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21 search

поиск; перебор (вариантов) || искать; перебирать ( варианты)

- search for an item
- area search
- associative search
- basic search
- best-first search
- best-match search
- between limits search
- bidirectional search
- binary search
- bit-parallel search
- bit-sequential search
- block search
- breadth-first search
- case-insensitive search
- case-sensitive search
- chaining search
- composite search
- conjunctive search
- database search
- depth-first search
- dichotomizing search
- dictionary search
- direct search
- disjunctive search
- exact-match search
- exhaustive search
- Fibonacci search
- full-text search
- fuzzy search

- global search
- golden section search
- graph search
- greater than or equal to search
- greater than search
- hash search
- high-low-equal search
- information search
- interfile search
- less than or equal to search
- less than search
- limit-type search
- linear search
- literature search
- machine search
- maximum search
- mechanized search
- minimum search
- min-max search
- multiaspect search
- multifile search
- multiway search
- nearest neighbor search
- one-at-a-time search
- optimum search
- order-value search
- parallel-by-bit parallel-by-word search
- pattern search
- random search
- reduced search
- routing search
- search and replace
- serial search
- serial-by-bit parallel-by-word search
- skip search
- state-space search
- string search
- subject search
- web search
- width-first search
- word-parallel search

English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > search
22 ground

земля имя существительное:
земля (Earth, land, ground, soil, territory, dirt)

заземление (ground, grounding, earthing, earth)

основание (base, basis, reason, bottom, foundation, ground)

грунт (priming, ground, soil, earth, bottom, dirt)

пол (floor, flooring, gender, sex, ground)

почва (soil, ground, Land, earth, bedrock, dirt)

полигон (polygon, ground, range, shooting range, butt, firing field)

основа (warp, basis, base, foundation, framework, ground)

фон (background, ground, context, foil, field, fond)

местность (terrain, locality, country, ground, community, situation)

участок земли (plot, ground, parcel, lot, allotment, grounds)

причина (cause, reason, why, root, ground, account)

база (base, basis, ground, pedestal)

расстояние (distance, length, spacing, space, width, ground)

плац (ground, parade)

спортплощадка (sports ground, playground, athletic field, ground, Field)

мотив (motive, tune, reason, cause, ground, spring)

область (area, region, field, domain, range, ground)

гуща (thick, ground, sediment)

аэродром (aerodrome, airfield, airdrome, landing field, ground)

дно моря (ground, floor)

осадок (precipitate, sediment, residue, sludge, deposit, ground)

парк при доме (ground, grounds)

сад при доме (ground)

спортивная площадка а (ground)

тема (TOPIC, theme, subject, text, chapter, ground)
имя прилагательное:
молотый (ground, milled)

грунтовой (ground, unpaved)

измельченный (crushed, ground, adust)

донный (ground)

тертый (grated, ground, hardened)

притертый (ground, ground-in)

толченый (crushed, pounded, ground)

шлифовальный (grinding, polishing, ground)
глагол:
заземлять (ground, earth)

основывать (base, found, establish, ground, rest, set up)

обосновывать (ground, found)

грунтовать (prime, ground, blot, pad, clearcole)

приземляться (land, land on, ground, touch down, alight, take ground)

стачиваться (grind, ground)

опускать на землю (ground)

опускаться на землю (ground)

сесть на мель (run aground, strand, go aground, take the ground, ground, strike aground)

заставить приземлиться (ground)

запрещать полеты (ground)

обучать основам предмета (ground)

мездрить (ground, scour)

наскакивать на мель (be driven ashore, pile up, run ashore, ground)

сажать на мель (beach, Strand, ground)

класть на землю (ground)

зубрить (swot, grind, muzz, sap, mug, ground)

загрунтовывать (ground)

обучать (train, teach, instruct, tutor, School, ground)

отстранять от полетов (ground)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > ground
23 length

[leŋθ]
n

1) длина

What length is the house? — Какова длина дома?

In what length must the rails be? They can be made any length. — Какой длины должны быть рельсы? Их можно сделать любой длины.

We need more than one length of the pipe. — Одного отрезка трубы нам не хватит.

The length of the room is twice its width. — Длина этой комнаты вдвое больше, чем ширина.

- average length
- considerable length
- radio wave length
- shoulder length hair
- knee length skirt
- length of a dress
- short length of a steel chain
- five inch length of rope
- total length of the field
- length of a train
- length of march
- of equal length
- of the same length
- at arm's length
- over the whole length of the course
- along the length of the shore
- cut smth into equal lengths
- cut into half-inch lengths
- extend one's arm to its full length
- extend to the length of twenty miles
- go the length of the street
- grow to reach a length of three or four metres
- keep at arm's length
- keep smb at arm's lenghth
- lie on the ground at full length
- measure one's sleeve length
- stretch one's legs at full length
- travel the length of the island
- cut the speech to half its length
- river is navigable for the whole of its length
2) продолжительность

He was away for some length of time. — Его довольно долго не было здесь.

He spoke for a length of time. — Он долго говорил.

He would go to any length to get his own way. — Он не остановится ни перед чем, чтобы достичь своего.

He went to great length to please her. — Он шел на все, чтобы угодить ей.

Once he makes up his mind he would go to all length. — Уж если он что-либо решит, его ничем не остановишь.

- hour's length
- length of a holiday
- length of a lifetime
- length of service
- length of a lease
- length of a vowel
- length of days
- length of time required to do the job
- length and the breadth of the place
- stay of some length
- in length of time
- cut the report to half its length
- do smth at length
- report events at length
- see a friend after a length of absence
- speak at great length on the subject
- at length he came to understand it
- at length we convinced him
- day arrived
3) размер

A book is not judged only by its length. — О книге судят не только по ее размеру/объему.

It would require a length of text beyond the scope of a single volume. — Это потребует объема текста, выходящего за пределы одного тома.

- dress length
- length of a book
- length of the examination paper
- length of a film
- length of cloth
- length of wood
- portrait at full length
•

USAGE:

(1.) Русское устойчивое словосочетание во всю длину соответствует английскому at full length: to stretch one's legs at full length вытянуть ноги во всю длину; to fall on the ground at full length упасть на землю/растянуться во всю длину. (2.) See depth, n; USAGE (1.), (2.). (3.) See height, n; USAGE (1.), (2.).

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > length
24 clear

1. a ясный, светлый

clear day — ясный день

clear aim — ясная цель

a clear head — ясный ум

amply clear — абсолютно ясно

clear weather — ясная погода

clear as day — ясно как день

2. a чистый, прозрачный

clear water of the lake — чистая вода озера

clear ice — чистый лёд

clear copy — чистая копия

clear water — чистая вода

clear skin — чистая кожа

clear fuel — чистое топливо

3. a зеркальный

4. a отчётливый, ясный

clear outline — ясное очертание

clear sight — хорошее зрение

clear definition — ясное определение

everything is not clear — не всё ясно

clear conception — ясное представление

clear terms — ясные, определённые условия

a clear base for action — ясный план действий

5. a звонкий, отчётливый, чистый

clear tone — чистый звук

clear round — чистая черева

clear profit — чистая прибыль

clear days — чистые, полные дни

clear hawse — чистые якорные цепи

clear conscience — чистая совесть

6. a отчётливый, внятный; чёткий

his delivery was clear and distinct — он говорил внятно и отчётливо

clear speech — отчётливый выговор

7. a ясный, понятный; не вызывающий сомнений

clear conclusion — ясный вывод

a clear case of murder — явное убийство

to make a clear statement — высказаться ясно и определённо

to have a clear idea — иметь ясное представление

it is clear to me what he is driving at — мне понятно, к чему он клонит

clear air turbulence — турбулентность в ясном небе

couched in clear terms — облечённый в ясные слова

to be in the clear — быть вне подозрений

clear of suspicion — вне подозрений

clear cut — четкий; ясно выраженный

8. a светлый, ясный, логический

clear intellect — ясный ум

clear l sound — светлый оттенок звука l

clear sweet water — светлые промои

clear perception — ясное понимание

perfectly clear — совершенно ясно

clear idea — ясное представление

9. a свободный, незанятый; беспрепятственный

clear passage — свободный проход

clear line — свободный путь; свободный перегон

clear opening — свободное сечение

rotate clear — свободно вращаться

rotated clear — свободно вращался

rotating clear — свободное вращение

clear area — свободная область; чистый участок

10. a чистый; здоровый

clear conscience — чистая совесть

clean clear coated: ?? — чистое и четкое изображение "СЗ"

11. a полный, целый; весь

clear month — целый месяц

all clear button — кнопка "все очистить"

12. a абсолютный, совершенный, полный

a clear victory — полная победа

13. a тех. незадевающий; свободно проходящий

clear of — свободный от

clear band — свободная площадь

clear hand — свободная площадь

clear channel — свободный канал

14. a клер, нешифрованный текст

in clear — клером, в незашифрованном виде, открытым текстом

the coast is clear — путь свободен, препятствий нет

all clear signal — сигнал отбоя

clear as day — ясно как день

clear text — открытый текст

in the clear — открытым текстом

clear message — сообщение открытым текстом

message in clear — сообщение открытым текстом

sent a message in clear — послал донесение открытым текстом

15. adv ясно

clear meat soup — мясной бульон

clear utterance — ясная дикция

16. adv эмоц. -усил. совсем, совершенно; целиком; начисто

three feet clear — целых три фута

17. adv в стороне от

to steer clear — избегать, сторониться

clear runway status — состояние готовности ВПП к полетам

18. adv спорт. чисто

clear abreast — чисто в стороне

19. v очищать

thunder has cleared the air — после грозы воздух стал чистым

20. v очищаться, становиться ясным, чистым; делаться прозрачным

the sky is clearing — небо очищается от туч

clear solution — прозрачный раствор

perfectly clear eyes — прозрачные глаза

brilliantly clear wine — прозрачное вино

clear plaque — прозрачное стерильное пятно

clear stick — прозрачный косметический карандаш

21. v объяснить, разъяснить, пролить свет

clear spacing — расстояние в свету

width in the clear — ширина в свету

clear opening height — высота в свету

measurement in the clear — размер в свету

clear bar spacing — расстояние в свету между стержнями

22. v освобождать, очищать; убирать, устранять препятствия

to clear the stones from the road — убрать с дороги камни

to clear the snow from the walk — очистить дорожку от снега

to clear a way — освободить дорогу

to clear the way — открыть путь

to clear the way for future action — расчистить путь для дальнейших действий

to clear the ground — расчистить участок земли

land cleared for cultivation — земля, расчищенная для посева

clear the track open — освобождать путь для движения

failing to clear — столкновение с препятствием

clear the obstacle — преодолевать препятствие

failed to clear — столкнулся с препятствием

fail to clear — сталкиваться с препятствием

23. v оправдывать; очищать от подозрений

to clear oneself of a charge — оправдаться

to clear off — очищать, соскребать

24. v взять, преодолеть препятствие

to clear a hedge — перемахнуть через изгородь

to clear the hurdle — преодолеть препятствие

clear the coast — устранять препятствия

25. v едва не задеть, избежать

to clear an iceberg at sea — избежать столкновения с айсбергом

he is clear of all bad intentions — у него нет дурных намерений

26. v воен. вывозить, эвакуировать

to clear casualties — эвакуировать раненых

clear stores — вывозить грузы

clear the port — вывозить грузы с территории порта

clear of casualties — эвакуировать раненых и пораженных

27. v распутывать

to clear a hawser — распутать трос

28. v разгружать

to clear a ship of her cargo — разгрузить корабль

29. v заплатить долг, произвести расчёт; оплатить

this sum will clear all his debts — эта сумма покроет все его долги

clear debts — покрывать долги

clear the account — оплатить счет

clear of debt — не обременённый долгами

clear value — стоимость имущества после очистки долгов

30. v банк. производить клиринг чеков или векселей; производить расчёт по векселям или чекам через расчётную палату

очищать от пошлин; выполнять таможенные формальности

to clear inward — производить таможенную очистку по приходу

clear the horse — перепрыгать через гимнастического коня

clear support in astride — упор углом ноги врозь

clear a mine — проделывать проходы в минном поле

31. v ком. получать чистую прибыль

the firm cleared ?300 000 — фирма получила триста тысяч фунтов стерлингов чистой прибыли

a hundred pounds clear profit — сто фунтов чистой прибыли

32. v распродавать, устраивать распродажи

to clear goods — распродавать товары

clear goods — распродавать товары

33. v дать допуск к секретной работе

clear off — закончить недоделанную работу

clear side — бескостный свиной бок

clear varnish — бесцветный лак

clear lacquer — бесцветный лак

34. v спорт. отбить

to clear a corner — отбить угловой в поле

35. v спец. осветлять; очищать

36. v тел. разъединять

clear down — разъединять

to clear down — разъединять

37. v амер. согласовать

you must clear your plan with the headquarters — насчёт своего плана вы должны договориться с руководством

38. v расшифровывать, декодировать

to clear the coast — расчистить путь, устранить препятствия

Синонимический ряд:

1. apparent (adj.) apparent; evident; explicit; indisputable; manifest; noticeable; obvious; open-and-shut; openhanded; palpable; patent; plain; sharp; straightforward; unambiguous; unequivocal; univocal; unmistakable; unsubtle

2. bare (adj.) bare; devoid; empty; stark; vacant; vacuous; void

3. bright (adj.) bright; brilliant; crystal-clear; crystalline; limpid; lucid; pellucid; see-through; translucent; transparent

4. certain (adj.) alert; assured; certain; convinced; discerning; keen; positive; strong; sure; unconfused

5. clear-cut (adj.) clear-cut; crystal; lucent; luculent; luminous; perspicuous; tralucent; translucid; transpicuous; unblurred

6. decided (adj.) decided; definite; pronounced; unquestionable

7. distinct (adj.) articulate; comprehensible; conspicuous; distinct; intelligible; legible; perceptible; visible

8. fair (adj.) calm; clarion; cloudless; fair; fine; pacific; pleasant; quiet; rainless; serene; sunny; sunshine; sunshining; sunshiny; unclouded; undarkened; untroubled

9. free (adj.) disengaged; free; limitless; open; unencumbered; unfastened; unfettered; unhampered; unhindered; unimpeded; unobstructed

10. innocent (adj.) absolved; acquitted; excused; exonerated; innocent; irreproachable; not guilty; vindicated

11. unblemished (adj.) clean; immaculate; pure; smooth; spotless; unblemished; undefiled; unsullied

12. unbroken (adj.) faultless; flawless; unbroken; unmarked

13. unimpeded (adj.) open; unimpeded; unobstructed

14. absolve (verb) absolve; acquit; disculpate; exculpate; excuse; exonerate; pardon; resolve; vindicate

15. approve (verb) approve; authorize; sanction

16. brighten (verb) break up; brighten; expose; lighten

17. burn off (verb) burn off

18. clarify (verb) clarify; clear up; elucidate; explain; illuminate; illustrate

19. clean (verb) clean; police; spruce; straighten; tidy

20. cleanse (verb) blank out; cleanse; erase; expurgate; purge; purify; wash; wipe clean

21. clear off (verb) clear off; discharge; liquidate; pay up; quit; satisfy; settle; square

22. extricate (verb) clear away; cut away; discumber; disembarrass; disembroil; disencumber; disengage; disentangle; disentwine; extricate; remove obstructions; unentangle; unscramble; untangle; untie; untwine

23. free (verb) clean out; drain; empty; evacuate; flush; free; open; unblock; vacate; void

24. hurdle (verb) go over; hurdle; jump over; leap; negotiate; over; overleap; surmount; vault

25. liberate (verb) emancipate; let go; liberate; set free; set loose; unchain; unfetter

26. make (verb) clean up; gain; make; net; profit; realize

27. pass (verb) carry; pass

28. pay (verb) bring in; draw; earn; gross; pay; produce; realise; repay; return; yield

29. remove (verb) abolish; annihilate; blot out; eradicate; exterminate; extinguish; obliterate; remove; root out; rub out; snuff out; stamp out; uproot; wipe out

30. rid (verb) lose; release; relieve; rid; shake; shake off; throw off; unburden

31. vanish (verb) disappear; evanesce; evanish; evaporate; fade; vanish

32. well (other) afond; altogether; completely; entirely; fully; perfectly; quite; right; roundly; thoroughly; utterly; well; wholly

Антонимический ряд:

accuse; ambiguous; befoul; clog; cloudy; condemned; confined; confused; contaminate; culpable; dark; deny; dim; disturbed; doubtful; dubious; embarrass; encumber; inaudible; lose; murky; obscure; obstruct; obstructed

English-Russian base dictionary > clear
25 full out

1. написанный полностью, несокращённый

in full — полностью

to full advantage — полностью

full opening — полностью открытый

pay in full — заплатить полностью

full gate — полностью открытый затвор

2. полигр. без втяжки

full fare — цена без учета скидок

full hour — целый час без перерыва

3. разг. изо всех сил, на всю мощность

he was riding his motorcycle full out — он мчался на своём мотоцикле сломя голову

full sail — на всех парусах; на всех парах

full name — полное имя; все имена и фамилия

full text retrieval — поиск по всему тексту

full width hatch — люк во всю ширину палубы

full dental extraction — удаление всех зубов

English-Russian base dictionary > full out
26 card

1. карточка, карта

wine card — карта вин

JCB Card — карточка JCB

card deck — колода карт

card key — ключ — карта

key card — ключ — карта

2. объявление в газете

double-ended card — плата с выводами на две стороны

3. карта, перфорационная карта

text card — карта текста

work card — рабочая карта

card scrap — конфетти карт

guide card — ведущая карта

card column — колонка карты

4. картон

aperture card reader — читальный аппарат для апертурных карт

card feed — подача карт; ввод карт; механизм подачи карт

card feed stop light — индикатор перкращения подачи карт

card scanner — сканирующее устройство считывания с карт

card filing cabinet — ящик для хранения карт; картотека

5. ярлык

row label card — ярлык стеллажного ряда

stub card — карта с отрывным ярлыком

6. бланк, формуляр

address card — этикетка с адресом

aperture card — апертурная перфокарта

bingo card — карта для лото

blister card — предохранительная упаковка, состоящая из картонного листа с приклеенной к нему прозрачной капсулой, в которую заключён продаваемый предмет, упаковка типа «блистер»

business card — визитная карточка

business machine cards — карточки для конторских машин

calling card — визитная карточка

catalog card — каталожная карточка

color card — карта эталонных оттенков, эталонная таблица, атлас цветов

continuation card — карточка на продолжающееся издание

copy card — апертурная карта для копирования

corner card — штамп в левом углу конверта

diazo duplicate card — апертурная карта-дубликат с вмонтированным в неё кадром на диазоплёнке

duplicate card — апертурная карта

fiche-sized aperture card — апертурная карта размером с микрофишу

film card — микрокарта

greeting card — поздравительная открытка

holes punched card — перфорированная карта, перфокарта

identity card — удостоверение личности

invitation card — пригласительный билет

library card — абонементная карточка

magnetic card — магнитная карта

membership card — именное удостоверение

microform card — апертурная карта с микроформой или микроизображением

order card — карточка заказа

plastic card — пластмассовая карточка

playing cards — игральные карты

postal card — почтовая карточка, открытка

printed circuit width card — кеглегарнитурный блок на печатной схеме

punched copy card — перфокарта с данными об оригинале

railway card — железнодорожный билет

reader service card — карта обслуживания читателя

tab size aperture card — апертурная карта размером с табуляторную карту

underlying card — картонная прокладка

unitized film card — унифицированная микрокарта

data card — формуляр

book card — книжный формуляр

history card — сводный формуляр

charging card — книжный формуляр

recording card — бланк для самопишущих приборов

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > card
27 line

line [laɪn]

ligne ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (e), 1 (j)-(o), 1 (r), 1 (v) trait ⇒ 1 (a) ride ⇒ 1 (a) rang ⇒ 1 (c) queue ⇒ 1 (c) mot ⇒ 1 (f) corde ⇒ 1 (g) tuyau ⇒ 1 (h) voie ⇒ 1 (i) frontière ⇒ 1 (p) branche ⇒ 1 (q) chaîne ⇒ 1 (s) lignée ⇒ 1 (t) border ⇒ 2 (a) régler ⇒ 2 (b) doubler ⇒ 2 (c) garnir ⇒ 2 (c), 2 (d)

1 noun

(a) (mark, stroke) ligne f, trait m; (wrinkle) ride f; Mathematics, Sport & Television ligne f;

∎ to draw a line tracer ou tirer une ligne;

∎ Sport to beat sb on the line (at the finishing line) coiffer qn au poteau;

∎ to score 50 points above/below the line (in bridge) marquer 50 points d'honneur/de marche;

∎ straight line (gen) ligne f droite; Mathematics droite f;

∎ there are five lines to a stave une portée est constituée de cinq lignes;

∎ his face was covered with lines son visage était plein de rides

(b) (path) ligne f;

∎ light travels in a straight line la lumière se propage en ligne droite;

∎ it's on a line between Houston and Dallas c'est sur la ligne qui va de Houston à Dallas;

∎ the two grooves must be exactly in line les deux rainures doivent être parfaitement alignées;

∎ I don't follow your line of thinking je ne suis pas ton raisonnement;

∎ to be in the line of fire être dans la ligne de tir;

∎ line of sight or of vision ligne f de visée;

∎ let's try a different line of attack essayons une approche différente;

∎ it's all in the line of duty cela fait partie de mes fonctions;

∎ the problems I meet in the line of duty les problèmes auxquels je suis confronté dans l'exercice de mes fonctions;

∎ to be killed in the line of duty (policeman) mourir dans l'exercice de ses fonctions; (soldier) mourir au champ d'honneur;

∎ British to take the line of least resistance choisir la solution de facilité;

∎ there's been a terrible mistake somewhere along the line il s'est produit une erreur grave quelque part;

∎ I'll support them all along or right down the line je les soutiendrai jusqu'au bout ou sur toute la ligne;

∎ the population is split along religious lines la population est divisée selon des critères religieux;

∎ he reorganized the company along more rational lines il a réorganisé l'entreprise sur une base plus rationnelle;

∎ we shall take action along the lines suggested nous agirons dans le sens de ce qui a été proposé;

∎ another idea along the same lines une autre idée dans le même genre;

∎ we seem to be thinking along the same lines il semble que nous voyions les choses de la même façon;

∎ to be on the right lines être sur la bonne voie

(c) (row → side by side) ligne f, rang m, rangée f; (→ one behind another) rang m, file f; American (queue) file f (d'attente), queue f;

∎ a line of traffic une colonne de véhicules;

∎ to fall or get into line, to form a line (people) se mettre en ligne; (children) se mettre en rang; (soldiers) former les rangs;

∎ stand in line, children mettez-vous en rang, les enfants;

∎ to step into line se mettre en rang;

∎ a line of trees une rangée d'arbres;

∎ we joined the line at the bus stop nous avons fait la queue à l'arrêt de bus;

∎ they wanted to be first in line ils voulaient être les premiers dans la file d'attente;

∎ figurative he's in line for promotion il est sur les rangs pour une promotion;

∎ he's next in line for promotion la prochaine promotion sera pour lui;

∎ he's first in line for the throne c'est l'héritier du trône;

∎ to be on the line (job, reputation) être en jeu;

∎ to put one's job/reputation on the line mettre son travail/sa réputation en jeu;

∎ to lay one's reputation/life on the line (for sb/sth) mettre sa réputation/vie en jeu (pour qn/qch)

(d) figurative (conformity)

∎ it's in/out of line with company policy c'est conforme/ce n'est pas conforme à la politique de la société;

∎ it's more or less in line with what we'd expected cela correspond plus ou moins à nos prévisions;

∎ to bring wages into line with inflation actualiser les salaires en fonction de l'inflation;

∎ the rebels have been brought into line les rebelles ont été mis au pas;

∎ to fall into line with government policy accepter la politique gouvernementale;

∎ to step out of line s'écarter du droit chemin

(e) (of writing, text) ligne f; (of poem, song) vers m; (of play) réplique f;

∎ new line (in dictation) à la ligne;

∎ Computing a 20-line program un programme de 20 lignes;

∎ School she gave me 100 lines elle m'a donné 100 lignes (à faire);

∎ she quoted a line from Wordsworth elle a cité un vers de Wordsworth;

∎ I only have two lines in the whole play! je n'ai que deux répliques dans toute la pièce!;

∎ he forgot his lines il a oublié son texte;

∎ he gave me the usual line about his wife not understanding him il m'a fait son numéro habituel comme quoi sa femme ne le comprend pas;

∎ familiar to shoot a line (boast) frimer; (smooth talk) baratiner;

∎ American familiar to hand or give or pass sb a line (chat up) draguer qn

(f) familiar (letter) mot m;

∎ to drop sb a line envoyer un mot à qn

(g) (rope) corde f; Nautical bout m; Fishing ligne f; (in surveying) & Building industry cordeau m;

∎ to hang the washing on the line mettre le linge à sécher, étendre le linge;

∎ your clothes are out on the line tes vêtements sont sur la corde à linge

(h) (pipe) tuyau m; (pipeline) pipeline m

(i) British Railways (track) voie f; (single rail) rail m;

∎ the train left the line le train a déraillé

(j) (travel route) ligne f;

∎ underground line ligne f de métro;

∎ there's a new coach line to London il y a un nouveau service d'autocars pour Londres;

∎ to keep the lines of communication open maintenir ouvertes les lignes de communication;

∎ shipping line compagnie f de navigation

(k) Electricity ligne f;

∎ the power lines have been cut les lignes électriques ont été coupées;

∎ the lines are still down after the gale les lignes n'ont pas été rétablies depuis la tempête;

∎ the power station comes on line in June la centrale entre en service en juin

(l) Telecommunications ligne f;

∎ the line went dead la communication a été coupée;

∎ I was on the line to Paris je téléphonais à Paris;

∎ all the lines to London are busy toutes les lignes pour Londres sont occupées;

∎ then a voice came on the other end of the line alors une voix a répondu à l'autre bout du fil;

∎ I have Laura on the line j'ai Laura en ligne;

∎ a direct line to Washington une ligne directe avec Washington;

∎ hold the line ne quittez pas;

∎ the line is British engaged or American busy la ligne est occupée;

∎ there's someone on the line il y a quelqu'un sur la ligne;

∎ the line's very bad la communication est mauvaise;

∎ she's on the other line elle est sur l'autre ligne;

∎ Computing on line en ligne

(m) (outline) ligne f;

∎ the graceful line or lines of the new model la ligne harmonieuse du nouveau modèle;

∎ can you explain the main or broad lines of the project to me? pouvez-vous m'expliquer les grandes lignes du projet?

(n) (policy) ligne f;

∎ they took a hard or tough line on terrorism ils ont adopté une politique de fermeté envers le terrorisme;

∎ the opposition takes a harder line on this issue l'opposition a une politique plus dure sur cette question;

∎ to follow or to toe the party line suivre la ligne du parti;

∎ what line are you going to take? quel parti allez-vous prendre?;

∎ we must take a firm line with such people il nous faut être ferme avec des gens comme ça

(o) Military ligne f;

∎ they struggled vainly to hold the line ils ont vainement tenté de maintenir leur position;

∎ battle lines lignes fpl de bataille;

∎ to infiltrate enemy lines infiltrer les lignes ennemies;

∎ regiment/ship of the line régiment m/navire m de ligne

(p) (boundary) frontière f, limite f;

∎ the distant line of the horizon la ligne lointaine de l'horizon;

∎ the (dividing) line between frankness and rudeness la limite entre la franchise et l'impolitesse;

∎ to overstep the line dépasser la mesure;

∎ the poverty line le seuil de pauvreté;

∎ they crossed the state line into Nevada ils ont franchi la frontière du Nevada;

∎ to cross the Line (equator) traverser l'équateur

(q) (field of activity) branche f; (job) métier m; (field of interest) domaine m;

∎ she's in the same line (of work) as you elle travaille dans la même branche que toi;

∎ what line (of business) are you in?, what's your line (of business)? qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie?;

∎ if you need anything doing in the plumbing line si vous avez besoin de faire faire des travaux de plomberie;

∎ that's not my line ce n'est pas mon rayon;

∎ that's more in Katy's line c'est plus du domaine de Katy;

∎ opera isn't really my line l'opéra n'est pas vraiment mon genre

(r) (range → of products) ligne f;

∎ a new line of office furniture une nouvelle ligne de meubles de bureau;

∎ they produce or do an interesting line in chairs ils produisent une gamme intéressante de chaises;

∎ familiar a rice pudding or something in that line un gâteau de riz ou quelque chose dans ce genre(-là)

(s) (production line) chaîne f;

∎ the new model will be coming off the line in May le nouveau modèle sortira de l'usine en mai

(t) (lineage, ancestry) lignée f;

∎ line of descent filiation f;

∎ to be descended in (a) direct line from sb descendre en droite ligne de qn;

∎ the Windsor line la lignée des Windsor;

∎ the title is transmitted by the male line le titre se transmet par les hommes;

∎ he comes from a long line of doctors il est issu d'une longue lignée de médecins

(u) familiar (information)

∎ I'll try and get a line on what actually happened j'essaierai d'avoir des tuyaux sur ce qui s'est réellement passé;

∎ the police have got a line on him la police sait des choses sur lui

(v) familiar drugs slang (of powdered drugs) ligne f

2 transitive verb

(a) (road, river) border;

∎ the avenue is lined with trees l'avenue est bordée d'arbres;

∎ crowds lined the streets la foule était ou s'était massée sur les trottoirs

(b) (paper) régler, ligner

(c) Sewing (clothes, curtains) doubler; (container, drawer, cupboard) tapisser, garnir;

∎ lined with silk doublé de soie;

∎ the tissue that lines the digestive tract la paroi interne de l'appareil digestif;

∎ you need something to line your stomach il faut que tu avales quelque chose avant;

∎ Cookery line the baking tin with pastry disposez la pâte dans le moule;

∎ walls lined with books des murs tapissés de livres;

∎ familiar to line one's (own) pockets s'en mettre plein les poches

(d) Technology (bearing) garnir, recouvrir; (brakes) garnir; (wall, furnace) revêtir, incruster; (well) cuveler;

∎ to line a shaft with metal blinder un puits;

∎ the tubes are lined with plastic l'intérieur des tubes est revêtu d'une couche de plastique

►► Marketing line addition ajout m à la ligne;

Typography line block cliché m au trait;

Computing line break saut m de ligne;

line call (in tennis) décision f du juge de ligne;

Computing line command ligne f de commande;

Finance line of credit ligne f de crédit, ligne f de découvert;

line dancing = danse de style country effectuée en rangs;

Marketing line differentiation différenciation f de ligne;

line drawing dessin m au trait;

Sport line drive (in baseball) flèche f;

Typography & Computing line end fin f de ligne;

Typography & Computing line end hyphen tiret m de fin de ligne;

line engraving gravure f au trait;

Marketing line extension extension f de ligne;

Computing line feed changement m de ligne;

American line fence clôture f;

Marketing line filling consolidation f de ligne;

line fishing pêche f à la ligne;

Typography line gauge typomètre m;

Sport line judge juge m de ligne;

Commerce line management organisation f hiérarchique;

Commerce line manager chef m hiérarchique;

line noise parasites mpl;

line organization organisation f hiérarchique;

Computing line printer imprimante f ligne à ligne;

Computing line printout imprimé m ligne à ligne;

Theatre line rehearsal lecture f collective;

Telecommunications line rental abonnement m;

Typography & Computing line space interligne m;

∎ three line spaces un triple interligne;

Typography & Computing line spacing interlignage m, espacement m de lignes;

Marketing line stretching extension f de ligne;

Typography & Computing line width longueur f de ligne

➲ line up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (put in line → objects) aligner, mettre en ligne; (→ people) faire aligner;

∎ he lined up the troops for inspection il fit aligner les hommes pour passer l'inspection

(b) (bring into alignment) aligner;

∎ the two grooves must be lined up exactly les deux rainures doivent être parfaitement alignées;

∎ he had the pheasant lined up in his sights il avait le faisan dans sa ligne de mire

(c) familiar (plan) préparer^□, prévoir^□ ;

∎ I've got a treat lined up for the kids j'ai préparé une surprise pour les gosses;

∎ he's lined up an all-star cast for his new film la distribution de son nouveau film ne comprend que des stars;

∎ have you got anyone lined up for the job? avez-vous quelqu'un en vue pour le poste?;

∎ what have you got lined up for us? qu'est-ce que vous nous préparez?

2 intransitive verb

(stand in line) s'aligner, se mettre en ligne; American (queue up) faire la queue;

∎ figurative the Liberals lined up behind the government les libéraux ont apporté leur soutien au gouvernement

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > line
28 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

[br]

b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germany

d. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany

[br]

German inventor of printing with movable type.

[br]

Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.

Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.

In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.

Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.

[br]

Further Reading

A.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.

Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.

S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum
29 local formatting

"Individual formatting attributes such as line width, fill color, or font size, that you apply to a selected shape by using a command on the Format menu, such as Line, Fill, or Text."

تنسيق محلي

English-Arabic terms dictionary > local formatting

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