the+english

English ['ɪŋglɪʃ]

1 plural noun

∎ the English les Anglais mpl

2 noun

(language) anglais m;

∎ do or can you speak English? parlez-vous (l')anglais?;

∎ to study English étudier ou apprendre l'anglais;

∎ she speaks excellent English elle parle très bien (l')anglais;

∎ we spoke (in) English to each other nous nous sommes parlé en anglais;

∎ that's not good English ce n'est pas du bon anglais;

∎ in plain or simple English clairement;

∎ so what you mean, in plain or simple English, is that… autrement dit ou en d'autres termes, ce que vous voulez dire, c'est que…;

∎ can you put that in plain or simple English? pouvez-vous vous exprimer plus clairement?;

∎ why can't lawyers talk in plain or simple English? pourquoi les hommes de loi ne parlent-ils pas comme vous et moi?;

∎ American/Australian English l'anglais m américain/australien;

∎ the King's/Queen's English l'anglais m correct;

∎ English as a Foreign Language anglais m langue étrangère;

∎ English Language Teaching enseignement m de l'anglais;

∎ English as a Second Language anglais m deuxième langue

3 adjective

anglais

4 compound-forming noun

(embassy) d'Angleterre; (history) de l'Angleterre; (teacher) d'anglais

►► English breakfast petit déjeuner m anglais ou à l'anglaise, breakfast m;

the English Channel la Manche;

the English disease (strikes) = terme faisant référence à la fréquence des grèves avant les lois anti-syndicales en Grande-Bretagne; (hooliganism) = expression qui fait référence aux violences auxquelles se livrent les supporters anglais;

English English l'anglais m d'Angleterre;

English Heritage = organisme britannique de protection du patrimoine historique;

American Music English horn cor m anglais;

American English muffin muffin m;

English National Opera opéra m national d'Angleterre;

English Riviera = surnom donné à Torbay en raison de la douceur de son climat et de la popularité de ses stations balnéaires;

English rose = le type idéal de la femme anglaise;

English setter setter m anglais;

American English sheepdog bobtail m;

English speaker (as native speaker) anglophone mf; (as non-native speaker) personne f parlant anglais;

American English for Speakers of Other Languages = anglais langue étrangère;

English for special purposes = anglais spécialisé

ⓘ ENGLISH BREAKFAST Le petit déjeuner traditionnel anglais se compose d'un plat chaud (des œufs au bacon, par exemple), de céréales ou de porridge, et de toasts à la marmelade d'oranges, le tout accompagné de café ou de thé; aujourd'hui il est généralement remplacé par une collation plus légère.

English [ˈɪŋglɪ∫]

1. adjective

anglais ; [queen] d'Angleterre ; [teacher, dictionary] d'anglais

2. noun

• in plain English en termes très simples

• English as a Foreign Language l'anglais m langue étrangère

• English as a Second Language l'anglais m langue seconde

• English Language Teaching l'enseignement m de l'anglaisTEFL, TESL, TESOL, ELT

3. plural noun

the English les Anglais mpl

4. compounds

► English breakfast noun (in hotel) petit déjeuner m anglais

► the English Channel noun la Manche

► English Heritage noun organisme britannique de protection du patrimoine historique

► English-speaker noun anglophone mf

► English-speaking adjective anglophone

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

La prononciation standard de l'anglais parlé en Grande-Bretagne est appelée « Received Pronunciation » ou « RP ». Cette prononciation est dans l'ensemble celle des milieux cultivés et de la presse audiovisuelle, même si, sur ce plan, les accents régionaux sont aujourd'hui mieux représentés qu'autrefois. L'expression « Standard English » désigne la langue telle qu'elle est enseignée dans les écoles.

L'anglais américain se distingue de l'anglais britannique surtout par sa prononciation mais aussi par des différences orthographiques et sémantiques. Le « Network Standard » désigne l'anglais américain standard, utilisé en particulier dans les médias.

* * *

1) ( language) anglais m

2) ( people)

adjective [language, food] anglais; [lesson, teacher] d'anglais

English ⇒ Nationalities, Languages

A n

1 Ling anglais m ; the King's ou Queen's English l'anglais correct ;

2 the English (+ v pl) les Anglais mpl.

B adj anglais.

English Channel n the English Channel la Manche.

- Englishman

= il a levé la main

= elle a fermé les yeux

Note, for instance, the use of la and mon here:

= elle a passé la main sur mon front

For expressions such as he hurt his foot or she hit her head on the beam, where the owner of the body part is the subject of the verb, i.e. the person doing the action, use a reflexive verb in French:

= elle s’est cassé la jambe

( literally she has broken to herself the leg - there is no past participle agreement because the preceding reflexive pronoun se is the indirect object).

= il se frottait les mains

= elle se tenait la tête

= elle lui a cassé la jambe

( literally she broke to him the leg)

= le caillou lui a fendu la lèvre

( literally the stone split to him the lip)

For ways of saying how tall someone is ⇒ Length measurement ; of stating someone’s weight ⇒ Weight measurement ; and of talking about the colour of hair and eyes ⇒ Colours.

= il a les cheveux longs

= il a les cheveux longs

= un garçon aux cheveux longs

= un garçon aux cheveux longs

= le garçon aux cheveux longs

= elle a les yeux bleus

= elle a les yeux bleus

= elle a les yeux bleus

= la fille aux yeux bleus

= une fille aux yeux bleus

= il a le nez rouge

= il a le nez rouge

= un homme au nez rouge

= un homme au nez rouge

= il a la jambe cassée

= l’homme à la jambe cassée

= un homme avec une jambe cassée

In timetables etc., the twenty-four hour clock is used, so that 4 pm is seize heures. In ordinary usage, one says quatre heures (de l’après-midi).

= quelle heure est-il?

= il est cinq heures à ma montre

= pouvez-vous me donner l’heure?

= il est quatre heures juste or il est exactement quatre heures

= il est environ quatre heures

= il est presque trois heures

= il va être six heures

= il est à peine plus de cinq heures

= il est cinq heures passées

French never drops the word heures: at five is à cinq heures and so on.

French always uses à, whether or not English includes the word at. The only exception is when there is another preposition present, as in vers cinq heures (towards five o’clock), avant cinq heures (before five o’clock) etc.

= à quelle heure cela s’est-il passé?

= à quelle heure va-t-il venir?

= c’est arrivé à deux heures

= il viendra à quatre heures

= à quatre heures dix

= à huit heures et demie

= à trois heures précises

= vers cinq heures or à cinq heures environ

= à cinq heures au plus tard

= un peu après neuf heures

= il faut que ce soit prêt avant dix heures

= je serai là jusqu’à six heures du soir

= je ne serai pas là avant six heures du soir

= cela dure de sept à neuf heures

= fermé entre treize et quatorze heures

= toutes les heures à l’heure juste

= toutes les heures à dix

† This fuller form is possible in all similar cases in this list. It is used only in ‘official’ styles.

‡ Quatre heures et quart sounds less official than quatre heures quinze ( and similarly et demie and moins le quart are the less official forms). The demie and quart forms are not used with the 24-hour clock.

§ Demi agrees when it follows its noun, but not when it comes before the noun to which it is hyphenated, e.g. quatre heures et demie but les demi-heures etc. Note that midi and minuit are masculine, so midi et demi and minuit et demi.

Write the names of days in full ; do not abbreviate as in English (Tues, Sat and so on). The French only abbreviate in printed calendars, diaries etc.

= lundi

= mardi

= mercredi

= jeudi

= vendredi

= samedi

= dimanche

(Lundi in this note stands for any day ; they all work the same way ; for more information on dates in French ⇒ Date.)

= quel jour sommes-nous? or (very informally) on est quel jour?

= nous sommes lundi

= c’est lundi aujourd’hui

Note the use of French le for regular occurrences, and no article for single ones. (Remember: do not translate on.)

= lundi

= lundi, on va au zoo

= je te verrai lundi matin

= le lundi

= le lundi, on va au zoo

= je la vois le lundi matin

= lundi après-midi

= un lundi soir

= ce lundi matin-là

= la nuit de lundi dernier or (if evening) lundi dernier dans la soirée

= lundi matin de bonne heure

= lundi soir tard

= ce lundi

= ce lundi-là

= précisément ce lundi-là

= lundi dernier

= lundi prochain

= l’autre lundi

= dans un mois lundi

= dans un mois à dater de lundi dernier

= termine-le avant lundi

= à partir de lundi

= tous les lundis

= chaque lundi

= un lundi sur deux

= un lundi sur trois

= presque tous les lundis

= certains lundis

= le deuxième lundi de chaque mois

= le lundi de temps en temps

= le journal de lundi or de ce lundi

= les journaux du lundi

= les vols du lundi

= le vol du lundi

= la fermeture du lundi

= les cours de lundi or de ce lundi

= les cours du lundi

= les trains du lundi

Don’t use capitals for the names of the months in French, and note that there are no common abbreviations in French as there are in English (Jan, Feb and so on). The French only abbreviate in printed calendars etc.

January = janvier

February = février

March = mars

April = avril

May = mai

June = juin

July = juillet

August = août

September = septembre

October = octobre

November = novembre

December = décembre

(May in this note stands for any month ; they all work the same way ; for more information on dates in French ⇒ Date.)

= quel mois sommes-nous? or (very informally) on est quel mois?

= nous étions en mai

= de quel mois est-il?

= en mai or au mois de mai

= ils se marient en mai

= cette année-là en mai

= en mai prochain

= l’an prochain en mai

= l’année dernière en mai

= dans deux ans en mai

= il y deux ans en mai

= au début de mai

= début mai

= à la fin de mai

= fin mai

= à la mi-mai

= pendant tout le mois de mai

= tout au long du mois de mai

= tous les ans en mai

= tous les deux ans en mai

= presque tous les ans en mai

= par un matin de mai

= par une nuit de mai or (if evening) par un soir de mai

For other uses, it is always safe to use du mois de:

= les cours du mois de mai

= les vols du mois de mai

= les soldes du mois de mai

= le mois de mai le plus chaud

= un mois de mai pluvieux

= un beau mois de mai

In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; the is translated by le + masculine singular noun ( le chien), by la + feminine singular noun ( la chaise), by l’ + masculine or feminine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ (l’auteur, l’homme, l’absence, l’histoire) and by les + plural noun (les hommes, les femmes).

When the is used after a preposition in English, the two words (prep + the) are often translated by one word in French. If the preposition would normally be translated by de in French (of, about, from etc.) the prep + the is translated by du + masculine noun ( du chien), by de la + feminine noun ( de la femme), by de l’ + singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h ’ (de l’auteur, de l’histoire) and by des + plural noun (des hommes, des femmes). If the preposition would usually be translated by à (at, to etc.) the prep + the is translated according to the number and gender of the noun, by au ( au chien), à la ( à la femme), à l’ (à l’enfant), aux (aux hommes, aux femmes).

Other than this, there are few problems in translating the into French.

The following cases are, however, worth remembering as not following exactly the pattern of the English:

= les bons, les pauvres etc.

= Charles Premier, Elizabeth Deux etc.

= c’est LA violoniste du siècle or c’est la plus grande violoniste du siècle

= les Tudor, les Bateman etc.

For expressions such as the more, the better, see the entry the.

This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as weight measurement, days of the week, rivers, illnesses, aches and pains, the human body, and musical instruments, many of which use the.

For other particular usages of the see the entry the.

north = nord N

south = sud S

east = est E

west = ouest O

nord, sud, est, ouest is the normal order in French as well as English.

northeast = nord-est NE

northwest = nord-ouest NO

north-northeast = nord-nord-est NNE

east-northeast = est-nord-est ENE

Compass points in French are not normally written with a capital letter. However, when they refer to a specific region in phrases such as I love the North or he lives in the North, and it is clear where this North is, without any further specification such as of France or of Europe, then they are written with a capital letter, as they often are in English, too. In the following examples, north and nord stand for any compass point word.

= j’aime le Nord

= vivre dans le Nord

= dans le nord de l’Écosse

= au nord de l’Écosse

= dans le sud de l’Espagne*

= c’est au nord de la colline

= à quelques kilomètres au nord

= droit au nord

* Note that the south of France is more usually referred to as le Midi.

There is another set of words in French for north, south etc., some of which are more

common than others:

(north) septentrion (rarely used) septentrional(e)

(south) midi méridional(e)

(east) orient oriental(e)

(west) occident occidental(e)

= une ville du Nord

= un accent du Nord

= l’avant-poste le plus au nord

= l’Europe du Nord

= le nord du Japon

= l’est de la France

For names of countries and continents which include these compass point words, such as North America or South Korea, see the dictionary entry.

French has fewer ways of expressing this than English has ; vers le is usually safe:

= aller vers le nord

= se diriger vers le nord

= aller vers le nord

= aller vers le nord

= un bateau qui se dirige vers le nord

With some verbs, such as to face, the French expression changes:

= les fenêtres donnent au nord

= une pente orientée au nord

The usual way of expressing from the is du:

= cela vient du nord

= du nord de l’Allemagne

= le vent du nord

= un vent du nord

= des vents dominants du nord

= le vent est au nord

= le vent vient du nord

The French words nord, sud, est and ouest are really nouns, so when they are used as adjectives they are invariable.

= la côte nord

= la porte nord

= la face nord

= le côté nord

= le mur nord

The preposition by is translated by quart in expressions like the following:

= nord quart nord-ouest

= sud-est quart sud

Queen's English n to speak the Queen's English parler un anglais correct. ⇒ Received Pronunciation.

The direct French equivalent of the verb to do in subject + to do + object sentences is faire:

= elle fait ses devoirs

= qu’est-ce que tu fais?

= qu’est-ce qu’il a fait du journal?

faire functions in very much the same way as to do does in English and it is safe to assume it will work in the great majority of cases. For the conjugation of the verb faire, see the French verb tables.

Grammatical functions

In French there is no use of an auxiliary verb in questions equivalent to the use of do in English.

When the subject is a pronoun, the question is formed in French either by inverting the subject and verb and putting a hyphen between the two ( veux-tu?) or by prefacing the subject + verb by est-ce que (literally is it that):

= aimes-tu Mozart? or est-ce que tu aimes Mozart?

= as-tu mis les verres dans le placard? or est-ce que tu as mis les verres dans le placard?

When the subject is a noun there are again two possibilities:

= est-ce que ta sœur a téléphoné? or ta sœur a-t-elle téléphoné?

= est-ce que Max a trouvé ses clés? or Max a-t-il trouvé ses clés?

Equally, auxiliaries are not used in negatives in French:

= je n’aime pas Mozart

= tu n’as pas donné à manger au chat

= ne fais pas ça!

There is no verbal equivalent for the use of do in such expressions as I DO like your dress. A French speaker will find another way, according to the context, of expressing the force of the English do. Here are a few useful examples:

= j’aime beaucoup ta robe

= j’espère qu’elle n’oubliera pas

= je crois vraiment que tu devrais voir un médecin

In this case the verb to do is not translated at all:

= je ne l’aime pas plus que toi

= j’habite à Oxford et Lily aussi

= elle est payée plus que moi

= je n’ai pas écrit autant que j’aurais dû

= ‘j’adore les fraises’ ‘moi aussi’

In polite requests the phrase je vous en prie can often be used to render the meaning of do:

= asseyez-vous, je vous en prie

= prenez un morceau de gâteau, je vous en prie

= ‘puis-je prendre une pêche?’ ‘je vous en prie’

In French there is no use of an auxiliary verb in imperatives:

= ne ferme pas la porte

= ne lui dis rien

= tais-toi!

French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like doesn’t he? or didn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:

= tu aimes le poisson, n’est-ce pas?

= il habite à Londres, n’est-ce pas?

However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the meaning contained in the tag: par hasard can often be useful as a translation:

= Lola n’a pas téléphoné par hasard?

= Paul ne travaille pas ici par hasard?

In many cases the tag is not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey what is implied:

you didn’t tidy your room, did you? (i.e. you ought to have done)

= tu n’as pas rangé ta chambre?

Again, there is no direct French equivalent for short answers like yes I do, no he doesn’t etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:

= ‘Marion n’a pas dit ça’ ‘si’

= ‘ils ne vendent pas les légumes à la boulangerie’ ‘si’

In response to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:

= ‘aimez-vous les fraises?’ ‘oui ’

For more examples and particular usages, see the entry do.

The English word river can be either fleuve or rivière in French. Major rivers, all of which flow into the sea, are fleuves: the rest are rivières. Here are some examples of fleuves in France: la Garonne, la Loire, la Seine, le Rhin, le Rhône and la Somme: other fleuves include: le Nil, le Danube, le Gange, le Tage, l’Indus, l’Amazone, le Congo, le Mississippi, le Niger and le Saint-Laurent.

The following French rivers are rivières: la Marne, l’Oise, l’Allier, la Dordogne, la Saône.

= la Tamise

= descendre le Rhin

= habiter près de la Seine

= le cours du Danube

In English you can say the X, the X river or the river X. In French it is always le X (or la X):

= la Tamise

= le Potomac

When the name of the river is used as an adjective, French has de + definite article:

= les péniches de la Seine

= un château des bords du Rhin

= l’estuaire du Rhin

Only those forms of address in frequent use are included here ; titles of members of the nobility or of church dignitaries are not covered ; for the use of military ranks as titles ⇒ Military ranks and titles.

Where English puts the surname after the title, French normally uses the title alone (note that when speaking to someone, French does not use a capital letter for monsieur, madame and mademoiselle, unlike English Mr etc., nor for titles such as docteur).

= bonjour, monsieur

= bonsoir, madame

= au revoir, mademoiselle

The French monsieur and madame tend to be used more often than the English Mr X or Mrs Y. Also, in English, people often say simply Good morning or Excuse me ; in the equivalent situation in French, they might say Bonjour, monsieur or Pardon, madame. However, the French are slower than the British, and much slower than the Americans, to use someone’s first name, so hi there, Peter! to a colleague may well be simply bonjour!, or bonjour, monsieur ; bonjour, cher ami ; bonjour, mon vieux etc., depending on the degree of familiarity that exists.

= bonjour, docteur

In some cases where titles are not used in English, they are used in French, e.g. bonjour, Monsieur le directeur or bonjour, Madame la directrice to a head teacher, or bonjour, maître to a lawyer of either sex. Other titles, such as professeur ( in the sense of professor), are used much less than their English equivalents in direct address. Where in English one might say Good morning, Professor, in French one would probably say Bonjour, monsieur or Bonjour, madame.

Titles of important positions are used in direct forms of address, preceded by Monsieur le or Madame le or Madame la, as in:

= oui, Monsieur le président or (to a woman) oui, Madame la présidente

= oui, Monsieur le ministre or (to a woman) oui, Madame le ministre

Note the use of Madame le when the noun in question, like ministre here, or professeur and other titles, has no feminine form, or no acceptable feminine. A woman Member of Parliament is addressed as Madame le député, a woman Senator Madame le sénateur, a woman judge Madame le juge and a woman mayor Madame le maire. Women often prefer the masculine word even when a feminine form does exist, as in Madame l’ambassadeur to a woman ambassador, Madame l’ambassadrice being reserved for the wife of an ambassador.

= monsieur Smith est là

= madame Jones a téléphoné

= mademoiselle Black est arrivée

= madame Brown or (as appropriate) mademoiselle Brown est partie

= le docteur Blake est arrivé

= le professeur Jones a parlé

= le prince Charles

= la princesse Marie

Note that with royal etc. titles, only 1er is spoken as an ordinal number (premier) in French ; unlike English, all the others are spoken as cardinal numbers (deux, trois, and so on).

= le roi Richard 1er ( say Richard premier)

= la reine Elizabeth II ( say Elizabeth deux)

= le pape Jean XXIII ( say Jean vingt-trois)

 

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

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Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

 

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики

• НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

Классификация

>>>

Действия

• изготовление НКУ
• испытание НКУ
• подключение НКУ
• проектирование НКУ

Синонимы

• низковольтное комплектное устройство
• низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
• НКУ

Сопутствующие термины

• изготовитель НКУ

EN

• assembly
• electrical switchboard
• low voltage controlgear and assembly
• low voltage switchboard
• low voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
• low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
• LV switchgear and controlgear assembly
• LV switchgear assembly
• panel
• power switchgear and controlgear assembly
• PSC-assembly
• switchboard
• switchgear and controlgear
• switchgear/controlgear

DE

• Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte

FR

• appareillage
• ensemble d'appareillage de puissance
• ensemble PSC

These behave like the names of countries ⇒ Countries and continents, with different constructions depending on gender and number:

= la Corse

= en Corse

= en Corse

= de Corse

Note that where the English has the definite article, French normally has as well:

= les Baléares fpl

= aux Baléares

= aux Baléares

= des Baléares

As in English, most island names have no definite article ; these work like names of towns ⇒ Towns and cities:

= Chypre

= à Chypre

= à Chypre

= de Chypre

= le sherry de Chypre

English uses on with the names of small islands ; there is no such distinction in French:

= à Sainte-Hélène

= à Naxos

As with names of cities and towns, it is safest to avoid explicit genders ; use l’île d… instead:

= l’île de Cuba est belle

English and French tend to work the same way in this respect:

= Guernesey

= l’île de Guernesey

= les Baléares

= les îles Baléares

= les îles Orcades

There are some exceptions to these rules, e.g. Fiji, Samoa, Jamaica. If in doubt, look up island name in the dictionary.

In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; that is translated by ce + masculine singular noun ( ce monsieur), cet + masculine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ ( cet homme) and cette + feminine singular noun ( cette femme) ; those is translated by ces.

Note, however, that the above translations are also used for the English this (plural these). So when it is necessary to insist on that as opposed to another or others of the same sort, the adverbial tag -là is added to the noun:

= je préfère cette version-là

For particular usages, see the entry that.

In French, pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are referring to. So that is translated by celui-là for a masculine noun, celle-là for a feminine noun and those is translated by ceux-là for a masculine noun and celles-là for a feminine noun:

= je crois que je préfère celle-là

For other uses of that, those as pronouns (e.g. who’s that?) and for adverbial use (e.g. that much, that many) there is no straightforward translation, so see the entry that for examples of usage.

When used as a relative pronoun, that is translated by qui when it is the subject of the verb and by que when it is the object:

= l’homme qui a volé la voiture

= le film que j’ai vu

Remember that in the present perfect and past perfect tenses, the past participle will agree

with the noun to which que as object refers:

= les pommes que j’ai achetées

When that is used as a relative pronoun with a preposition, it is translated by lequel when standing for a masculine singular noun, by laquelle when standing for a feminine singular noun, by lesquels when standing for a masculine plural noun and by lesquelles when standing for a feminine plural noun:

= la chaise sur laquelle j’étais assise

= les enfants pour lesquels j’ai acheté les livres

Remember that in cases where the English preposition used would normally be translated by à in French (e.g. to, at), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles:

= les filles auxquelles je parlais

Similarly, where the English preposition used would normally be translated by de in French (e.g. of, from), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be dont in all cases:

= le Français dont j’ai reçu une lettre

When used as a conjunction, that can almost always be translated by que (qu’ before a vowel or mute ‘h’):

= elle a dit qu’elle le ferait

In certain verbal constructions, que is followed by a subjunctive in French. If you are in doubt about the construction to use, consult the appropriate verb entry. For particular usages see the entry that.