solid-e

 

твердые отходы
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

solid waste
Discarded solid materials. Includes agricultural waste, mining waste, industrial waste and municipal waste. (Source: LANDY)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• solid waste

DE

• fester Abfall

FR

• déchet solide

 

ток статической выходной цепи находящейся в непроводящем состоянии
-
[IEV number 445-04-04]

EN

off-state current of a solid-state output
electric current which flows through the effectively non-conducting solid-state output of a time relay at a specified voltage
[IEV number 445-04-04]

FR

courant de repos d'une sortie statique, m
courant passant dans la sortie statique à l'état bloqué d'un relais à temps spécifié, pour une tension spécifiée
[IEV number 445-04-04]

Тематики

• реле электрическое
• электротехника, основные понятия

EN

• off-state current of a solid-state output

DE

• Sperrstrom eines Halbleiterausgangs

FR

• courant de repos d'une sortie statique

 

степень защиты
Способ защиты, обеспечиваемый оболочкой от доступа к опасным частям, попадания внешних твердых предметов и (или) воды и проверяемый стандартными методами испытаний.
[ ГОСТ 14254-96( МЭК 529-89)]

степень защиты, обеспечиваемая оболочкой (IP)
Числовые обозначения после кода IP, которые в соответствии с МЭК 60529 [12] характеризуют оболочку электрооборудования, обеспечивающую:
- защиту персонала от прикасания или доступа к находящимся под напряжением или движущимся частям (за исключением гладких вращающихся валов и т.п.), расположенным внутри оболочки;
- защиту электрооборудования от проникания в него твердых посторонних тел и,
- если указано в обозначении, защиту электрооборудования от вредного проникания воды.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-426-2006]

EN

degree of protection of enclosure
IP (abbreviation)
numerical classification according to IEC 60529 preceded by the symbol IP applied to the enclosure of electrical apparatus to provide:
– protection of persons against contact with, or approach to, live parts and against contact with moving parts (other than smooth rotating shafts and the like) inside the enclosure,
– protection of the electrical apparatus against ingress of solid foreign objects, and
– where indicated by the classification, protection of the electrical apparatus against harmful ingress of water
[IEV number 426-04-02 ]

FR

degré de protection procuré par une enveloppe
IP (abréviation)
classification numérique selon la CEI 60529, précédée du symbole IP, appliquée à une enveloppe de matériel électrique pour apporter:
– une protection des personnes contre tout contact ou proximité avec des parties actives et contre tout contact avec une pièce mobile (autre que les roulements en faible rotation) à l'intérieur d'une enveloppe
– une protection du matériel électrique contre la pénétration de corps solide étrangers, et
– selon l’indication donnée par la classification, une protection du matériel électrique contre la pénétration dangereuse de l’eau
[IEV number 426-04-02 ]

Элементы кода IP и их обозначения по ГОСТ 14254-96( МЭК 529-89)

 

Цифры кода IP

Значение для защиты оборудования от проникновения внешних твердых предметов

Значение для защиты людей от доступа к опасным частям

Первая характеристическая цифра

0

Нет защиты

Нет защиты

 

1

диаметром ≥ 50 мм

тыльной стороной руки

 

2

диаметром ≥ 12,5 мм

пальцем

 

3

диаметром ≥ 2,5 мм

инструментом

 

4

диаметром ≥ 1,0 мм

проволокой

 

5

пылезащищенное

проволокой

 

6

пыленепроницаемое

проволокой

 

 

От вредного воздействия в результате проникновения воды

 

Вторая характеристическая цифра

0

Нет защиты

-

 

1

Вертикальное каплепадение

 

 

2

Каплепадение (номинальный угол 15°)

 

 

3

Дождевание

 

 

4

Сплошное обрызгивание

 

 

5

Действие струи

 

 

6

Сильное действие струи

 

 

7

Временное непродолжительное погружение

 

 

8

Длительное погружение

 

Дополнительная буква (при необходимости)

 

-

От доступа к опасным частям

 

A

 

тыльной стороной руки

 

B

 

пальцем

 

C

 

инструментом

 

проволокой

Вспомогательная буква (при необходимости)

 

Вспомогательная информация относящаяся к:

-

 

H

высоковольтным аппаратам

 

 

M

состоянию движения во время испытаний защиты от воды

 

 

S

состоянию неподвижности во время испытаний защиты от воды

 

 

W

Требования в части стойкости оболочек и электрооборудования в целом к климатическим, механическим внешним воздействующим факторам (ВВФ) и специальным средам (кроме проникновения внешних твердых предметов и воды) установлены вне рамок настоящего стандарта.

 

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The code IP indicates the degrees of protection provided by an enclosure against access to hazardous parts, ingress of solid foreign objects and ingress of water.
The degree of protection of an enclosure is identified, in compliance with the specifications of the Standard IEC 60529, by the code letters IP (International Protection) followed by two numerals and two additional letters.
The first characteristic numeral indicates the degree of protection against ingress of solid foreign objects and against contact of persons with hazardous live parts inside the enclosure.
The second characteristic numeral indicates the degree of protection against ingress of water with harmful effects.
[ABB]

Код IP обозначает степень защиты, обеспечиваемую оболочкой от попадания внутрь твердых посторонних предметов и воды.
Степень защиты оболочки обозначается в соответствии со стандартом МЭК 60529 буквенным обозначением IP (International Protection, т. е. Международная защита) после которого следуют две цифры, к которым в некоторых случаях добавляются еще две буквы.
Первая характеристическая цифра обозначает степень защиты от проникновения твердых посторонних предметов и от контакта людей с находящимися внутри оболочки опасными токоведущими частями.
Вторая характеристическая цифра обозначает степень защиты оболочки с точки зрения вредного воздействия, оказываемого проникновением воды.
[Перевод Интент]

 

The protection of enclosures against ingress of dirt or against the ingress of water is defined in IEC529 (BSEN60529:1991). Conversely, an enclosure which protects equipment against ingress of particles will also protect a person from potential hazards within that enclosure, and this degree of protection is also defined as a standard.

The degrees of protection are most commonly expressed as ‘IP’ followed by two numbers, e.g. IP65, where the numbers define the degree of protection. The first digit shows the extent to which the equipment is protected against particles, or to which persons are protected from enclosed hazards. The second digit indicates the extent of protection against water.

The wording in the table is not exactly as used in the standards document, but the dimensions are accurate

 

IP Degree of Protection according to EN/IEC 60529

 

Correlations between IP (IEC) and NEMA 250 standards

IP10 -> NEMA 1
IP11 -> NEMA 2
IP54 -> NEMA 3 R
IP52 -> NEMA 5-12-12 K
IP54 -> NEMA 3-3 S
IP56 -> NEMA 4-4 X
IP67 -> NEMA 6-6 P

[ http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/ip-protection-degree-iec-60529-explained]

Тематики

• безопасность машин и труда в целом
• электробезопасность
• электротехника, основные понятия

Действия

• степень защиты
• степень защиты, обеспечиваемая оболочкой
• степень защиты, обеспечиваемая оболочкой (код IP)

EN

• amount of protection
• degree of protection IP
• degree of protection of an enclosure
• degree of protection of enclosure
• degree of protection provided by enclosure
• enclosure rating
• ingress protection rating
• IP
• IP degree of protection,
• IP rating
• IP Sealing Specification
• IP security
• IPSec
• level of protection
• mechanical rating
• protection
• protection index
• protection rating

DE

• IP-Schutzgrad, m
• Schutzart des Gehäuses, f

FR

• degré de protection procuré par une enveloppe
• IP

pîcqui:

Massif, compacte (S).

Esp., cosa maciza (M).

Angl., something wrapped up, firm, solid (K).

It is solid.

Est dit de la pierre metlatetl. Sah11,263.

Compact.

Est dit au chêne, âhuacuahuitl. Sah11,108.

" cuammaxac, tzôltic, pîcqui, tlatzôlihui, tlapitzâhua ", à l'endroit où l'arbre fait une fourche, c'est étroit, c'est resserré, ça se fait étroit, ça se fait mince - the tree's crotch is tapering. It comes together, it becomes narrow, thin. Sah11,114.

Cf. pîcca-tl et mâpîctôn.

Form: pft. sur pîqui.

surface [ˈsɜ:fɪs]

1. noun

• under the surface [of sea, lake] sous l'eau

• on the surface ( = at first sight) à première vue

• the road surface is icy la chaussée est verglacée

2. transitive verb

[+ road] revêtir ( with de)

3. intransitive verb

[swimmer, diver, whale] remonter à la surface ; [submarine] faire surface ; [news] se faire jour

4. compounds

► surface area noun surface f

► surface mail noun courrier m par voie de surface

► surface-to-air adjective sol-air inv

* * *

1) lit surface f

2) fig apparence f

3) (of solid, cube) côté m

4) ( worktop) plan m de travail

noun modifier lit [ transport] de surface; [ worker] en surface; [ wound] superficiel/-ielle

transitive verb faire le revêtement de

1) lit [person, object] remonter à la surface; [submarine] faire surface

2) fig [tension, anxiety, racism] se manifester; [problem, evidence, scandal] apparaître

3) ( reappear) [person] ( after absence) refaire surface (colloq); ( from bed) se lever; [object] réapparaître

1) (a solid shape or object with a circular base and top and straight sides.) cylindre

2) (any of several pieces of machinery of this shape, solid or hollow: The brake cylinder of his car is leaking.) cylindre

3) (a container in the shape of a cylinder: two cylinders of oxygen.) bouteille

•

- cylindrical

1) (anything out of which something is, or may be, made: Tables are usually made from solid material such as wood.) matériau

2) (cloth: I'd like three metres of blue woollen material.) tissu

1) (consisting of solid(s), liquid(s), gas(es) or any combination of these: the material world.) matériel

2) (belonging to the world; not spiritual: He wanted material things like money, possessions and power.) matériel

3) (essential or important: evidence that is material to his defence.) essentiel

•

- materially

1) ((a large lump or mass of) the solid parts of the surface of the Earth: The ship struck a rock and sank; the rocks on the seashore; He built his house on solid rock.) roc(her)

2) (a large stone: The climber was killed by a falling rock.) roche

3) (a type of hard sweet made in sticks: a stick of Edinburgh rock.) sucre d'orge

•

- rockery

1) (to (cause to) swing gently backwards and forwards or from side to side: The mother rocked the cradle; This cradle rocks.) (se) balancer

2) (to swing (a baby) gently in one's arms to comfort it or make it sleep.) bercer

3) (to shake or move violently: The earthquake rocked the building.) ébranler

•

- rocker

- rock'n'roll

surface ⇒ Surface area measurements

A n

1 lit (of water, land, object) surface f ; on ou at the surface ( of liquid) à la surface ; on the surface ( of solid) sur la surface ; to work at the surface Mining travailler en surface or au jour ;

2 fig apparence f ; to skim the surface of effleurer [problem, issue] ; on the surface it was a simple problem en apparence le problème était simple ; beneath the surface he's very shy au fond il est très timide ; violence is never far below the surface la violence est toujours latente ; to come ou rise to the surface [tensions, feelings, emotions] se manifester ;

3 Math (of solid, cube) côté m, face f ;

4 ( worktop) plan m de travail.

B modif

1 lit [vessel, fleet, transport] de surface ; [work, worker] en surface, au jour ; [wound] superficiel/-ielle ; surface measurements superficie f ;

2 fig [problem, resemblance] superficiel/-ielle ;

3 Ling [structure, grammar, analysis] de surface.

C vtr faire le revêtement de [road, ground] ; to surface sth with revêtir qch de.

D vi

1 lit [object, animal, person] remonter à la surface ; [submarine] faire surface ;

2 fig ( come to surface) [tension, anxiety, racism] se manifester ; [problem, evidence, scandal] apparaître ;

3 ( reappear) [person] ( after absence) refaire surface ○, réapparaître ; ( from bed) se lever ; [object] réapparaître.

feed [fi:d] (pt & pp fed [fed])

1 transitive verb

(a) (provide food for → person, family) nourrir; (→ country) approvisionner; (→ army) ravitailler;

∎ she insisted on feeding us elle a tenu à nous faire manger;

∎ there are ten mouths to feed il y a dix bouches à nourrir;

∎ humorous there's enough here to feed an army il y a de quoi nourrir toute une armée;

∎ the country is no longer able to feed itself le pays n'est plus capable de subvenir à ses besoins alimentaires;

∎ he earns just enough money to feed himself il gagne juste de quoi se nourrir;

∎ they were well fed at the restaurant ils ont bien mangé au restaurant

(b) (give food to → person, animal) donner à manger à; (→ of bird) donner la becquée à; (→ livestock) affourager; (breast-feed) allaiter; (bottle-feed) donner le biberon à; (fertilize → plant, soil, lawn etc) nourrir;

∎ to feed sth to sb, to feed sb sth donner qch à manger à qn;

∎ to feed the birds donner à manger aux oiseaux, nourrir les oiseaux;

∎ familiar to feed one's face s'en mettre plein la lampe, se goinfrer;

∎ she's so ill she isn't even able to feed herself elle est si malade qu'elle n'est pas capable de se nourrir ou de manger toute seule;

∎ he can feed himself already il arrive déjà à manger tout seul;

∎ please do not feed the animals (sign) prière de ne pas donner à manger aux animaux;

∎ how much do you feed your cats? quelle quantité de nourriture donnez-vous à vos chats?;

∎ the chimps are fed a diet of nuts and bananas on donne des noix et des bananes à manger aux chimpanzés;

∎ they were fed to the lions ils ont été jetés en pâture aux lions

(c) figurative (supply → fire, furnace) alimenter; (→ lake, river) se jeter dans; (→ imagination, hope, rumour) alimenter, nourrir;

∎ to feed a parking meter mettre des pièces dans un parcmètre

(d) (transmit)

∎ the results are fed to the departments concerned les résultats sont transmis aux services concernés;

∎ to feed information to sb, to feed sb information donner des informations à qn; (in order to mislead) donner de fausses informations à qn (afin de le tromper);

∎ familiar to feed sb a line faire avaler une histoire à qn

(e) Technology (introduce → liquid) faire passer; (→ solid) faire avancer; (insert → paper, wire etc) introduire; Computing (→ paper) faire avancer, alimenter;

∎ to feed data into a computer entrer des données dans un ordinateur

(f) Theatre (give cue to) donner la réplique à

(g) Sport (pass) passer la balle à, servir;

∎ she keeps feeding her backhand elle n'arrête pas de lui envoyer des balles qu'elle renvoie de son revers;

∎ to feed the forwards alimenter les avants

2 intransitive verb

(person, animal) manger; (baby → gen) manger; (→ breast-feed) téter;

∎ to feed on demand (nursing mother) donner la tétée chaque fois que le bébé le réclame ou à la demande;

∎ to put the cattle out to feed mettre le bétail en ou au pâturage

3 noun

(a) (foodstuff for animal) nourriture f; (hay, oats etc) fourrage m

(b) (meal for baby → breast milk) tétée f; (→ bottled milk) biberon m;

∎ the baby gets its last feed at midnight le bébé boit sa dernière tétée ou son dernier biberon à minuit;

∎ familiar the baby's off his feed le bébé boude son biberon

(c) (meal for animal)

∎ the dog gets two feeds a day le chien a à manger deux fois par jour

(d) familiar (meal) repas^□ m;

∎ that was the best feed I've ever had! je n'ai jamais aussi bien bouffé!

(e) Technology (introduction → of liquid) alimentation f; (→ of solid) avancement m; (device) dispositif m d'alimentation/d'avancement;

∎ petrol feed alimentation f en essence

(f) familiar (actor) acteur(trice) m,f qui donne la réplique^□ ; (comedian's partner) faire-valoir^□ m; (cue) réplique^□ f

►► feed belt (of machine gun) bande-chargeur f (souple);

Technology feed hopper trémie f;

feed line (of comedian) réplique f;

Technology feed pipe tuyau m d'alimentation;

Technology feed pump pompe f d'alimentation

➲ feed back separable transitive verb

(information, results) renvoyer

➲ feed in separable transitive verb

(paper, wire) introduire; Computing (data) entrer

➲ feed on inseparable transitive verb

se nourrir de; figurative se repaître de

➲ feed up separable transitive verb

(animal) engraisser; (goose) gaver;

∎ he needs feeding up (person) il a besoin d'engraisser un peu

heavy ['hevɪ]

lourd ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (e), 1 (f), 1 (i), 1 (k), 1 (m)-(o), 1 (r), 1 (t), 2 chargé ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (k) important ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (p) gros ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (e)-(h) grave ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (r) pénible ⇒ 1 (k) rôle tragique ⇒ 3 (a) dur ⇒ 3 (b)

(compar heavier, superl heaviest, pl heavies)

1 adjective

(a) (in weight) lourd; (object) lourd, pesant;

∎ how heavy is he? combien pèse-t-il?;

∎ how heavy is it? est-ce que c'est lourd?;

∎ it's too heavy for me to lift je ne peux pas le soulever, c'est ou ça pèse trop lourd;

∎ heavy luggage gros bagages mpl, bagages mpl lourds

(b) (burdened, laden) chargé, lourd;

∎ the branches were heavy with fruit les branches étaient chargées ou lourdes de fruits;

∎ her eyes were heavy with sleep elle avait les yeux lourds de sommeil;

∎ archaic or literary she was heavy with child elle était enceinte;

∎ Zoology heavy with young gravide, grosse

(c) (in quantity → expenses, payments) important, considérable; (→ fine, losses) gros (grosse), lourd; (→ taxes) lourd; (→ casualties, damages) énorme, important; (→ crop) abondant, gros (grosse); (→ dew) abondant; (→ user) gros (grosse);

∎ she has a heavy cold elle a un gros rhume, elle est fortement enrhumée;

∎ to have heavy periods avoir des règles abondantes;

∎ there's a heavy demand for teachers il y a une forte ou grosse demande d'enseignants;

∎ her students make heavy demands on her ses étudiants sont très exigeants avec elle ou exigent beaucoup d'elle;

∎ heavy rain forte pluie f;

∎ heavy seas grosse mer f;

∎ heavy showers grosses ou fortes averses fpl;

∎ heavy sleep sommeil m profond ou lourd;

∎ to be a heavy sleeper avoir le sommeil profond ou lourd;

∎ heavy snow neige f abondante, fortes chutes fpl de neige;

∎ they expect heavy trading on the Stock Exchange ils s'attendent à ce que le marché soit très actif;

∎ heavy traffic circulation f dense, grosse circulation f

(d) (using large quantities)

∎ he's a heavy drinker/smoker il boit/fume beaucoup, c'est un grand buveur/fumeur;

∎ a heavy gambler un(une) flambeur(euse);

∎ British familiar the car's very heavy on petrol la voiture consomme énormément d'essence;

∎ familiar you've been a bit heavy on the pepper tu as eu la main un peu lourde avec le poivre

(e) (laborious → movement) lourd; (→ step) pesant, lourd; (→ sigh) gros (grosse), profond; (→ thud) gros (grosse);

∎ he was dealt a heavy blow (hit) il a reçu un coup violent; (from fate) ça a été un rude coup ou un gros choc pour lui;

∎ heavy breathing (from effort, illness) respiration f pénible; (from excitement) respiration f haletante;

∎ heavy fighting is reported in the Gulf on signale des combats acharnés dans le Golfe;

∎ to rule with a heavy hand gouverner de façon très autoritaire;

∎ we could hear his heavy tread on the stairs nous l'entendions monter l'escalier d'un pas lourd;

∎ a heavy landing un atterrissage brutal

(f) (thick → coat, sweater, shoes) gros (grosse); (→ soil) lourd, gras

(g) (person → fat) gros (grosse), corpulent; (→ solid) costaud, fortement charpenté;

∎ a man of heavy build un homme solidement bâti

(h) (coarse, solid → line, lips) gros (grosse), épais(aisse); (thick → beard) gros (grosse), fort;

∎ heavy features gros traits mpl, traits mpl épais ou lourds

(i) (grave, serious → news) grave; (→ responsibility) lourd; (→ defeat) lourd, grave;

∎ familiar things got a bit heavy les choses ont mal tourné

(j) (depressed → mood, spirits) abattu, déprimé;

∎ with a heavy heart, heavy at heart le cœur gros

(k) (tiring → task) lourd, pénible; (→ work) pénible; (→ day, schedule, week) chargé, difficile;

∎ I've got a heavy day ahead of me j'ai une journée chargée devant moi;

∎ heavy going (in horseracing) terrain m lourd;

∎ figurative they found it heavy going ils ont trouvé cela pénible ou difficile;

∎ the rain made the trip heavy going la pluie a rendu le voyage pénible;

∎ it was heavy going getting them to agree j'ai eu du mal à le leur faire accepter;

∎ I found his last novel very heavy going j'ai trouvé son dernier roman très indigeste

(l) (difficult to understand → not superficial) profond, compliqué, sérieux; (→ tedious) indigeste;

∎ the report makes for heavy reading le rapport n'est pas d'une lecture facile ou est ardu

(m) (clumsy → humour, irony) peu subtil, lourd; (→ style) lourd

(n) (food, meal) lourd, indigeste; (wine) corsé, lourd;

∎ these scones are a bit on the heavy side ces scones sont un peu lourds ou indigestes

(o) (ominous, oppressive → air, cloud, weather) lourd; (→ sky) couvert, chargé, lourd; (→ silence) lourd, pesant, profond; (→ smell, perfume) lourd, fort; familiar (→ situation) difficile^□, menaçant^□ ;

∎ to make heavy weather of doing sth avoir du mal à faire qch;

∎ familiar to get heavy with sb devenir agressif avec qn^□

(p) familiar (important) important^□ ;

∎ to have a heavy date avoir un rendez-vous galant

(q) (stress) accentué; (rhythm) aux accents marqués

(r) Physics (body) grave; Nuclear (atom) lourd

(s) Stock Exchange

∎ the market is heavy le marché est lourd ou orienté vers la baisse

(t) Theatre (part → difficult) lourd, difficile; (→ dramatic) tragique

2 adverb

(a) (lie, weigh) lourd, lourdement;

∎ the lie weighed heavy on her conscience le mensonge pesait lourd sur sa conscience;

∎ time hangs heavy on his hands il trouve le temps long

(b) (harshly)

∎ to come on heavy with sb être dur avec qn

3 noun

(a) Theatre (serious part) rôle m tragique; (part of villain) rôle m du traître;

∎ he usually plays the heavy d'habitude il joue des rôles de traître

(b) familiar (tough guy) dur m;

∎ he sent round the heavies il a envoyé les brutes ou les casseurs;

∎ don't come the heavy with me ne joue pas au dur avec moi

(c) familiar (boxer, wrestler) (poids m) lourd^□ m

(d) Military gros calibre m

(e) Scottish (beer) = bière relativement amère, à forte teneur en houblon

(f) British familiar Press

∎ the heavies = les quotidiens de qualité

►► Military heavy artillery artillerie f lourde ou de gros calibre;

familiar heavy breather auteur m de coups de téléphone obscènes^□ ;

American Cookery heavy cream ≃ crème f fraîche épaisse;

Military heavy fire feu m nourri, feu m intense;

British Transport heavy goods vehicle poids m lourd;

American heavy hitter (in baseball) = joueur qui frappe fort et marque beaucoup de points; figurative homme m influent, gros bonnet m;

Chemistry heavy hydrogen hydrogène m lourd, deutérium m;

Industry heavy industry industrie f lourde;

heavy machinery matériel m lourd;

Stock Exchange heavy market marché m lourd;

heavy metal Physics métal m lourd; Music heavy metal m inv;

familiar the heavy mob les casseurs mpl, les durs mpl;

heavy oil huile f lourde;

heavy petting (UNCOUNT) caresses fpl très poussées;

Typography heavy type caractères mpl gras;

Physics heavy water eau f lourde

 

воздействие производства энергии на окружающую среду
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

environmental impact of energy
Energy and environmental problems are closely related, since it is nearly impossible to produce, transport, or consume energy without significant environmental impact. The environmental problems directly related to energy production and consumption include air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, and solid waste disposal. The emission of air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion is the major cause of urban air pollution. Diverse water pollution problems are associated with energy usage. One major problem is oil spills. In all petroleum-handling operations, there is a finite probability of spilling oil either on the earth or in a body of water. Coal mining can also pollute water. Changes in groundwater flow produced by mining operations often bring otherwise unpolluted waters into contact with certain mineral materials which are leached from the soil and produce an acid mine drainage. Solid waste is also a by-product of some forms of energy usage. Coal mining requires the removal of large quantities of earth as well as coal. In general, environmental problems increase with energy use and this combined with the limited energy resource base is the crux of the energy crisis. An energy impact assessment should compare these costs with the benefits to be derived from energy use. (Source: RAU)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• environmental impact of energy

DE

• energiebedingte Umweltbelastung

FR

• impact de l'énergie sur l'environnement

 

давление пара
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

vapour pressure
The partial pressure of water vapour in the atmosphere. For a liquid or solid, the pressure of the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid or solid. (Source: MGH)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• vapour pressure

DE

• Dampfdruck

FR

• tension de vapeur

 

загрязнение
Присутствие инородного вещества: твердого, жидкого или газообразного (ионизированные газы), - которое может вызвать уменьшение диэлектрической прочности или поверхностного сопротивления.
[ ГОСТ Р 52319-2005( МЭК 61010-1: 2001)]

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загрязнение
Любое добавление инородных веществ, твердых, жидких или газообразных (ионизированных газов), которые могли бы уменьшить электрическую прочность изоляции или удельное сопротивление поверхности.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

EN

pollution
any condition of foreign matter, solid, liquid or gaseous (ionized gases), that may affect dielectric strength or surface resistivity
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]

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pollution
any addition of foreign matter, solid, liquid or gaseous that can produce a permanent reduction of dielectric strength or surface resistivity of the insulation
NOTE – Ionized gases of a temporary nature are not considered as to be a pollution.
[IEV number 442-01-28]

---

contamination
the first is defined as area and the second as particulate. The first is caused by surface contaminants that cannot be removed by cleaning or are stained after cleaning. Those may be foreign matter on the surface of, for example a localized area that is smudged, stained, discoloured, mottled, etc., or large areas exhibiting a hazy or cloudy appearance resulting from a film of foreign materials
[IEC 62276, ed. 1.0 (2005-05)]

FR

pollution
tout apport de matériau étranger solide, liquide ou gazeux (gaz ionisés) qui peut entraîner une réduction de la rigidité diélectrique ou de la résistivité de la surface
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]

---

pollution
tout apport de matériau étranger solide, liquide ou gazeux qui peut entraîner une réduction permanente de la rigidité diélectrique ou de la résistivité de surface de l'isolation
NOTE – Les gaz ionisés de nature fugace ne sont pas considérés comme une pollution.
[IEV number 442-01-28]

 

Тематики

• электробезопасность

Обобщающие термины

• изоляция

EN

• contamination
• pollution

DE

• Verschmutzung

FR

• pollution

 

компост из сточного ила и отходов
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

refuse-sludge compost
Compost derived by the biodegradation of the organic constituents of solid wastes and wastewater sludges. The major public health issues associated with composting using solid wastes mixed with sewage sludge are pathogens, heavy metal, and odors. The heat generated during composting, as a result of the activities of thermophilic organisms, is capable of killing bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths present in sewage sludge. The metallic elements in sludge of greatest concern to human health are cadmium, lead, arsenic, selenium, and mercury. Only cadmium is normally found in sewage sludge at levels which, when applied to soils, can be absorbed by plants, and accumulate in edible parts, thereby entering the food chain. (Source: CORBIT)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• refuse-sludge compost

DE

• Müll-Klärschlamm-Kompost

FR

• compost de boues résiduaires

 

мокрый скруббер
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

wet scrubber
1) An air cleaning device that literally washes out the dust. Exhaust air is forced into a spray chamber, where fine water particles cause the dust to drop from the air stream. The dust-ladden water is then treated to remove the solid material and is often recirculated. 2) Equipment through which a gas is passed to remove impurities (solid, liquid, or gaseous particles) by intimate contact with a suitable liquid, usually an aqueous medium. (Source: LANDY / BRACK / ALL)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• wet scrubber

DE

• Naßabscheider

FR

• appareil de dépoussiérage par voie humide

 

однослойный вкладыш (втулка)
Вкладыш (втулка) подшипника скольжения, выполненный (ая) из одного материала.
[ ГОСТ ИСО 4378-1-2001]

Тематики

• подшипники

Обобщающие термины

• элементы конструкции узлов подшипников скольжения

EN

• solid half-bearing (solid-bush)

FR

• demi-coussinet massif (bague massive)

 

оксидно-полупроводниковый конденсатор
Оксидный конденсатор, катод которого представляет собой слой полупроводника, нанесенного непосредственно на оксидный слой.
Примечание
В зависимости от материала анода конденсаторы разделяются на алюминиевые, танталовые, ниобиевые и др.
[ ГОСТ 21415-75]

Тематики

• конденсаторы для электронной аппаратуры

EN

• solid-electrolyte capacitor

DE

• Halbleiteroxydkondensator

FR

• condensateur à électrolyte solide

25. Оксидно-полупроводниковый конденсатор

D. Halbleiteroxydkondensator

E. Solid-electrolyte capacitor

F. Condensateur à électrolyte solide

Источник: ГОСТ 21415-75: Конденсаторы. Термины и определения оригинал документа

 

полупроводниковый контактор
Аппарат, выполняющий функции контактора посредством использования полупроводникового коммутационного аппарата.
Примечание. Полупроводниковый контактор может также включить в себя контактные коммутационные аппараты.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

EN

semiconductor contactor (solid-state contactor)
device which performs the function of a contactor by utilizing a semiconductor switching device
NOTE - A semiconductor contactor may also contain mechanical switching devices.
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]

FR

contacteur à semi-conducteurs (contacteur statique)
dispositif qui remplit la fonction d'un contacteur en utilisant un appareil de connexion à semi-conducteurs
NOTE - Un contacteur à semi-conducteurs peut aussi comporter des appareils mécaniques de connexion
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]

Тематики

• аппарат, изделие, устройство...

EN

• semiconductor contactor
• solid-state contactor

FR

• contacteur statique
• contacteur à semi-conducteurs

 

псевдоожиженный слой
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

fluidised bed
1) A system for burning solid carbonaceous fuel efficiently and at a relatively low temperature, thus minimizing the emission of pollutants. The fuel is crushed to very small particles or a powder and mixed with particles of an inert material. The mixture is fed into a bed through which air is pumped vertically upwards, agitating the particles so they behave like a fluid. The forced circulation of air and the small size and separation of fuel particles ensures efficient burning.
2) A bed of finely divided solid through which air or a gas is blown in a controlled manner so that it behaves as a liquid.
(Source: ALL / BRACK)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• fluidised bed

DE

• Wirbelschicht

FR

• lit fluidisé