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81 would

would,

❢ When would is used with a verb in English to form the conditional tense, would + verb is translated by the present conditional of the appropriate verb in French and would have + verb by the past conditional of the appropriate verb: I would do it if I had time = je le ferais si j'avais le temps ; I would have done it if I had had time = je l'aurais fait si j'avais eu le temps ; he said he would fetch the car = il a dit qu'il irait chercher la voiture.

For more examples, particular usages and all other uses of would see the entry below. modal aux ( aussi 'd ; nég wouldn't)

1 (in sequence of past tenses, in reported speech) she said she wouldn't come elle a dit qu'elle ne viendrait pas ; we thought we would be late nous avons pensé que nous serions en retard ; I was sure you' d like it j'étais sûr que ça te plairait ; we were wondering if he'd accept nous nous demandions s'il accepterait ; they promised that they'd come back ils ont promis de revenir ; soon it would be time to get up ce serait bientôt l'heure de se lever ; it was to be the last chance we would have to leave ça devait être la dernière chance que nous aurions de partir ; he thought she would have forgotten il pensait qu'elle aurait oublié ; I wish he would shut the door! il pourrait fermer la porte! ; I wish you'd be quiet! tu ne pourrais pas te taire! ;

2 ( in conditional statements) it would be wonderful if they came ce serait merveilleux s'ils venaient ; I'm sure she would help if you asked her je suis sûr qu'elle t'aiderait si tu le lui demandais ; if we'd left later we would have missed the train si nous étions partis plus tard nous aurions raté le train ; we wouldn't be happy anywhere else nous ne serions heureux nulle part ailleurs ; what would be the best way to approach him? quel serait le meilleur moyen de l'aborder? ; who would ever have believed it? qui l'aurait cru? ; you wouldn't have thought it possible! on n'aurait jamais cru que c'était possible! ; I would have found out sooner or later je l'aurais découvert tôt ou tard ; wouldn't it be nice if… ce serait bien si… ; we wouldn't have succeeded without his help nous n'aurions jamais réussi sans son aide ; it wouldn't be the same without them ça ne serait pas la même chose sans eux ; it cost far less than I would have expected ça a coûté beaucoup moins cher que je n'aurais pensé ;

3 ( expressing willingness to act) do you know anyone who would do it? est-ce que tu connais quelqu'un qui le ferait? ; they couldn't find anyone who would take the job ils n'arrivaient pas à trouver quelqu'un qui accepte ( subj) le poste ; he wouldn't hurt a fly il ne ferait pas de mal à une mouche ; she just wouldn't listen elle ne voulait rien entendre ; after that I wouldn't eat any canned food après cela je ne voulais plus manger de conserves ; he wouldn't do a thing to help il n'a rien voulu faire pour aider ; the police wouldn't give any further details la police a refusé de donner plus de détails ; they asked me to leave but I wouldn't ils m'ont demandé de partir mais j'ai refusé ;

4 ( expressing inability to function) the door wouldn't close la porte ne voulait pas se fermer ; the brakes wouldn't work les freins ne marchaient pas ;

5 (expressing desire, preference) we would like to stay another night nous aimerions rester une nuit de plus ; we'd really love to see you nous aimerions vraiment te voir ; I would much rather travel alone je préfèrerais nettement voyager seul ; she would have preferred a puppy elle aurait préféré un chiot ; which film would you rather see? quel film est-ce que tu préférerais voir? ; I wouldn't mind another slice of cake je prendrais bien un autre morceau de gâteau ; it's what he would have wanted c'est ce qu'il aurait voulu ;

6 ( in polite requests or proposals) would you like something to eat? voudriez-vous quelque chose à manger? ; would you like some more tea? voulez-vous encore du thé? ; would you help me set the table? est-ce que tu pourrais m'aider à mettre la table? ; switch off the radio, would you? éteins la radio, tu veux bien? ; would you be interested in buying a vacuum cleaner? est-ce que vous seriez intéressé par un aspirateur? ; would you like to go to a concert est-ce que tu aimerais aller à un concert? ; would you give her the message? est-ce que vous voulez bien lui transmettre le message? ; would you mind not smoking please? est-ce que ça vous ennuyerait de ne pas fumer s'il vous plaît? ; would you please be quiet un peu de silence s'il vous plaît ; would you be so kind as to leave? sout auriez-vous l'obligeance de partir d'ici? fml ;

7 ( used to attenuate statements) it would seem that he was right il semblerait qu'il avait raison ; so it would seem c'est ce qu'il semble ; you would think they'd be satisfied with the results! on aurait pu penser qu'ils seraient satisfaits des résultats! ; I wouldn't say that je ne dirais pas ça ; I would have thought it was obvious j'aurais pensé que c'était évident ; I wouldn't know je ne pourrais pas vous le dire ;

8 ( when giving advice) I wouldn't do that if I were you je ne ferais pas ça à ta place or si j'étais toi ; I really wouldn't worry à ta place je ne m'en ferais pas ; I would check the timetable first tu ferais bien de vérifier l'horaire d'abord ; I'd give her a ring now tu devrais lui téléphoner maintenant ; wouldn't it be better to write? est-ce que ce ne serait pas mieux d'écrire? ;

9 ( expressing exasperation) ‘he denies it’-‘well he would, wouldn't he?’ ‘il le nie’-‘évidemment!’ ; of course you would contradict him! bien sûr il a fallu que tu le contredises! ; ‘she put her foot in it ○ ’-‘she would!’ ‘elle a mis les pieds dans le plat ○ ’-‘tu m'étonnes!’, ‘c'est bien d'elle!’ ;

10 ( expressing an assumption) what time would that be? c'était vers quelle heure? ; I suppose it would have been about 3 pm je pense qu'il était à peu près 15h 00 ; being so young, you wouldn't remember the war étant donné ton âge tu ne dois pas te rappeler la guerre ; let's see, that would be his youngest son voyons, ça doit être son plus jeune fils ; it would have been about five years ago ça devait être il y a environ cinq ans ; you'd never have guessed she was German on n'aurait jamais cru qu'elle était allemande ;

11 (indicating habitual event or behaviour in past: used to) she would sit for hours at the window elle passait des heures assise à la fenêtre ; every winter the fields would be flooded tous les hivers les champs étaient inondés ; the children would be up at dawn les enfants étaient toujours debout à l'aube ;

12 sout ( if only) would that it were true! si seulement c'était vrai! ; would to God that… plût à Dieu que (+ subj) fml.

Big English-French dictionary > would
82 make

make [meɪk]

faire ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1A (e)-(g), 1B (b)-(d), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(c) fabriquer ⇒ 1A (a) établir ⇒ 1A (c) former ⇒ 1A (d) rendre ⇒ 1B (a) atteindre ⇒ 1C (a), 1C (b) gagner ⇒ 1C (d) marquer ⇒ 1D (d) faire le succès de ⇒ 1E (a) marque ⇒ 3 (a)

(pt & pp made [meɪd])

1 transitive verb

A.

(a) (construct, create, manufacture) faire, fabriquer;

∎ to make one's own clothes faire ses vêtements soi-même;

∎ to make a meal préparer un repas;

∎ I'll make some tea je vais préparer du thé;

∎ they make computers ils fabriquent des ordinateurs;

∎ made in Japan (on packaging) fabriqué au Japon;

∎ a vase made of or from clay un vase en ou de terre cuite;

∎ what's it made of? en quoi est-ce que c'est fait?;

∎ what do you make aluminium from? à partir de quoi est-ce qu'on fabrique l'aluminium?;

∎ he makes models out of matchsticks il fait des maquettes avec des allumettes;

∎ Knitting to make one/two faire un jeté simple/double;

∎ they're made for each other ils sont faits l'un pour l'autre;

∎ familiar we're not made of money! on n'a pas d'argent à jeter par les fenêtres!;

∎ familiar I'll show them what I'm made of! je leur montrerai de quel bois je me chauffe ou qui je suis!

(b) (cause to appear or happen → hole, tear, mess, mistake, noise) faire;

∎ it made a dent in the bumper ça a cabossé le pare-chocs;

∎ he's always making trouble il faut toujours qu'il fasse des histoires

(c) (establish → law, rule) établir, faire;

∎ I don't make the rules ce n'est pas moi qui fais les règlements

(d) (form → circle, line) former

(e) Cinema & Television (direct, act in) faire;

∎ she's making a documentary elle fait un documentaire;

∎ he's made several films with Ridley Scott il a fait plusieurs films avec Ridley Scott

(f) (indicating action performed)

∎ to make an offer faire une offre;

∎ to make a request faire une demande;

∎ to make a note of sth prendre note de qch;

∎ to make a speech faire un discours;

∎ to make a phone call passer un coup de fil;

∎ the Queen will make an official visit to Japan la reine va se rendre en visite officielle au Japon;

∎ we've made a few changes nous avons fait ou apporté quelques modifications;

∎ the police are making inquiries la police procède à une enquête;

∎ I have no further comments to make je n'ai rien à ajouter

(g) (tidy)

∎ to make one's bed faire son lit

B.

(a) (with adj or pp complement) (cause to be) rendre;

∎ to make sb happy/mad rendre qn heureux/fou(folle);

∎ to make oneself useful se rendre utile;

∎ this will make things easier cela facilitera les choses;

∎ it makes her tired ça la fatigue;

∎ what makes the sky blue? qu'est-ce qui fait que le ciel est bleu?;

∎ I'd like to make it clear that it wasn't my fault je voudrais qu'on comprenne bien que je n'y suis pour rien;

∎ make yourselves comfortable mettez-vous à l'aise;

∎ it was hard to make myself heard/understood j'ai eu du mal à me faire entendre/comprendre;

∎ a child would make our happiness complete il ne nous manque qu'un enfant pour que notre bonheur soit parfait

(b) (with noun complement or with "into") (change into) faire;

∎ the film made her (into) a star le film a fait d'elle une vedette;

∎ to make a success of sth réussir qch;

∎ he was made president for life il a été nommé président à vie;

∎ they made Bonn the capital ils ont choisi Bonn pour capitale;

∎ they made Strasbourg the capital of Europe ils ont fait de Strasbourg la capitale de l'Europe;

∎ he makes a joke of everything il tourne tout en plaisanterie;

∎ the building has been made into offices l'immeuble a été réaménagé ou converti en bureaux;

∎ I'll make you a present of it je t'en ferai cadeau;

∎ the latest cheque makes the total £10,000 le dernier chèque porte la somme totale à 10 000 livres;

∎ I can't come in the morning, shall we make it 2 p.m.? je ne peux pas venir le matin, est-ce que 14 heures vous conviendrait?;

∎ if we made it a Wednesday… si on faisait ça un mercredi…;

∎ can we make it your place? est-ce qu'on peut faire ça chez toi?;

∎ better make it or that TWO whiskies mettez-moi un deuxième whisky

(c) (with verb complement) (cause) faire;

∎ what makes you think they're wrong? qu'est-ce qui te fait penser qu'ils ont tort?;

∎ peeling onions makes my eyes water les oignons me font pleurer;

∎ I can't make the coffee machine work je n'arrive pas à faire marcher la machine à café;

∎ you make it look easy à vous voir, on croirait que c'est facile;

∎ the hat/photo makes you look ridiculous tu as l'air ridicule avec ce chapeau/sur cette photo;

∎ don't make me laugh! ne me fais pas rire!

(d) (force, oblige)

∎ to make sb do sth faire faire qch à qn; (stronger) forcer ou obliger ou contraindre qn à faire qch;

∎ they made me wait ils m'ont fait attendre;

∎ if he doesn't want to do it you can't make him s'il ne veut pas le faire, tu ne peux pas l'y obliger ou forcer;

∎ she made herself keep running elle s'est forcée à continuer à courir

C.

(a) (attain, achieve → goal) atteindre;

∎ we made all our production targets nous avons atteint tous nos objectifs de production;

∎ their first record made the top ten leur premier disque est rentré au top ten;

∎ you won't make the team if you don't train tu n'entreras jamais dans l'équipe si tu ne t'entraînes pas;

∎ the story made the front page l'histoire a fait la une des journaux

(b) (arrive at, get to → place) atteindre;

∎ we should make Houston/port by evening nous devrions arriver à Houston/atteindre le port d'ici ce soir;

∎ did you make your train? as-tu réussi à avoir ton train?

(c) (be available for)

∎ I won't be able to make lunch je ne pourrai pas déjeuner avec toi/elle/vous/ etc;

∎ can you make Friday afternoon? vendredi après-midi, ça vous convient?;

∎ I can make two o'clock je peux être là à deux heures

(d) (earn, win) faire, gagner;

∎ how much do you make a month? combien gagnes-tu par mois?;

∎ she made her first million selling beauty products elle a gagné son premier million en vendant des produits de beauté;

∎ what do they make out of the deal? qu'est-ce qu'ils gagnent dans l'affaire?, qu'est-ce que l'affaire leur rapporte?

D.

(a) (amount to, add up to) faire;

∎ 17 and 19 make or makes 36 17 plus 19 font ou égalent 36;

∎ if Kay comes, that will make eight si Kay vient, ça fera huit;

∎ that makes £4, Madam ça fait ou fera 4 livres, Madame;

∎ that makes the third time you've been late this week c'est la troisième fois que vous êtes en retard cette semaine;

∎ how old does that make him? quel âge ça lui fait?

(b) (reckon to be)

∎ I make the answer 257 d'après moi, ça fait 257;

∎ I make it $14 each si je compte bien, ça fait 14 dollars par personne;

∎ what time do you make it? quelle heure as-tu?

(c) (with noun complement) (fulfil specified role, function etc) faire;

∎ these shoes will make an excellent Christmas present ces chaussures feront un très beau cadeau de Noël;

∎ he'll make somebody a good husband ce sera un excellent mari;

∎ he'd make a good teacher il ferait un bon enseignant;

∎ they make a handsome couple ils forment un beau couple;

∎ her reminiscences make interesting reading ses souvenirs sont intéressants à lire

(d) (score) marquer;

∎ Smith made his second century Smith a marqué deux cents points

E.

(a) (make successful) faire le succès de;

∎ it's her performance that makes the film tout le film repose sur son interprétation;

∎ if this deal comes off we're made! si ça marche, on touche le gros lot!;

∎ you've got it made! tu n'as plus de souci à te faire!;

∎ what happens today will make us or break us notre avenir dépend entièrement de ce qui va se passer aujourd'hui

(b) American (in directions)

∎ make a right/left tournez à droite/à gauche

(c) (idioms)

∎ to make it (arrive) arriver; (be successful) réussir; (be able to attend) être là;

∎ I'll never make it for ten o'clock je ne pourrai jamais y être pour dix heures;

∎ we made it to the airport with an hour to spare nous sommes arrivés à l'aéroport avec une heure d'avance;

∎ if he doesn't make it back in ten minutes, start without him s'il n'est pas revenu dans dix minutes, commencez sans lui;

∎ I hope she makes it through the winter j'espère qu'elle passera l'hiver;

∎ he'll never make it as a businessman il ne réussira jamais dans les affaires;

∎ I can't make it for supper tomorrow je ne peux pas dîner avec eux/toi/ etc demain;

∎ American familiar to make sb, to make it with sb (have sex with) coucher avec qn

2 intransitive verb

∎ (act) to make (as if) to faire mine de;

∎ she made (as if) to stand up elle fit mine de se lever;

∎ familiar I walked in trying to make like a businessman je suis entré en essayant d'avoir l'air d'un homme d'affaires^□ ;

∎ familiar he's always making like a tough guy il essaie toujours de jouer les durs;

∎ familiar make like you don't know anything fais comme si tu ne savais pas;

∎ familiar make like you're asleep! fais semblant de dormir!^□ ;

∎ familiar I didn't know what it was all about but I made like I did je ne savais pas de quoi il était question, mais j'ai fait comme si;

∎ to make believe imaginer;

∎ make believe you're a bird imagine que tu es un oiseau;

∎ to make do (with) (manage) se débrouiller (avec); (be satisfied) se contenter (de);

∎ it's broken but we'll just have to make do c'est cassé mais il faudra faire avec ou nous débrouiller avec;

∎ we could make do with ten nous pourrions nous débrouiller avec dix

3 noun

(a) (brand) marque f;

∎ what make of washing machine have you got? quelle est la marque de votre machine à laver?, qu'est-ce que vous avez comme machine à laver?

(b) (in bridge) contrat m

(c) familiar (idiom)

∎ to be on the make (financially) chercher à se faire du fric, chercher à s'en mettre plein les poches; (looking for sexual partner) chasser, draguer

➲ make away with inseparable transitive verb

partir avec;

∎ he made away with the cash il est parti avec l'argent

➲ make for inseparable transitive verb

(a) (head towards) se diriger vers; (hastily) se précipiter vers;

∎ the plane is making for Berlin l'avion se dirige sur Berlin;

∎ he made straight for the fridge il se dirigea tout droit vers le frigo;

∎ when it started to rain everyone made for the trees quand il s'est mis à pleuvoir, tout le monde s'est précipité vers les arbres;

∎ the truck was making right for him le camion fonçait droit sur lui;

∎ he made for his gun il fit un geste pour saisir son pistolet

(b) (contribute to) mener à;

∎ the treaty should make for a more lasting peace le traité devrait mener ou aboutir à une paix plus durable;

∎ this typeface makes for easier reading cette police permet une lecture plus facile;

∎ a good diet makes for healthier babies un bon régime alimentaire donne des bébés en meilleure santé

➲ make of

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (understand) comprendre à;

∎ I don't know what to make of that remark je ne sais pas comment interpréter cette remarque;

∎ can you make anything of these instructions? est-ce que tu comprends quelque chose à ce mode d'emploi?

(b) (attach importance to)

∎ I think you're making too much of a very minor problem je pense que tu exagères l'importance de ce petit problème;

∎ you're making too much of this tu y attaches trop d'importance;

∎ the press has made a lot of this visit la presse a fait beaucoup de bruit autour de cette visite;

∎ the prosecution made much of this fact l'accusation a fait grand cas de ce fait;

∎ familiar do you want to make something of it, then? (threat) tu cherches des histoires ou quoi?

2 inseparable transitive verb

(think of) penser de;

∎ what do you make of the Caines? qu'est-ce que tu penses des Caine?

➲ make off intransitive verb

partir

➲ make off with inseparable transitive verb

partir avec;

∎ he made off with the cash il est parti avec l'argent

➲ make out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (see) distinguer; (hear) entendre, comprendre; (read) déchiffrer;

∎ I could just make out the outline of the castle je distinguais juste la silhouette du château;

∎ I couldn't make out what he said je ne comprenais pas ce qu'il disait;

∎ I can't make out the address je n'arrive pas à déchiffrer l'adresse

(b) (understand) comprendre;

∎ I couldn't make out how to fit it together je ne comprenais pas comment l'assembler;

∎ I can't make her out at all je ne la comprends pas du tout

(c) (claim) prétendre;

∎ she made out that she was busy elle a fait semblant d'être occupée;

∎ don't make yourself out to be something you're not ne prétends pas être ce que tu n'es pas;

∎ it's not as bad as everyone makes out ce n'est pas aussi mauvais qu'on le prétend

(d) (fill out → form) remplir;

∎ to make out a cheque (to sb) faire un chèque (à l'ordre de qn);

∎ who shall I make the cheque out to? je fais le chèque à quel ordre?

(e) (draw up → list) dresser, faire; (→ will, contract) faire, rédiger, établir; (→ receipt) faire

2 intransitive verb

(a) familiar (manage) se débrouiller^□ ;

∎ I'm sure she'll make out whatever happens je suis sûr qu'elle se débrouillera quoi qu'il arrive;

∎ how did you make out at work today? comment ça s'est passé au boulot aujourd'hui?

(b) very familiar (sexually) se peloter;

∎ to make out with sb peloter qn

➲ make over separable transitive verb

(a) (transfer) transférer, céder;

∎ she has made the estate over to her granddaughter elle a cédé la propriété à sa petite-fille

(b) American (convert → room, house) réaménager;

∎ the garage had been made over into a workshop le garage a été transformé en atelier

(c) (change the appearance of) transformer

➲ make up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (put make-up on) maquiller;

∎ to make oneself up se maquiller;

∎ he was heavily made up il était très maquillé ou fardé

(b) (prepare) faire, préparer;

∎ we can make up a bed for you in the living room nous pouvons vous faire un lit dans le salon;

∎ the chemist made up the prescription le pharmacien a préparé l'ordonnance;

∎ the fire needs making up il faut remettre du charbon/du bois sur le feu

(c) (invent) inventer;

∎ I'm sure he made the story up je suis sûr qu'il a inventé cette histoire (de toutes pièces);

∎ I'm making it up as I go along j'improvise au fur et à mesure

(d) Typography mettre en pages

(e) (idiom)

∎ to make up with sb, British to make it up with sb se réconcilier avec qn;

∎ have you made up or British made it up with him? est-ce que vous vous êtes réconciliés?

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (constitute) composer, constituer;

∎ the different ethnic groups that make up our organization les différents groupes ethniques qui constituent notre organisation;

∎ the cabinet is made up of eleven ministers le cabinet est composé de onze ministres;

∎ it's made up of a mixture of different types of tobacco c'est un mélange de plusieurs tabacs différents

(b) (compensate for → losses) compenser;

∎ to make up lost ground regagner le terrain perdu;

∎ he's making up time il rattrape son retard

(c) (complete)

∎ this cheque will help you make up the required sum ce chèque vous aidera à atteindre le montant requis;

∎ we need two more players to make up the team nous avons besoin de deux joueurs de plus pour que l'équipe soit au complet;

∎ I'll make up the difference je mettrai la différence

3 intransitive verb

(a) (put on make-up) se maquiller

(b) (become reconciled) se réconcilier

➲ make up for inseparable transitive verb

compenser;

∎ the pay doesn't make up for the poor conditions le salaire ne compense pas les piètres conditions de travail;

∎ how can I make up for all the trouble I've caused you? que puis-je faire pour me faire pardonner tous les ennuis que je vous ai causés?;

∎ also figurative she's making up for lost time now! elle est en train de rattraper le temps perdu!

➲ make up to

1 separable transitive verb

∎ (idiom) I promise I'll make it up to you someday tu peux être sûr que je te revaudrai ça (un jour)

2 inseparable transitive verb

∎ to make up to sb (try to win favour) essayer de se faire bien voir par qn; (make advances) faire du plat à qn

➲ make with inseparable transitive verb

American familiar

∎ make with the drinks! à boire!;

∎ make with the music! musique!

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > make
83 modulation

1. модуляция

single-tone modulation — модуляция одним тоном

speech modulation — модуляция речевым сигналом

square-law modulation — квадратичная модуляция

wideband modulation — широкополосная модуляция

angle modulation noise — шумы угловой модуляции

2. модуляционный

modulation distortion — модуляционное искажение

modulation distortions — модуляционные искажения

modulation capability — модуляционная способность

modulation characteristic — модуляционная характеристика

modulation transfer function — модуляционная характеристика

The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > modulation
84 Mind

   1) To Know the Different Operations of the Mind

   It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reﬂection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reﬂection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)

   2) The Mind Is Furnished by Experience

   Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)

   3) Mythical Thought Is as Rigorous as That of Modern Science

   The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)

   4) The Mind Has Nothing But Itself to Know Itself

   MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)

   5) To Know Is to Represent Accurately

   [Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)

   6) The Question of Mind in Relation to Machine

   Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)

   7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive Analyses

   Recent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have ﬂourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....

   Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.

   In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.

   The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)

   8) Approaches to the Study of the Mind

   Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.

... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind
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■ Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychology. New York: Holt; London: Methuen (1939).

■ Wundt, W. (1904). Principles of physiological psychology (Vol. 1). E. B. Titchener (Trans.). New York: Macmillan.

■ Wundt, W. (1907). Lectures on human and animal psychology. J. E. Creighton & E. B. Titchener (Trans.). New York: Macmillan.

■ Young, J. Z. (1978). Programs of the brain. New York: Oxford University Press.

■ Ziman, J. (1978). Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
86 TTS
низкотемпературная активация
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- time-temperature sensitization
- TTS
низкотемпературная сенсибилизация
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- time-temperature sensitization
- TTS
преобразование текста в речь
В процессе преобразования текста в речь из кодов текста формируется речевой сигнал. Этот процесс обычно состоит из двух частей:
(1) обработка текста высокого уровня, при которой из последовательности символов (с применением правил чтения, словаря и семантического анализа) вырабатывается набор фонетических, просодических и других параметров;
(2) генерирование акустического сигнала в речевом синтезаторе, который генерирует внятную речь (МСЭ-Т P.10/ G.100).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- text-to-speech synthesis
- TTS
система контроля транзакций
система регистрации транзакций
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
Синонимы
- система регистрации транзакций
EN
- transaction tracking system
- TTS
система отслеживания времени
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- time-tracking system
- TTS
термодинамическая шкала температур
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- thermodynamic temperature scale
- TTS
функция контроля окончания трассы
(МСЭ-Т G.705; G.783).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- trail termination supervisory function
- TTs
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > TTS

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