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81 dē
dē praep., with abl. — Of separation, in space, from, away from, down from, out of: de finibus suis exire, Cs.: decedere de provinciā: qui de castris processerant, S.: ferrum de manibus extorsimus: de muro se deiecerunt, Cs.: de iugis, quae ceperant, funduntur, L. — Fig., from, away from, out of: exire de vitā: de priscis Latinis capta oppida, L.: de sententiā deiectus.—In time, of immediate sequence, after, directly after: statim de auctione: diem de die prospectans, day after day, L.—Of duration, during, in the course of, at, by: de nocte: multā de nocte, late at night: de mediā nocte, Cs.: de tertiā vigiliā, in the third night-watch, Cs.: adparare de die convivium, in open day, T.: mediā de luce, H.: navigare de mense Decembri, in December. — Of origin or source, of, from, from among, out of, proceeding from, derived from: caupo de viā Latinā: nescio qui de circo maximo: homo de scholā: aliquis de ponte, i. e. a beggar, Iu.: Priami de stirpe, V.: recita de epistulā reliqua: hoc audivi de patre: discere id de me, T.—Of the whole, of, from, from among, out of: hominem misi de comitibus meis: percussus ab uno de illis: quemvis de iis qui essent idonei: accusator de plebe: unus de legatis: partem solido demere de die, H.: expers partis de nostris bonis, T.: si quae sunt de eodem genere: cetera de genere hoc, H.—Of material, of, out of, from: solido de marmore templum, V.: de templo carcerem fieri: de scurrā divitem fieri posse: fies de rhetore consul, Iu. — Esp., of a fund out of which costs are taken: potat, ole<*> unguenta, de meo, T.: de suo: stipendium de publico statuit, L.: non solum de die, sed etiam in diem vivere, on the day's resources.—Of cause, for, on account of, by reason of, because of, from, through, by: quā de causā, Cs.: certis de causis: de quo nomine ad arbitrum adisti: de gestu intellego quid respondeas: incessit passu de volnere tardo, O.: de Atticae febriculā valde dolui.—Of measure or standard, according to, after, in accordance with: De eius consilio velle se facere, T.: de amicorum sententiā Romam confugit: de more vetusto rapuere faces, V.—Of relation, of, about, concerning, in respect to: multa narrare de Laelio. senatus de bello accepit, learned of, S.: Consilium summis de rebus habere, V.: legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, Cs.: de bene vivendo disputare: de me experior, in my own case.—In gen., in reference to, with respect to, concerning, in the matter of: non est de veneno celata mater: Aeduis de iniuriis satisfacere, for, Cs.: quid de his fieri placeat, S.: concessum ab nobilitate de consule plebeio, L.: ut sciam quid de nobis futurum sit: de argento somnium, as for the money, T.: de benevolentiā, primum, etc.: de Samnitibus triumphare, over. — In adverbial expressions, de integro, anew, afresh, once more: ratio de integro ineunda est mihi, T.: de integro funus iam sepulto filio facere.—De improviso, unexpectedly: ubi de inprovisost interventum mulieri, T.: de improviso venire, Cs.—De transverso, unexpectedly: de traverso L. Caesar ut veniam ad se rogat.* * *down/away from, from, off; about, of, concerning; according to; with regard to -
82 मान
mā́namāna
purpose, wish, design AitBr. ;
self-conceit, arrogance, pride KaushUp. Mn. etc. (with Buddhists one of the 6 evil feelings Dharmas. 67 ;
orᅠ one of the 10 fetters to be got rid of. MWB. 127);
( alsoᅠ n.) consideration, regard, respect, honour Mn. MBh. etc.;
a wounded sense of honour, anger orᅠ indignation excited by jealousy (esp. in women), caprice, sulking Kāv. Daṡar. Sāh. ;
N. of the father of Agastya (perhaps alsoᅠ of Agastya himself Pāṇ. the family of Māna) RV. ;
(in astron.) N. of the tenth house VarBṛS. ( W. alsoᅠ a blockhead;
an agent;
a barbarian)
2) m. (3. mā) a building, house, dwelling RV. ;
an altar Āpast. ;
( māná) a preparation, decoction(?) RV. X, 144, 5 ;
(ī) f. measure ( seeᅠ tiryan-m-);
a partic. measure (= 2 Añjalis) L. ;
n. measuring. meting out KātyṠr. Hariv. etc.;
measure, measuring-cord, standard RV. etc. etc.;
dimension, size, height, length (in space andᅠ time), weight ib. (ifc.= fold seeᅠ ṡatá-m-);
a partic. measure orᅠ weight (= kṛishṇata orᅠ raktikā;
accord. toᅠ Sch. on TS. and KatyṠr. 100 Mānas= 5 Palas orᅠ Paṇas);
form, appearance RV. ;
likeness, resemblance Ṡiṡ. ;
(in phil.) proof. demonstration, means of proof (= pra-māṇa. q.v.)
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83 continuo
"continuous;Kontinuierlich;contínuo"* * *( ininterrotto) continuous( molto frequente) continualdi continuo ( ininterrottamente) continuously( molto spesso) continually* * *continuo agg.1 ( ininterrotto) continuous, non-stop, uninterrupted, unbroken; ( molto frequente) continual, very frequent; ( persistente) constant, incessant, unceasing, unfailing: linea continua, unbroken line; un continuo succedersi di visite, a continuous (o endless) succession of visits; lamentele continue, continual (o constant) complaints; produzione continua, non-stop production; una continua applicazione negli studi, unfailing diligence in one's studies // di continuo, continually (o very often): si verificano di continuo episodi di violenza negli stadi, there are repeated episodes of violence in stadiums2 (mat., fis.) continuous: (mat.) funzione continua, continuous function; (fis.) spettro continuo, continuous spectrum; (fis.) onda continua, continuous wave; (elettr.) corrente continua, direct current◆ s.m. continuum*: (log.) ipotesi del continuo, continuum hypothesis // (fis.): continuo quadridimensionale, four-dimensional continuum; continuo spazio-tempo, space-time continuum.* * *[kon'tinuo] 1.1) (ininterrotto) [produzione, lavoro] continuous, nonstop; [rumore, flusso, crescita] continuous, uninterrupted; [tendenza, sforzo] continuing; [ linea] continuous, unbrokenin continuo aumento — ever-growing, ever-increasing
2) (frequente) [liti, domande, tentativi, cambiamenti] constant, continual3) di continuo continually2.sostantivo maschile continuum** * *continuo/kon'tinuo/L'inglese standard distingue le due accezioni dell'aggettivo italiano continuo; quando significa ininterrotto, cioè descrive cose o azioni che non hanno sosta, si usa continuous; quando invece continuo descrive una serie di azioni ripetute ma distinte (e spesso viste come negative e irritanti), si usa continual: crescita continua = continuous growth; interruzioni continue = continual interruptions. - La medesima differenza vale per il corrispondente avverbio continuamente (v. la voce relativa), che è continuously o continually. - Nell'inglese popolare si sta sviluppando la tendenza a trascurare questa distinzione, e pertanto continuous/ly è d'uso molto più frequente di continual/ly.1 (ininterrotto) [produzione, lavoro] continuous, nonstop; [rumore, flusso, crescita] continuous, uninterrupted; [tendenza, sforzo] continuing; [ linea] continuous, unbroken; in continuo aumento ever-growing, ever-increasing2 (frequente) [liti, domande, tentativi, cambiamenti] constant, continual3 di continuo continuallycontinuum*. -
84 радиус
* * *ра́диус м.
radiusвыгиба́ть [изгиба́ть] по (малому, большому) ра́диусу — bend on a (small, large) radiusа́томный ра́диус — atomic radiusра́диус взры́ва — blasting radius, explosive rangeра́диус вне́шней галте́ли — round radius, radius of a roundра́диус вну́тренней галте́ли — fillet radiusра́диус впи́санной окру́жности — radius of an inscribed circle, inradiusгидравли́ческий ра́диус — hydraulic radiusра́диус гла́вной кривизны́ геод. — radius of principal curvatureра́диус де́йствия (напр. передатчика) — effective rangeв ра́диусе де́йствия — be within the range ofра́диус закругле́ния кро́мок — edge [corner] radiusра́диус земли́, станда́ртный — standard earth's radiusра́диус земли́, эффекти́вный — effective earth's radiusра́диус ине́рции — radius of inertia, radius of gyrationра́диус ине́рции сече́ния — section radius of inertiaра́диус ине́рции сте́ржня ( при продольном изгибе) — radius of gyrationра́диус карка́са ши́ны по коро́не — radius of the tyre carcass at the crownра́диус каче́ния ши́ны — rolling radius of a tyreра́диус кривизны́ — radius of curvature, first curvature (of a space curve at a point)ра́диус кривоши́па — crank radius, crank throwра́диус круче́ния — radius of torsionметацентри́ческий ра́диус — metacentric radiusметацентри́ческий, дифференциа́льный ра́диус — differential metacentric radiusметацентри́ческий, попере́чный ра́диус — transverse metacentric radiusметацентри́ческий, продо́льный ра́диус — longitudinal metacentric radiusра́диус надре́за — notch radiusнулево́й ра́диус — zero radius (of a tyre)ра́диус опи́санной окру́жности — radius of a circumscribed circle, circumradius, long radiusра́диус поворо́та авто — turning radiusполя́рный ра́диус — radius vector (in polar coordinates)ра́диус разгру́зки экскава́тора — discharge radius of an excavatorра́диус сходи́мости — radius of convergenceра́диус циркуля́ции ( судна) — radius of the turning circleра́диус че́рпания экскава́тора — digging radius of an excavatorра́диус ши́ны по коро́не пе́рвого сло́я — radius of the first ply at the crown of a tyreра́диус экрани́рования, деба́евский — Debye shielding distance -
85 служба
* * *слу́жба ж.
serviceавари́йная доро́жная слу́жба — break-down (road) serviceслу́жба вре́мени и частоты́ — standard frequency and time serviceдиспе́тчерская, аэродро́мная слу́жба — airdrome controlдиспе́тчерская слу́жба подхо́да ав. — approach controlдозиметри́ческая слу́жба — radiation monitoring serviceмаркше́йдерская слу́жба — surveyingслу́жба мер и весо́в — measure and weight serviceслу́жба пого́ды — weather serviceпоиско́во-спаса́тельная слу́жба — search-and-rescue serviceпротивопожа́рная слу́жба — fire-fighting serviceрадиоастрономи́ческая слу́жба — radio astronomy serviceрадиовеща́тельная слу́жба — broadcasting (radio) serviceрадиолокацио́нная слу́жба — radiolocation serviceслу́жба радиосвя́зи — radio serviceслу́жба радиосвя́зи, авиацио́нная — aeronautical (radio) serviceслу́жба радиосвя́зи, косми́ческая — space (radio) serviceслу́жба радиосвя́зи, метеорологи́ческая — radio meteorological serviceслу́жба радиосвя́зи, морска́я — maritime (radio) serviceслу́жба радиосвя́зи, навигацио́нная — navigation (radio) serviceслу́жба радиосвя́зи, назе́мная — land (radio) serviceслу́жба радиосвя́зи, подви́жная — mobile (radio) serviceслу́жба радиосвя́зи, стациона́рная — fixed (radio) serviceсанита́рно-гигиени́ческая слу́жба — sanitation serviceслу́жба спаса́ния — rescue serviceслу́жба управле́ния возду́шным движе́нием [УВД] — air traffic control [ATC] serviceслу́жба широ́т астр. — latitude serviceслу́жба электросвя́зи, авиацио́нная — aeronautical telecommunication service -
86 по отношению к
По отношению к - with reference to, in reference to, with respect to, in respect to, with relation to, in relation to, relative to, compared toThe purity of isolated DNA was calculated with reference to the DNA standard.An additional complication is usually involved if the production rate varies nonlinearly with respect to available power.The top corner of the hot wall was always in the same point in space relative to the laboratory floor.A disturbance level of 2.5 percent compared to average speed resulted in a general elevation in heat transfer coefficients of 50 to 60 percent.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > по отношению к
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87 norma zagęszczenia
• floor space standardSłownik polsko-angielski dla inżynierów > norma zagęszczenia
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88 Определенные артикли перед существительными, которые однозначно определены контекстом в момент использования
Let us consider the equation $y=ax+b$Let $x$ be the root of equation (1) (если (1) имеет единственный корень)Let $T$ be the linear transformation defined by (1) (если оно единственно)We see that $x=1$ in the compact set $X$ of all points at distance 1 from $A$Let $B$ be the Banach space of all linear operators in $X$Let $A=B$ under the usual boundary conditionsThis notation is introduced with the natural definitions of addition and multiplicationUsing the standard inner (scalar, dot) product, we may (can) conclude that $Ax=0$Русско-английский словарь по прикладной математике и механике > Определенные артикли перед существительными, которые однозначно определены контекстом в момент использования
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89 область
1.region 2.range 3.area 4.zoneобласть антицентра Галактикиanticenter regionобласть взаимодействияinteraction regionобласть включающая источникиsource regionобласть влияния приливовtidewaterобласть всплывающего потокаemerging flux regionобласть вспышкиflare(-producting) regionобласть D ионосферыD-regionобласть Е ионосферыE-regionобласть F ионосферыF-regionобласть звездообразования1.region of star formation 2.star-forming regionобласть излучающая водородную линиюhydrogen emission regionобласть излученияemitting areaобласть ионизированного водорода1.ionized hydrogen region 2.H Ⅱ regionобласть между спиральными рукавами Галактикиinterarm regionобласть метровых волнmeter rangeобласть нейтрального водорода1.neutral hydrogen region 2.H Ⅰ regionобласть непрозрачностиopaque regionобласть охватаincidence (of aurora)область поглощенияabsorbing regionобласть прозрачностиtransparent regionобласть пространстваspatial regionобласть с низкой напряженностью магнитного поля на Солнцеneutral regionобласть солнечной короныsolar corona regionобласть СтремгренаStromgren sphere (of ionized hydrogen around hot star)область центра Галактикиcentral region of the Galaxyобласть чувствительностиsensitive regionобласть эффективного отраженияradar depth (in radio location of planets)область ядраnuclear region (of galaxy)активная областьactive regionактивная область на Солнцеsolar-active regionактивная область фотосферыactive photospheric regionбиполярная магнитная областьbipolar magnetic region (on the Sun)ближняя инфракрасная областьnear infraredблизкополюсная областьpolar region (of celestial sphere)видимая областьvisible rangeвнешняя областьouter regionвнутреняя областьinner regionвозмущенная область1.disturbed area 2.disturbed regionгарвардские стандартные областиHarvard standard regionsгелиевая областьhelium-rich shellдальняя инфракрасная область спектраfar-infrared regionдальняя ультрафиолетовая область спектраfar-ultraviolet regionинфракрасная область спектраinfraredизлучающая областьemission regionкомпактная область ионизированного водородаcompact H Ⅱ regionмагнитная униполярная областьunipolar magnetic regionмежспикульная областьinterspicular regionночная Е-областьnight-time E regionоколополярная область небаcircumpolar regionоптическая областьoptical region (of spectrum)переходная областьtransition regionподсолнечная областьsubsolar regionполярная областьpolar region (of a planet)рабочая областьoperating region (of spectrum)релятивистская областьrelativistic regionспектральная областьspectral rangeсредняя инфракрасная областьmid infraredтемная область удаленные областиdistant regions (of universe)ультрафиолетовая область спектраultraviolet regionэкваториальная областьequatorial regionэфемерная областьephemeral region -
90 система
1.system 2.frameсистема астрономических координатastronomical coordinate systemсистема астрономических постоянныхsystem of astronomical constantsсистема волоконlight ripples (in nebulae)система волокон арочныхarch filament systemсистемы вращения ЮпитераJupiter System Ⅰ, Ⅱсистема галактикsystem of galaxiesсистема ГрегориGregory systemсистема для перекладки телескопаreversal systemсистема звездных величинmagnitude systemсистема инструментаsystem of instrumentсистема КассегренаCassegrain systemсистема каталогаsystem of catalogueсистема колецring system (of planet)система кометsystem of cometsсистема координат1.coordinate system 2.reference systemсистема КудэCoude systemсистема МаксутоваMaksutov systemсистема МерсеннаMersenne systemсистема многих телmany-body systemсистема НесмитаNasmith systemсистема НьютонаNewton(ian) systemсистема обработки данныхdata-handing systemсистема отсчетаframe of referenceсистема первичного фокусаинстр. prime focus systemсистема петлеобразных протуберанцевloop prominence systemсистема полуволновых диполейрда. broadside of half-wave dipolesсистема разгрузки зеркалаинстр. support systemсистема растяжек конусообразнаяинстр. teepee (tipi) design (of main telescope mirror)система собственных движений звездproper motion systemсистема спектральной классификации звездspectral classification systemсистема спутниковsatellite system (of planet)система счисленияnumerationсистема счисления двоичнаяbinary numerationсистема счисления десятичнаяdecimal numerationсистема U, B, V звездных величинStebbins–Whitford systemсистема управления телескопомcontrol systemсистема ШмидтаSchmidt systemантенная система, излучающая вдоль осирда. end-fire arrayантенная система, работающая на фиксированной частотерда. fixed-frequency arrayантенная система с карандашной диаграммой направленностирда. pencil-beam (aerial) systemастронавигационная системаstellar guidance systemафокальная системаопт. afocal systemахроматическая системаachromatic systemгалактическая система координатgalactic systemгарвардская система классификации звездных спектровHenry Draper (HD) systemгелиоцентрическая система мира1.Copernican system 2.heliocentric systemгеоцентрическая система мира1.geocentric system 2.Ptolemaic systemдвойная система декартова система координатCartesian systemдолготная системаlongitude system (on Jupiter)звездная системаstellar systemидеальная оптическая системаideal optical systemизмерительная система1.measuring system 2.metering systemимпульсная система радиолокатораpulsed radarинерциальная системаinertial systemинерциальная система координатinertial coordinate systemЙоркская система спектральной классификации звездYerkes systemкоррекционная системаcorrectorкосмическая системаspace systemкратная системаmultiple system (of stars)лабораторная система координатlaboratory coordinate systemликская система определения лучевых скоростейзва. Lick systemлинейная антенная системарда. linear arrayлокальная система отсчетаlocal reference systemлокальная геомагнитная система координатlocal geomagnetic coordinate systemлучевая системаray systemмагнитосферные системы координатmagnetospheric coordinate systemsменисковая системаmeniscus (optical) systemместная система звездlocal starsместная система координатlocal systemместная система межзвездного водородаlocal system of hydrogenметагалактическая системаmetagalactic systemметеорологическая система исследования атмосферыгфз. atmospheric sounding systemмногодипольная системарда. broadside array of dipolesмногоцветная системаmulticolor systemмногоэлементная антенная системарда. multielement arrayмногоэлементная антенная система, работающая по схеме интерферометрарда. interferometer arrayмногоэлементная антенная система с расположением отражающих элементов по окружностирда. circular arrayновая система галактических координатnew galactic coordinate systemобратимая системаbilateral systemоптическая системаoptical systemоптическая система телескопаtelescope optical system1-я и 2-я системы долгот на ЮпитереSystem Ⅰ & System Ⅱ longitude of Jupiterпланетная системаsystem of planetsплоская синфазная антенная системарда. broadside arrayптолемеева система мираPtolemaic systemрадиосистема долгот на Юпитереradio longitudes of Jupiterследящая система1.tracking system 2.servo systemсложная антенная системарда. antenna arrayСолнечная система1.Solar system 2.Sun’s system 3.planet systemсолнечно-магнитная системаsolar magnetic systemсолнечно-магнитосферная системаsolar magnetospheric systemсолнечно-эклиптическая система координатsolar ecliptic coordinate systemспиральная звездная системаspiral systemсфероидальная звездная системаspheroidal stellar systemтелеметрическая системаtelemetry systemтелескопическая системаtelescopic systemтесная двойная системаclose binary systemфотометрическая системаphotometric systemфотометрическая система U, B, VU, B, V systemфундаментальная система фундаментальная система координатfundamental coordinate systemфундаментальная система собственных движений звездsystem of fundamental proper motionчувствительная системаsensory systemшестицветная фотометрическая системаsix-color systemэкваториальная системаequatorial system (of coordinates)эклиптическая системаecliptic system (of coordinates)эллиптическая системаelliptic system (of galaxy) -
91 exinde
ex-indē, and apocopated exin (like dein, proin, from deinde, proinde; cf.I.also: dein etiam saepe et exin pro deinde et exinde dicimus,
Cic. Or. 45, 154; also exim, like him, illim, istim; acc. to the best MSS. in Enn. ap. Fest. p. 356, 4; Plaut. Poen. 3, 6, 9; Lucr. 3, 160; Verg. A. 7, 341; 8, 306; 12, 92; Tac. A. 14, 48 al.; M. Aurel. ad Fronto, p. 54; cf. exsim, eutheôs, Gloss. Philox.; v. Lachm. ad Lucr. p. 148; Wagn. ad Verg. A. 7, 341, and tom. 5, p. 437; v. Ritschl, Rhein. Mus. 7, 472 sqq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 218), adv., from there, from that place, thence (freq., but not in Ter., Caes., or Quint.).In space (very rare;B.not in Cic.): utcumque in alto ventus est, Epidice, exin velum vortitur,
from there, thence, Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 47; id. Poen. 3, 6, 9:si servus cujusquam in ecclesiam altariave armatus... irruerit, exinde protinus abstrahatur,
Cod. Just. 1, 12, 4:regionem Commagenam, exim Cappadociam, inde Armenios petivit,
Tac. A. 15, 12.—Transf., in (local) succession, after that, next in order, next:II.at vero quanta maris est pulchritudo!... exin mari finitimus aër, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 101: hinc Equus summum contingit caput alvo... exin contortis Aries cum cornibus haeret, id. poët. ib. 2, 43, 111:auxiliares Galli Germanique in fronte, post quos pedites sagittarii, dein quatuor legiones... exin totidem aliae legiones,
Tac. A. 2, 16.In time, after that, thereafter, then: exin compellare pater me voce videtur, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 45, ed. Vahl.): POPULI PARTES IN TRIBUS DISTRIBUUNTO;b.EXIN PECUNIAS, AEVITATES, ORDINES PARTIUNTO,
Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 7:exin cuidam rustico Romano dormienti visus est venire qui diceret, etc.... exin filium ejus esse mortuum, etc.,
id. Div. 1, 26, 55: quisque suos patimur Manes;exinde per amplum Mittimur Elysium,
Verg. A. 6, 743:ad Mundam exinde castra Punica mota,
Liv. 24, 42, 1.—After ubi or postquam (cf. deinde, II. d.):B.ostium ubi conspexi, exinde me ilico protinam dedi,
Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 84:postquam alium repperit... me exinde amovit loco,
id. Truc. 1, 1, 63.—Transf.1.In an enumeration or succession of events, after that, then, next, furthermore (cf. deinde, II. A. b.): pone petunt, exim referunt ad pectora tonsas, Enn. s. v. tonsam, p. 356 Müll. (Ann. v. 236, ed. Vahl.): incenditque animum famae venientis amore;2.Exin bella viro memorat, quae, etc.,
Verg. A. 6, 891:exin se cuncti divinis rebus ad urbem Perfectis referunt,
id. ib. 8, 306; Liv. 31, 4, 4; 31, 6, 2; 37, 47, 8; 40, 35, 2;42, 9, 8: Suillio corruptionem militum... exin adulterium Poppaeae, ac postremum mollitiam corporis objectante,
Tac. A. 11, 2; cf. id. ib. 15, 41.—In late Lat., i. q. ex illo tempore, from that time, since then:III.quem morem vestis exinde gens universa tenet,
Just. 1, 2:cum post motam et omissam quaestionem res ad nova dominia bona fide transierint, et exinde novi viginti anni intercesserint, etc.,
Cod. Just. 7, 33; Dig. 10, 1, 4; 41, 6, 4; 49, 15, 12.—With ut, cum, ex quo:exinde, ut curiam participare coepi,
App. Mag. p. 289; so,exinde ut,
id. M. 2, p. 120:exinde cum ex astu a magistro digressi sumus,
id. ib. 1, p. 113:videri legatum habere jurisdictionem non exinde, ex quo mandata est, sed, etc.,
Dig. 1, 16, 4, § 6; 5, 1, 67; Cod. Just. 2, 22; 4, 32.—In other relations, in which a going out or forth takes place.A.(Acc. to ex, III. E.) To indicate the origin or occasion of an event (post-class.), thence:B.nec quicquam idonei lucri exinde cepimus, sed vulnera,
App. M. 6, p. 184; Cod. Just. 1, 3, 35: quodcumque exinde incommodum ecclesiae contigerit, ib. 1, 2, 14.—(Acc. to ex, III. H.) To indicate a rule, measure, or standard, hence, accordingly (anteclass.): proinde ut quisque fortuna utitur, ita praecellet;atque exinde sapere eum omnes dicimus,
Plaut. Ps. 2, 3, 14; cf.:ut fama 'st homini, exin solet pecuniam invenire,
id. Most. 1, 3, 71; id. Truc. 1, 1, 64; id. Poen. 3, 5, 9; id. Ep. 1, 1, 47:ad molas alii asellis, alii vaccis ac mulis utuntur, exinde ut pabuli facultas est,
according as, Varr. R. R. 1, 20, 4. -
92 волновод
м. waveguide -
93 длина волны
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94 предельная норма
1. marginal rate2. quota3. limit rateнорма инвестирования; норма накопления — rates of investment
нормы погрузки-выгрузки — loading/unloading standard rates
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > предельная норма
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95 приём
1. м. technique, expedient, procedureстандартный приём, стандартная методика — standard procedure
2. м. reception; receipt -
96 пространство выборок
оценка по выборке; выборочное оценивание — sample estimation
коэффициент отбора; коэффициент выборки — sample coefficient
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > пространство выборок
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97 речевой сигнал
1. speech signalсинхронизирующий сигнал; сигнал синхронизации — clock signal
2. speech waveform3. voice signalпредупредительный сигнал; сигнал оповещения — warning signal
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98 телевидение
с. televisionтелевидение, телевизионное вещание — television broadcast
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99 Voile Fabrics
Very light open plain weave dress fabrics. The best qualities of voile are made with fine, very hard twisted two-fold combed and gassed cotton yarns. Gassing is done to remove all projecting loose fibres and make the yarn surface as clear as possible. It is a distinctive feature of good voile fabrics that warp ends and weft picks should appear singly in the cloth, that is, with a tiny space between adjacent threads. They are woven one end in a dent. Plain voiles are produced white, piece-dyed in self colours, and printed in huge quantities mostly in dainty colourings and very attractive designs. Various fancy stripes and checks are made with voile ground texture. Standard makes of plain cotton voiles are as follows: - * Combed and gassed Sakel. 38 turns per inch ** Combed Sakel. 38 turns per inch *** Combed and gassed Sakel. 46 turns per inch. -
100 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.
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