 10:
licet legatum Graece scriptum non valeat,
Ulp. Fragm. 25, 9:
omnia Graece,
Juv. 6, 188.—
2.
Graecātim, in the Greek manner:
amiciri,
Tert. Pall. 4.—
B.
Graecĭa, ae, f., the country of the Greeks, Greece: ad Trojam cum misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):
quod de Corintho dixi, id haud scio an liceat de cuncta Graecia verissime dicere,
Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 36:
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 156:
magna,
Ov. H. 16, 340.—In apposition:
terra,
Gell. 1, 1, 2; M. Aur. ap. Fronto Ep. 2, 9 Mai.—
2.
Transf.: Magna Graecia, Lower Italy, inhabited by Greeks, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 3, 5, 6, § 42; Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; 3, 34, 139; id. Lael. 4, 13; id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38; called also Mājor Graecia, Liv. 31, 7, 11; Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6 med.; Sil. 11, 21; whereas by a Greek proper it is called Parva Graecia, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 55; and absol.:
Graecia,
Cic. Arch. 5, 10.— Poet.: Major Graecia, in gen., for Italy:
Itala nam tellus Graecia major erat,
Ov. F. 4, 64.—
C.
Graecānĭcus, a, um, adj., of Greek origin, in the Greek manner or fashion, Grecian, Greek (rare;
not in Cic.): alia (verba) Graeca, alia Graecanica,
i. e. words borrowed from the Greeks, Varr. L. L. 10, § 70 Müll.:
torcula,
Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317:
pavimentum,
id. 36, 25, 63, § 188:
color,
id. 34, 9, 20, § 98:
toga, i. e. pallium,
Suet. Dom. 4: milites, living in the Greek manner, voluptuously, Vulc. Avid. Cass. 5.—Hence, adv.: Graēcānĭce, in Greek:
dicere,
Varr. L. L. 9, § 89 Müll.—
D.
Graecŭlus, a, um, adj. dim., Grecian, Greek (mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense): ineptum sane negotium et Graeculum, thorough Greek, Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 86:
motus quidam temerarius Graeculae contionis,
id. Fl. 10, 23:
cautio chirographi,
i. e. not to be relied upon, id. Fam. 7, 18, 1:
homines,
id. de Or. 1, 11, 47:
ferrum,
Flor. 2, 7, 9:
civitas Massilia,
id. 4, 2, 24 Duk.— Subst.:
1.
Graecŭlus, i, m.
(α).
A paltry Greek, Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 102; id. Pis. 29, 70.—Prov.:
Graeculus esuriens in caelum, jusseris, ibit,
Juv. 3, 78.—In the form Graecŭlĭo, Petr. 76 fin. —
(β).
Post-Aug., without any odious accessory notion, for Graecus:
vitis,
Col. 3, 2, 24:
mala,
Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 50:
rosa,
id. 21, 4, 10, § 18.—
2.
Graecŭla, ae, f., a Greekling, a weak imitator of Greek women, Juv. 6, 186.—
E.
Graecĭensis, e, adj., Grecian (post-Aug. and very rare):
mare,
Plin. 4, 21, 18, § 51:
scimpodium,
Gell. 19, 10, 1.—
F.
Graecālis, e, adj., Grecian, Greek (late Lat.):
lapides,
inscribed with Greek letters, Front. de Col. p. 116 Goes.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Graecum
34 Major Graecia

Graeci, ōrum, m., = Graikoi, the Grecians, Greeks: contendunt Graecos, Graios memorare solent sos, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Müll. (Ann. v. 358 Vahl.):
eos septem, quos Graeci sapientes nominaverunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 7:
apud Graecos,
id. ib. 1, 3, 5; id. Fl. 27, 64:
quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque Scripta vel optima, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 28.— Sing.: Graecus, i, m., a Greek:
processit ille, et Graecus apud Graecos non de culpa sua dixit, etc.,
Cic. Fl. 7, 17:
ignobilis,
Liv. 39, 8, 3:
Graecus Graecaque,
Plin. 28, 2, 3, § 12.—
II.
Derivv.
A.
Graecus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Greeks, Greek, Grecian:
plus te operae Graecis dedisse rebus video... deinde nullam Graecarum rerum significationem daret,
Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 152 sq.; cf.
litterae,
id. Brut. 20, 78.—In neutr. absol.:
Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus,
Cic. Arch. 10, 23:
lingua (opp. Latina),
id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
ludi,
founded on Greek subjects, id. Fam. 7, 1, 3 (opp. Osci); id. Att. 16, 5, 1:
homines,
Grecian people, Greeks, id. Mil. 29, 80; id. Tusc. 2, 27, 65:
testis,
id. Fl. 5, 11:
more bibere,
i. e. to drink healths, id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:
Graeca fide mercari,
i. e. without credit, with ready money, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 47: nux, i. e. an almond, Cloat. ap. Macr. S. 2, 44: pantherae, from Asiatic Greece, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5:
rosa,
a kind of rose, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 18: ovis, perh. Tarentine, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 27: via, perh. to Magna Graecia, Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 3.—Prov.: ad Calendas Graecas, i. q. our next day after never (since the Greeks had no Calends), August. ap. Suet. Aug. 87.—Hence, subst.: Graecum, i, n., the Greek language, Greek (rare):
Graeco melius usuri,
Quint. 5, 10, 1:
librum e Graeco in Latinum convertere,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 87.— Adv. in two forms,
1.
Graece, in the Greek language, in Greek:
cum ea, quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 155:
Acilius qui Graece scripsit historiam,
id. Off. 2, 32, 115:
loqui,
id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15:
optime scire,
id. de Or. 2, 66, 265; cf.
nescire,
id. Fl. 4, 10:
licet legatum Graece scriptum non valeat,
Ulp. Fragm. 25, 9:
omnia Graece,
Juv. 6, 188.—
2.
Graecātim, in the Greek manner:
amiciri,
Tert. Pall. 4.—
B.
Graecĭa, ae, f., the country of the Greeks, Greece: ad Trojam cum misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):
quod de Corintho dixi, id haud scio an liceat de cuncta Graecia verissime dicere,
Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 36:
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 156:
magna,
Ov. H. 16, 340.—In apposition:
terra,
Gell. 1, 1, 2; M. Aur. ap. Fronto Ep. 2, 9 Mai.—
2.
Transf.: Magna Graecia, Lower Italy, inhabited by Greeks, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 3, 5, 6, § 42; Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; 3, 34, 139; id. Lael. 4, 13; id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38; called also Mājor Graecia, Liv. 31, 7, 11; Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6 med.; Sil. 11, 21; whereas by a Greek proper it is called Parva Graecia, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 55; and absol.:
Graecia,
Cic. Arch. 5, 10.— Poet.: Major Graecia, in gen., for Italy:
Itala nam tellus Graecia major erat,
Ov. F. 4, 64.—
C.
Graecānĭcus, a, um, adj., of Greek origin, in the Greek manner or fashion, Grecian, Greek (rare;
not in Cic.): alia (verba) Graeca, alia Graecanica,
i. e. words borrowed from the Greeks, Varr. L. L. 10, § 70 Müll.:
torcula,
Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317:
pavimentum,
id. 36, 25, 63, § 188:
color,
id. 34, 9, 20, § 98:
toga, i. e. pallium,
Suet. Dom. 4: milites, living in the Greek manner, voluptuously, Vulc. Avid. Cass. 5.—Hence, adv.: Graēcānĭce, in Greek:
dicere,
Varr. L. L. 9, § 89 Müll.—
D.
Graecŭlus, a, um, adj. dim., Grecian, Greek (mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense): ineptum sane negotium et Graeculum, thorough Greek, Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 86:
motus quidam temerarius Graeculae contionis,
id. Fl. 10, 23:
cautio chirographi,
i. e. not to be relied upon, id. Fam. 7, 18, 1:
homines,
id. de Or. 1, 11, 47:
ferrum,
Flor. 2, 7, 9:
civitas Massilia,
id. 4, 2, 24 Duk.— Subst.:
1.
Graecŭlus, i, m.
(α).
A paltry Greek, Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 102; id. Pis. 29, 70.—Prov.:
Graeculus esuriens in caelum, jusseris, ibit,
Juv. 3, 78.—In the form Graecŭlĭo, Petr. 76 fin. —
(β).
Post-Aug., without any odious accessory notion, for Graecus:
vitis,
Col. 3, 2, 24:
mala,
Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 50:
rosa,
id. 21, 4, 10, § 18.—
2.
Graecŭla, ae, f., a Greekling, a weak imitator of Greek women, Juv. 6, 186.—
E.
Graecĭensis, e, adj., Grecian (post-Aug. and very rare):
mare,
Plin. 4, 21, 18, § 51:
scimpodium,
Gell. 19, 10, 1.—
F.
Graecālis, e, adj., Grecian, Greek (late Lat.):
lapides,
inscribed with Greek letters, Front. de Col. p. 116 Goes.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Major Graecia
35 Parva Graecia

Graeci, ōrum, m., = Graikoi, the Grecians, Greeks: contendunt Graecos, Graios memorare solent sos, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Müll. (Ann. v. 358 Vahl.):
eos septem, quos Graeci sapientes nominaverunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 7:
apud Graecos,
id. ib. 1, 3, 5; id. Fl. 27, 64:
quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque Scripta vel optima, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 28.— Sing.: Graecus, i, m., a Greek:
processit ille, et Graecus apud Graecos non de culpa sua dixit, etc.,
Cic. Fl. 7, 17:
ignobilis,
Liv. 39, 8, 3:
Graecus Graecaque,
Plin. 28, 2, 3, § 12.—
II.
Derivv.
A.
Graecus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Greeks, Greek, Grecian:
plus te operae Graecis dedisse rebus video... deinde nullam Graecarum rerum significationem daret,
Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 152 sq.; cf.
litterae,
id. Brut. 20, 78.—In neutr. absol.:
Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus,
Cic. Arch. 10, 23:
lingua (opp. Latina),
id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
ludi,
founded on Greek subjects, id. Fam. 7, 1, 3 (opp. Osci); id. Att. 16, 5, 1:
homines,
Grecian people, Greeks, id. Mil. 29, 80; id. Tusc. 2, 27, 65:
testis,
id. Fl. 5, 11:
more bibere,
i. e. to drink healths, id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:
Graeca fide mercari,
i. e. without credit, with ready money, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 47: nux, i. e. an almond, Cloat. ap. Macr. S. 2, 44: pantherae, from Asiatic Greece, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5:
rosa,
a kind of rose, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 18: ovis, perh. Tarentine, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 27: via, perh. to Magna Graecia, Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 3.—Prov.: ad Calendas Graecas, i. q. our next day after never (since the Greeks had no Calends), August. ap. Suet. Aug. 87.—Hence, subst.: Graecum, i, n., the Greek language, Greek (rare):
Graeco melius usuri,
Quint. 5, 10, 1:
librum e Graeco in Latinum convertere,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 87.— Adv. in two forms,
1.
Graece, in the Greek language, in Greek:
cum ea, quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 155:
Acilius qui Graece scripsit historiam,
id. Off. 2, 32, 115:
loqui,
id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15:
optime scire,
id. de Or. 2, 66, 265; cf.
nescire,
id. Fl. 4, 10:
licet legatum Graece scriptum non valeat,
Ulp. Fragm. 25, 9:
omnia Graece,
Juv. 6, 188.—
2.
Graecātim, in the Greek manner:
amiciri,
Tert. Pall. 4.—
B.
Graecĭa, ae, f., the country of the Greeks, Greece: ad Trojam cum misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):
quod de Corintho dixi, id haud scio an liceat de cuncta Graecia verissime dicere,
Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 36:
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 156:
magna,
Ov. H. 16, 340.—In apposition:
terra,
Gell. 1, 1, 2; M. Aur. ap. Fronto Ep. 2, 9 Mai.—
2.
Transf.: Magna Graecia, Lower Italy, inhabited by Greeks, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 3, 5, 6, § 42; Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; 3, 34, 139; id. Lael. 4, 13; id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38; called also Mājor Graecia, Liv. 31, 7, 11; Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6 med.; Sil. 11, 21; whereas by a Greek proper it is called Parva Graecia, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 55; and absol.:
Graecia,
Cic. Arch. 5, 10.— Poet.: Major Graecia, in gen., for Italy:
Itala nam tellus Graecia major erat,
Ov. F. 4, 64.—
C.
Graecānĭcus, a, um, adj., of Greek origin, in the Greek manner or fashion, Grecian, Greek (rare;
not in Cic.): alia (verba) Graeca, alia Graecanica,
i. e. words borrowed from the Greeks, Varr. L. L. 10, § 70 Müll.:
torcula,
Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317:
pavimentum,
id. 36, 25, 63, § 188:
color,
id. 34, 9, 20, § 98:
toga, i. e. pallium,
Suet. Dom. 4: milites, living in the Greek manner, voluptuously, Vulc. Avid. Cass. 5.—Hence, adv.: Graēcānĭce, in Greek:
dicere,
Varr. L. L. 9, § 89 Müll.—
D.
Graecŭlus, a, um, adj. dim., Grecian, Greek (mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense): ineptum sane negotium et Graeculum, thorough Greek, Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 86:
motus quidam temerarius Graeculae contionis,
id. Fl. 10, 23:
cautio chirographi,
i. e. not to be relied upon, id. Fam. 7, 18, 1:
homines,
id. de Or. 1, 11, 47:
ferrum,
Flor. 2, 7, 9:
civitas Massilia,
id. 4, 2, 24 Duk.— Subst.:
1.
Graecŭlus, i, m.
(α).
A paltry Greek, Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 102; id. Pis. 29, 70.—Prov.:
Graeculus esuriens in caelum, jusseris, ibit,
Juv. 3, 78.—In the form Graecŭlĭo, Petr. 76 fin. —
(β).
Post-Aug., without any odious accessory notion, for Graecus:
vitis,
Col. 3, 2, 24:
mala,
Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 50:
rosa,
id. 21, 4, 10, § 18.—
2.
Graecŭla, ae, f., a Greekling, a weak imitator of Greek women, Juv. 6, 186.—
E.
Graecĭensis, e, adj., Grecian (post-Aug. and very rare):
mare,
Plin. 4, 21, 18, § 51:
scimpodium,
Gell. 19, 10, 1.—
F.
Graecālis, e, adj., Grecian, Greek (late Lat.):
lapides,
inscribed with Greek letters, Front. de Col. p. 116 Goes.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Parva Graecia
36 A

1.
A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:
A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:
ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.
II.
The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.
III.
In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.
A.
Short a is changed,
1.
, into long a —
a.
In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,
b.
In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).
c.
In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)
2.
Short a is changed into é or ē—
a.
Into é.
(α).
Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).
(β).
Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.
(γ).
In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).
b.
Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).
3.
Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)
(α).
before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —
(β).
Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).
b.
ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.
c.
Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.
d.
In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.
4.
Short a is changed into short or long o.
a.
Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).
b.
Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).
5.
Short a is changed into ŭ —
a.
In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).
b.
In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.
c.
ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).
B.
Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.
1.
Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.
2.
Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)
IV.
Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.
V.
The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).
VI.
Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.
B.
ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.
1.
The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.
2.
In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.
3.
ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.
4.
The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.
5.
Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.
VII.
In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.
A.
Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).
B.
Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—
1.
Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. Çµan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.
2.
Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.
3.
Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.
4.
Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.
5.
Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.
6.
Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.
C.
Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.
2.
As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;
so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.
3.
a, prep.=ab, v. ab.
4.
ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > A
37 a

1.
A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:
A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:
ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.
II.
The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.
III.
In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.
A.
Short a is changed,
1.
, into long a —
a.
In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,
b.
In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).
c.
In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)
2.
Short a is changed into é or ē—
a.
Into é.
(α).
Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).
(β).
Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.
(γ).
In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).
b.
Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).
3.
Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)
(α).
before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —
(β).
Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).
b.
ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.
c.
Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.
d.
In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.
4.
Short a is changed into short or long o.
a.
Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).
b.
Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).
5.
Short a is changed into ŭ —
a.
In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).
b.
In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.
c.
ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).
B.
Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.
1.
Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.
2.
Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)
IV.
Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.
V.
The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).
VI.
Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.
B.
ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.
1.
The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.
2.
In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.
3.
ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.
4.
The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.
5.
Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.
VII.
In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.
A.
Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).
B.
Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—
1.
Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. Çµan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.
2.
Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.
3.
Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.
4.
Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.
5.
Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.
6.
Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.
C.
Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.
2.
As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;
so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.
3.
a, prep.=ab, v. ab.
4.
ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > a
38 D

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).
II.
As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.
III.
The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—
1.
An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—
2.
An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—
3.
An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—
4.
An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —
5.
A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.
IV.
In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).
2.
D final was also anciently found—
a.
In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —
b.
In the imperative mood;
as estod,
Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—
c.
In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).
V.
As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.
► The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > D
39 d

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).
II.
As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.
III.
The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—
1.
An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—
2.
An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—
3.
An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—
4.
An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —
5.
A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.
IV.
In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).
2.
D final was also anciently found—
a.
In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —
b.
In the imperative mood;
as estod,
Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—
c.
In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).
V.
As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.
► The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > d
40 lechuga orejona

(n.) = romaine, cos, cos lettuce, romaine lettuce

Ex. Romaine is the term for this long-leaved lettuce, also called cos or cos lettuce because it is said to have originated on the Greek island of Cos (the birthplace of the physician Hippocrates).

Ex. Romaine is the term for this long-leaved lettuce, also called cos or cos lettuce because it is said to have originated on the Greek island of Cos (the birthplace of the physician Hippocrates).

Ex. Romaine is the term for this long-leaved lettuce, also called cos or cos lettuce because it is said to have originated on the Greek island of Cos (the birthplace of the physician Hippocrates).

Ex. Due to its extremely low calorie content and high water volume, romaine lettuce is actually a very nutritious food.

* * *

(n.) = romaine, cos, cos lettuce, romaine lettuce

Ex: Romaine is the term for this long-leaved lettuce, also called cos or cos lettuce because it is said to have originated on the Greek island of Cos (the birthplace of the physician Hippocrates).

Ex: Romaine is the term for this long-leaved lettuce, also called cos or cos lettuce because it is said to have originated on the Greek island of Cos (the birthplace of the physician Hippocrates).

Ex: Romaine is the term for this long-leaved lettuce, also called cos or cos lettuce because it is said to have originated on the Greek island of Cos (the birthplace of the physician Hippocrates).

Ex: Due to its extremely low calorie content and high water volume, romaine lettuce is actually a very nutritious food.

Spanish-English dictionary > lechuga orejona

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