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system+of+causes

  • 1 Toyota production system

    Ops
    a manufacturing system, developed by Toyota in Japan after World War II, which aims to increase production efficiency by the elimination of waste in all its forms. The Toyota production system was invented, and made to work, by Taiichi Ohno. Japan’s fledgling car-making industry was suffering from poor productivity, and Ohno was brought into Toyota with an initial assignment of catching up with the productivity levels of Ford’s car plants. In analyzing the problem, he decided that although Japanese workers must be working at the same rate as their American counterparts, waste and inefficiency were the main causes of their different productivity levels. Ohno identified waste in a number of forms, including overproduction, waiting time, transportation problems, inefficient processing, inventory, and defective products. The philosophy of TPS is to remove or minimize the influence of all these elements. In order to achieve this, TPS evolved to operate under lean production conditions. It is made up of soft, or cultural aspects, such as automation with the human touch— autonomation—and hard, or technical, aspects, which include just-in-time, kanban, and production smoothing. Each aspect is equally important and complementary. TPS has proven itself to be one of the most efficient manufacturing systems in the world but although leading companies have adopted it in one form or another, few have been able to replicate the success of Toyota.
    Abbr. TPS

    The ultimate business dictionary > Toyota production system

  • 2 система причин

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > система причин

  • 3 система причин

    Mathematics: system of causes

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > система причин

  • 4 소아마비

    n. infantile paralysis, polio, poliomyelitis, infectious viral disease affecting the central nervous system that causes paralysis

    Korean-English dictionary > 소아마비

  • 5 polio

    n. polio, poliomyelitis, infectious viral disease affecting the central nervous system that causes paralysis

    Holandés-inglés dicionario > polio

  • 6 descubrir

    v.
    1 to discover.
    Elsa descubrió el escondite Elsa discovered the hiding place.
    2 to unveil (destapar) (estatua, placa).
    la entrevista nos descubrió otra faceta de su personalidad the interview revealed another aspect of his character
    descubrir el pastel (figurative) to let the cat out of the bag, to give the game away
    3 to discover, to find out (enterarse de).
    descubrió que su mujer lo engañaba he discovered o found out that his wife was cheating on him
    4 to give away.
    5 to uncover, to bare, to find out.
    Elsa descubre sus brazos Elsa uncovers her arms.
    6 to disclose, to bare, to expose, to reveal.
    Teo descubrió su secreto Teo disclosed his secret.
    * * *
    (pp descubierto,-a)
    1 (gen) to discover; (petróleo, oro, minas) to find; (conspiración) to uncover; (crimen) to bring to light
    2 (revelar) to reveal
    3 (averiguar) to find out, discover
    4 (delatar) to give away
    5 (divisar) to make out, see
    6 (destapar) to uncover
    1 (la cabeza) to take off one's hat
    2 figurado (abrirse) to open one's heart (a/con, to)
    3 (en boxeo) to lower one's guard
    * * *
    verb
    1) to discover, find out
    * * *
    ( pp descubierto)
    1. VT
    1) (=encontrar) [+ tesoro, tratamiento, persona oculta] to discover, find; [+ país, deportista] to discover

    descubra Bruselas, corazón de Europa — discover Brussels, the heart of Europe

    2) (=averiguar) [+ verdad] to find out, discover

    he descubierto la causa de su malhumor — I've found out o discovered why he's in such a bad mood

    descubrió que era alérgica a las gambas — she found out o discovered she was allergic to prawns

    3) (=sacar a la luz) [+ conspiración, estafa] to uncover; [+ secreto, intenciones] to reveal

    nunca nos descubrirá sus secretos — he will never tell us his secrets, he will never reveal his secrets to us

    4) (=delatar) to give away
    5) (=destapar) [+ estatua, placa] to unveil; [+ cacerola] to take the lid off; [+ naipes] to turn over, lay up; [+ cara] to uncover

    descubrió la cara y su contrincante le asestó un derechazo en la mandíbula — he uncovered his face and his opponent landed a right on his jaw

    6) (=divisar) to make out
    7) liter (=transparentar) to reveal
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <tierras/sustancia/fenómeno> to discover; <oro/ruinas/cadáver> to discover, find; < virus> to identify
    b) <artista/atleta> to discover
    2)
    a) (enterarse de, averiguar) <razón/solución> to discover, find out; <complot/engaño> to uncover; < fraude> to detect
    b) < persona escondida> to find, track down
    c) < culpable> find... out
    d) ( delatar) to give... away
    3)
    a) <estatua/placa> to unveil
    b) (liter) ( dejar ver) <cuerpo/forma> to reveal
    c) ( revelar) <planes/intenciones> to reveal
    2.
    descubrirse v pron
    1) (refl) ( quitarse el sombrero) to take one's hat off; < rostro> to uncover

    me descubro! — I take my hat off to you/him/them

    2) ( delatarse) to give oneself away
    * * *
    = dig up, discover, find out, unlock, spy, uncover, unearth, find, come to + light, unveil, ferret out, unfurl, lay + bare, tease apart, bare, suss (out).
    Ex. The list of changed headings is almost literally endless if you have the patience to dig them all up.
    Ex. This, in turn, depends upon users and user interests, and it may be necessary to conduct a survey to discover or update the profile of user interests.
    Ex. For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.
    Ex. NTIS is a key partner in unlocking the world's technology.
    Ex. She spied Asadorian in earnest converse with McSpadden.
    Ex. It requires an extraordinarily astute librarian to uncover this shortcoming at the interview stage.
    Ex. Librarians also provide some assistance with that most familiar and awkward-to-handle enquiry from library users concerning the possible value of Grandpa's old Bible or other old book unearthed in the attic during a clear-out.
    Ex. His trial came up in July 1892 and by then the city accountant had found that over $9,000 had been misappropriated.
    Ex. A further disquieting feature which came to light was the number of people who did not approach staff for help.
    Ex. Here is an institution which knows, neither rank nor wealth within its walls, which stops the ignorant peer or the ignorant monarch at its threshold, and declines to unveil to him its treasures, or to waste time upon him, and yet welcomes the workman according to his knowledge or thirst for knowledge.
    Ex. As a rule analysts are left on their own to ferret out useful and appropriate areas to be investigated.
    Ex. This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    Ex. The aim of this article is to lay bare the causes of this state of affairs.
    Ex. The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.
    Ex. The judge ruled that a magazine that published a photograph of a woman baring her breasts at a pig roast did not intrude on her privacy.
    Ex. He was incredulous when he sussed that the noises came from bona-fide gibbons.
    ----
    * descubrir Algo = make + a discovery.
    * descubrir el pastel = blow + the gaff, spill + the beans, let + the cat out of the bag.
    * descubrir una mina de oro = strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * descubrir un secreto = spill + the beans, blow + the gaff, let + the cat out of the bag.
    * posibilidad de descubrir = discoverability.
    * sin descubrir = undiscovered.
    * volver a descubrir = rediscover.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <tierras/sustancia/fenómeno> to discover; <oro/ruinas/cadáver> to discover, find; < virus> to identify
    b) <artista/atleta> to discover
    2)
    a) (enterarse de, averiguar) <razón/solución> to discover, find out; <complot/engaño> to uncover; < fraude> to detect
    b) < persona escondida> to find, track down
    c) < culpable> find... out
    d) ( delatar) to give... away
    3)
    a) <estatua/placa> to unveil
    b) (liter) ( dejar ver) <cuerpo/forma> to reveal
    c) ( revelar) <planes/intenciones> to reveal
    2.
    descubrirse v pron
    1) (refl) ( quitarse el sombrero) to take one's hat off; < rostro> to uncover

    me descubro! — I take my hat off to you/him/them

    2) ( delatarse) to give oneself away
    * * *
    = dig up, discover, find out, unlock, spy, uncover, unearth, find, come to + light, unveil, ferret out, unfurl, lay + bare, tease apart, bare, suss (out).

    Ex: The list of changed headings is almost literally endless if you have the patience to dig them all up.

    Ex: This, in turn, depends upon users and user interests, and it may be necessary to conduct a survey to discover or update the profile of user interests.
    Ex: For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.
    Ex: NTIS is a key partner in unlocking the world's technology.
    Ex: She spied Asadorian in earnest converse with McSpadden.
    Ex: It requires an extraordinarily astute librarian to uncover this shortcoming at the interview stage.
    Ex: Librarians also provide some assistance with that most familiar and awkward-to-handle enquiry from library users concerning the possible value of Grandpa's old Bible or other old book unearthed in the attic during a clear-out.
    Ex: His trial came up in July 1892 and by then the city accountant had found that over $9,000 had been misappropriated.
    Ex: A further disquieting feature which came to light was the number of people who did not approach staff for help.
    Ex: Here is an institution which knows, neither rank nor wealth within its walls, which stops the ignorant peer or the ignorant monarch at its threshold, and declines to unveil to him its treasures, or to waste time upon him, and yet welcomes the workman according to his knowledge or thirst for knowledge.
    Ex: As a rule analysts are left on their own to ferret out useful and appropriate areas to be investigated.
    Ex: This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    Ex: The aim of this article is to lay bare the causes of this state of affairs.
    Ex: The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.
    Ex: The judge ruled that a magazine that published a photograph of a woman baring her breasts at a pig roast did not intrude on her privacy.
    Ex: He was incredulous when he sussed that the noises came from bona-fide gibbons.
    * descubrir Algo = make + a discovery.
    * descubrir el pastel = blow + the gaff, spill + the beans, let + the cat out of the bag.
    * descubrir una mina de oro = strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * descubrir un secreto = spill + the beans, blow + the gaff, let + the cat out of the bag.
    * posibilidad de descubrir = discoverability.
    * sin descubrir = undiscovered.
    * volver a descubrir = rediscover.

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 ‹tierras/sustancia/fenómeno› to discover; ‹oro/ruinas/cadáver› to discover, find
    en los análisis han descubierto unos anticuerpos extraños the tests have revealed o ( BrE) shown up the presence of unusual antibodies
    todavía no se ha descubierto el virus causante de la enfermedad the virus responsible for causing the disease has not yet been identified
    durante mi investigación descubrí este expediente in the course of my research I discovered o unearthed this dossier
    he descubierto un restaurante fabuloso cerca de aquí I've discovered a wonderful restaurant nearby
    2 ‹artista/atleta› to discover
    B
    1 (enterarse de, averiguar) to discover, find out
    descubrió que lo habían engañado he discovered o found out that he had been tricked
    aún no se han descubierto las causas del accidente the causes of the accident have not yet been established
    el complot fue descubierto a tiempo the plot was uncovered in time
    descubrieron el fraude cuando ya era demasiado tarde the fraud was detected when it was already too late
    en momentos como éstos descubres quiénes son los verdaderos amigos it's at times like these that you find out who your real friends are
    2 ‹persona escondida› to find, track down
    3 ‹culpable› find … out
    no dijo nada por miedo a que lo descubrieran he said nothing for fear that he might be found out
    4 (delatar) to give … away
    la carta los descubrió the letter gave them away
    estamos preparando una fiesta para Pilar, no nos descubras we're arranging a party for Pilar, so don't give the game away
    C
    1 ‹estatua/placa› to unveil
    2 ( liter) (dejar ver) ‹cuerpo/forma› to reveal
    3 (revelar) ‹planes/intenciones› to reveal
    A ( refl) (quitarse el sombrero) to take one's hat off; ‹rostro› to uncover
    se descubrió el brazo para enseñar las cicatrices he pulled up his sleeve to show the scars
    ¡me descubro! I take my hat off to you/him/them
    B (delatarse) to give oneself away
    * * *

     

    descubrir ( conjugate descubrir) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹tierras/oro/artista› to discover
    2
    a) (enterarse de, averiguar) ‹razón/solución› to discover, find out;

    ‹complot/engaño› to uncover;
    ‹ fraude› to detect

    c) ‹ culpable› find … out

    d) ( delatar) to give … away

    3
    a) ‹estatua/placa› to unveil

    b) ( revelar) ‹planes/intenciones› to reveal

    descubrir verbo transitivo
    1 (algo oculto o ignorado) to discover
    (un plan secreto) to uncover
    (oro, petróleo, etc) to find
    2 (algo tapado) to uncover, (una placa conmemorativa) to unveil
    3 (enterarse) to find out: descubrió que no era hija de su padre, she found out that she wasn't her father's daughter
    4 (revelar, manifestar) to give away
    ' descubrir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adivinar
    - delatar
    - desvelar
    - encontrarse
    - hallar
    - instigación
    - sacar
    - coger
    - destapar
    - encontrar
    English:
    bare
    - bean
    - call
    - detect
    - dig out
    - discover
    - expose
    - find
    - find out
    - search out
    - see
    - show up
    - smell out
    - strike
    - uncover
    - unveil
    - cat
    - divine
    - ferret
    - rediscover
    - spot
    - spy
    - trace
    - unearth
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [hallar] to discover;
    [petróleo] to strike, to find; [oro, plutonio] to find; [nuevas tierras, artista, novedad científica] to discover;
    no han descubierto la causa de su enfermedad they haven't discovered the cause of his illness;
    callejeando descubrimos un bar irlandés we came across an Irish bar as we wandered about the streets;
    la policía descubrió al secuestrador the police found the kidnapper;
    Fam Hum
    ¡has descubierto América! you've reinvented the wheel
    2. [destapar] [estatua, placa] to unveil;
    [complot, parte del cuerpo] to uncover; [cualidades, defectos] to reveal;
    los periodistas descubrieron un caso de estafa the reporters uncovered a case of fraud;
    la entrevista nos descubrió otra faceta de su personalidad the interview revealed another aspect of his character;
    descubrir el pastel to let the cat out of the bag, to give the game away
    3. [enterarse de] to discover, to find out;
    ¿qué has conseguido descubrir? what have you managed to find out?;
    descubrió que su mujer lo engañaba he discovered o found out that his wife was cheating on him
    4. [vislumbrar] to spot, to spy
    5. [delatar] to give away;
    una indiscreción la descubrió an indiscreet remark gave her away
    * * *
    <part descubierto> v/t
    1 territorio, cura etc discover
    2 ( averiguar) discover, find out
    3 poner de manifiesto uncover, reveal; estatua unveil
    * * *
    descubrir {2} vt
    1) hallar: to discover, to find out
    2) revelar: to uncover, to reveal
    * * *
    1. (encontrar, hallar) to discover
    2. (averiguar, enterarse) to find out [pt. & pp. found]

    Spanish-English dictionary > descubrir

  • 7 sistema de aire acondicionado

    (n.) = air conditioning system, air cooling system
    Ex. It describes our experience in combatting mould which grew as a result of high humidity and temperatures when the air conditioning system broke down for several days after several days of rain.
    Ex. The causes were an unmonitored rise in heat and humidity from an air cooling system that continuously circulated hot moist air from the outside.
    * * *
    (n.) = air conditioning system, air cooling system

    Ex: It describes our experience in combatting mould which grew as a result of high humidity and temperatures when the air conditioning system broke down for several days after several days of rain.

    Ex: The causes were an unmonitored rise in heat and humidity from an air cooling system that continuously circulated hot moist air from the outside.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sistema de aire acondicionado

  • 8 conocimiento

    m.
    1 knowledge.
    hablar/actuar con conocimiento de causa to know what one is talking about/doing
    poner algo en conocimiento de alguien to bring something to somebody's attention, to inform somebody of something
    tener conocimiento de algo to be aware of something
    ha llegado a mi conocimiento que estás insatisfecho it has come to my attention that you are not happy
    2 consciousness (sentido, conciencia).
    perder/recobrar el conocimiento to lose/regain consciousness
    estaba tumbado en el suelo, sin conocimiento he was lying unconscious on the floor
    3 awareness, consciousness, cognizance.
    * * *
    1 (In 1, also used in plural with the same meaning) (saber) knowledge
    2 (sensatez) good sense
    3 (conciencia) consciousness
    \
    con conocimiento de causa with full knowledge of the facts
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness
    poner algo en conocimiento de alguien to make something known to somebody, inform somebody of something
    recobrar el conocimiento to regain consciousness, come round
    tener conocimiento de algo to know about something
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=saber) knowledge

    conocimientos — (=nociones) knowledge sing

    mis pocos conocimientos de filosofía/cocina — my limited knowledge of philosophy/cookery

    2) (=información) knowledge

    • dar conocimiento de algo, dimos conocimiento del robo a la policía — we informed the police about the robbery

    • llegar a conocimiento de algn — to come to sb's attention o notice

    • tener conocimiento de algo, aún no tenemos conocimiento de su detención — we still do not know that he has been arrested

    desea ponerlo en conocimiento público — he wants it brought to the public's attention, he wishes it to be made public

    conocimiento de causa, hacer algo con conocimiento de causa — to be fully aware of what one is doing

    3) (=consciencia) consciousness

    recobrar o recuperar el conocimiento — to regain consciousness

    4) (=sentido común) common sense
    5) (Jur) cognizance frm
    6) (Com)
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( saber) knowledge
    b) conocimientos masculino plural ( nociones) knowledge
    2) (frml) ( información)

    dar conocimiento de algo a alguien — to inform o (frml) apprise somebody of something

    pongo en su conocimiento que... — (Corresp) I am writing to inform you that...

    con conocimiento de causa: obró con conocimiento de causa (frml) he took this step, fully aware of what the consequences would be; hablo con conocimiento de causa — I know what I'm talking about

    3) ( sentido) consciousness

    perder/recobrar el conocimiento — to lose/regain consciousness

    aún es pequeño, no tiene todavía conocimiento — he's not old enough to understand

    * * *
    = cognition, competency, enlightenment, expertise, familiarisation [familiarization, -USA], familiarity, insight, knowledge, learning, acquaintance, understanding, cognisance [cognizance, -USA], connoisseurship, consciousness.
    Ex. The information-processing model of cognition, and developments in artificial intelligence encourage such comparisons = El modelo de la cognición sobre el procesamiento de la información de y los avances de la inteligencia artificial fomentan este tipo de comparaciones.
    Ex. SLIS programmes intended to 'produce' librarians with competency in the use of IT have to be designed.
    Ex. Considered as necessary work in the interest of humanity and general enlightenment, bibliography gains ground as the years pass.
    Ex. Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.
    Ex. Step 1 Familiarisation: This first step involves the indexer in becoming conversant with the subject content of the document to be indexed.
    Ex. The most effective searchers are those who have both system experience and some familiarity with the subject area in which they are searching.
    Ex. The human indexer works mechanically and rapidly; he should require no insight into the document content.
    Ex. These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.
    Ex. It is the responsibility of educators to stretch their student's intellects, hone their skills of intuitive judgment and synthesis, and build a love of learning that will sustain them beyond the level of formal education.
    Ex. It is only with accumulating experience and many years of close study and acquaintance with bibliographic works that a really substantial body of knowledge of the potential of bibliographic sources is acquired.
    Ex. We librarians ought to have a clearer understanding of our stock-in-trade (books) and their function of social mechanism.
    Ex. The passive cognisance of growth causes considerable difficulties = El conocimiento pasivo del crecimiento causa dificultades importantes.
    Ex. This book explores the underlying institutional factors that help museum-based connoisseurship and aestheticism and university-based critical theory and revisionist scholarship exist.
    Ex. For example, the latter are unlikely to engage themselves in conservation issues as these now press upon the professional consciousness of librarians.
    ----
    * actualizar los conocimientos = upgrade + Posesivo + skills.
    * adquirir conocimiento = gain + knowledge, glean + knowledge, acquire + knowledge, build up + knowledge.
    * ampliar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, expand + Posesivo + knowledge, widen + knowledge, broaden + knowledge, deepen + understanding.
    * ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * análisis de dominios del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * aprendizaje rico en conocimiento = knowledge-rich learning.
    * área de conocimiento = area of study.
    * área del conocimiento = area of knowledge, discipline, subject field, field of activity, knowledge domain, discipline of knowledge.
    * aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.
    * aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.
    * bannco de conocimiento = knowledge bank.
    * basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-based.
    * basado en las disciplinas del conocimiento = discipline-based.
    * bibliotecario con conocimientos de medicina = informationist.
    * búsqueda del conocimiento = quest for/of knowledge.
    * campo del conocimiento = field of knowledge.
    * centrado en el conocimiento = knowledge-centric.
    * ciencia del conocimiento = cognitive science.
    * compartir el conocimiento = knowledge sharing, pool + knowledge.
    * con conocimiento = authoritatively.
    * con conocimiento básico en el manejo de la información = information literate [information-literate].
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * con conocimiento de = appreciative of, conversant with.
    * con conocimiento de causa = knowingly, knowingly.
    * con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].
    * con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.
    * con conocimientos en = versed in.
    * con conocimientos sobre el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.
    * con el conocimiento de que = on the understanding that.
    * conjunto de conocimientos = body of knowledge.
    * conocimiento académico = academic knowledge.
    * conocimiento acumulado sobre un tema = lore.
    * conocimiento básico = working familiarity, working knowledge.
    * conocimiento científico = scientific knowledge.
    * conocimiento compartido = knowledge sharing.
    * conocimiento de base = foundation study.
    * conocimiento de cómo sobrevivir en el bosque = woodcraft.
    * conocimiento de embarque = bill of lading.
    * conocimiento de la existencia = awareness.
    * conocimiento de lengua = language skill.
    * conocimiento del objeto = object knowledge.
    * conocimiento de los diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * conocimiento detallado = intimate knowledge.
    * conocimiento de un área temática = area knowledge.
    * conocimiento documentado = recorded knowledge.
    * conocimiento enciclopédico = factual knowledge.
    * conocimiento en tecnología = technological skill.
    * conocimiento específico = expert knowledge.
    * conocimiento experto = expert knowledge, expertise.
    * conocimiento explícito = explicit knowledge.
    * conocimiento factual = declarative knowledge.
    * conocimiento humano = human consciousness.
    * conocimiento humano, el = human record, the.
    * conocimiento indígena = indigenous knowledge.
    * conocimiento lingüístico = language skill.
    * conocimiento mutuo = mutual knowledge.
    * conocimiento pasivo = nodding acquaintance.
    * conocimiento pleno = awareness.
    * conocimiento práctico = working knowledge, procedural knowledge.
    * conocimiento previo = foreknowledge.
    * conocimientos = knowledge base [knowledge-base].
    * conocimientos básicos = literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda, recuperación y organización de informació = information literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de documentación = information literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de informática = computer literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos en tecnología = technical literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * conocimientos de tecnología = techno-savvy, tech-savvy.
    * conocimientos en el manejo de la información = info-savvy.
    * conocimiento sobre una materia = subject knowledge.
    * conocimientos requeridos = job specs.
    * conocimiento tácito = tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge.
    * conocimiento técnico = know-how, technical knowledge.
    * conocimiento teórico = declarative knowledge.
    * con poco conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías = technologically challenged.
    * corpus de conocimiento = corpus of knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * cúmulo de conocimiento = repository of knowledge, knowledge repository.
    * decisión con conocimiento de causa = informed decision.
    * difundir el conocimiento = spread + knowledge.
    * director ejecutivo de la gestión del conocimiento = knowledge executive.
    * dominio del conocimiento = knowledge domain.
    * economía basada en el conocimiento = knowledge driven economy.
    * economía del conocimiento = knowledge economy.
    * Era del Conocimiento, la = Knowledge Age, the.
    * estructuración del conocimiento = knowledge structuring.
    * examinar los conocimientos = test + knowledge.
    * falta de conocimiento = unfamiliarity.
    * filtro del conocimiento = knowledge filter.
    * fomentar el conocimiento = advance + knowledge.
    * fondo común de conocimientos = pool of knowledge, pool of expertise.
    * frontera del conocimiento = frontier of knowledge.
    * fundamentos del conocimiento, los = foundations of knowledge, the.
    * gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management (KM).
    * gestor del conocimiento = knowledge worker, knowledge manager.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer gala del conocimiento que uno tiene = air + knowledge.
    * hacer perder el conocimiento = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.
    * impartir conocimiento = impart + knowledge.
    * inculcar conocimiento = instil + knowledge.
    * ingeniería del conocimiento = knowledge engineering.
    * ingeniero del conocimiento = knowledge engineer.
    * institucion del conocimiento = institution of learning.
    * intercambio de conocimientos = learning exchange, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of knowledge.
    * jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).
    * metaconocimiento = meta-knowledge.
    * navegación por el conocimiento = knowledge navigation.
    * navegador del conocimiento = knowledge navigator.
    * obtener conocimiento = gain + an understanding.
    * ofrecer conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * perder el conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + senses, pass out, lose + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * pérdida del conocimiento = unconsciousness, fainting, fainting fit, loss of consciousness.
    * personas sin conocimientos técnicos, las = non-technical, the.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * producto del conocimiento = knowledge record.
    * profundizar en el conocimiento = deepen + knowledge.
    * propagar el conocimiento = propagate + knowledge.
    * proporcionar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.
    * quedarse sin conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * rama del conocimiento = branch of learning.
    * recobrar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * red de conocimiento = knowledge network.
    * servidor del conocimiento = knowledge server.
    * sin conocimiento = unconscious.
    * sin conocimiento de causa = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.
    * sintetizar el conocimiento = synthesise + knowledge.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * sociedad basada en el conocimiento = knowledge based society.
    * sociedad del conocimiento = knowledge society.
    * Sociedad para el Conocimiento Global = Global Knowledge Partnership.
    * suministrar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.
    * tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.
    * toma de decisiones con conocimiento de causa = informed decision making.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * transferencia de conocimiento = transfer of knowledge, knowledge transfer.
    * utilizar los conocimientos de Uno = put + Posesivo + knowledge to work.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( saber) knowledge
    b) conocimientos masculino plural ( nociones) knowledge
    2) (frml) ( información)

    dar conocimiento de algo a alguien — to inform o (frml) apprise somebody of something

    pongo en su conocimiento que... — (Corresp) I am writing to inform you that...

    con conocimiento de causa: obró con conocimiento de causa (frml) he took this step, fully aware of what the consequences would be; hablo con conocimiento de causa — I know what I'm talking about

    3) ( sentido) consciousness

    perder/recobrar el conocimiento — to lose/regain consciousness

    aún es pequeño, no tiene todavía conocimiento — he's not old enough to understand

    * * *
    = cognition, competency, enlightenment, expertise, familiarisation [familiarization, -USA], familiarity, insight, knowledge, learning, acquaintance, understanding, cognisance [cognizance, -USA], connoisseurship, consciousness.

    Ex: The information-processing model of cognition, and developments in artificial intelligence encourage such comparisons = El modelo de la cognición sobre el procesamiento de la información de y los avances de la inteligencia artificial fomentan este tipo de comparaciones.

    Ex: SLIS programmes intended to 'produce' librarians with competency in the use of IT have to be designed.
    Ex: Considered as necessary work in the interest of humanity and general enlightenment, bibliography gains ground as the years pass.
    Ex: Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.
    Ex: Step 1 Familiarisation: This first step involves the indexer in becoming conversant with the subject content of the document to be indexed.
    Ex: The most effective searchers are those who have both system experience and some familiarity with the subject area in which they are searching.
    Ex: The human indexer works mechanically and rapidly; he should require no insight into the document content.
    Ex: These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.
    Ex: It is the responsibility of educators to stretch their student's intellects, hone their skills of intuitive judgment and synthesis, and build a love of learning that will sustain them beyond the level of formal education.
    Ex: It is only with accumulating experience and many years of close study and acquaintance with bibliographic works that a really substantial body of knowledge of the potential of bibliographic sources is acquired.
    Ex: We librarians ought to have a clearer understanding of our stock-in-trade (books) and their function of social mechanism.
    Ex: The passive cognisance of growth causes considerable difficulties = El conocimiento pasivo del crecimiento causa dificultades importantes.
    Ex: This book explores the underlying institutional factors that help museum-based connoisseurship and aestheticism and university-based critical theory and revisionist scholarship exist.
    Ex: For example, the latter are unlikely to engage themselves in conservation issues as these now press upon the professional consciousness of librarians.
    * actualizar los conocimientos = upgrade + Posesivo + skills.
    * adquirir conocimiento = gain + knowledge, glean + knowledge, acquire + knowledge, build up + knowledge.
    * ampliar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, expand + Posesivo + knowledge, widen + knowledge, broaden + knowledge, deepen + understanding.
    * ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * análisis de dominios del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * aprendizaje rico en conocimiento = knowledge-rich learning.
    * área de conocimiento = area of study.
    * área del conocimiento = area of knowledge, discipline, subject field, field of activity, knowledge domain, discipline of knowledge.
    * aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.
    * aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.
    * bannco de conocimiento = knowledge bank.
    * basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-based.
    * basado en las disciplinas del conocimiento = discipline-based.
    * bibliotecario con conocimientos de medicina = informationist.
    * búsqueda del conocimiento = quest for/of knowledge.
    * campo del conocimiento = field of knowledge.
    * centrado en el conocimiento = knowledge-centric.
    * ciencia del conocimiento = cognitive science.
    * compartir el conocimiento = knowledge sharing, pool + knowledge.
    * con conocimiento = authoritatively.
    * con conocimiento básico en el manejo de la información = information literate [information-literate].
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * con conocimiento de = appreciative of, conversant with.
    * con conocimiento de causa = knowingly, knowingly.
    * con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].
    * con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.
    * con conocimientos en = versed in.
    * con conocimientos sobre el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.
    * con el conocimiento de que = on the understanding that.
    * conjunto de conocimientos = body of knowledge.
    * conocimiento académico = academic knowledge.
    * conocimiento acumulado sobre un tema = lore.
    * conocimiento básico = working familiarity, working knowledge.
    * conocimiento científico = scientific knowledge.
    * conocimiento compartido = knowledge sharing.
    * conocimiento de base = foundation study.
    * conocimiento de cómo sobrevivir en el bosque = woodcraft.
    * conocimiento de embarque = bill of lading.
    * conocimiento de la existencia = awareness.
    * conocimiento de lengua = language skill.
    * conocimiento del objeto = object knowledge.
    * conocimiento de los diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * conocimiento detallado = intimate knowledge.
    * conocimiento de un área temática = area knowledge.
    * conocimiento documentado = recorded knowledge.
    * conocimiento enciclopédico = factual knowledge.
    * conocimiento en tecnología = technological skill.
    * conocimiento específico = expert knowledge.
    * conocimiento experto = expert knowledge, expertise.
    * conocimiento explícito = explicit knowledge.
    * conocimiento factual = declarative knowledge.
    * conocimiento humano = human consciousness.
    * conocimiento humano, el = human record, the.
    * conocimiento indígena = indigenous knowledge.
    * conocimiento lingüístico = language skill.
    * conocimiento mutuo = mutual knowledge.
    * conocimiento pasivo = nodding acquaintance.
    * conocimiento pleno = awareness.
    * conocimiento práctico = working knowledge, procedural knowledge.
    * conocimiento previo = foreknowledge.
    * conocimientos = knowledge base [knowledge-base].
    * conocimientos básicos = literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda, recuperación y organización de informació = information literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de documentación = information literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos de informática = computer literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos en tecnología = technical literacy.
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * conocimientos de tecnología = techno-savvy, tech-savvy.
    * conocimientos en el manejo de la información = info-savvy.
    * conocimiento sobre una materia = subject knowledge.
    * conocimientos requeridos = job specs.
    * conocimiento tácito = tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge.
    * conocimiento técnico = know-how, technical knowledge.
    * conocimiento teórico = declarative knowledge.
    * con poco conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías = technologically challenged.
    * corpus de conocimiento = corpus of knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * cúmulo de conocimiento = repository of knowledge, knowledge repository.
    * decisión con conocimiento de causa = informed decision.
    * difundir el conocimiento = spread + knowledge.
    * director ejecutivo de la gestión del conocimiento = knowledge executive.
    * dominio del conocimiento = knowledge domain.
    * economía basada en el conocimiento = knowledge driven economy.
    * economía del conocimiento = knowledge economy.
    * Era del Conocimiento, la = Knowledge Age, the.
    * estructuración del conocimiento = knowledge structuring.
    * examinar los conocimientos = test + knowledge.
    * falta de conocimiento = unfamiliarity.
    * filtro del conocimiento = knowledge filter.
    * fomentar el conocimiento = advance + knowledge.
    * fondo común de conocimientos = pool of knowledge, pool of expertise.
    * frontera del conocimiento = frontier of knowledge.
    * fundamentos del conocimiento, los = foundations of knowledge, the.
    * gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management (KM).
    * gestor del conocimiento = knowledge worker, knowledge manager.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer gala del conocimiento que uno tiene = air + knowledge.
    * hacer perder el conocimiento = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.
    * impartir conocimiento = impart + knowledge.
    * inculcar conocimiento = instil + knowledge.
    * ingeniería del conocimiento = knowledge engineering.
    * ingeniero del conocimiento = knowledge engineer.
    * institucion del conocimiento = institution of learning.
    * intercambio de conocimientos = learning exchange, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of knowledge.
    * jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).
    * metaconocimiento = meta-knowledge.
    * navegación por el conocimiento = knowledge navigation.
    * navegador del conocimiento = knowledge navigator.
    * obtener conocimiento = gain + an understanding.
    * ofrecer conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * perder el conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + senses, pass out, lose + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * pérdida del conocimiento = unconsciousness, fainting, fainting fit, loss of consciousness.
    * personas sin conocimientos técnicos, las = non-technical, the.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * producto del conocimiento = knowledge record.
    * profundizar en el conocimiento = deepen + knowledge.
    * propagar el conocimiento = propagate + knowledge.
    * proporcionar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.
    * quedarse sin conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * rama del conocimiento = branch of learning.
    * recobrar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * red de conocimiento = knowledge network.
    * servidor del conocimiento = knowledge server.
    * sin conocimiento = unconscious.
    * sin conocimiento de causa = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.
    * sintetizar el conocimiento = synthesise + knowledge.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * sociedad basada en el conocimiento = knowledge based society.
    * sociedad del conocimiento = knowledge society.
    * Sociedad para el Conocimiento Global = Global Knowledge Partnership.
    * suministrar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.
    * tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.
    * toma de decisiones con conocimiento de causa = informed decision making.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * transferencia de conocimiento = transfer of knowledge, knowledge transfer.
    * utilizar los conocimientos de Uno = put + Posesivo + knowledge to work.

    * * *
    A
    1 (saber) knowledge
    tiene algunos conocimientos de inglés he has some knowledge of English, he knows some English
    B ( frml)
    (información): dio conocimiento del suceso a las autoridades he informed o ( frml) apprised the authorities of the incident
    puso el hecho en conocimiento de la policía she informed the police of the incident, she reported the incident to the police
    pongo en su conocimiento que … ( Corresp) I am writing to inform you that …
    al tener conocimiento del suceso upon learning of the incident ( frml)
    a esas horas no se tenía todavía conocimiento de la noticia at that time we/they still had not heard the news
    ciertas personas tienen conocimiento de sus actividades certain people are aware of her activities
    llegar a conocimiento de algn to come to sb's attention o notice ( frml)
    con conocimiento de causa: obró con conocimiento de causa ( frml); he took this step, fully aware of what the consequences would be
    te lo digo con conocimiento de causa I know what I'm talking about
    Compuesto:
    bill of lading, waybill
    C (sentido) consciousness
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness
    cuando recobró el conocimiento when he regained consciousness, when he came to o round
    estar sin conocimiento to be unconscious
    D
    (entendimiento): aún es pequeño, no tiene todavía conocimiento he's not old enough to understand
    * * *

     

    conocimiento sustantivo masculino


    poner algo en conocimiento de algn to inform sb of sth;
    tener conocimiento de algo to be aware of sth

    ◊ perder/recobrar el conocimiento to lose/regain consciousness;

    estar sin conocimiento to be unconscious
    conocimiento sustantivo masculino
    1 knowledge
    2 (conciencia) consciousness
    3 conocimientos, knowledge
    ♦ Locuciones: perder/recobrar el conocimiento, to lose/regain consciousness
    con conocimiento de causa, with full knowledge of the facts
    ' conocimiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    braga
    - ciencia
    - conciencia
    - desfallecer
    - desvanecerse
    - dominio
    - error
    - orientación
    - parcela
    - revelar
    - sentida
    - sentido
    - experiencia
    - perder
    - pérdida
    - reanimar
    - recobrar
    - saber
    English:
    acquaintance
    - air
    - black out
    - blackout
    - cognizance
    - come to
    - comprehensive
    - consciousness
    - familiarity
    - grounding
    - improve
    - knock out
    - knowledge
    - notice
    - privy
    - recover
    - self-awareness
    - sketchy
    - superficial
    - thorough
    - unconsciousness
    - black
    - knock
    - know
    - pass
    * * *
    1. [saber] knowledge;
    hablar/actuar con conocimiento de causa to know what one is talking about/doing;
    puso el robo en conocimiento de la policía she informed the police of the burglary;
    ponemos en su conocimiento que se ha detectado un error en el programa this is to inform you that an error has been detected in the program;
    no teníamos conocimiento de su dimisión we were not aware that he had resigned;
    al tener conocimiento del accidente, acudió inmediatamente al hospital when she found out about the accident she immediately went to the hospital;
    ha llegado a mi conocimiento que estás insatisfecho it has come to my attention that you are not happy
    2.
    conocimientos [nociones] knowledge;
    tengo algunos conocimientos de informática I have some knowledge of computers, I know a bit about computers;
    nuestros conocimientos acerca de la enfermedad son muy limitados our knowledge of the disease is very limited, we know very little about the disease
    3. [sentido, conciencia] consciousness;
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness;
    recobrar el conocimiento to regain consciousness;
    estaba tumbado en el suelo, sin conocimiento he was lying unconscious on the floor
    4. [juicio] (common) sense;
    5. Com conocimiento de embarque bill of lading
    * * *
    m
    1 knowledge;
    con conocimiento de causa hacer algo fully aware of the consequences;
    para su conocimiento for your information;
    conocimientos pl ( nociones) knowledge sg
    2 MED consciousness;
    perder el conocimiento lose consciousness;
    sin conocimiento unconscious;
    recobrar el conocimiento regain consciousness
    * * *
    1) : knowledge
    2) sentido: consciousness
    * * *
    1. (en general) knowledge
    2. (sentido) consciousness

    Spanish-English dictionary > conocimiento

  • 9 posible

    adj.
    possible.
    es posible que llueva it could rain
    dentro de lo posible, en lo posible as far as possible
    de ser posible if possible
    hacer posible to make possible
    hacer (todo) lo posible to do everything possible
    lo antes posible as soon as possible
    ¿cómo es posible que no me lo hayas dicho antes? how could you possibly not have told me before?
    ¡será posible! I can't believe this!
    ¡no es posible! surely not!
    * * *
    1 possible
    1 (dinero) means
    \
    de ser posible if possible
    hacer todo lo posible to do one's best
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [opción, solución] possible

    un posible comprador — a possible o potential buyer

    • hacer algo posible — to make sth possible

    • entra dentro de lo posible — it is within the bounds of possibility

    • en la medida de lo posible — as far as possible, insofar as possible frm

    • haremos todo lo posible por evitarlo — we shall do everything possible o all we can to avoid it

    2)

    • es posible — (=probable, permitido) it is possible; (=realizable) it is feasible

    -¿crees que vendrá? -es posible — "do you think he'll come?" - "possibly o he might o it's possible"

    ¡eso no es posible! — it can't be!, that's not possible!

    • es posible hacer algo — it is possible to do sth

    ¿sería posible comprar todavía las entradas? — would it still be possible to buy tickets?

    • es posible que + subjun —

    es posible que no pueda ir — I might o may not be able to go

    es muy posible que vuelva tarde — it's quite possible that I'll be back late, I may well be back late

    • a o de ser posible — if possible

    • si es posible — if possible

    si es posible, me gustaría verlo — I'd like to see him if possible

    le ruego que, si le es posible, acuda a la reunión — please come to the meeting if you possibly can

    si me fuera posible, te lo diría — if I could o if it were possible, I would tell you

    - ¿será posible?

    ¡pues sí que eres descarado! ¿será posible? — I can't believe you are so cheeky!

    ¿será posible que no haya venido? — I can't believe he hasn't come!

    2.
    ADV

    • lo más... posible — as... as possible

    mejor 1., 2), c)
    3.
    SMPL Esp means
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo possible

    ¿crees que ganará? - es posible — do you think he'll win? - he might (do) o it's possible

    a ser posible or (CS) de ser posible — if possible

    haré lo posible por or para ayudarte — I'll do what I can to help you

    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible or en la medida de lo posible — she promised to do what she could to help (him)

    será posible! — (fam) I don't believe this! (colloq)

    ¿que se ha casado? no es posible! — he's got(ten) married? I don't believe it! o that can't be true! (colloq)

    ser posible — (+ me/te/le etc)

    ser posible + INF — to be possible to + inf

    no fue posible avisarles — it was impossible to let them know; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿le sería posible recibirme hoy? — would you be able to see me today?

    ser posible QUE + SUBJ: es posible que sea cierto it might o may o could be true; es posible que se haya perdido it may have got(ten) lost; ¿será posible que no lo sepa? — surely she must know!

    II
    * * *
    = eligible, feasible, manageable, possible, potential, prospective, viable, would-be + Nombre, conceivable, plausible, candidate, realisable [realizable, -USA], satisfiable, doable, likely.
    Ex. And yet, everyone knows that historically only a very small portion of the eligible users have ever crossed the threshold of a public library.
    Ex. Other words which might be feasible access points in a general index prove worthless in an index devoted to a special subject area.
    Ex. In simple terms, the essence of subject organisation is the division of literature (or references to literature) into manageable, or scannable categories, with each category being associated with an index term.
    Ex. Various modes of operation are possible for such a journal, and the precise operation will depend upon the type of information being conveyed.
    Ex. The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex. The advocacy of title entry for serials implies an ideology which focuses on the publication as the principal object of interest of the prospective library user rather than the work conveyed by the book or publication.
    Ex. With printed thesauri there are limits on space, if the publication is to be economically viable, and easy to handle.
    Ex. The only viable alternatives open to would-be users are to produce or commission the production of custom-made application programs.
    Ex. This article emphasises the importance of a preservation plan that includes ways of dealing with every conceivable type of disaster a library might experience.
    Ex. This incompleteness of search and retrieval therefore makes possible, and plausible, the existence of undiscovered public knowledge.
    Ex. A thesaurus developed with such a module can support the addition of candidate terms to the thesaurus during the indexing process.
    Ex. Barbara Tillett's vision of one seamless bibliographic system, either real or virtual, looks realizable over a 5 to 10 year horizon.
    Ex. The result is a pair of overlapping sets of sufficient conditions for autonomy that are argued to be satisfiable by real human agents.
    Ex. This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.
    Ex. The most likely causes of brain damage among low birthweight infants are prematurity and infections, not oxygen starvation.
    ----
    * al mejor precio posible = at the best possible price.
    * arreglárselas lo mejor posible = make + the best of things.
    * arreglarse lo mejor posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * candidato posible = eligible party.
    * considerar como posible = entertain as + a possibility.
    * cuando antes + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * del mejor modo posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * dentro de lo posible = as far as possible.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * en las mejores condiciones posibles = in the best possible conditions.
    * hacer Algo posible = make + provision for.
    * hacer posible = provide for, make + possible, provide + a basis for, make + an opportunity.
    * hacer posible el crecimiento = accommodate + growth.
    * hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.
    * hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.
    * hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.
    * hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.
    * lo mejor posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability, at + Posesivo + (very) best, optimally.
    * lo menos posible = as little as possible.
    * posible comprador = suitor.
    * posible de ser consultado por máquina = machine-viewable.
    * posible de ser visto en pantalla = displayable.
    * sacar el mejor partido posible = get + the best of both worlds, get + the best of all worlds.
    * ser posible la coexistencia entre... = there + be + room for both....
    * ser posible (que) = be likely (to).
    * siempre que + ser + posible = whenever possible, when possible.
    * si eso no es posible = failing that/these.
    * si es posible = if possible.
    * si + ser + posible = when possible, whenever possible.
    * tan pronto como + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como sea posible = as far as possible.
    * tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * tener solución posible = be soluble.
    * todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo possible

    ¿crees que ganará? - es posible — do you think he'll win? - he might (do) o it's possible

    a ser posible or (CS) de ser posible — if possible

    haré lo posible por or para ayudarte — I'll do what I can to help you

    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible or en la medida de lo posible — she promised to do what she could to help (him)

    será posible! — (fam) I don't believe this! (colloq)

    ¿que se ha casado? no es posible! — he's got(ten) married? I don't believe it! o that can't be true! (colloq)

    ser posible — (+ me/te/le etc)

    ser posible + INF — to be possible to + inf

    no fue posible avisarles — it was impossible to let them know; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿le sería posible recibirme hoy? — would you be able to see me today?

    ser posible QUE + SUBJ: es posible que sea cierto it might o may o could be true; es posible que se haya perdido it may have got(ten) lost; ¿será posible que no lo sepa? — surely she must know!

    II
    * * *
    = eligible, feasible, manageable, possible, potential, prospective, viable, would-be + Nombre, conceivable, plausible, candidate, realisable [realizable, -USA], satisfiable, doable, likely.

    Ex: And yet, everyone knows that historically only a very small portion of the eligible users have ever crossed the threshold of a public library.

    Ex: Other words which might be feasible access points in a general index prove worthless in an index devoted to a special subject area.
    Ex: In simple terms, the essence of subject organisation is the division of literature (or references to literature) into manageable, or scannable categories, with each category being associated with an index term.
    Ex: Various modes of operation are possible for such a journal, and the precise operation will depend upon the type of information being conveyed.
    Ex: The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex: The advocacy of title entry for serials implies an ideology which focuses on the publication as the principal object of interest of the prospective library user rather than the work conveyed by the book or publication.
    Ex: With printed thesauri there are limits on space, if the publication is to be economically viable, and easy to handle.
    Ex: The only viable alternatives open to would-be users are to produce or commission the production of custom-made application programs.
    Ex: This article emphasises the importance of a preservation plan that includes ways of dealing with every conceivable type of disaster a library might experience.
    Ex: This incompleteness of search and retrieval therefore makes possible, and plausible, the existence of undiscovered public knowledge.
    Ex: A thesaurus developed with such a module can support the addition of candidate terms to the thesaurus during the indexing process.
    Ex: Barbara Tillett's vision of one seamless bibliographic system, either real or virtual, looks realizable over a 5 to 10 year horizon.
    Ex: The result is a pair of overlapping sets of sufficient conditions for autonomy that are argued to be satisfiable by real human agents.
    Ex: This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.
    Ex: The most likely causes of brain damage among low birthweight infants are prematurity and infections, not oxygen starvation.
    * al mejor precio posible = at the best possible price.
    * arreglárselas lo mejor posible = make + the best of things.
    * arreglarse lo mejor posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * candidato posible = eligible party.
    * considerar como posible = entertain as + a possibility.
    * cuando antes + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * del mejor modo posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * dentro de lo posible = as far as possible.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * en las mejores condiciones posibles = in the best possible conditions.
    * hacer Algo posible = make + provision for.
    * hacer posible = provide for, make + possible, provide + a basis for, make + an opportunity.
    * hacer posible el crecimiento = accommodate + growth.
    * hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.
    * hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.
    * hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.
    * hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.
    * lo mejor posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability, at + Posesivo + (very) best, optimally.
    * lo menos posible = as little as possible.
    * posible comprador = suitor.
    * posible de ser consultado por máquina = machine-viewable.
    * posible de ser visto en pantalla = displayable.
    * sacar el mejor partido posible = get + the best of both worlds, get + the best of all worlds.
    * ser posible la coexistencia entre... = there + be + room for both....
    * ser posible (que) = be likely (to).
    * siempre que + ser + posible = whenever possible, when possible.
    * si eso no es posible = failing that/these.
    * si es posible = if possible.
    * si + ser + posible = when possible, whenever possible.
    * tan pronto como + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como sea posible = as far as possible.
    * tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * tener solución posible = be soluble.
    * todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.

    * * *
    possible
    ¿crees que se lo darán? — es posible do you think they'll give it to him? — they might (do) o it's possible
    su cambio de actitud hizo posible el diálogo his change of attitude made the talks possible, the talks were made possible by his change of attitude
    hazlo cuanto antes, hoy, a ser posible or (CS) de ser posible do it as soon as you can, today, if possible
    haré lo posible por or para ayudarte I'll do what I can to help you
    hicieron todo lo posible they did everything possible o everything they could
    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible or en la medida de lo posible she promised to help him insofar as she was able ( frml), she promised to do what she could to help (him)
    ¿que te preste más dinero? ¿será posible? ( fam); you want me to lend you more money? I don't believe this! ( colloq)
    ¿que se ha casado? ¡no es posible! he's got(ten) married? I don't believe it! o that can't be true! o surely not! ( colloq)
    evitó una posible tragedia he averted a possible o potential tragedy
    llegó con posibles fracturas he arrived with suspected fractures
    ser posible (+ me/te/le etc): llámame en cuanto te sea posible call me as soon as you can
    ven antes si te es posible come earlier if you can
    no creo que me sea posible I don't think I'll be able to
    ser posible + INF to be possible to + INF
    es posible encontrarlo más barato it's possible to find it cheaper
    no fue posible avisarles it was impossible to let them know, there was no way of letting them know, we were unable to let them know
    (+ me/te/le etc): no me fue posible terminarlo I wasn't able to finish it, I couldn't finish it
    ¿le sería posible recibirme hoy? would it be possible for you to see me today?, would you be able to see me today?, could you see me today?
    ser posible QUE + SUBJ:
    ¿y tú, te lo crees? — es posible que sea cierto what about you, do you believe that? — well it might o may o could be true
    es posible que se haya roto en tránsito it may have got(ten) broken in transit
    ¿será posible que no se haya enterado? can it be possible that she hasn't found out?, can she really not have found out?, surely she must have found out!
    ¿será posible que te atrevas a hablarme así? how dare you speak to me like that?
    deben ser lo más breves posible they should be as brief as possible
    envíemelo lo más pronto posible send it to me as soon as possible
    intenta hacerlo lo mejor posible try to do it as well as you can o the best you can
    ponlo lo más alto posible put it as high as possible
    * * *

     

    posible adjetivo
    possible;

    a ser posible or si es posible if possible;
    hicieron todo lo posible they did everything possible o everything they could;
    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible she promised to do what she could to help (him);
    ¡no es posible! that can't be true! (colloq);
    en cuanto te sea posible as soon as you can;
    no creo que me sea posible I don't think I'll be able to;
    es posible hacerlo más rápido it's possible to do it more quickly;
    no me fue posible terminarlo I wasn't able to finish it;
    es posible que sea cierto it might o may o could be true
    ■ adverbio: lo más pronto posible as soon as possible;
    lo mejor posible the best you can
    posible
    I adjetivo possible: no me será posible viajar a Perú, it won't be possible for me to go to Peru
    II mpl posibles, means
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer todo lo posible, to do everything one can
    dentro de lo posible, as far as possible

    ' posible' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antes
    - brevedad
    - caber
    - comunicar
    - contienda
    - contingencia
    - contingente
    - deber
    - dinamitar
    - humanamente
    - justificación
    - mínima
    - mínimo
    - normalización
    - permitir
    - poder
    - probable
    - virtual
    - eventual
    - hacer
    - lo
    - mayor
    - medida
    - menor
    - menos
    - potencial
    - pronto
    English:
    aim
    - arbitration
    - bend
    - best
    - beyond
    - blow
    - cancel out
    - cheap
    - dispose of
    - do
    - effort
    - eventual
    - every
    - explanation
    - failing
    - far
    - job
    - length
    - lung
    - much
    - possible
    - potential
    - prospective
    - should
    - soliciting
    - spin out
    - try
    - utmost
    - well
    - anything
    - bound
    - can
    - escape
    - feasible
    - get
    - level
    - look
    - manageable
    - mobile
    - most
    - please
    - preferably
    - probable
    - prospect
    - soon
    - surely
    - suspect
    - that
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    possible;
    es posible que llueva it could rain;
    es posible que sea así that might be the case;
    ¿llegarás a tiempo? – es posible will you arrive in time? – possibly o I may do;
    ven lo antes posible come as soon as possible;
    dentro de lo posible, en lo posible as far as possible;
    dentro de lo posible intenta no hacer ruido as far as possible, try not to make any noise;
    a o [m5] de ser posible if possible;
    hacer posible to make possible;
    su intervención hizo posible el acuerdo his intervention made the agreement possible;
    hacer (todo) lo posible to do everything possible;
    hicieron todo lo posible por salvar su vida they did everything possible to save his life;
    lo antes posible as soon as possible;
    ¿cómo es posible que no me lo hayas dicho antes? how could you possibly not have told me before?;
    no creo que nos sea posible visitaros I don't think we'll be able to visit you;
    ¡será posible! I can't believe this!;
    ¿será posible que nadie le haya dicho nada? can it be true that nobody told her anything about it?;
    ¡no es posible! surely not!
    ♦ posibles nmpl
    (financial) means
    * * *
    I adj possible;
    en lo posible as far as possible;
    hacer posible make possible;
    hacer todo lo posible do everything possible;
    es posible que … perhaps …;
    es muy posible que it’s very possible that;
    ¿será posible? fam I don’t believe it! fam
    II mpl posibles: means pl ;
    con posibles well-off, well-to-do
    * * *
    posible adj
    : possible
    ♦ posiblemente adv
    * * *
    posible adj possible
    ser posible may / might
    ¿será posible? I don't believe it!

    Spanish-English dictionary > posible

  • 10 caída del sistema

    (n.) = system crash
    Ex. Common causes of data loss and system crashes are fluctuations in the power supply (spikes and surges).
    * * *

    Ex: Common causes of data loss and system crashes are fluctuations in the power supply (spikes and surges).

    Spanish-English dictionary > caída del sistema

  • 11 compilar

    v.
    to compile (gen) & (computing).
    * * *
    1 to compile
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to compile
    * * *
    = build, compile, put together.
    Ex. Similarly, the system normally treats hyphenated words as separate words when building the index.
    Ex. This system could be used by the booktrade for compiling second-hand book lists.
    Ex. The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    ----
    * compilar partiendo de cero = compile + from scratch, compile + from scratch.
    * compilar una bibliografía = compile + bibliography.
    * compilar un catálogo = compile + catalogue.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to compile
    * * *
    = build, compile, put together.

    Ex: Similarly, the system normally treats hyphenated words as separate words when building the index.

    Ex: This system could be used by the booktrade for compiling second-hand book lists.
    Ex: The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    * compilar partiendo de cero = compile + from scratch, compile + from scratch.
    * compilar una bibliografía = compile + bibliography.
    * compilar un catálogo = compile + catalogue.

    * * *
    compilar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹datos/hechos/información› to compile
    B ( Inf) to compile
    * * *

    compilar ( conjugate compilar) verbo transitivo
    to compile
    compilar verbo transitivo to compile: he compilado una serie de datos que creo que te interesarán, I have compiled information that I think will interest you
    ' compilar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    compile
    * * *
    1. [libros, información] to compile
    2. Informát to compile
    * * *
    v/t compile
    * * *
    : to compile

    Spanish-English dictionary > compilar

  • 12 excitante

    adj.
    1 exciting (emocionante).
    2 sensual, arousing.
    m.
    stimulant.
    * * *
    1 exciting
    2 MEDICINA stimulating
    1 stimulant
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (Med) stimulating
    2) (=emocionante) exciting
    2.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <espectáculo/libro> exciting
    II
    masculino stimulant
    * * *
    = exciting, heady [headier -comp., headiest -sup.], exhilarating, rousing, titillating, stimulant, pulsating, electrifying, thrilling, thrilling.
    Ex. Finally, I wish to thank all of the speakers, reactors, and attendees who made these institutes so memorable, exciting, and rewarding.
    Ex. The heady integration scenario is that given a seemingly simple query the system would automatically expand the search beyond the capabilities of an inexperienced user.
    Ex. The causes of this interest differ from one man to another; it may be the beautiful, the terrible, the awe-inspiring, the exhilarating, the pathetic, the comic, or the merely piquant.
    Ex. This was the first time that MLA had attempted a multi-level distance learning project and it proved to be a rousing success.
    Ex. Television shows foster titillating discussion topics and trivialize troubles.
    Ex. The system consequently retrieves any record in which the term ' stimulants' appears.
    Ex. Thus the pulsating magnetic field enables an effective therapy which can be used for a broad range of indications.
    Ex. He gave an electrifying performance and he deserved all the accolades he received.
    Ex. This makes autobiography a thrilling ingredient of biography.
    Ex. This makes autobiography a thrilling ingredient of biography.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <espectáculo/libro> exciting
    II
    masculino stimulant
    * * *
    = exciting, heady [headier -comp., headiest -sup.], exhilarating, rousing, titillating, stimulant, pulsating, electrifying, thrilling, thrilling.

    Ex: Finally, I wish to thank all of the speakers, reactors, and attendees who made these institutes so memorable, exciting, and rewarding.

    Ex: The heady integration scenario is that given a seemingly simple query the system would automatically expand the search beyond the capabilities of an inexperienced user.
    Ex: The causes of this interest differ from one man to another; it may be the beautiful, the terrible, the awe-inspiring, the exhilarating, the pathetic, the comic, or the merely piquant.
    Ex: This was the first time that MLA had attempted a multi-level distance learning project and it proved to be a rousing success.
    Ex: Television shows foster titillating discussion topics and trivialize troubles.
    Ex: The system consequently retrieves any record in which the term ' stimulants' appears.
    Ex: Thus the pulsating magnetic field enables an effective therapy which can be used for a broad range of indications.
    Ex: He gave an electrifying performance and he deserved all the accolades he received.
    Ex: This makes autobiography a thrilling ingredient of biography.
    Ex: This makes autobiography a thrilling ingredient of biography.

    * * *
    1 ‹espectáculo/libro› exciting
    2 ‹bebida›
    el café es una bebida excitante coffee is a stimulant
    stimulant
    * * *

    excitante adjetivo ‹espectáculo/libro› exciting
    excitante
    I adjetivo exciting
    Med stimulating
    II sustantivo masculino stimulant
    ' excitante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    emocionante
    English:
    red-hot
    - exhilarating
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [sustancia] stimulant;
    el café es excitante coffee is a stimulant, coffee gets you worked up
    2. [sexualmente] arousing
    3. [emocionante] exciting
    ♦ nm
    stimulant
    * * *
    I adj
    1 exciting
    2
    :
    II m stimulant
    * * *
    : exciting
    * * *
    excitante adj exciting

    Spanish-English dictionary > excitante

  • 13 manipulación

    f.
    1 manipulation, handling, maneuvering, materials handling.
    2 materials handling, handling, management.
    * * *
    1 (ilícita) manipulation
    2 (de alimentos) handling
    3 (de una máquina) use, operation
    4 TÉCNICA manipulation
    \
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=manejo) [de alimentos] handling; [de pieza, máquina] manipulation
    2) [de información, resultados] manipulation
    3) (Med) manipulation
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de alimentos) handling
    b) ( de máquina) operation, use
    2) (de persona, de información, datos) manipulation
    * * *
    = depression, manipulation, manoeuvring [menoeuvering, -USA], tweaking, tweak.
    Ex. When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.
    Ex. Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.
    Ex. This process has become a source of frustration and time-consuming, bureaucratic manoeuvering which appears to be the bane of acquisitions librarians everywhere.
    Ex. The PCC intends that Program records, full or core, represent acceptable bibliographic control such that record ' tweaking' at the local level is minimized.
    Ex. This system simultaneously searches the Web and a large, multidisciplinary, full text database, using a relevance system with some clever tweaks.
    ----
    * manipulación de datos = data manipulation.
    * manipulación de precios = price-fixing.
    * manipulación genética = genetic manipulation.
    * manipulación mental = mind control.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de alimentos) handling
    b) ( de máquina) operation, use
    2) (de persona, de información, datos) manipulation
    * * *
    = depression, manipulation, manoeuvring [menoeuvering, -USA], tweaking, tweak.

    Ex: When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.

    Ex: Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.
    Ex: This process has become a source of frustration and time-consuming, bureaucratic manoeuvering which appears to be the bane of acquisitions librarians everywhere.
    Ex: The PCC intends that Program records, full or core, represent acceptable bibliographic control such that record ' tweaking' at the local level is minimized.
    Ex: This system simultaneously searches the Web and a large, multidisciplinary, full text database, using a relevance system with some clever tweaks.
    * manipulación de datos = data manipulation.
    * manipulación de precios = price-fixing.
    * manipulación genética = genetic manipulation.
    * manipulación mental = mind control.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de alimentos) handling
    2 (de una máquina) operation, use
    B
    1 (de una persona) manipulation
    2 (de información, datos) manipulation
    ha habido una evidente manipulación de las cifras the figures have obviously been manipulated o massaged
    Compuesto:
    genetic manipulation
    * * *

    manipulación sustantivo femenino manipulation
    ' manipulación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    homologación
    - trasteo
    English:
    manipulation
    * * *
    1. [de objeto] handling;
    la manipulación del aparato invalida la garantía any interference with the device invalidates the guarantee
    manipulación genética genetic modification
    2. [de persona, datos] manipulation;
    denunció la manipulación de sus declaraciones he claimed his statements had been distorted
    * * *
    f
    1 de información, persona manipulation
    2 ( manejo) handling
    * * *
    manipulación nf, pl - ciones : manipulation

    Spanish-English dictionary > manipulación

  • 14 producir

    v.
    1 to produce (producto, sonido).
    Los carbohidratos producen energía Carbohydrates produce energy.
    Los golpes producen lesiones The blows produce injury.
    Ellos producen galletas They produce cookies.
    El campo produce manzanas The field produces apples.
    2 to cause, to give rise to.
    tu actuación me produce tristeza your conduct makes me very sad
    3 to yield, to bear.
    este negocio produce grandes pérdidas this business is making huge losses
    4 to produce (Cine & television).
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ CONDUCIR], like link=conducir conducir
    1 (gen) to produce
    2 (causar) to cause
    3 (cosecha, fruto) to yield
    1 to happen
    \
    producir en cadena to mass-produce
    * * *
    verb
    1) to produce, yield
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ cereales, fruta, petróleo] to produce
    2) (=fabricar) [+ aceite, coche] to produce, make; [+ electricidad, energía] to produce, generate

    esta factoría ha producido cinco mil vehículos en un mes — this factory has turned out o produced o made five thousand vehicles in a month

    3) [+ cambio, efecto, herida, daños] to cause

    ¿qué impresión te produjo? — what impression did it make on you?

    4) (Econ) [+ interés] to yield; [+ beneficio] to yield, generate

    mis ahorros me producen un interés anual del 5% — my savings yield an annual interest of 5%

    5) (=crear) [+ novela, cuadro] to produce
    6) (Cine, TV) to produce
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) región/país <trigo/tomates/vino> to produce; < petróleo> to produce; persona <trigo/tomates> to produce, grow; <aceite/vino> to produce, make
    b) ( manufacturar) to produce, make
    c) <electricidad/calor/energía> to produce, generate
    d) < sonido> to cause, generate
    2) (Com, Fin) < beneficios> to produce, generate, yield; < pérdidas> to cause, result in
    3) <película/programa> to produce
    4) ( causar) <conmoción/reacción/explosión> to cause
    2.
    producirse v pron
    1) (frml) ( tener lugar) accidente/explosión to occur (frml), to take place; cambio to occur (frml), to happen

    se produjeron 85 muertes — there were 85 deaths, 85 people died o were killed

    2) (refl) (frml) < heridas> to inflict... on oneself (frml)
    * * *
    = author, breed, deliver, generate, get out, give + birth to, output, produce, result (in), spawn, turn out, yield, throw up, effect, realise [realize, -USA], put out, crank out, bring about.
    Ex. Note that these provisions do not include research reports which have been prepared within a government agency but specifically authored by an individual = Nótese que estas disposiciones no afectan a informes de investigaciones procedentes de una agencia gubernamental aunque realizados concretamente por un individuo.
    Ex. The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex. The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.
    Ex. Human indexers sometimes make inappropriate judgements, misinterpret ideas, have lapses of memory or concentration, and generate omissions and inconsistencies in their indexing.
    Ex. I suspect that this emphasis reflects the desire to have a simple rule that everybody can apply and therefore get out cataloging data quickly and cheaply.
    Ex. By way of illustration: it is the machine's habit to perform remarkable feats, such as augmenting western musical heritage with the discovery that the eighteenth century gave birth to two contemporary composers.
    Ex. The search profile will only be modified periodically as the quality of the set of notifications output from the search drops to unacceptable levels.
    Ex. The present OCLC system does not produce catalog cards in sets, but if it did it could produce over 6,000 different sets for one title.
    Ex. Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.
    Ex. Both the original production and revision of STC spawned a large crop of such items which are worth following up.
    Ex. Once it is available, duplicates in large quantities could probably be turned out for a cent apiece beyond the cost of materials.
    Ex. This mixture of approaches is designed to yield maximum retrieval for as many users as possible by combining the different strengths of controlled and natural language indexing.
    Ex. Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex. Historically, the main reasons for unionization have been to effect better wages, fringe benefits, and working conditions.
    Ex. Librarians, information scientists, and keepers of the archives have to realise the meaning of the so-called electronic library (e-library).
    Ex. When such a happy occurrence takes place the publisher can put out extra impressions and can publish (or sell the rights for) a paperback edition for a larger market.
    Ex. Because we have an automated system we can crank out weeding lists on different criteria.
    Ex. Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.
    ----
    * cambio + producirse = change + come about.
    * catástrofe + producirse = disaster + strike.
    * hacer que se produzca una situación = bring about + situation.
    * hacer que se produzca un resultado = bring about + result.
    * producir aglomeraciones = cause + crowding.
    * producir beneficios = reap + dividends, render + returns, achieve + returns, pay + dividends, return + dividends.
    * producir caos = cause + chaos.
    * producir con gran destreza = craft.
    * producir desesperación = yield + despair.
    * producir dividendos = pay + dividends, return + dividends.
    * producir dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * producir el rendimiento máximo = come into + Posesivo + own.
    * producir en abundancia = churn out, knock out.
    * producir hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * producir resultado = yield + result.
    * producir resultados = produce + results, bring + results.
    * producirse caos = chaos + result, chaos + arise.
    * producirse un cúmulo de circunstancias que = circumstances + converge.
    * producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.
    * que produce ansiedad = anxiety-producing.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) región/país <trigo/tomates/vino> to produce; < petróleo> to produce; persona <trigo/tomates> to produce, grow; <aceite/vino> to produce, make
    b) ( manufacturar) to produce, make
    c) <electricidad/calor/energía> to produce, generate
    d) < sonido> to cause, generate
    2) (Com, Fin) < beneficios> to produce, generate, yield; < pérdidas> to cause, result in
    3) <película/programa> to produce
    4) ( causar) <conmoción/reacción/explosión> to cause
    2.
    producirse v pron
    1) (frml) ( tener lugar) accidente/explosión to occur (frml), to take place; cambio to occur (frml), to happen

    se produjeron 85 muertes — there were 85 deaths, 85 people died o were killed

    2) (refl) (frml) < heridas> to inflict... on oneself (frml)
    * * *
    = author, breed, deliver, generate, get out, give + birth to, output, produce, result (in), spawn, turn out, yield, throw up, effect, realise [realize, -USA], put out, crank out, bring about.

    Ex: Note that these provisions do not include research reports which have been prepared within a government agency but specifically authored by an individual = Nótese que estas disposiciones no afectan a informes de investigaciones procedentes de una agencia gubernamental aunque realizados concretamente por un individuo.

    Ex: The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex: The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.
    Ex: Human indexers sometimes make inappropriate judgements, misinterpret ideas, have lapses of memory or concentration, and generate omissions and inconsistencies in their indexing.
    Ex: I suspect that this emphasis reflects the desire to have a simple rule that everybody can apply and therefore get out cataloging data quickly and cheaply.
    Ex: By way of illustration: it is the machine's habit to perform remarkable feats, such as augmenting western musical heritage with the discovery that the eighteenth century gave birth to two contemporary composers.
    Ex: The search profile will only be modified periodically as the quality of the set of notifications output from the search drops to unacceptable levels.
    Ex: The present OCLC system does not produce catalog cards in sets, but if it did it could produce over 6,000 different sets for one title.
    Ex: Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.
    Ex: Both the original production and revision of STC spawned a large crop of such items which are worth following up.
    Ex: Once it is available, duplicates in large quantities could probably be turned out for a cent apiece beyond the cost of materials.
    Ex: This mixture of approaches is designed to yield maximum retrieval for as many users as possible by combining the different strengths of controlled and natural language indexing.
    Ex: Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex: Historically, the main reasons for unionization have been to effect better wages, fringe benefits, and working conditions.
    Ex: Librarians, information scientists, and keepers of the archives have to realise the meaning of the so-called electronic library (e-library).
    Ex: When such a happy occurrence takes place the publisher can put out extra impressions and can publish (or sell the rights for) a paperback edition for a larger market.
    Ex: Because we have an automated system we can crank out weeding lists on different criteria.
    Ex: Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.
    * cambio + producirse = change + come about.
    * catástrofe + producirse = disaster + strike.
    * hacer que se produzca una situación = bring about + situation.
    * hacer que se produzca un resultado = bring about + result.
    * producir aglomeraciones = cause + crowding.
    * producir beneficios = reap + dividends, render + returns, achieve + returns, pay + dividends, return + dividends.
    * producir caos = cause + chaos.
    * producir con gran destreza = craft.
    * producir desesperación = yield + despair.
    * producir dividendos = pay + dividends, return + dividends.
    * producir dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * producir el rendimiento máximo = come into + Posesivo + own.
    * producir en abundancia = churn out, knock out.
    * producir hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * producir resultado = yield + result.
    * producir resultados = produce + results, bring + results.
    * producirse caos = chaos + result, chaos + arise.
    * producirse un cúmulo de circunstancias que = circumstances + converge.
    * producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.
    * que produce ansiedad = anxiety-producing.

    * * *
    producir [I6 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹trigo/tomates› to produce, grow; ‹petróleo› to produce; ‹aceite/vino› to produce, make
    2 (manufacturar) to produce, make
    esta fábrica produce 300 coches a la semana this factory produces o makes o manufactures o turns out 300 cars a week
    3 ‹electricidad/calor/energía› to produce, generate
    4 ‹sonido› to produce, cause, generate
    B
    1 ( Com, Fin) ‹beneficios› to produce, generate, yield; ‹pérdidas› to cause, give rise to, result in
    2 «país/club» ‹artista/deportista› to produce
    C ‹película/programa› to produce
    D
    (causar): estas declaraciones produjeron una gran conmoción these statements caused a great stir
    le produjo una gran alegría it made her very happy
    me produjo muy buena impresión I was very impressed with her
    la pomada le produjo un sarpullido the ointment caused a rash o brought her out in a rash
    ver cómo la trata me produce náuseas it makes me sick to see how he treats her
    A ( frml) (tener lugar) «accidente/explosión» to occur ( frml), to take place; «cambio» to occur ( frml), to happen
    se produjeron varios incidentes several incidents occurred o took place
    se produjeron 85 muertes there were 85 deaths, 85 people died o were killed
    durante la operación de rescate se produjeron momentos de histerismo there were moments of panic during the rescue operation
    se ha producido una notable mejora there has been a great improvement
    B ( refl) ( frml); ‹heridas› to inflict … on oneself ( frml)
    se produjo heridas con un objeto cortante she cut herself with o she inflicted wounds on herself with a sharp object
    disparó el arma produciéndose la muerte instantánea he fired the gun, killing himself instantly
    se produjo varias fracturas al caerse he broke several bones o ( frml) incurred several fractures when he fell
    * * *

     

    producir ( conjugate producir) verbo transitivo
    1


    2 ( causar) ‹conmoción/reacción/explosión› to cause;

    producirse verbo pronominal
    1 (frml) ( tener lugar) [accidente/explosión] to occur (frml), to take place;
    [ cambio] to occur (frml), to happen;
    ◊ se produjeron 85 muertes there were 85 deaths, 85 people died o were killed

    2 ( refl) (frml) ‹ heridas› to inflict … on oneself (frml)
    producir verbo transitivo
    1 (bienes) to produce: las vacas producen leche, cows give milk
    2 (ocasionar, causar) el golpe le produjo una sordera crónica, he became chronically deaf as a result of the blow
    (sensaciones, efectos) to cause, generate: la noticia le produjo tristeza, the news made him sad
    3 (una obra artística o audiovisual) to produce
    ' producir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    anquilosar
    - conmocionar
    - criar
    - dar
    - dejar
    - desencadenar
    - embotellar
    - hacer
    - marear
    - sacar
    - saber
    - surtir
    - traer
    - beneficio
    - descomponer
    - echar
    - picar
    - produje
    - rendir
    - serie
    English:
    bash out
    - breed
    - churn out
    - discontinue
    - emit
    - give
    - induce
    - nauseate
    - produce
    - throw up
    - turn out
    - yield
    - back
    - churn
    - commotion
    - create
    - net
    - phase
    - put
    - spawn
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [productos agrícolas, recursos naturales] to produce;
    las abejas producen miel bees produce honey
    2. [manufacturar] to produce
    3. [generar] [calor, sonido] to produce
    4. [artista, campeón] to produce;
    un país que ha producido varios campeones mundiales a country which has produced several world champions
    5. [ocasionar] to cause, to give rise to;
    tu actuación me produce tristeza your conduct makes me very sad;
    un medicamento que produce náuseas a medicine which causes nausea;
    no me produjo muy buena impresión it didn't make a very good impression on me
    6. [interés] to yield, to bear;
    este negocio produce grandes pérdidas this business is making huge losses;
    la operación produjo muchas ganancias para el banco the transaction yielded substantial profits for the bank
    7. [en cine, televisión] to produce
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( crear) produce
    2 ( causar) cause
    * * *
    producir {61} vt
    1) : to produce, to make, to manufacture
    2) : to cause, to bring about
    3) : to bear (interest)
    * * *
    1. (elaborar) to produce
    2. (causar) to cause / to make

    Spanish-English dictionary > producir

  • 15 rotar

    v.
    1 to rotate, to turn.
    2 to rotate.
    * * *
    verb
    2) spin
    * * *
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo/ intransitivo to rotate
    2.
    rotarse v pron

    se rotan el coche — (Méx) they take it in turns to use the car

    * * *
    = rotate, revolve, swivel, gyrate, spin.
    Ex. The computer creates a series of entries by rotating the component terms with which it has been provided.
    Ex. This was the cylinder machine, which formed a web of paper not on an endless belt of woven wire but on a cylinder covered with wire mesh (looking like a large dandy roll) which revolved half-submerged in a vat of stuff.
    Ex. The light direction can be controlled by swivelling the reflector.
    Ex. The women dance, stamping their feet, clapping and chanting while some of them gyrate their hips suggestively in the centre of the circle.
    Ex. In summary, the fluid in your ears still sloshing around causes you to feel dizzy when you stop spinning in one direction.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo/ intransitivo to rotate
    2.
    rotarse v pron

    se rotan el coche — (Méx) they take it in turns to use the car

    * * *
    = rotate, revolve, swivel, gyrate, spin.

    Ex: The computer creates a series of entries by rotating the component terms with which it has been provided.

    Ex: This was the cylinder machine, which formed a web of paper not on an endless belt of woven wire but on a cylinder covered with wire mesh (looking like a large dandy roll) which revolved half-submerged in a vat of stuff.
    Ex: The light direction can be controlled by swivelling the reflector.
    Ex: The women dance, stamping their feet, clapping and chanting while some of them gyrate their hips suggestively in the centre of the circle.
    Ex: In summary, the fluid in your ears still sloshing around causes you to feel dizzy when you stop spinning in one direction.

    * * *
    rotar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 (hacer girar) to rotate, turn, spin
    2 (en un puesto) to rotate
    3 ‹cultivos› to rotate
    ■ rotar
    vi
    1 (girar) to rotate
    rota sobre su eje it rotates o turns o spins on its axis
    2
    (en un cargo): los miembros van rotando en el puesto de secretario the members rotate in the post of secretary, the post of secretary rotates among the members
    3 «cultivos» to rotate
    hay cinco personas que se van rotando there are five people working on a rota system
    se fueron rotando para manejar they took it in turns to drive, they took the driving in turns
    se rotan el coche ( Méx); they take it in turns to use the car
    * * *

    rotar ( conjugate rotar) verbo transitivo/intransitivo
    to rotate
    rotarse verbo pronominal ( en trabajo) to work on a rota system;

    rotar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (alrededor de un eje) to rotate
    2 (en un trabajo o función) to take it in turns
    II vtr Agr to rotate

    ' rotar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    rotate
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [hacer girar] to rotate
    2. [cultivos] to rotate
    ♦ vi
    1. [girar] to rotate, to turn
    2. [alternar, turnarse] to rotate
    3. [cultivos] to rotate
    * * *
    v/i de personas take turns
    * * *
    rotar vt
    : to rotate, to turn
    rotar vi
    : to turn, to spin

    Spanish-English dictionary > rotar

  • 16 crear

    v.
    1 to create.
    me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems
    Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence
    Ricardo crea obras de arte Richard creates works of art.
    Ellas crean criaturas raras They create weird creatures.
    2 to invent.
    3 to found.
    4 to make, to make up.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to create
    2 (fundar) to found, establish; (partido) to set up
    3 (inventar) to invent
    1 to make, make for oneself
    2 (imaginarse) to imagine
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=hacer, producir) [+ obra, objeto, empleo] to create
    2) (=establecer) [+ comisión, comité, fondo, negocio, sistema] to set up; [+ asociación, cooperativa] to form, set up; [+ cargo, puesto] to create; [+ movimiento, organización] to create, establish, found

    ¿qué se necesita para crear una empresa? — what do you need in order to set up o start a business?

    aspiraban a crear un estado independiente — they aimed to create o establish o found an independent state

    3) (=dar lugar a) [+ condiciones, clima, ambiente] to create; [+ problemas] to cause, create; [+ expectativas] to raise

    el vacío creado por su muerte — the gap left o created by her death

    4) liter (=nombrar) to make, appoint
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop
    b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build
    2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn
    2.
    crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself
    * * *
    = design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.
    Ex. In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.
    Ex. The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.
    Ex. National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
    Ex. In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.
    Ex. Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.
    Ex. By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex. There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.
    Ex. In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.
    Ex. MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.
    Ex. The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.
    Ex. The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.
    Ex. The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex. Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.
    Ex. Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    ----
    * crear adicción = be addictive.
    * crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.
    * crear apoyo = build + support.
    * crear canales para = establish + channels for.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * crear consenso = forge + consensus.
    * crear demanda = make + demand.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * crear desconfianza = create + distrust.
    * crear desesperación = yield + despair.
    * crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.
    * crear interés = build + interest.
    * crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.
    * crear lazos = build up + links.
    * crear lazos afectivos = bond.
    * crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * crear prototipos = prototype.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * crearse = build up, hew.
    * crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.
    * crear servidor web = put up + web site.
    * crearse una identidad = forge + identity.
    * crearse una vida = build + life.
    * crear una alianza = forge + alliance.
    * crear una base = form + a basis.
    * crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.
    * crear una coalición = forge + coalition.
    * crear una colección = build + collection.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * crear una familia = have + a family.
    * crear una ilusión = create + illusion.
    * crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.
    * crear una injusticia = create + injustice.
    * crear una marca de identidad = branding.
    * crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.
    * crear una preocupación = create + concern.
    * crear una situación = create + a situation.
    * crear un clima = promote + climate.
    * crear un comité = set up + committee.
    * crear un entorno = create + an environment.
    * crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * crear un grupo = set up + group.
    * crear un índice = generate + index.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * crear un servidor web = open up + web site.
    * crear vínculos = build up + links.
    * crear vínculos afectivos = bond.
    * oposición + crear = opposition + line up.
    * que crea adicción = addictive.
    * que crea hábito = addictive.
    * volver a crear = recreate [re-create].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop
    b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build
    2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn
    2.
    crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself
    * * *
    = design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.

    Ex: In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.

    Ex: The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.
    Ex: National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
    Ex: In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.
    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.
    Ex: Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.
    Ex: By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex: There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.
    Ex: In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.
    Ex: MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.
    Ex: The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.
    Ex: The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.
    Ex: The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex: Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.
    Ex: Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    * crear adicción = be addictive.
    * crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.
    * crear apoyo = build + support.
    * crear canales para = establish + channels for.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * crear consenso = forge + consensus.
    * crear demanda = make + demand.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * crear desconfianza = create + distrust.
    * crear desesperación = yield + despair.
    * crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.
    * crear interés = build + interest.
    * crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.
    * crear lazos = build up + links.
    * crear lazos afectivos = bond.
    * crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * crear prototipos = prototype.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * crearse = build up, hew.
    * crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.
    * crear servidor web = put up + web site.
    * crearse una identidad = forge + identity.
    * crearse una vida = build + life.
    * crear una alianza = forge + alliance.
    * crear una base = form + a basis.
    * crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.
    * crear una coalición = forge + coalition.
    * crear una colección = build + collection.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * crear una familia = have + a family.
    * crear una ilusión = create + illusion.
    * crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.
    * crear una injusticia = create + injustice.
    * crear una marca de identidad = branding.
    * crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.
    * crear una preocupación = create + concern.
    * crear una situación = create + a situation.
    * crear un clima = promote + climate.
    * crear un comité = set up + committee.
    * crear un entorno = create + an environment.
    * crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * crear un grupo = set up + group.
    * crear un índice = generate + index.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * crear un servidor web = open up + web site.
    * crear vínculos = build up + links.
    * crear vínculos afectivos = bond.
    * oposición + crear = opposition + line up.
    * que crea adicción = addictive.
    * que crea hábito = addictive.
    * volver a crear = recreate [re-create].

    * * *
    crear [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹obra/modelo› to create; ‹tendencia› to create
    crear una nueva imagen para el producto to create a new image for the product
    crearon un producto revolucionario they developed o created a revolutionary product
    2 ‹sistema› to create, establish, set up; ‹institución› to set up, create; ‹comisión/fondo› to set up; ‹empleo› to create
    crearon una ciudad en pleno desierto they built a city in the middle of the desert
    B ‹dificultades/problemas› to cause, create; ‹ambiente/clima› to create; ‹fama/prestigio› to bring; ‹reputación› to earn
    su arrogancia le creó muchas enemistades his arrogance made him many enemies
    no quiero crear falsas expectativas en mis alumnos I don't want to raise false hopes among my students, I don't want to give my students false hopes
    se crea muchas dificultades he creates o makes a lot of problems for himself
    ¿para qué te creas más trabajo? why make more work for yourself?
    será difícil llenar el vacío creado con su desaparición it will be difficult to fill the gap left by his death
    * * *

     

    crear ( conjugate crear) verbo transitivo
    to create;
    ‹ producto› to develop;
    ‹institución/comisión/fondo› to set up;
    ‹fama/prestigio› to bring;
    ‹ reputación› to earn;
    ◊ crea muchos problemas it causes o creates a lot of problems;

    no quiero crear falsas expectativas I don't want to raise false hopes
    crearse verbo pronominal ‹ problema› to create … for oneself;

    ‹ enemigos› to make
    crear verbo transitivo to create
    ' crear' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    falsificar
    - hacer
    - ilusionar
    - infundio
    - rompecabezas
    - constituir
    - formar
    - meter
    English:
    boat
    - bonding
    - create
    - fashion
    - never-never land
    - rapport
    - stage
    - afoot
    - develop
    - devise
    - disrupt
    - establish
    - illusion
    - set
    - you
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [hacer, producir, originar] to create;
    crear empleo/riqueza to create jobs/wealth;
    han creado un nuevo ministerio para él they have created a new ministry for him;
    me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems;
    Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence
    2. [inventar] to invent;
    [poema, sinfonía] to compose, to write; [cuadro] to paint
    3. [fundar] to found
    * * *
    v/t create; empresa set up
    * * *
    crear vt
    1) : to create, to cause
    2) : to originate
    * * *
    crear vb
    1. (en general) to create
    2. (comité, empresa, etc) to set up

    Spanish-English dictionary > crear

  • 17 estudiar

    v.
    1 to study (carrera, libro, asunto).
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla after studying your proposal, I've decided not to accept it
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you a student?
    Lisa estudia arduamente Lisa studies hard.
    Lisa estudia todos los libros Lisa studies every book.
    Lisa estudia historia americana Lisa studies American history.
    2 to observe.
    3 to be a student, to study.
    4 to feel out, to study.
    El profesor estudia sus reacciones The teacher feels out their reactions.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to study, learn
    2 (en universidad) to read, study
    3 (trabajar) to work, study
    4 (observar) to examine, observe
    1 to study
    1 to consider
    \
    estudiar de memoria to learn by heart
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=aprender) [+ lección, papel] to learn
    2) (=cursar) to study

    ¿qué curso estudias? — what year are you in?

    3) (=examinar) [informe, experimento] to examine, look into; [persona] to study, look into

    el informe estudia los efectos de la sequía — the report examines o looks into the effects of the drought

    4) (=considerar) to consider, study

    estudiaremos su oferta y ya le contestaremos — we shall consider o study your offer and get back to you

    están estudiando la posibilidad de convocar una huelga — they are looking into the possibility of calling a strike, they are considering calling a strike

    2. VI
    1) (=aprender) to study
    2) (=cursar estudios) to study
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicina — she's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.
    Ex. With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.
    Ex. It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex. The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex. Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex. This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex. The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex. If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex. Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex. Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex. Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex. I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex. 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex. The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex. 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex. The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex. Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex. There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex. The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    ----
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicina — she's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.

    Ex: With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.

    Ex: It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex: The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex: Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex: This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex: This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex: The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex: If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex: Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex: Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex: Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex: I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex: 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex: The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex: 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex: The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex: Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex: There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.

    * * *
    estudiar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹asignatura› to study; (en la universidad) to study, read ( frml)
    estudiaba inglés en una academia I used to study English at a language school
    estudia medicina en la universidad de Salamanca she's studying o doing o reading medicine at Salamanca university
    ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?, what did he study at college/university?, what (subject) did he take his degree in?
    2 ( Mús) ‹instrumento› to learn
    B ‹lección/tablas› to learn
    me tengo que poner a estudiar geografía para el examen I have to get down to studying o ( AmE) reviewing o ( BrE) revising geography for the test
    C (observar) to study
    estudia el comportamiento de las aves he studies the behavior of birds
    me di cuenta de que me estaba estudiando I realized that he was observing o watching o studying me
    D (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto› to study; ‹propuesta› to study, consider
    están estudiando los pasos a seguir they're considering what steps to take
    estudiaron las posibles causas del accidente they looked into the possible causes of the accident
    ■ estudiar
    vi
    to study
    este fin de semana tengo que estudiar para el examen this weekend I have to do some work o studying for the test o I have to review ( AmE) o ( BrE) revise for the test
    estudia en un colegio privado he goes to a private school
    a ver si este año estudias más I hope you're going to work harder this year
    tuvo que dejar de estudiar a los 15 años para ayudar a su madre she had to leave school at 15 to help her mother
    estudiar PARA algo to study to be sth
    estudia para economista she's studying to be an economist
    no come nada, está estudiando para fideo ( hum); she doesn't eat a thing, she's in training for the slimming olympics ( hum)
    1 ( enf) ‹lección› to study
    se estudió el papel en una tarde he learned his part in an afternoon
    2 ( recípr)
    (observarse): los dos niños se estudiaron largo rato the two children watched each other closely for a long time
    * * *

     

    estudiar ( conjugate estudiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ asignatura› to study;

    ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml);
    ◊ ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?


    c) ‹lección/tablas› to learn

    2 ( observar) ‹rostro/comportamiento› to study
    3 (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto› to study;
    ‹ propuesta› to study, consider;
    ‹ causas› to look into, investigate
    verbo intransitivo
    to study;

    debes estudiar más you must work harder;
    dejó de estudiar a los 15 años she left school at 15;
    estudiar para algo to study to be sth
    estudiarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ‹ lección› to study;

    ‹ papel› to learn
    estudiar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to study: estudia para abogado, she's studying to become a lawyer ➣ Ver nota en study
    ' estudiar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    base
    - chapar
    - concentrarse
    - cursar
    - empollar
    - investigar
    - machacar
    - mamarrachada
    - repasar
    - servir
    - trabajar
    - valer
    - chancar
    - duro
    - empeño
    - empezar
    - firme
    - fuerza
    - haber
    - hacer
    - ir
    - junto
    - más
    - matar
    - tener
    - tragar
    - ver
    English:
    award
    - bar
    - burn
    - consideration
    - do
    - hard
    - investigate
    - pore
    - read
    - read up
    - resolve
    - school
    - stop
    - study
    - text
    - think out
    - train
    - whatever
    - work
    - day
    - depth
    - examine
    - further
    - get
    - kick
    - look
    - research
    - review
    - swot
    - take
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [carrera, asignatura, lección] to study;
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology;
    tengo que estudiar más inglés I've got to work at my English;
    ¿qué estudiaste en la universidad? what did you study at university?
    2. [asunto] to study;
    [oferta, propuesta] to study, to consider;
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla having considered your proposal, I've decided not to accept it;
    lo estudiaré y mañana te doy una respuesta I'll consider it and get back to you tomorrow;
    el gobierno estudia la posibilidad de subir las pensiones the government is studying the possibility of raising pensions
    3. [observar] to observe;
    estuvo estudiándonos durante un rato he stayed watching us for a while;
    desde allí podía estudiar todos los movimientos del animal from there I could observe all the animal's movements
    ♦ vi
    to study;
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying;
    no puede salir, tiene que estudiar she can't come out, she's got to study;
    hay que estudiar más, González you'll have to work harder, González;
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President;
    dejó de estudiar a los quince años he left school at fifteen;
    estudié en los jesuitas I went to a Jesuit school;
    estudia en la Universidad Centroamericana he's a student o he's studying at the University of Central America;
    estudiar para médico to be studying to be a doctor;
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you still at school?;
    Esp Hum ≈ do you come here often?
    * * *
    v/t & v/i study
    * * *
    : to study
    * * *
    estudiar vb to study [pt. & pp. studied]
    Si se estudia un idioma o un instrumento musical, se dice learn

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudiar

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 19 a discreción

    adv.
    at one's discretion, ad lib, at will.
    * * *
    (a voluntad) at one's discretion 2 (sin límite) in great amounts
    * * *
    = at will, no holds barred
    Ex. Once having got into the system, he or she can switch from database to database at will.
    Ex. He has demanded a ' no holds barred' investigation of the causes of the electrical power blackout that crippled New York last week.
    * * *
    = at will, no holds barred

    Ex: Once having got into the system, he or she can switch from database to database at will.

    Ex: He has demanded a ' no holds barred' investigation of the causes of the electrical power blackout that crippled New York last week.

    Spanish-English dictionary > a discreción

  • 20 carcinoma

    m.
    carcinoma, cancerous tumor (medicine).
    * * *
    1 carcinoma, cancer
    * * *
    * * *
    masculino carcinoma
    * * *
    Ex. The commonest causes of death were carcinoma of the bronchus and diseases of the circulatory system.
    ----
    * carcinoma embrionario = embryonal carcinoma.
    * * *
    masculino carcinoma
    * * *

    Ex: The commonest causes of death were carcinoma of the bronchus and diseases of the circulatory system.

    * carcinoma embrionario = embryonal carcinoma.

    * * *
    carcinoma
    * * *
    Med carcinoma, cancerous tumour
    * * *
    f MED carcinoma
    * * *
    : carcinoma

    Spanish-English dictionary > carcinoma

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