soft+sounds

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

lĭquesco, lĭcŭi, 3, v. inch. n. [liqueo], to become fluid or liquid, to melt.

Lit.:

tabes nivis liquescentis,

Liv. 21, 36:

haec ut cera liquescit,

Verg. E. 8, 80; Ov. M. 5, 431:

volnificusque chalybs vastā fornace liquescit,

Verg. A. 8, 446; Plin. 37, 10, 59, § 162:

corpora foeda jacent... dilapsa liquescunt,

i. e. putrefy, Ov. M. 7, 550.—

Transf.

To become clear, limpid: aqua liquescit ac subsidit, Auct. B. Alex. 5.—

Of the liquid sound of l, m, n, r with other consonants, to merge, coalesce, be confined with other sounds:

eorum sonus liquescit et tenuatur,

Val. Prob. p. 1389 P.—

Trop.

To grow soft, effeminate:

qua (voluptate) cum liquescimus,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 22, 52. —

To melt or waste away:

fortuna liquescit,

Ov. Ib. 425.—Of a person:

minui et deperire, et, ut proprie dicam, liquescere,

Sen. Ep. 26.

lĭquesco, lĭcŭi, 3, v. inch. n. [liqueo], to become fluid or liquid, to melt.

Lit.:

tabes nivis liquescentis,

Liv. 21, 36:

haec ut cera liquescit,

Verg. E. 8, 80; Ov. M. 5, 431:

volnificusque chalybs vastā fornace liquescit,

Verg. A. 8, 446; Plin. 37, 10, 59, § 162:

corpora foeda jacent... dilapsa liquescunt,

i. e. putrefy, Ov. M. 7, 550.—

Transf.

To become clear, limpid: aqua liquescit ac subsidit, Auct. B. Alex. 5.—

Of the liquid sound of l, m, n, r with other consonants, to merge, coalesce, be confined with other sounds:

eorum sonus liquescit et tenuatur,

Val. Prob. p. 1389 P.—

Trop.

To grow soft, effeminate:

qua (voluptate) cum liquescimus,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 22, 52. —

To melt or waste away:

fortuna liquescit,

Ov. Ib. 425.—Of a person:

minui et deperire, et, ut proprie dicam, liquescere,

Sen. Ep. 26.

lovely ['lʌvlɪ] (compar lovelier, superl loveliest)

1 adjective

(a) (in appearance → person) beau (belle), joli; (→ child) joli, mignon; (→ home, scenery, dress) joli

(b) (view, evening, weather) beau (belle); (holiday) (très) agréable; (meal) excellent;

∎ what a lovely day! quelle belle journée!;

∎ we had a lovely day at the beach nous avons passé une très agréable journée à la plage;

∎ have a lovely time! amusez-vous bien!;

∎ it's a lovely idea c'est une très bonne idée;

∎ it's lovely to see you je suis enchanté ou ravi de vous voir;

∎ British this wool is lovely and soft cette laine est très douce au toucher;

∎ British it's lovely and warm by the fire il fait bon près de la cheminée;

∎ it sounds lovely cela a l'air très bien;

∎ would you like to come to dinner next week? - that'd be lovely tu veux venir dîner la semaine prochaine? - ça serait vraiment bien ou avec plaisir

(c) (in character) charmant, très aimable;

∎ what a lovely woman! quelle femme charmante!;

∎ her parents are lovely people ses parents sont des gens charmants

2 noun

familiar (girl) mignonne f;

∎ come on, my lovely (said to a horse) allez, hue cocotte

✾ Play ✾ Film 'Oh! What a Lovely War' Chilton, Attenborough 'Ah Dieu! que la guerre est jolie!'