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81 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) esboço2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) esboço3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) cena2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) esboçar2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) desenhar•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book* * *[sketʃ] n 1 croqui, esboço, desenho rápido. 2 projeto, plano. 3 declinação. 4 história curta, descrição resumida. 5 sketch TV, Radio, Theat cena, ato cômico. • vt 1 esboçar, fazer croqui. 2 traçar, projetar. composite sketch retrato falado. -
82 sketch
n. skeç, kısa güldürü, kısa hikâye, taslak, eskiz, kabataslak çizim, kroki————————v. kabataslak çizmek, taslağını yapmak, taslağını çizmek, eskizini çizmek, kabaca açıklamak, kroki yapmak* * *1. kabataslak çiz (v.) 2. taslak çiz (v.) 3. taslak (n.)* * *[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) taslak, kroki2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) kısa tanım, kesim3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) skeç2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) taslak yapmak2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) kabataslak resim yapmak•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book -
83 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) skica2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) kratek prikaz3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) skeč2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) napraviti osnutek2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) skicirati•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book* * *[skeč]1.nounskica, študija; očrt, (prvi) osnutek, načrt, obris; shema; kratek prikaz; theatre & music skeč, igra, kratko glasbeno delo; književna črtica, kratka pripoved; slang čudaško oblečena oseba;2.transitive verb & intransitive verbskicirati (često up) (na)risati; napraviti osnutek, načrtati; prikazati v kratkih, grobih potezah -
84 sketch
• ideoida• tuntomerkit• tuokiokuva• havainnollistaa• hupailu• ehdotelma• ehdotus• skitsi• sketsitechnology• aihio• tehdä luonnos• kehitellä• kaavailla• hahmottelu• hahmottaa• harjoitelma• hahmotelma• hahmotella• muotoilu• muotoilla• sommitella• suunnitella• suunnitelma• ääriviivapiirros• ääripiirros• kypsytellä• kuvailla• piirtää• piirustus• piirros• piirustaa• piirretty elokuva• konsepti• konstruoida• luonnos(tekniikka)• luonnostaa• luoda• luonnos• luonnostella• lyhyt näytelmätechnology• luonnos (tek.)* * *ske 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) luonnos2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) yhteenveto3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) sketsi2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) hahmotella2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) luonnostella•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book -
85 sketch
I [sketʃ]1) (drawing, draft) schizzo m.; (hasty outline) abbozzo m.2) (comic scene) sketch m.3) (brief account) profilo m., descrizione f. sommariaII 1. [sketʃ]character sketch of sb. — = ritratto o descrizione sintetica di una persona
1) (make drawing of) schizzare; (hastily) abbozzare2) (describe briefly) descrivere sommariamente, delineare [ story]2.verbo intransitivo (as art, hobby) fare schizzi* * *[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) schizzo, disegno2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) profilo3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) sketch, scenetta2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) schizzare, abbozzare2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) fare schizzi•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book* * *[skɛtʃ]1. n1) (drawing) schizzo, abbozzo, (fig: rough draft: of ideas, plan) abbozzo, schema m, (description) schizzo2. vt(draw) schizzare, abbozzare, (fig: ideas, plan) abbozzare•* * *sketch /skɛtʃ/n.1 schizzo; disegno; abbozzo; schema: a free-hand sketch, uno schizzo a mano libera; a charcoal sketch, uno schizzo a carboncino; a rough sketch, un primo abbozzo3 breve descrizione; breve e rapida trattazione; profilo: a biographical sketch, un profilo biografico; a thumbnail sketch, una descrizione sommaria4 (fam.) tipo ridicolo; macchietta● sketch-block = sketch pad ► sotto □ sketch map, mappa schematica □ sketch pad, album per schizzi; blocco da disegno □ sketch writer, bozzettista; (GB anche) cronista parlamentare □ sketch writing, bozzettistica □ to draw a sketch, buttar giù uno schizzo.(to) sketch /skɛtʃ/A v. t.2 delineare; descrivere per sommi capi; abbozzare; tratteggiare: to sketch a plan, abbozzare un pianoB v. i.( arte) fare schizzi; fare bozzetti* * *I [sketʃ]1) (drawing, draft) schizzo m.; (hasty outline) abbozzo m.2) (comic scene) sketch m.3) (brief account) profilo m., descrizione f. sommariaII 1. [sketʃ]character sketch of sb. — = ritratto o descrizione sintetica di una persona
1) (make drawing of) schizzare; (hastily) abbozzare2) (describe briefly) descrivere sommariamente, delineare [ story]2.verbo intransitivo (as art, hobby) fare schizzi -
86 spell
I [spel]nome (magic words) formula f. magica, incantesimo m.II [spel]to cast o put a spell on sb. stregare qcn. (anche fig.); to be under sb.'s spell — fig. essere stregato o ammaliato da qcn
III 1. [spel]rainy spell — periodo piovoso o di piogge
1) compitare, sillabare2.to spell sth. correctly o properly scrivere correttamente qcs.; C-A-T spells cat le lettere C-A-T formano la parola cat; will you spell that please? — (on phone) può fare lo spelling per favore?
he spells badly, well — fa, non fa errori di ortografia
* * *I [spel] past tense, past participle - spelt; verb1) (to name or give in order the letters of (a word): I asked him to spell his name for me.)2) ((of letters) to form (a word): C-a-t spells `cat'.)3) (to (be able to) spell words correctly: I can't spell!)4) (to mean or amount to: This spells disaster.)•- speller- spelling II [spel] noun1) (a set or words which, when spoken, is supposed to have magical power: The witch recited a spell and turned herself into a swan.)2) (a strong influence: He was completely under her spell.)III [spel] noun1) (a turn (at work): Shortly afterwards I did another spell at the machine.)2) (a period of time during which something lasts: a spell of bad health.)3) (a short time: We stayed in the country for a spell and then came home.)* * *spell (1) /spɛl/n.1 formula magica; parola magica2 influsso magico; incantesimo; sortilegio; ( anche fig.) fascino, malia, incanto: to be under a spell, essere sotto un influsso magico; to be under sb. 's spell, subire il fascino di q.; to break the spell, rompere l'incantesimo (o l'incanto); to cast a spell on sb., fare un incantesimo a q.; stregare q.; ( anche) affascinare q.; magic spell, incantesimo; maliaspell (2) /spɛl/n.1 turno ( di lavoro, di servizio, ecc.): His spell as a sentry was a short one, il suo turno di sentinella è stato breve2 intervallo; (breve) periodo (di tempo): a fine spell, un periodo di bel tempo; a sunny (o bright) spell, uno sprazzo di sole; un po' di sole; I had a spell as a teacher before setting up on my own, prima di mettermi in proprio, per un certo periodo ho fatto l'insegnante3 (fam.) accesso; attacco; indisposizione; malessere: a dizzy [coughing] spell, un attacco di vertigini [di tosse]4 (fam.) breve distanza♦ (to) spell (1) /spɛl/A v. t.1 compitare; pronunciare, scrivere ( lettera per lettera): How do you spell this word?, come si scrive questa parola?; DIALOGO → - Booking a room by phone- Could you spell that for me?, può dettarmelo lettera per lettera?; I'll spell it for you, te la compiterò; te la scomporrò in lettere2 ( di lettere) formare, dare ( una certa parola): D-O-G spells «dog», le lettere D-O-G danno la parola «dog»3 (fig.) comportare; significare; voler dire; avere come risultato: That change spelled ruin for him, quel cambiamento ha significato (o è stato) la sua rovinaB v. i.scrivere ( lettera per lettera); (spec.) scrivere correttamente: I wish you would learn to spell, vorrei proprio che tu imparassi a scrivere correttamente ( senza errori ortografici).(to) spell (2) /spɛl/A v. t.B v. i.2 (Austral.) riposare un poco.* * *I [spel]nome (magic words) formula f. magica, incantesimo m.II [spel]to cast o put a spell on sb. stregare qcn. (anche fig.); to be under sb.'s spell — fig. essere stregato o ammaliato da qcn
III 1. [spel]rainy spell — periodo piovoso o di piogge
1) compitare, sillabare2.to spell sth. correctly o properly scrivere correttamente qcs.; C-A-T spells cat le lettere C-A-T formano la parola cat; will you spell that please? — (on phone) può fare lo spelling per favore?
he spells badly, well — fa, non fa errori di ortografia
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87 sketch
1. noun1) (drawing) Skizze, diedo or make a sketch — eine Skizze anfertigen
2) (play) Sketch, der3) (Lit.) Skizze, die2. transitive verb(lit. or fig.) skizzierenPhrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/91648/sketch_in">sketch in* * *[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) die Skizze2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) die Skizze3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) der Sketch2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) skizzieren2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) Skizzen machen•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book* * *[sketʃ]I. n<pl -es>II. vt▪ to \sketch sb/sth jdn/etw skizzieren2. (write in outline)▪ to \sketch sth etw skizzieren [o umreißenIII. vi Skizzen machen* * *[sketʃ]1. n (ART, LITER)Skizze f; (MUS) Impression f; (THEAT) Sketch m; (= draft, design also) Entwurf m skizzieren3. viSkizzen machen* * *sketch [sketʃ]A s1. MAL etc Skizze f, Studie f2. Grundriss m, Schema n, Entwurf m3. fig (auch literarische) Skizze4. THEAT Sketch m5. MUS (Ton)Skizze fB v/t2. fig skizzieren, entwerfen, in großen Zügen darstellen3. fig andeuten* * *1. noun1) (drawing) Skizze, diedo or make a sketch — eine Skizze anfertigen
2) (play) Sketch, der3) (Lit.) Skizze, die2. transitive verb(lit. or fig.) skizzierenPhrasal Verbs:* * *n.(§ pl.: sketches)= Sketch -s m.Skizze -n f.Umrisszeichnung f.Zeichnung f. v.skizzieren v. -
88 spell
I 1.1) schreiben; (aloud) buchstabieren2) (form)what do these letters/what does b-a-t spell? — welches Wort ergeben diese Buchstaben/die Buchstaben b-a-t?
3) (fig.): (have as result) bedeuten2. intransitive verb,he can't spell — er kann keine Rechtschreibung (ugs.)
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/91925/spell_out">spell outII nounWeile, diea spell of overseas service — eine Zeit lang Dienst in Übersee
on Sunday it will be cloudy with some sunny spells — am Sonntag wolkig mit sonnigen Abschnitten
III nouna long spell when... — eine lange Zeit, während der...
cast a spell over or on somebody/something, put a spell on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas verzaubern
2) (fascination) Zauber, derbreak the spell — den Bann brechen
* * *I [spel] past tense, past participle - spelt; verb1) (to name or give in order the letters of (a word): I asked him to spell his name for me.) buchstabieren2) ((of letters) to form (a word): C-a-t spells `cat'.) ergeben3) (to (be able to) spell words correctly: I can't spell!) buchstabieren4) (to mean or amount to: This spells disaster.) bedeuten•- speller- spelling II [spel] noun1) (a set or words which, when spoken, is supposed to have magical power: The witch recited a spell and turned herself into a swan.) der Zauberspruch2) (a strong influence: He was completely under her spell.) der BannIII [spel] noun1) (a turn (at work): Shortly afterwards I did another spell at the machine.) die Arbeit2) (a period of time during which something lasts: a spell of bad health.) die Zeit3) (a short time: We stayed in the country for a spell and then came home.) das Weilchen* * *spell1[spel]to break the \spell den Bann brechenspell2[spel]I. nshe had a brief \spell as captain of the team sie war eine Zeit lang Mannschaftskapitänto go through a bad \spell eine schwierige Zeit durchmachenfor a \spell für ein Weilchen, eine Zeit langto suffer from dizzy \spells unter Schwindelanfällen leiden3. (period of weather)\spell of sunny weather Schönwetterperiode fcold/hot \spell Kälte-/Hitzewelle fto take a \spell at the wheel eine Zeit lang das Steuer übernehmenII. vt<-ed, -ed>esp AM, AUS▪ to \spell sb jdn ablösenspell3[spel]I. vt▪ to \spell sth1. (using letters) etw buchstabierencould you \spell that please? könnten Sie das bitte buchstabieren?2. (signify) etw bedeutento \spell disaster/trouble Unglück/Ärger bedeutenhe \spells poorly seine Rechtschreibung ist sehr schwachto \spell incorrectly Rechtschreibfehler machen* * *I [spel] Zauber m; (= incantation) Zauberspruch mto be under a spell (lit) — unter einem Zauber stehen, verzaubert or verhext sein; (fig) wie verzaubert sein
to put a spell on sb, to cast a spell on or over sb, to put sb under a spell (lit) — jdn verzaubern or verhexen; (fig) jdn in seinen Bann ziehen, jdn verzaubern
to be under sb's spell (fig) — in jds Bann (dat) stehen
IIto break the spell (lit, fig) — den Bann brechen, den Zauber lösen
n(= period) Weile f, Weilchen ntfor a spell — eine Weile, eine Zeit lang
cold/hot spell — Kälte-/Hitzewelle f
to do a spell on the assembly line/as a waitress — sich kurzzeitig am Fließband/als Serviererin betätigen
III pret, ptp spelt ( esp Brit) or spelledhe did or had a spell in prison —
1. vi(in writing) (orthografisch) richtig schreiben; (aloud) buchstabieren2. vt1) (in writing) schreiben; (aloud) buchstabierenhow do you spell "onyx"? — wie schreibt man "Onyx"?
how do you spell your name? — wie schreibt sich Ihr Name?, wie schreiben Sie sich?
2) (= denote) bedeutenit spells disaster ( for us) — das bedeutet Unglück (für uns)
* * *A v/t2. (orthografisch richtig) schreiben3. bilden, ergeben:4. Unheil etc bedeutena) darlegen,B v/i1. (richtig) schreiben2. geschrieben werden, sich schreiben:spell2 [spel]A s1. Zauberspruch m2. Zauber m, fig auch Bann m, Faszination f:a) den (Zauber)Bann brechen,b) fig den Bann brechen:cast a spell on → BB v/t verzaubern, fig auch bezaubern, faszinierenspell3 [spel]A s1. Arbeit(szeit) f, Beschäftigung f (at mit):have a spell at sth sich eine Zeitlang mit etwas beschäftigen2. (Arbeits)Schicht f:give sb a spell → B3. besonders US Anfall m:spell of coughing Hustenanfall;a spell of depression eine vorübergehende Depression4. a) Zeit(abschnitt) f(m)5. US umg Katzensprung6. METEO Periode f:a spell of fine weather eine Schönwetterperiode;hot spell Hitzewelle fB v/t US jemanden (bei seiner Arbeit) ablösen* * *I 1.1) schreiben; (aloud) buchstabieren2) (form)what do these letters/what does b-a-t spell? — welches Wort ergeben diese Buchstaben/die Buchstaben b-a-t?
3) (fig.): (have as result) bedeuten2. intransitive verb,Phrasal Verbs:II nounWeile, dieIII nouna long spell when... — eine lange Zeit, während der...
1) (words used as a charm) Zauberspruch, dercast a spell over or on somebody/something, put a spell on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas verzaubern
2) (fascination) Zauber, der* * *n.Zauberformel f.Zauberspruch m.Zauberwort n. v.(§ p.,p.p.: spelled)= buchstabieren v. -
89 sketch
[skɛtʃ] 1. n(drawing, outline) szkic m; ( THEAT, TV) skecz m2. vtszkicować (naszkicować perf); (also: sketch out) nakreślać (nakreślić perf), zarysowywać (zarysować perf)* * *[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) szkic2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) ogólny zarys3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) skecz2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) szkicować2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) szkicować, rysować•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book -
90 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) skice; etīde; uzmetums2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) (īss) apraksts; pārstāsts3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) skečs2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) []skicēt; uzmest (plānu)2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) skicēt; zīmēt•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book* * *skice, uzmetums; īss apraksts, skečs; skicēt, uzmest -
91 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) eskizas, škicas2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) apybraiža, trumpa apžvalga3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) skečas2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) piešti eskizą2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) škicuoti, piešti•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book -
92 sketch
n. skiss; utkast; sketch; beskrivning--------v. skissera, göra ett utkast, göra en skiss* * *[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) skiss2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) konturer, grunddrag3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) sketch2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) skissera2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) teckna, göra en skiss (skisser)•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book -
93 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) skica2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) nástin3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) skeč2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) načrtnout2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) skicovat•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book* * *• skicovat• skica• náčrtek• načrtnout -
94 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) skica2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) náčrt3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) skeč2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) načrtnúť2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) skicovať•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book* * *• výstup so spevom• schéma• skica• skicovat• skec• šašo• štúdia• urobit symbolicky• klaun• hrat• císlo• crta• osnova• koncept• nácrtok• nácrt• nacrtnút• nárys• naskicovat• obrázok -
95 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) crochiu, desen, schiţă2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) rezumat3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) sketch, scenetă2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) a schiţa2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) a face crochiuri/schiţe•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book -
96 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) πρόχειρο σχέδιο,σκίτσο2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) σκιαγράφημα3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) σκετς2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.)2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.)•- sketchy- sketchily
- sketchiness
- sketch-book -
97 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) croquis, esquisse2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) résumé3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) sketch, saynète2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) ébaucher, esquisser2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) faire des croquis/esquisses•- sketchy- sketchily - sketchiness - sketch-book -
98 sketch
[ske ] 1. noun1) (a rough plan, drawing or painting: He made several sketches before starting the portrait.) esboço, croqui2) (a short (written or spoken) account without many details: The book began with a sketch of the author's life.) esboço3) (a short play, dramatic scene etc: a comic sketch.) esquete2. verb1) (to draw, describe, or plan without completing the details.) esboçar2) (to make rough drawings, paintings etc: She sketches as a hobby.) fazer croquis•- sketchy- sketchily - sketchiness - sketch-book -
99 Usage note : be
I am tired= je suis fatiguéCaroline is French= Caroline est françaisethe children are in the garden= les enfants sont dans le jardinIt functions in very much the same way as to be does in English and it is safe to assume it will work as a translation in the great majority of cases.Note, however, that when you are specifying a person’s profession or trade, a/an is not translated:she’s a doctor= elle est médecinClaudie is still a student= Claudie est toujours étudianteThis is true of any noun used in apposition when the subject is a person:he’s a widower= il est veufButLyons is a beautiful city= Lyon est une belle villeFor more information or expressions involving professions and trades consult the usage note Shops, Trades and Professions.For the conjugation of the verb être see the French verb tables.Grammatical functionsThe passiveêtre is used to form the passive in French just as to be is used in English. Note, however, that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:the rabbit was killed by a fox= le lapin a été tué par un renardthe window had been broken= la fenêtre avait été casséetheir books will be sold= leurs livres seront vendusour doors have been repainted red= nos portes ont été repeintes en rougeIn spoken language, French native speakers find the passive cumbersome and will avoid it where possible by using the impersonal on where a person or people are clearly involved : on a repeint nos portes en rouge.Progressive tensesIn French the idea of something happening over a period of time cannot be expressed using the verb être in the way that to be is used as an auxiliary verb in English.The presentFrench uses simply the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:I am working= je travailleBen is reading a book= Ben lit un livreIn order to accentuate duration être en train de is used: je suis en train de travailler ; Ben est en train de lire un livre.The futureFrench also uses the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:we are going to London tomorrow= nous allons à Londres demainI’m (just) coming!= j’arrive!I’m (just) going!= j’y vais!The pastTo express the distinction between she read a newspaper and she was reading a newspaper French uses the perfect and the imperfect tenses: elle a lu un journal/elle lisait un journal:he wrote to his mother= il a écrit à sa mèrehe was writing to his mother= il écrivait à sa mèreHowever, in order to accentuate the notion of describing an activity which went on over a period of time, the phrase être en train de (= to be in the process of) is often used:‘what was he doing when you arrived?’‘he was cooking the dinner’= ‘qu’est-ce qu’il faisait quand tu es arrivé?’ ‘il était en train de préparer le dîner’she was just finishing her essay when …= elle était juste en train de finir sa dissertation quand …The compound pastCompound past tenses in the progressive form in English are generally translated by the imperfect in French:I’ve been looking for you= je te cherchaisFor progressive forms + for and since (I’ve been waiting for an hour, I had been waiting for an hour, I’ve been waiting since Monday etc.) see the entries for and since.ObligationWhen to be is used as an auxiliary verb with another verb in the infinitive ( to be to do) expressing obligation, a fixed arrangement or destiny, devoir is used:she’s to do it at once= elle doit le faire tout de suitewhat am I to do?= qu’est-ce que je dois faire?he was to arrive last Monday= il devait arriver lundi derniershe was never to see him again= elle ne devait plus le revoir.In tag questionsFrench has no direct equivalent of tag questions like isn’t he? or wasn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:their house is lovely, isn’t it?= leur maison est très belle, n’est-ce pas?he’s a doctor, isn’t he?= il est médecin, n’est-ce pas?it was a very good meal, wasn’t it?= c’était un très bon repas, n’est-ce pas?However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the extra meaning contained in the tag: par hasard ( by any chance) can be very useful as a translation:‘I can’t find my glasses’ ‘they’re not in the kitchen, are they?’= ‘je ne trouve pas mes lunettes’ ‘elles ne sont pas dans la cuisine, par hasard?’you haven’t seen Gaby, have you?= tu n’as pas vu Gaby, par hasard?In cases where an opinion is being sought, si? meaning more or less or is it? or was it? etc. can be useful:it’s not broken, is it?= ce n’est pas cassé, si?he wasn’t serious, was he?= il n’était pas sérieux, si?In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.In short answersAgain, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like yes I am, no he’s not etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:‘you’re not going out tonight’ ‘yes I am’= ‘tu ne sors pas ce soir’ ‘si’In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:‘are you a doctor?’ ‘yes I am’= ‘êtes-vous médecin?’ ‘oui’‘was it raining?’ ‘yes it was’= ‘est-ce qu’il pleuvait?’ ‘oui’ProbabilityFor expressions of probability and supposition ( if I were you etc.) see the entry be.Other functionsExpressing sensations and feelingsIn expressing physical and mental sensations, the verb used in French is avoir:to be cold= avoir froidto be hot= avoir chaudI’m cold= j’ai froidto be thirsty= avoir soifto be hungry= avoir faimto be ashamed= avoir hontemy hands are cold= j’ai froid aux mainsIf, however, you are in doubt as to which verb to use in such expressions, you should consult the entry for the appropriate adjective.Discussing health and how people areIn expressions of health and polite enquiries about how people are, aller is used:how are you?= comment allez-vous?( more informally) comment vas-tu?( very informally as a greeting) ça va?are you well?= vous allez bien?how is your daughter?= comment va votre fille?my father is better today= mon père va mieux aujourd’huiDiscussing weather and temperatureIn expressions of weather and temperature faire is generally used:it’s cold= il fait froidit’s windy= il fait du ventIf in doubt, consult the appropriate adjective entry.Visiting somewhereWhen to be is used in the present perfect tense to mean go, visit etc., French will generally use the verbs venir, aller etc. rather than être:I’ve never been to Sweden= je ne suis jamais allé en Suèdehave you been to the Louvre?= est-ce que tu es déjà allé au Louvre?or est-ce que tu as déjà visité le Louvre?Paul has been to see us three times= Paul est venu nous voir trois foisNote too:has the postman been?= est-ce que le facteur est passé?The translation for an expression or idiom containing the verb to be will be found in the dictionary at the entry for another word in the expression: for to be in danger see danger, for it would be best to … see best etc.This dictionary contains usage notes on topics such as the clock, time units, age, weight measurement, days of the week, and shops, trades and professions, many of which include translations of particular uses of to be. -
100 Usage note : will
When will is used to express the future in French, the future tense of the French verb is generally used:he’ll come= il viendraIn spoken and more informal French or when the very near future is implied, the present tense of aller + infinitive can be used:I’ll do it now= je vais le faire tout de suiteIf the subject of the modal auxiliary will is I or we, shall is sometimes used instead of will to talk about the future. For further information, consult the entry shall in the dictionary.Tag questionsFrench has no direct equivalent of tag questions like won’t he? or will they? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? which will work in many cases:you’ll do it tomorrow, won’t you?= tu le feras demain, n’est-ce pas?In cases where an opinion is being sought, non? meaning is that not so? can be useful:that will be easier, won’t it?= ce sera plus facile, non?In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.Short answersAgain, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like no she won’t, yes they will etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:‘they won’t forget’ ‘yes they will’= ‘ils n’oublieront pas’ ‘si’ or (for more emphasis) bien sûr que siWhere the answer no is given to contradict a positive question or statement, the most useful translation is bien sûr que non:‘she’ll post the letter, won’t she?’ ‘no she won’t’= ‘elle va poster la lettre?’ ‘bien sûr que non’In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:‘you’ll be ready at midday then?’ ‘yes I will’= ‘tu seras prêt à midi?’ ‘oui’For more examples and other uses, see the entry will.
См. также в других словарях:
Short-spoken — Short spo ken, a. Speaking in a quick or short manner; hence, gruff; curt. [Colloq.] [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
short-spoken — [shôrt′spōk΄ən] adj. 1. using only a few words; laconic 2. brief to the point of rudeness; curt … English World dictionary
short-spoken — {adj.} Using so few words that you seem impatient or angry; speaking in a short impatient way; saying as little as possible in an unfriendly way. * /Jim is always short spoken when he is tired./ * /We were hoping to borrow Dad s car, but he was… … Dictionary of American idioms
short-spoken — {adj.} Using so few words that you seem impatient or angry; speaking in a short impatient way; saying as little as possible in an unfriendly way. * /Jim is always short spoken when he is tired./ * /We were hoping to borrow Dad s car, but he was… … Dictionary of American idioms
short-spoken — adj Using so few words that you seem impatient or angry; speaking in a short impatient way; saying as little as possible in an unfriendly way. Jim is always short spoken when he is tired. We were hoping to borrow Dad s car, but he was so short… … Словарь американских идиом
short-spoken — short′ spo′ken adj. speaking in a short, brief, or curt manner • Etymology: 1860–65 … From formal English to slang
short-spoken — ˈ ̷ ̷| ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ adjective : not given to wasting words : curt * * * /shawrt spoh keuhn/, adj. speaking in a short, brief, or curt manner. [1860 65] * * * short spōˈken adjective Curt in speech • • • Main Entry: ↑short … Useful english dictionary
short-spoken — /shawrt spoh keuhn/, adj. speaking in a short, brief, or curt manner. [1860 65] * * * … Universalium
short-spoken — (Roget s Thesaurus II) adjective Rudely unceremonious: abrupt, blunt, brief, brusque, crusty, curt, gruff, short. See ATTITUDE … English dictionary for students
short-spoken — /ʃɔt ˈspoʊkən/ (say shawt spohkuhn) adjective speaking in a short, brief, or curt manner …
short-spoken — adjective Date: 1865 curt … New Collegiate Dictionary