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1 testing rules
1) Техника: правила контроля2) Вычислительная техника: проверочные условия -
2 testing rules
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3 IOC anti-doping rules
антидопинговые правила МОК
Антидопинговые правила МОК, составленные в соответствии с Всемирным антидопинговым кодексом, определяют требования для процедур допинг-контроля ОКОИ, осуществляемые в соответствии с международным стандартом по проведению допинг-тестов.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
IOC anti-doping rules
IOC anti-doping rules, written in accordance with the World Anti-Doping Code, specify the requirements for OCOG's doping control procedures to be in conformity with the international standard for testing.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > IOC anti-doping rules
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4 pass/fail criteria: Decision rules used to determine whether a test item (function) or feature has passed or failed a test
Общая лексика: критерии прохождения/непрохождения: пр (см. IEEE 829, Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > pass/fail criteria: Decision rules used to determine whether a test item (function) or feature has passed or failed a test
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5 pass/fail criteria: Decision rules used to determine whether a test item or feature has passed or failed a test
Общая лексика: (function) критерии прохождения/непрохождения: пр (см. IEEE 829, Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > pass/fail criteria: Decision rules used to determine whether a test item or feature has passed or failed a test
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6 stringent
'strin‹əntadjective ((of rules etc) very strict, or strongly enforced: There should be much more stringent laws against the dropping of rubbish in the streets.) riguroso, severotr['strɪnʤənt]1 (laws, rules, conditions) severo,-a, estricto,-a, riguroso,-a2 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL severo,-a, difícilstringent ['strɪnʤənt] adj: estricto, severoadj.• riguroso, -a adj.• severo, -a adj.• tirante adj.'strɪndʒənt['strɪndʒǝnt]ADJ1) [controls, standards] riguroso, severo, estrictostringent rules — reglas fpl estrictas
2) (Econ) tirante, difícil* * *['strɪndʒənt] -
7 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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8 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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9 stringent
adjective1) (strict) streng [Bestimmung, Gesetz, Maßnahme, Test]2) (tight) angespannt [Finanzlage]* * *['strin‹ənt]adjective ((of rules etc) very strict, or strongly enforced: There should be much more stringent laws against the dropping of rubbish in the streets.) streng* * *strin·gent[ˈstrɪnʤənt]1. (strict) streng, hart\stringent conditions harte Bedingungen\stringent laws strenge Gesetze\stringent measures drastische Maßnahmen\stringent regulations rigide [o strenge] Vorschriftento be subject to \stringent rules strengen Regeln unterliegen\stringent standards strenge Normen\stringent monetary policy Politik f des knappen Geldes\stringent economic reforms harte Wirtschaftsreformen* * *['strIndZənt]adjstandards, laws, discipline, reforms streng; rules, testing, training etc also hart; measures hart, scharf; market gedrückt* * *stringent adj (adv stringently)1. streng, hart, scharf (Regeln etc)2. zwingend (Notwendigkeit)3. zwingend, überzeugend, bündig (Argument etc)5. streng, scharf, herb (Geschmack)* * *adjective1) (strict) streng [Bestimmung, Gesetz, Maßnahme, Test]2) (tight) angespannt [Finanzlage]* * *adj.zwingend adj.zwingend beweisen adj. -
10 Bakewell, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, Englandd. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England[br]English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.[br]Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.[br]Further ReadingWilliam Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.—A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).AP -
11 procedure
prəˈsi:dʒə сущ.
1) а) образ действия;
порядок осуществления действия;
процедура to establish a procedure ≈ определить/установить порядок проведения чего-л. to follow a procedure ≈ придерживаться определенной процедуры You can't just do it however you like - you must follow procedure. ≈ Ты не можешь просто делать это, как тебе захочется, ты должен следовать процедуре. б) методика, метод( проведения опыта, анализа) testing procedure ≈ метод испытаний
2) процесс, операция;
технологический процесс normal, proper, regular, standard procedure ≈ обычная/стандартная процедура surgical procedure ≈ хирургическое вмешательство
3) мероприятие pre-starting procedure ≈ подготовка к работе;
подготовительное мероприятие
4) юр.;
парл. процедура parliamentary procedures ≈ процедура/порядок проведения заседаний в Парламенте Syn: method
5) компьют. процедура, подпрограмма procedure-oriented ≈ процедурно-ориентированный, процедурный процедура - usual * обычная процедура - rules /order/ of * правила процедуры (юридическое) судебное производство - civil * гражданское судопроизводство - Rules of P. устав судопроизводства, свод процессуальных норм (техническое) операция;
процедура;
порядок действия - * declaration( компьютерное) описание процедуры технологический процесс методика, приемы проведения (опыта и т. п.) accounting ~ метод учета деятельности компании accounting ~ процедура анализа хозяйственной деятельности accounting ~ процедура отчетности accusatorial ~ процедура вынесения обвинения administrative ~ административная процедура ancillary ~ вспомогательная процедура appeal ~ процедура апелляции appellate ~ процедура апелляции apportionment ~ процедура распределения attached ~ вчт. присоединенная процедура audit ~ методика проведения ревизии audit ~ процедура ревизии auditing ~ методика проведения ревизии auditing ~ процедура проведения ревизии authentication ~ процедура засвидетельствования подлинности budgetary ~ процедура согласования бюджета built-in ~ вчт. встроенная процедура business ~ метод деловой деятельности call ~ вчт. процедура вызова cataloged ~ вчт. каталогизированная процедура certification ~ аттестация civil ~ гражданский процесс civil ~ гражданское процессуальное право command ~ вчт. командная процедура conciliation ~ процедура примирения contingency ~ процедура исключительности criminal ~ уголовный процесс data-base ~ вчт. процедура базы данных data-handling ~ вчт. процесс обработки данных delphi ~ метод экспертных оценок derogation ~ порядок частичной отмены закона (ЕЭС) disciplinary ~ дисциплинарная процедура election ~ процедура проведения выборов emergency infringement ~ чрезвычайная процедура нарушения estimation ~ процедура оценивания exit ~ вчт. процедура выхода external ~ внешняя процедура extradition ~ процедура выдачи преступника другому государству function ~ вчт. функциональная процедура graphic ~ графический метод graphical ~ графический метод handing over ~ юр. процедура передачи задержанного infringement ~ процедура посягательства inquisitorial ~ процедура расследования inquisitorial ~ следственная процедура judicial ~ судебная процедура least-squares ~ метод наименьших квадратов legal ~ судебный процесс legal ~ судопроизводство legislative ~ законодательная процедура lending ~ процедура кредитования library ~ вчт. библиотечная процедура litigation ~ процедура судебного разбирательства loan application ~ процедура рассмотрения заявки на получение ссуды logoff ~ вчт. процедура выхода из системы logon ~ вчт. процедура входа в систему matrix ~ матричная процедура maximum-likelihood ~ метод максимального правдоподобия notification ~ процедура уведомления numeric ~ численный метод numeric ~s численные методы numerical ~ численный метод numerical ~ числовой метод numerical ~s численные методы office ~ порядок работы учреждения optimization ~ метод оптимизации oral ~ устное судопроизводство patent ~ процедура выдачи патентов point-and-click ~ вчт. ввод данных с помощью устройства типа мыши pre-trial ~ совещание суда с адвокатами сторон( процедура, непосредственно предшествующая рассмотрению в судебном заседании дела по существу) private criminal ~ закрытый уголовный процесс procedure вчт. алгоритм ~ метод проведения ~ вчт. методика ~ методика ~ методика проведения (опыта, анализа) ~ образ действия ~ порядок ~ производство дел ~ юр., парл. процедура ~ вчт. процедура, подпрограмма ~ процедура ~ процесс ~ процессуальные нормы ~ судопроизводство ~ технологический процесс ~ технологический процесс ~ for compulsory purchase судопроизводство по принудительному отчуждению promulgation ~ процедура промульгации proof ~ процедура доказательств randomized ~ рандомизированная процедура ratification ~ процедура ратификации reconciliation ~ процедура согласования recovery ~ вчт. процедура восстановления recursive ~ вчт. рекурсивная процедура reenterable ~ вчт. повторно используемая процедура refutation ~ процедура опровержения registration ~ процедура оформления registration ~ процедура регистрации reporting ~ процедура отчетности sampling ~ stat. процедура выборочного контроля sampling ~ stat. процедура отбора simplex ~ симплексный метод simulation ~ методика моделирования standardized ~ стандартная методика summary contentious ~ упрощенная процедура разрешения споров summary ~ суммарное судопроизводство summary ~ упрощенное судопроизводство test ~ методика испытаний trade ~ способ торговли updating ~ вчт. процедура уточнения данных verbal ~ устное производство voting ~ процедура голосования vouching ~ процедура поручительства written ~ письменная процедураБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > procedure
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12 Verstoß gegen Antidoping-Vorschriften
■ Jeder Tatbestand und jede Handlung, die eine Verletzung der geltenden Antidoping-Bestimmungen darstellen und ein Disziplinarverfahren gegen die betreffenden Parteien nach sich ziehen.► Laut UEFA-Dopingreglement und in Einverständnis mit dem Welt-Anti-Doping-Code gelten folgende Handlungen und Tatbestände als Verstoß gegen Antidoping-Vorschriften: Das Vorhandensein einer verbotenen Substanz oder ihrer Metaboliten oder Marker in einer Probe des Spielers, die Verwendung oder versuchte Verwendung einer verbotenen Substanz oder einer verbotenen Methode, die Weigerung, sich der Abgabe bzw. Entnahme einer Probe zu unterziehen, oder jede anderweitige Umgehung der Probenahme, die Verletzung der Anforderungen hinsichtlich der Verfügbarkeit des Spielers für Dopingkontrollen außerhalb von Wettbewerbsspielen sowie verpasste Kontrollen, die Manipulation eines Teils einer Dopingkontrolle oder der Versuch einer Manipulation, der Besitz von verbotenen Substanzen und Methoden, der Handel mit verbotenen Substanzen oder verbotenen Methoden, sowie jede Art von Mittäterschaft im Zusammenhang mit einem Verstoß oder versuchten Verstoß gegen Antidoping-Vorschriften.■ A case, circumstance or conduct that goes against valid anti-doping rules, and which results in disciplinary proceedings and sanctions against the parties concerned.► According to the UEFA Anti-Doping Regulations, the following constitute anti-doping rule violations: The presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in a player's specimen, the use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method, refusing or evading sample collection, violation of applicable requirements regarding athlete availability for out-of-competition testing, and missed tests which are declared based on reasonable rules, tampering or attempting to tamper with any part of control, possession of prohibited substances and methods, trafficking in any prohibited substance or prohibited method and any type of complicity involving an anti-doping rule violation or attempted violation.German-english football dictionary > Verstoß gegen Antidoping-Vorschriften
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13 international
міжнародний; інтернаціональнийInternational Arbitration Tribunal — ( of the International Chamber of Commerce) Міжнародний арбітражний суд ( Міжнародної торгівельної палати)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — Міжнародний банк реконструкції і розвитку (скор. МБРР)
International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes — Міжнародний центр з вирішення інвестиційних спорів
International Convention against Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries — Міжнародна конвенція про заборону вербування, використання, фінансування і підготовки найманців
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships — Міжнародна конвенція з попередження забруднення плавальними засобами (1978 р.)
International Convention on the Prohibition of the Manufacture and Testing of Chemical Weapons — Міжнародна конвенція про заборону виробництва і випробування хімічної зброї
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Міжнародний пакт про громадянські і політичні права
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights — Міжнародний пакт про економічні, соціальні і культурні права
International Criminal Police Organization — Міжнародна організація кримінальної поліції (скор. МОКП)
international criminal register — міжнародний кримінальний реєстр; міжнародний кримінальний реєстр злочинців і злочинів
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia — Міжнародний кримінальний суд по колишній Югославії
International Day against Drug Abuse and Traffickng — Міжнародний день проти вживання і торгівлі наркотиками ( 26 червня)
international investigation of the crimes of an aggressor — міжнародне розслідування злочинів агресора
international judicial assistance — міжнародна правова ( судова) допомога
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea — Міжнародні правила з попередження зіткнень на морі
- international adjudicationInternational Tribunal for the Prosecution of War Crimes — Міжнародний трибунал з переслідування військових злочинів
- international administration
- international affairs
- international air carriage
- international air law
- international air route
- international airport
- international application
- international arbitration
- international arena
- international arrest warrant
- international authority
- international aviation
- international bank
- international bids
- international body
- international bribery
- international carriage
- international certificate
- international check
- international cheque
- international civil aviation
- international civil servant
- international code of conduct
- international commission
- international committee
- international community
- international conference
- international conflict
- international conspiracy
- international contract
- international control
- international control organ
- international convention
- international conventional law
- international cooperation
- international copyright
- International Court of Justice
- international courtesy
- international crime
- international criminal law
- international criminal
- international custom
- international customary law
- international delinquency
- international design
- international dispute
- international divorce
- international drug trafficking
- international engagement
- international entity
- international espionage
- international expert
- international extradition
- international fluvial law
- international forum
- international gangster
- international gangsterism
- international isolation
- international judicial organ
- international jurisprudence
- international jurist
- international language
- international law
- International Law Association
- international law code
- International Law Commission
- international law enforcement
- international law of the sea
- international lawyer
- international legal
- international legal capacity
- international legal concept
- international legal issue
- international legal practice
- international legal relations
- international legislature
- international licensing
- international mafia
- international market
- international marriage
- international monetary base
- International Monetary Fund
- international monetary law
- international monetary system
- international navigation
- international norm
- international obligation
- international order
- international organ
- international organization
- international penal law
- international person
- international personality
- international prestige
- international public law
- international registration
- international reputation
- international responsibility
- international rules in force
- international salute
- international sanctions
- international scandal
- international scene
- international sea area
- international sea-bed area
- international security
- international standard
- international status
- international stream
- international tax law
- international team of experts
- international tensions
- international tension
- international terrorism
- international terrorist
- International Tracing Service
- international trade
- international trade in cocaine
- international traffic
- international traffic in arms
- international transaction
- international treaty law
- international tribunal
- international trusteeship
- international underworld
- international union
- international usage
- international waters
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14 stringency
1) (the quality of being strict.) die Strenge2) (scarcity of money for lending etc: in times of stringency; ( also adjective) The government are demanding stringency measures.) die Knappheit; Knappheits-...* * *strin·gen·cy[ˈstrɪnʤən(t)si]n no plfinancial \stringency Geldknappheit f* * *['strIndZənsI]n(of standards, law, reforms, discipline) Strenge f; (of rules, testing, training etc also) Härte f; (of measures) Härte f, Schärfe f* * *stringency [ˈstrındʒənsı] s1. Härte f, Schärfe f2. Bündigkeit f, zwingende Kraft (eines Arguments etc)3. WIRTSCH (Geld-, Kredit) Verknappung f, Knappheit f:stringency on the money market Engpass m auf dem Geldmarkt* * *n.Strenge -n f.zwingender Beweis m. -
15 ground
I n1. основа, причина, мотив2. предмет, тема (розмови, дослід ження, суперечки)- common ground питання, на яке обидві сторони знаходять спільне рішення- debatable ground спірна тема, предмет для суперечки- delicate ground делікатна тема- firing ground дослідницький полігон- forbidden ground заборонена тема- testing ground дослідницький полігон- to cover much ground торкатися багатьох питань- to cover the/ whole ground нічого не пропустити- to get the conference off the ground зрушити конференцію з мертвої точки- to get smth. off the ground успішно покласти початок чогось, пустити в дію- to give ground втратити попереднє становище, піти назад, регресувати- to have (good) ground(s) for doing smth./ to do smth. мати (всі) причини для чогось (щоб зробити щось)- to have no ground for smth. не мати причини для чогось- to hold one's ground не здавати своїх позицій, стояти на своєму, не піддаватися вмовлянням- to keep one's ground не здавати своїх позицій, стояти на своєму, не піддаватися вмовлянням- to lose ground втратити попереднє становище, піти назад, регресувати- to maintain one's ground не здавати своїх позицій, стояти на своєму, не піддаватися вмовлянням- to shift one's ground змінити позицію в суперечці, змінити точку зору під час дискусії- to stand one's ground не здавати своїх позицій, стояти на своєму, не піддаватися вмовлянням- to touch ground дійти до суті справи/ до фактів- on the ground of на основі, з причини, під видомII v заснувати, базуватися- to ground one's arguments on facts базувати свої твердження на фактах- to ground one's claims on facts підкріпити свої вимоги/ претензії фактами- to ground firmly one's view міцно відстоювати свою точку зору- ground rules основні правила (поведінки), принципи, основний модус (взаємовідносин тощо) -
16 design
расчет, проектирование, проект, план, проектировать, конструкция, схема, эскиз, дизайн
– design constraints
– design cycle
– design database
– design decision
– design defect
– design development
– design diversity
– design drawing
– design engineer
– design error
– design fault
– design formula
– design lifetime
– design method
– design modularity
– design objective
– design parameters
– design phase
– design philosophy
– design power
– design presentation
– design review
– design rule check
– design rules
– design staff
– design standards
– design stress
– design study
– design technique
– design testing
– design trade-off
– design validation
– design value
– design verification
– design weight
– design-engineering
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17 cover
['kʌvə] 1. сущ.1) крышка, колпак, колпачокThe jewel box had a carved wooden cover. — Крышка шкатулки для драгоценностей была сделана из дерева и украшена резьбой.
Syn:2) обложка, переплёт; одна сторона обложкиDon't judge a book by its cover. — Не суди о книге по её обложке.
Syn:binding 1.3) футляр; чехолSyn:4) конверт, пакет; обёрткаunder separate cover — в отдельном пакете, конверте
Syn:5) покрывало; одеялоSyn:6) убежище, укрытие; воен. прикрытие, заслонunder cover — в укрытии, под защитой
When the rain started, we took cover under a large tree. — Когда начался дождь, мы спрятались под большим деревом.
Syn:7) покровSyn:cloak 1.8) ширма; предлог, отговоркаSyn:9) охот. укрытие, логово ( зверя)11) фин. гарантийный фонд12) страх. страхование••2. гл.to read from cover to cover — прочесть ( книгу) от корки до корки
1) накрывать, закрывать, покрыватьGrandmother always covered the table with a lace cloth. — Бабушка всегда стелила на стол кружевную скатерть.
The roof was covered with wooden shingles. — Крыша была покрыта кровельной дранкой.
Syn:2) защищать, ограждать, укрыватьThick woods covered their retreat. — Густые леса прикрыли их отступление
The tent covered the campers from the rain. — Палатка спасла туристов от дождя.
Syn:3) = cover up прятать, закрыватьShe covered her face with her hands. — Она закрыла лицо руками.
The child kept kicking the bedclothes off, so his mother had to keep covering him up. — (Во сне) ребёнок постоянно сбрасывал с себя одеяло, так что матери приходилось всё время его укрывать.
Cover yourself up, it's cold. — Прикройся чем-нибудь, холодно.
Cover up the soup to keep it hot. — Закрой суп, чтобы он не остыл.
4) = cover up маскировать, прятатьFrank laughed to cover his anxiety. — Фрэнк засмеялся, чтобы скрыть тревогу.
He tried to cover up his guilt by lying. — Он попытался скрыть свою вину и солгал.
Syn:hide I 1., conceal, obscure 2., cloak 2., veil 2., hood 2., screen 2., mask 2., disguise 2., camouflage 2.5) охватывать, покрыватьThe history book covers the years of Eisenhower's presidency. — Эта книга по истории охватывает период, когда у власти находился президент Эйзенхауэр.
One apparatus can cover 5% of the testing needs. — Одна установка выполняет 5% работ, связанных с проведением испытаний.
Syn:6) ( cover for) покрывать кого-л.; находить оправдания кому-л.The actor forgot his words, so the other people on stage covered for him by inventing the next few lines. — Актёр забыл свою реплику, так что его партнёрам, чтобы выйти из положения, пришлось быстро придумать несколько новых строчек.
7) ( cover for) заменять, подменять кого-л.He covered for me during my vacation. — Он заменял меня, пока я был в отпуске.
Will you cover for me at the telephone switchboard while I run out to post a letter? — Посидишь за меня на телефоне, пока я сбегаю на почту отправить письмо?
The reporter covered the convention for the local newspaper. — Журналист давал материалы о съезде в местную газету.
Syn:9) лежать, покрывать; расстилаться; распространятьсяWater covered the floor. — Вода покрыла пол.
His brewery covers nearly four acres of ground. — Его пивоварня занимает почти четыре акра земли.
10) преодолевать, проходить (какое-л. расстояние); спорт. пройти ( дистанцию)The distance covered was close on twenty miles. — Пройденное расстояние равнялось почти двадцати милям.
We covered three states in two days. — Мы проехали три штата за два дня.
Syn:11) фин. покрывать, обеспечивать (денежным) покрытием12) страховатьThis insurance covers the traveller in any accident. — Эта страховка страхует путешественника от любого несчастного случая.
Syn:13) предусматривать, разрешатьThe rules cover all cases. — Правила предусматривают все случаи.
Syn:mount I 2.15) высиживать ( яйца)•- cover in- cover off
- cover over -
18 work
1. n1) работа; труд; дело2) место работы; должность, занятие3) действие, функционирование4) изделие; изделия, продукция5) заготовка; обрабатываемое изделие6) pl завод, фабрика, мастерские7) pl инженерное сооружение
- actual work
- additional work
- adjustment work
- administrative work
- agency work
- agricultural work
- aircraft works
- ancillary work
- art work
- artistic work
- assembly work
- auditing work
- auxiliary work
- building works
- casual work
- civil work
- civil engineering works
- clerical work
- commercial work
- commission work
- commissioning work
- construction works
- contract work
- contractor's works
- daily work
- day work
- day-to-day work
- decorating work
- decoration work
- defective work
- design work
- double-shift work
- efficient work
- engineering work
- engineering works
- field work
- fine work
- finishing work
- full-capacity work
- full-time work
- future work
- hand work
- heavy engineering works
- high-class work
- highly mechanized work
- highly skilled work
- hired work
- incentive work
- installation work
- integrated works
- intellectual work
- iron and steel works
- joint work
- laboratory work
- labour-intensive work
- lorry works
- low-paid work
- machine work
- maintenance work
- maker's works
- managerial work
- manual work
- manufacturer's works
- mechanical work
- metallurgical works
- mounting work
- multishift work
- night work
- nonshift work
- office work
- one-shift work
- on-site work
- outdoor work
- outstanding work
- overtime work
- packing work
- paid work
- paper work
- partial work
- part-time work
- patent work
- permanent work
- piece work
- planned work
- planning work
- practical work
- preliminary work
- preparatory work
- productive work
- reconstruction work
- regular work
- remedial work
- repair work
- rescue work
- research work
- routine work
- rush work
- rythmical work
- salvage work
- satisfactory work
- scheduled work
- scientific work
- seasonal work
- second-shift work
- serial work
- service work
- shift work
- short-time work
- smooth work
- spare-time work
- stevedore work
- stevedoring work
- subcontract work
- subcontractor's works
- subsidiary work
- survey and research work
- task work
- team work
- temporary work
- testing work
- time work
- two-shift work
- unhealthy work
- unskilled work
- wage work
- well-paid work
- work according to the book
- work at normal working hours
- work at piece rates
- work at time rates
- work by contract
- work by hire
- work by the piece
- work by the rules
- work for hire
- work in process
- work in progress
- works of art
- work of development
- work of equipment
- work of an exhibition
- work on a contract
- work on a contractual basis
- work on hand
- work on a project
- work on schedule
- work on the site
- work under way
- ex works
- out of work
- fit for work
- unfit for work
- work done
- work performed
- accept work
- accomplish work
- alter work
- assess work
- be at work
- be behind with one's work
- begin work
- bill work
- be on short time work
- be thrown out of work
- carry out work
- cease work
- close down the works
- commence work
- complete work
- control work
- coordinate work
- correct work
- do work
- employ on work
- entrust with work
- evaluate work
- execute work
- expedite work
- finalize work
- finish work
- fulfil work
- get work
- get down to work
- give out work by contract
- go ahead with work
- hold up work
- improve work
- inspect work
- insure work
- interfere with work
- interrupt work
- leave off work
- look for work
- organize work
- pay for work
- perform work
- postpone work
- proceed with work
- provide work
- put off work
- rate work
- rectify defective work
- reject work
- remedy defective work
- resume work
- retire from work
- speed up work
- start work
- step up work
- stop work
- superintend work
- supervise work
- suspend work
- take over work
- take up work
- terminate work
- undertake work2. v1) работать2) действовать, функционировать3) обрабатывать
- work off
- work out
- work over
- work overtime
- work to rule
- work up -
19 circuit
1. n кругооборот; кругообращение; круговращение; обращение2. n виток; оборот3. n спец. круговое обращение, циркуляция4. n окружность; длина окружности5. n объезд; обход; круговая поездка; турне; маршрут обходаto fetch circuit — сделать объезд;
6. n юр. выездная сессия суда7. n округ8. n участок, район9. n область, сфера; круг, пределы10. n цикл; совокупность операцийclosing of the circuit — завершение цикла; замыкание цепи
11. n амер. ассоциация спортивных команд12. n замкнутое пространство13. n тех. схема; сеть; системаtrigger circuit — триггер; триггерная схема; спусковая схема
14. n сеть, система15. n цепь, контурfeedback circuit — схема обратной связи; цепь обратной связи
equivalent circuit — эквивалентная схема; эквивалентная цепь
16. n линия связи; сетьprinted circuit track — печатный проводник; печатная связь
17. n ав. круговой полёт18. n петля19. n мат. замкнутая кривая; контур20. n вчт. канал связиswitched circuit — коммутируемая линия; коммутируемый канал
21. v обходить; объезжать22. v совершать круг; вращаться, вертетьсяcomets circuiting the Sun — кометы, вращающиеся вокруг Солнца
Синонимический ряд:1. beat (noun) beat; province; route2. circumference (noun) ambit; boundary; circumference; compass; margin; perimeter; periphery3. electronics (noun) circuitry; connection; electric wires; electronics; maze of wires; microchip; printed circuit; switching; wiring4. league (noun) association; conference; league; loop5. revolution (noun) circulation; circumvolution; gyration; gyre; revolution; revolve; rotation; turn; whirl6. ring (noun) circle; ring; wheel7. round (noun) beat; course; cycle; journey; lap; orbit; round; round trip; roundabout; route; tour; voyage8. space (noun) area; district; field; range; reach; region; space; zone -
20 operational
1. a относящийся к действию, работе; эксплуатационный2. a действующий3. a рабочий, работающий, в исправном состоянииoperational cycle — рабочий цикл; машинный цикл
4. a воен. оперативный, боевой5. a воен. состоящий на вооруженииoperational missile — ракета, находящаяся на вооружении, боевая ракета
operational label — маркировочная метка; маркировочный знак
6. a воен. мат. операционный, операторныйoperational unit — операционный блок; функциональный блок
Страницы
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