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technical+efficiency

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81 test

испытание; тест, проверка; экзамен; проверять; испытывать; испытательный; пробный; контрольный, проверочный; см. тж. testing

general educational (development) test — экзамен по общеобразовательной подготовке

nuclear (weapon) test (in the atmosphere, space, underground, underwater) — испытание ЯО (в атмосфере, космосе, под землей, под водой)

— above-ground nuclear test

— acceptance test

— adaptability test

— advanced development test

— advanced physical fitness test

— aircraft compatibility test

— airdropped nuclear test

— annual combat unit test

— applicant qualification test

— application-oriented enlisted evaluation test

— applied strength test

— aptitude area general technical test

— aptitude selection test

— Armed Forces qualification test

— Army Entrance test

— Army Placement test

— arsenic test

— atmospheric nuclear test

— chemical agent test

— climatic tests

— combat capability test

— combat readiness test

— combat water survival test

— compatibility test

— confidence test

— decoupled clandestine test

— demonstration tests

— design evaluation tests

— design-development tests

— development acceptance test

— developmental tests

— dress rehearsal test

— educational requirements test

— efficiency test

— end-of-cycle proficiency test

— endurance firing test

— endurance test

— engineering development tests

— engineering test

— enlistment screening tests

— enlistment selection tests

— environmental test

— equipment swim test

— evaluation test

— exchangeability test

— exhaustive tests

— expert infantryman's badge test

— facility physical fitness test

— field problems test

— field test

— firing test

— follow-on operational test

— forward operating location test

— fuel quality supervising test

— gas chamber test

— general classification test

— general military subjects test

— general survey test

— gunner's qualification test

— hands-on skill test

— high mobility and agility test

— high-yield test

— implications test

— initial operational tests

— initial production test

— integration test

— intelligence test

— job knowledge test

— life tests

— live test

— logistic free implications test

— logistic implication test

— maneuver test

— mechanical aptitude test

— military nuclear test

— military potential test

— military qualification test

— mine-resistance test

— minimum physical fitness test

— MOS evaluation test

— motivation assessment test

— multiple-choice MOS test

— mustard test

— net service test

— nonfiring operational readiness test

— operability test

— operational readiness test

— operational service test

— operational suitability test

— opposing forces test

— organizational readiness training test

— partial yield test of a higher yield design

— performance evaluation test

— performance skill test

— performance test

— personality test

— personnel research test

— physical combat proficiency evaluation test

— physical endurance test

— political maturity test

— preproduction test

— prerequisite engineering test

— production monitoring test

— production test

— proficiency test

— proof tests

— qualification test

— Ranger/Special Forces Physical Fitness test

— reenlistment qualification test

— reliability test

— rescratch test

— roundout test

— screening test

— seagoing test

— seating position test

— selection criterion test

— service test

— shake-down test

— simulated mission endurance test

— sit tests

— skill-qualification test

— special qualification training test

— special weapons test

— speciality knowledge test

— survivability test

— tactical aptitude test

— tactical evaluation test

— test to failure

— trade test

— training test

— troop test

— underground nuclear test

— user tests

— verification development test

— wartime contingency test

— weapon system acceptance test

— women's enlistment screening test

English-Russian military dictionary > test
82 expert

['ekspɜːt] 1. сущ.
знаток, эксперт; мастер, специалист

demolition expert — специалист-подрывник

efficiency expert — специалист по научной организации труда

technical expert — технический специалист

expert at troubleshooting — специалист по устранению неисправностей, по решению проблем

expert in computer science — специалист по компьютерам

expert evidence — мнение специалистов, заключение экспертов

Syn:

connoisseur, specialist
2. прил.
опытный, искусный; квалифицированный

Syn:

skilful, skilled

Англо-русский современный словарь > expert
83 decline

1. n

1) падение; спад; депрессия

2) понижение, снижение; сокращение

3) ухудшение

- business decline
- industrial decline
- inventory price decline
- population decline
- the pound's decline
- price decline
- seasonal decline
- slight decline
- steady decline
- steep decline
- stock market decline
- technical decline
- decline in birth rate
- decline in business activity
- decline in buying power
- decline in capacities
- decline in demand
- decline in earnings
- decline in economic activity
- decline in efficiency
- decline in exports
- decline in output
- decline in performance
- decline in prices
- decline in production
- decline in productivity
- decline in quotations
- decline in rate
- decline in real wages
- decline in reserves
- decline in value
- suffer a decline
2. v

1) падать; понижаться, снижаться

2) приходить в упадок; ухудшаться

3) отклонять; отказываться

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > decline
84 factor

n

1) фактор, движущая сила

2) фактор, составной элемент

3) фактор; агент; комиссионер

4) коэффициент

5) множитель

- adjustment factor
- aircraft safety factor
- amortization factor
- annual growth factor
- availability factor
- break-even load factor
- capacity factor
- climatic factor
- concomitant factor
- constant factor
- consumption factor
- consumption-boosting factors
- conversion factor
- cost factor
- damage factor
- deciding factor
- defective factor
- demographic factor
- design factor
- discount factor
- duty factor
- ecological factor
- economic factor
- economy factors
- efficiency factor
- engineering factors
- environmental factor
- external factor
- feedback factor
- financial factor
- fixed conversion factor
- forecasting factor
- growth factors
- human factor
- important factor
- institutional factor
- internal factors
- key factor
- leverage factor
- limiting factor
- load factor
- long-term factor
- lost factor
- market factor
- mitigating factor
- monetary factor
- natural factor
- objective factor
- operating factor
- operating factors
- operational factors
- output factor
- performance factor
- pipeline factor
- plant-load factor
- principal factor
- production factors
- productivity factor
- psychological factor
- quality factor
- readiness factor
- recovery factor
- reliability factor
- risk factor
- safety factor
- scale factor
- seasonal factor
- service factor
- short-term factor
- social factor
- socioeconomic factor
- sociological factor
- statistical factor
- stowage factor
- technical factor
- time factor
- transient factor
- transitory factor
- uncontrolled factor
- usage factor
- use factor
- utilization factor
- variable factor
- vitiating factors
- wear factor
- weight factor
- work factor
- by a factor of ten
- assess factors

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > factor
85 level

n

уровень

- acceptance quality level
- average level
- borrowing level
- break-even level of income
- break-even sales level
- budgeted level
- confidence level
- consumption level
- decision-taking level
- deflating price level
- educational level
- engineering level
- expected earning level
- full employment level
- funding level
- income level
- inflation level
- inventory level
- junk level
- lethal level
- margin level
- market level
- mean level
- occupational level
- overall level of income
- pay level
- peak level
- performance level
- preferential level
- price level
- prime rate level
- production level
- profit level
- quality level
- reach level
- reorder level
- replenishment level
- requisite level
- risk level
- salary level
- sales level
- shortage level
- skill level
- standard level
- sustainable level
- stock level
- stock-out level
- subsistence level
- tax level
- technical level
- technological level
- top level
- utility level
- wage level
- work level
- yield level
- level of accumulation
- level of achievements
- level of advance
- level of authority
- level of automation
- level of business
- level of competition
- level of consumption
- level of contracting
- level of currency reserves
- level of current yield
- level of development
- level of economic development
- level of efficiency
- level of employment
- level of an export tax
- level of exposure
- level of income
- level of interest rate
- level of investments
- level of liquidity
- level of living
- level of margin debt
- level of monetary demand
- level of orders
- level of output
- level of prices
- level of production
- level of profitability
- level of profitableness
- level of rates
- level of rent
- level of reserves
- level of sales
- level of savings
- level of supply
- level of service
- level of taxation
- level of wages
- at executive level
- at federal level
- at government level
- below the level
- beyond reasonable level
- be on a level
- increase the price level
- maintain a stable price level
- provide high level of service
- raise the level of funding
- reach a peak level
- reach a record level
- stay at the previous level

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > level
86 standard

1. n

1) стандарт, норма, норматив

2) образец; эталон

3) pl технические условия; технические требования

4) денежный стандарт

5) проба (драгоценного металла)

- ABC standard
- acceptable standard
- accepted standard
- accounting standards
- applicable standard
- approved standard
- automatic standard
- basic standards
- basic reference standard
- branch standard
- commercial standard
- company standard
- consumption standard
- contractual standard
- cost standards
- credit standards
- current standard
- design standard
- direct labour standard
- double standard
- draft standard
- economic standards
- engineering standard
- enterprise standard
- environmental standards
- established standard
- existing standard
- factory standard
- fiat standard
- fiduciary standard
- flexible standard
- general standard
- Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
- gold standard
- gold-bullion standard
- gold-coin standard
- gold-exchange standard
- guaranteed standard
- health protection standards
- high standard
- home standards
- industrial standard
- industry standard
- international standard
- International Accounting Standards
- International Auditing Standards
- labour efficiency standard
- labour performance standard
- lax standards
- legal standard
- lending standards
- limping standard
- living standard
- loading standards
- local standard
- loose standards
- lot quality standard
- maintainability standard
- managerial performance standard
- mandatory standard
- manufacturing standard
- marketing standard
- metallic standard
- metric standard
- minimum standards
- monetary standard
- national standard
- normal standard
- occupational standards
- operating standards
- outdated standard
- output standard
- packing standards
- paper standard
- parallel standard
- performance standard
- permissive standard
- precise standard
- price standard
- product standard
- production standard
- productivity standard
- professional standard
- prohibitory standard
- qualitative standard
- quality standard
- recognized standard
- recommended standard
- replacement-cost standard
- safety standards
- silver standard
- single standard
- state standard
- statutory standard
- stringent standards
- summary standards
- synthetic time standard
- target standard
- tariff standard
- technical standards
- temporary standard
- tentative standard
- tight standards
- time standard
- trading standard
- universal standard
- unloading standards
- up-to-date standard
- voluntary standard
- weight standard
- working standard
- workmanship standard
- world standard
- standard of accumulation
- standard of alloy
- standard of auditing
- standard of behaviour
- standard of conduct
- standard of consumption
- standard of emergency funds
- standards of fairness
- standard of good practice
- standard of life
- standard of living
- standards of manufacturing
- standard of money
- standard of prices
- standard of quality
- standard of safety
- standard of usage
- standard of value
- standard of workmanship
- above the standard
- according to standard
- at the established standard
- below the standard
- by European standards
- up to standard
- abandon the gold standard
- be above the world standards
- be below the world standards
- be up to standard
- bypass international standards
- come under a standard
- comply with a standard
- conform to a standard
- depart from the gold standard
- devise international standards
- fall below the standard
- introduce standards
- lay down standards
- make to standard
- promulgate new standards
- raise standards
- reach market standards
- revise standards
- serve as a standard
- set standards
- violate a standard
2. adj

нормальный

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > standard
87 test

1. n

1) испытание

2) контроль, проверка

3) анализ, проба

- ability test
- acceptance test
- acid test
- actual-service test
- actual-use test
- adaptability test
- approval tests
- assessment test
- balance test
- certification test
- check test
- commercial tests
- commissioning tests
- comprehensive tests
- consumer risk test
- credit test
- customer-request test
- day-to-day test
- doubling test
- duplicate test
- economy test
- efficiency test
- engineering test
- engineering development test
- engineering evaluation test
- engineering feasibility test
- equipment test
- evaluation test
- experimental test
- exploratory test
- factory test
- field test
- final test
- formal test
- fundamental test
- graphic test
- graphical test
- guarantee test
- in-process test
- inspection test
- material test
- normal service test
- objective test
- odd test
- official test
- one-tailed test
- operating test
- operational test
- operational stability test
- output test
- overall test
- performance test
- preliminary test
- preproduction test
- product test
- production test
- production acceptance test
- production line test
- production reliability test
- proof test
- prototype test
- proving test
- quality test
- random test
- reliability test
- repeat test
- repeated test
- repetition test
- road test
- routine test
- running test
- sample test
- serial test
- service test
- shop test
- standard test
- taking-over test
- technical test
- warranty test
- wearout test
- test of business capacity
- test of independence
- test of infringement
- test of patentability
- test of samples
- test of similarity of goods
- test of validity
- test on model
- test on site
- be under test
- carry out a test
- conduct a test
- delay a test
- fail a test
- make a test
- operate a test
- pass a test
- perform a test
- put off a test
- put to the test
- run a test
- sponsor tests
- start a test
- undergo a test
- witness a test
2. v

проводить испытания; проверять; опробовать

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > test
88 эффективность технической защиты информации

information security

eng.efficiency of technical protection of information

rus.эффективность технической защиты информации

ukr.ефективність технічного захисту інформації

Степень соответствия принятых мер по технической защите информации установленным нормам

English-Russian dictionary of information security > эффективность технической защиты информации
89 for

for ⇒ Usage note: for,

A prep

1 ( intended to belong to or be used by) pour ; who are the flowers for? pour qui sont les fleurs? ; for her pour elle ; to buy sth for sb acheter qch pour or à qn ; she bought a book for me elle a acheté un livre pour moi, elle m'a acheté un livre ; she bought presents for the family elle a acheté des cadeaux pour la famille ; a club for young people un club pour les jeunes ; a play area for children une aire de jeux pour les enfants ; keep some pancakes for us! garde-nous des crêpes! ; not for me thanks pas pour moi merci ;

2 ( intended to help or benefit) pour ; to do sth for sb faire qch pour qn ; you risked your life for us tu as risqué ta vie pour nous ; let me carry it for you laisse-moi le porter pour toi ; could you book a seat for me? est-ce que tu pourrais réserver une place pour moi or me réserver une place? ; he cooked dinner for us il nous a préparé à manger ; play a tune for us joue-nous quelque chose ;

3 ( indicating purpose) pour ; what's it for? c'est pour quoi faire?, ça sert à quoi? ; it's for removing stains c'est pour enlever or ça sert à enlever les taches ; what's this spring for? c'est pour quoi faire ce ressort? ; it's not for cleaning windows ce n'est pas fait pour nettoyer les vitres ; an attic for storing furniture un grenier pour entreposer les meubles ; ‘I need it’-‘what for?’ ‘j'en ai besoin’-‘pourquoi?’ ; what did you say that for? pourquoi as-tu dit cela? ; let's stop for a rest arrêtons-nous pour nous reposer ; to do sth for a laugh faire qch pour rigoler ○ ; to go for a swim/ meal aller nager/manger ; I need something for my cough j'ai besoin de quelque chose contre la toux ; she's being treated for depression elle suit un traitement contre la dépression ; a cure for Aids un remède contre le sida ; I sent it away for cleaning je l'ai renvoyé pour qu'il soit nettoyé ; I brought her home for you to meet her je l'ai amenée à la maison pour que tu puisses la rencontrer ; the bell rang for class to begin la cloche a sonné pour indiquer le début du cours ; for this to be feasible pour que ce soit réalisable ; more investment is needed for economic growth to occur il faut qu'il y ait plus d'investissements pour relancer la croissance économique ; the idea was for you to work it out yourself le but était que tu trouves ( subj) la réponse tout seul ;

4 (as representative, member, employee of) pour, de ; to work for a company travailler pour une entreprise ; to play for France jouer pour la France ; the MP for Oxford le député d'Oxford ; Minister for Foreign Affairs ministre des Affaires étrangères ;

5 ( indicating cause or reason) pour ; the reason for doing la raison pour laquelle on fait ; for this reason, I'd rather… pour cette raison je préfère… ; grounds for divorce/for hope des motifs de divorce/d'espoir ; to jump for joy sauter de joie ; imprisoned for murder emprisonné pour meurtre ; she left him for another man elle l'a quitté pour un autre homme ; famous for its wines réputé pour ses vins ; to praise sb for his actions féliciter qn pour ses actes ; she's been criticized for her views on lui a reproché ses opinions ; I was unable to sleep for the pain/the noise je ne pouvais pas dormir à cause de la douleur/du bruit ; the car is the worse for wear la voiture est abîmée ; if it weren't for her we wouldn't be here sans elle nous ne serions pas là ; if it hadn't been for the traffic jams, we'd have made it sans les embouteillages nous serions arrivés à temps ; the plant died for want of water la plante est morte parce qu'elle manquait d'eau ; she is annoyed with me for contradicting her elle m'en veut parce que je l'ai contredite ;

6 ( indicating consequence) pour que (+ subj) ; it's too cold for her to go out il fait trop froid pour qu'elle sorte ; they spoke too quickly for us to understand ils parlaient trop vite pour que nous les comprenions ; she said it loudly enough for all to hear elle l'a dit suffisamment fort pour que tout le monde puisse entendre ; I haven't the patience ou enough patience for sewing je n'ai pas la patience qu'il faut pour coudre ; there's not enough time for us to have a drink nous n'avons pas le temps de prendre un verre ;

7 ( indicating person's attitude) pour ; to be easy for sb to do être facile pour qn de faire ; for her it's almost like a betrayal pour elle c'est presque une trahison ; the film was too earnest for me le film était trop sérieux pour moi ; it was a shock for him ça a été un choc pour lui ; what counts for them is… ce qui compte pour eux c'est… ; living in London is not for me je ne suis pas fait pour vivre à Londres, vivre à Londres, très peu pour moi ○ ! ; that's good enough for me! ça me suffit! ;

8 ( stressing particular feature) pour ; for further information write to… pour plus de renseignements écrivez à… ; I buy it for flavour/freshness je l'achète pour le goût/la fraîcheur ; for efficiency, there is no better system pour ce qui est de l'efficacité il n'y a pas de meilleur système ;

9 ( considering) pour ; to be mature for one's age être mûr pour son âge ; she's very young for a doctor elle est très jeune pour un médecin ; it's warm for the time of year il fait chaud pour la saison ; it's not a bad wine for the price ce vin n'est pas mauvais pour le prix ; suitably dressed for the climate habillé comme il faut pour le climat ;

10 ( towards) pour ; to have admiration/respect for sb avoir de l'admiration/du respect pour qn ; to feel sorry for sb avoir de la peine pour qn ; to feel contempt for sb mépriser qn ;

11 ( on behalf of) pour ; to be delighted/pleased for sb être ravi/content pour qn ; to be anxious for sb être inquiet pour qn ; say hello to him for me dis-lui bonjour de ma part ; I can't do it for you je ne peux pas le faire à ta place ; let her answer for herself laisse-la répondre elle-même ; I speak for everyone here je parle au nom de toutes les personnes ici présentes ;

12 ( as regards) to be a stickler for punctuality être à cheval sur la ponctualité ; she's a great one for jokes on peut toujours compter sur elle pour raconter des blagues ; to be all right for money avoir assez d'argent ; luckily for her heureusement pour elle ;

13 ( indicating duration) ( taking account of past events) depuis ; ( stressing expected duration) pour ; ( stressing actual duration) pendant ; this is the best show I've seen for years c'est le meilleur spectacle que j'aie vu depuis des années ; we've been together for 2 years nous sommes ensemble depuis 2 ans, ça fait 2 ans que nous sommes ensemble ; she hasn't slept for a week elle n'a pas dormi depuis une semaine, ça fait une semaine qu'elle n'a pas dormi ; they hadn't seen each other for 10 years ils ne s'étaient pas vus depuis 10 ans, ça faisait 10 ans qu'ils ne s'étaient pas vus ; she's off to Paris for the weekend elle va à Paris pour le week-end ; I'm going to Spain for 6 months je vais en Espagne pour 6 mois ; they are stored in the cellar for the winter ils sont entreposés dans la cave pour l'hiver ; will he be away for long? est-ce qu'il sera absent longtemps? ; you can stay for a year vous pouvez rester un an ; to be away for a year être absent pendant un an ; they were married for 25 years ils ont été mariés pendant 25 ans ; he hasn't been seen for several days on ne l'a pas vu depuis plusieurs jours ; she remained silent for a few moments elle est restée silencieuse pendant quelques instants ; I was in Paris for 2 weeks j'étais à Paris pendant 2 semaines ; to last for hours durer des heures ;

14 ( indicating a deadline) pour ; ( in negative constructions) avant ; it will be ready for Saturday ça sera prêt pour samedi ; when is the essay for? la rédaction, c'est pour quand? ; the car won't be ready for another 6 weeks la voiture ne sera pas prête avant 6 semaines ; you don't have to decide for a week yet tu n'as pas à prendre ta décision avant une semaine ;

15 ( on the occasion of) pour ; to go to China for Christmas aller en Chine pour Noël ; invited for Easter invité pour Pâques ; he got a bike for his birthday il a eu un vélo pour son anniversaire ;

16 ( indicating scheduled time) pour ; the summit scheduled for next month le sommet prévu pour le mois prochain ; that's all for now c'est tout pour le moment ; I'd like an appointment for Monday je voudrais un rendez-vous pour lundi ; I have an appointment for 4 pm j'ai rendez-vous à 16h 00 ; it's time for bed c'est l'heure d'aller au lit ; now for some fun/food! on va s'amuser/manger! ;

17 ( indicating distance) pendant ; to drive for miles rouler pendant des kilomètres ; lined with trees for 3 km bordé d'arbres pendant or sur 3 km ; the last shop for 30 miles le dernier magasin avant 50 kilomètres ; there is nothing but desert for miles around on ne voit que le désert à des kilomètres à la ronde ;

18 ( indicating destination) pour ; a ticket for Dublin un billet pour Dublin ; the train leaves for London le train part pour Londres ; to leave for work partir travailler ; to head for the beach partir à la plage ; to swim for the shore nager vers la rive ;

19 (indicating cost, value) pour ; it was sold for £100 ça s'est vendu (pour) 100 livres sterling ; they bought the car for £6,000 ils ont acheté la voiture pour 6 000 livres sterling ; 10 apples for £1 10 pommes pour une livre sterling ; he'll fix it for £10 il le réparera pour 10 livres sterling ; I wouldn't do it for anything! je ne le ferais pour rien au monde! ; you paid too much for that dress! tu as payé cette robe trop cher! ; I'll let you have it for £20 je vous le laisse à 20 livres sterling ; a cheque for £20 un chèque de 20 livres sterling ; to exchange sth for sth else échanger qch contre qch d'autre ; ⇒ nothing ;

20 ( in favour of) to be for être pour [peace, divorce, reunification] ; to be all for it être tout à fait pour ; I'm for going to a nightclub je suis pour qu'on aille en boîte ○ ; who's for a game of football? qui veut jouer au football? ;

21 ( stressing appropriateness) she's the person for the job elle est la personne qu'il faut pour le travail ; that's for us to decide c'est à nous de décider ; it's not for him to tell us what to do ce n'est pas à lui de nous dire ce qu'il faut faire ;

22 ( in support of) en faveur de ; to vote for change voter en faveur de la réforme ; the argument for recycling l'argument en faveur du recyclage ; there's no evidence for that ce n'est absolument pas prouvé ;

23 ( indicating availability) for sale à vendre ; ‘caravans for hire’ ‘caravanes à louer’ ;

24 ( as part of ratio) pour ; one teacher for five pupils un professeur pour cinq élèves ; for every female judge there are ten male judges il y a une femme juge pour dix hommes juges ;

25 ( equivalent to) T for Tom T comme Tom ; what's the French for ‘boot’? comment dit-on ‘boot’ en français? ; the technical term for it is ‘chloasma’ ‘chloasme’ c'est le terme technique ; what is CD for? qu'est-ce que CD veut dire? ; green is for go le vert veut dire qu'on a le droit de passer ;

26 ( in explanations) for one thing… and for another… premièrement… et deuxièmement… ; for that matter d'ailleurs ; for example par exemple ; I, for one, agree with her en tout cas moi, je suis d'accord avec elle ;

27 ( when introducing clauses) it would be unwise for us to generalize il serait imprudent pour nous de généraliser ; it's not convenient for them to come today ce n'est pas pratique pour eux de passer aujourd'hui ; the best thing would be for them to leave le mieux serait qu'ils s'en aillent ; it must have been serious for her to cancel the class cela a dû être grave pour qu'elle annule ( subj) le cours ; there's nothing worse than for someone to spy on you il n'y a rien de pire que quelqu'un qui t'espionne ; there's no need for people to get upset il n'y a pas de quoi s'énerver ;

28 ( after) to name a child for sb donner à un enfant le nom de qn.

B conj sout car, parce que.

Idioms

oh for a nice hot bath! je rêve d'un bon bain chaud! ; I'll be (in) for it if… ○ GB ça va être ma fête si… ○ ; right, you're for it ○ ! GB bon, ça va être ta fête ○ ! ; to have it in for sb ○ avoir qn dans le collimateur ○ ; that's adolescents for you! que voulez-vous, c'est ça les adolescents! ; there's gratitude for you! c'est comme ça qu'on me (or vous etc) remercie!, quelle ingratitude!

Big English-French dictionary > for
90 bureaucracy

Gen Mgt

an organization structure with a rigid hierarchy of personnel, regulated by set rules and procedures. Max Weber believed that a bureaucracy was technically the most efficient form of organization. He described a bureaucracy as an organization structured around official functions that are bound by rules, each function having its own specified competence. The functions are structured into offices, which are organized into a hierarchy that follows technical rules and norms. Managers in a bureaucracy possess a rational-legal type of authority derived from the office they hold. Bureaucracies have been criticized for eradicating inspiration and creativity in favor of impersonality and the mundaneness and regularity of corporate life. This was best described in William H. Whyte’s The Organization Man, published in 1956, in which the individual was taken over by the bureaucratic machine in the name of efficiency. A more recent and humorous interpretation of life in a bureaucracy has been depicted by Scott Adams in The Dilbert Principle (1996). The term bureaucracy has gradually become a pejorative synonym for excessive and time-consuming paperwork and administration. Bureaucracies fell subject to delayering and downsizing from the 1980s onward, as the flatter organization became the target structure to ensure swifter market response and organizational flexibility.

The ultimate business dictionary > bureaucracy
91 Toyota production system

Ops

a manufacturing system, developed by Toyota in Japan after World War II, which aims to increase production efficiency by the elimination of waste in all its forms. The Toyota production system was invented, and made to work, by Taiichi Ohno. Japan’s fledgling car-making industry was suffering from poor productivity, and Ohno was brought into Toyota with an initial assignment of catching up with the productivity levels of Ford’s car plants. In analyzing the problem, he decided that although Japanese workers must be working at the same rate as their American counterparts, waste and inefficiency were the main causes of their different productivity levels. Ohno identified waste in a number of forms, including overproduction, waiting time, transportation problems, inefficient processing, inventory, and defective products. The philosophy of TPS is to remove or minimize the influence of all these elements. In order to achieve this, TPS evolved to operate under lean production conditions. It is made up of soft, or cultural aspects, such as automation with the human touch— autonomation—and hard, or technical, aspects, which include just-in-time, kanban, and production smoothing. Each aspect is equally important and complementary. TPS has proven itself to be one of the most efficient manufacturing systems in the world but although leading companies have adopted it in one form or another, few have been able to replicate the success of Toyota.

Abbr. TPS

The ultimate business dictionary > Toyota production system
92 Poulsen, Valdemar

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Recording, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 23 November 1869 Copenhagen, Denmark

d. 23 July 1942 Gentofte, Denmark

[br]

Danish engineer who developed practical magnetic recording and the arc generator for continuous radio waves.

[br]

From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.

The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.

In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.

In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.

The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.

The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.

From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.

[br]

Bibliography

1899, British patent no. 8,961 (the first British telegraphone patent). 1903, British patent no. 15,599 (the first British arc-genera tor patent).

His scientific publications are few, but fundamental accounts of his contribution are: 1900, "Das Telegraphon", Ann. d. Physik 3:754–60; 1904, "System for producing continuous oscillations", Trans. Int. El. Congr. St. Louis, Vol. II, pp. 963–71.

Further Reading

A.Larsen, 1950, Telegrafonen og den Traadløse, Ingeniørvidenskabelige Skrifter no. 2, Copenhagen (provides a very complete, although somewhat confusing, account of Poulsen's contributions; a list of his patents is given on pp. 285–93).

F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Re cor ding in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (it is here that doubt is expressed about whether Poulsen's ideas were developed independently).

GB-N

Biographical history of technology > Poulsen, Valdemar
93 Raky, Anton

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

[br]

b. 5 January 1868 Seelenberg, Taunus, Germany

d. 22 August 1943 Berlin, Germany

[br]

German inventor of rapid percussion drilling, entrepreneur in the exploration business.

[br]

While apprenticed at the drilling company of E. Przibilla, Raky already called attention by his reflections towards developing drilling methods and improving tools. Working as a drilling engineer in Alsace, he was extraordinarily successful in applying an entire new hydraulic boring system in which the rod was directly connected to the chisel. This apparatus, driven by steam, allowed extremely rapid percussions with very low lift.

With some improvements, his boring rig drilled deep holes at high speed and at least doubled the efficiency of the methods hitherto used. His machine, which was also more reliable, was secured by a patent in 1895. With borrowed capital, he founded the Internationale Bohrgesellschaft in Strasbourg in the same year, and he began a career in the international exploration business that was unequalled as well as breathtaking. Until 1907 the total depth of the drillings carried out by the company was 1,000 km.

Raky's rapid drilling was unrivalled and predominant until improved rotary drilling took over. His commercial sense in exploiting the technical advantages of his invention by combining drilling with producing the devices in his own factory at Erkelenz, which later became the headquarters of the company, and in speculating on the concessions for the explored deposits made him by far superior to all of his competitors, who were provoked into contests which they generally lost. His flourishing company carried out drilling in many parts of the world; he became the initiator of the Romanian oil industry and his extraordinary activities in exploring potash and coal deposits in different parts of Germany, especially in the Ruhr district, provoked the government in 1905 into stopping granting claims to private companies. Two years later, he was forced to withdraw from his holding company because of his restless and eccentric character. He turned to Russia and, during the First World War, he was responsible for the reconstruction of the destroyed Romanian oilfields. Thereafter, partly financed by mining companies, he continued explorations in several European countries, and in Germany he was pioneering again with exploring oilfields, iron ore and lignite deposits which later grew in economic value. Similar to Glenck a generation before, he was a daring entrepreneur who took many risks and opened new avenues of exploration, and he was constantly having to cope with a weak financial position, selling concessions and shares, most of them to Preussag and Wintershall; however, this could not prevent his business from collapse in 1932. He finally gave up drilling in 1936 and died a poor man.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Dr-Ing. (Hon.) Bergakademie Clausthal 1921.

Further Reading

G.P.R.Martin, 1967, "Hundert Jahre Anton Raky", Erdöl-Erdgas-Zeitschrift, 83:416–24 (a detailed description).

D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbohrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg: 32– 4 (an evaluation of his technologial developments).

WK

Biographical history of technology > Raky, Anton
94 Shannon, Claude Elwood

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 30 April 1916 Gaylord, Michigan, USA

[br]

American mathematician, creator of information theory.

[br]

As a child, Shannon tinkered with radio kits and enjoyed solving puzzles, particularly crypto-graphic ones. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics and electrical engineering, and earned his Master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. His thesis on applying Boolean algebra to switching circuits has since been acclaimed as possibly the most significant this century. Shannon earned his PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940 with a dissertation on the mathematics of genetic transmission.

Shannon spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, then in 1941 joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he began studying the relative efficiency of alternative transmission systems. Work on digital encryption systems during the Second World War led him to think that just as ciphers hide information from the enemy, "encoding" information could also protect it from noise. About 1948, he decided that the amount of information was best expressed quantitatively in a two-value number system, using only the digits 0 and 1. John Tukey, a Princeton colleague, named these units "binary digits" (or, for short, "bits"). Almost all digital computers and communications systems use such on-off, or two-state logic as their basis of operation.

Also in the 1940s, building on the work of H. Nyquist and R.V.L. Hartley, Shannon proved that there was an upper limit to the amount of information that could be transmitted through a communications channel in a unit of time, which could be approached but never reached because real transmissions are subject to interference (noise). This was the beginning of information theory, which has been used by others in attempts to quantify many sciences and technologies, as well as subjects in the humanities, but with mixed results. Before 1970, when integrated circuits were developed, Shannon's theory was not the preferred circuit-and-transmission design tool it has since become.

Shannon was also a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, claiming that computing machines could be used to manipulate symbols as well as do calculations. His 1953 paper on computers and automata proposed that digital computers were capable of tasks then thought exclusively the province of living organisms. In 1956 he left Bell Laboratories to join the MIT faculty as Professor of Communications Science.

On the lighter side, Shannon has built many devices that play games, and in particular has made a scientific study of juggling.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

National Medal of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize.

Bibliography

His seminal paper (on what has subsequently become known as information theory) was entitled "The mathematical theory of communications", first published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948; it is also available in a monograph (written with Warren Weaver) published by the University of Illinois Press in 1949, and in Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory, ed. David Slepian, IEEE Press, 1974, 1988. For readers who want all of Shannon's works, see N.J.A.Sloane and A.D.Wyner, 1992, The

Collected Papers of Claude E.Shannon.

HO

Biographical history of technology > Shannon, Claude Elwood
95 Walschaert, Egide

SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. 20 January 1820 Mechlin, Belgium

d. 18 February 1901 Saint-Lilies, Brussels, Belgium

[br]

Belgian inventor of Walschaerrt valve gear for steam engines.

[br]

Walschaert was appointed Foreman of the Brussels Midi workshops of the Belgian State Railways in 1844, when they were opened, and remained in this position until 1885. He invented his valve gear the year he took up his appointment and was allowed to fit it to a 2–2–2 locomotive in 1848, the results being excellent. It was soon adopted in Belgium and to a lesser extent in France, but although it offered accessibility, light weight and mechanical efficiency, railways elsewhere were remarkably slow to take it up. It was first used in the British Isles in 1878, on a 0–4–4 tank locomotive built to the patent of Robert Fairlie, but was not used again there until 1890. By contrast, Fairlie had already used Walchaert's valve gear in 1873, on locomotives for New Zealand, and when New Zealand Railways started to build their own locomotives in 1889 they perpetuated it. The valve gear was only introduced to the USA following a visit by an executive of the Baldwin Locomotive Works to New Zealand ten years later. Subsequently it came to be used almost everywhere there were steam locomotives. Walschaert himself invented other improvements for steam engines, but none with lasting effect.

[br]

Further Reading

P.Ransome-Wallis (ed.), 1959, The Concise Encyclopaedia, of World Railway Locomotives, London: Hutchinson (includes both a brief biography of Walschaert (p.

502) and a technical description of his valve gear (p. 298)).

E.L.Ahrons, 1927, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., pp. 224 and 289 (describes the introduction of the valve gear to Britain).

J.B.Snell, 1964, Early Railways, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson, 103.

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Walschaert, Egide
96 machine servicing
1. обслуживание техническое
техническое обслуживание
Совокупность действий, выполняемых для сохранения или восстановления состояния изделия, в котором оно способно отвечать требованиям соответствующих технических условий и выполнять необходимые функции.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-426-2006]

техническое обслуживание
Текущие действия, выполняемые для сохранения в полной мере работоспособного состояния установленного электрооборудования.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-426-2006]

техническое обслуживание
Комплекс операций и/или организационных действий, направленных на поддержание объекта в состоянии или возвращение объекта в состояние, в котором он способен выполнять требуемую функцию.
[ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

обслуживание техническое
Комплекс работ для поддержания исправности или работоспособности машин и оборудования при их эксплуатации, хранении и транспортировании
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

EN

maintenance
1. All action taken to retain materiel in or to restore it to a specified condition. It includes: inspection, testing, servicing, classification as to serviceability, repair, rebuilding, and reclamation.
2. All supply and repair action taken to keep a force in condition to carry out its mission.
3. The routine recurring work required to keep a facility (plant, building, structure, ground facility, utility system, or other real property) in such condition that it may be continuously utilized, at its original or designed capacity and efficiency, for its intended purpose.
[Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. US Department of Defense 2005]

Тематики
- тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи
Синонимы
- ТО
EN
DE
- technische Wartung
FR
- entretien des machines
- entretien technique des machines
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > machine servicing
97 mechanical services
1. обслуживание техническое
техническое обслуживание
Совокупность действий, выполняемых для сохранения или восстановления состояния изделия, в котором оно способно отвечать требованиям соответствующих технических условий и выполнять необходимые функции.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-426-2006]

техническое обслуживание
Текущие действия, выполняемые для сохранения в полной мере работоспособного состояния установленного электрооборудования.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-426-2006]

техническое обслуживание
Комплекс операций и/или организационных действий, направленных на поддержание объекта в состоянии или возвращение объекта в состояние, в котором он способен выполнять требуемую функцию.
[ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

обслуживание техническое
Комплекс работ для поддержания исправности или работоспособности машин и оборудования при их эксплуатации, хранении и транспортировании
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

EN

maintenance
1. All action taken to retain materiel in or to restore it to a specified condition. It includes: inspection, testing, servicing, classification as to serviceability, repair, rebuilding, and reclamation.
2. All supply and repair action taken to keep a force in condition to carry out its mission.
3. The routine recurring work required to keep a facility (plant, building, structure, ground facility, utility system, or other real property) in such condition that it may be continuously utilized, at its original or designed capacity and efficiency, for its intended purpose.
[Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. US Department of Defense 2005]

Тематики
- тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи
Синонимы
- ТО
EN
DE
- technische Wartung
FR
- entretien des machines
- entretien technique des machines
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > mechanical services
98 assistance

помощь

- amount of assistance
- development assistance - efficiency of assistance - sphere of assistance - technical assistance

Англо-русский строительный словарь > assistance

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См. также в других словарях:

technical efficiency — ➔ efficiency * * * technical efficiency UK US noun [U] PRODUCTION ► a situation in which a company or a particular machine produces the largest possible number of goods with the time, materials, labour, etc. that are available: »We place a lot of … Financial and business terms
efficiency — technical efficiency 1) A measure of the ability of an organization to produce the maximum output of acceptable quality with the minimum of time, effort, and other inputs. One company is said to be more efficient than another if it can produce… … Big dictionary of business and management
technical inefficiency — UK US noun [U] PRODUCTION ► a situation in which a company or a particular machine fails to produce the largest possible number of goods with the time, materials, labour, etc. that are available: »This article examines the technical inefficiency… … Financial and business terms
Efficiency — Reflects the amount of wasted energy. The New York Times Financial Glossary * * * efficiency ef‧fi‧cien‧cy [ɪˈfɪʆnsi] noun [uncountable] MANUFACTURING 1. how well an industrial process, factory, or business works so that it produces as much as… … Financial and business terms
efficiency — Because of futures contracts standardization of terms, large numbers of traders from all walks of life may trade futures, thus allowing prices to be determined readily (it is more likely that someone will want a contract at any given price). The… … Financial and business terms
Efficiency Movement — Part of the Politics series on Progressivism Schools American Progressivism Modern liberalism Progressive education Ideas Anti racism Civil liberties … Wikipedia
efficiency — There are conflicting notions of efficiency in everyday work life. Technical efficiency is relatively straightforward, and describes the relation of various energy inputs into equipment, in relation to output (though it may be difficult or… … Dictionary of sociology
Efficiency — as a technical term may refer to: * Algorithmic efficiency, optimizing the speed and memory requirements of a computer program * Efficient energy use, useful work per quantity of energy ** Energy conversion efficiency, desired energy output per… … Wikipedia
Technical intelligence — In a pure military context, Technical Intelligence (TECHINT) is intelligence about weapons and equipment used by the armed forces of foreign nations (often referred to as foreign materiel).The related term, scientific and technical intelligence,… … Wikipedia
efficiency — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ ruthless ▪ great, high ▪ attempts to achieve greater efficiency in the production process ▪ improved, increased ▪ … Collocations dictionary
Technical Progress Function — An economic relation which seeks to explain changes in the level of economic output in terms of the level of technical progress. Rather than looking at economic growth as a form of efficiently allocating inputs, the technical progress function… … Investment dictionary

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