shirt

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f. shirt, a kind of kirtle.

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u, f. [Engl. shirt; Dan. skjorte; Germ. schürz]:—a shirt, a kind of kirtle, Ísl. ii. 343; skyrtu þröngva, Rm. 15; ætla góðan mun styttri skyrtu þína enn kyrtil, Sks. 287; á kyrtlum ok skyrlum, Fms. vii. 321; skyrtu ok brautargangs-höfuðsmátt, Ld. 134; í skyrtum einum, Gþl. 540: jarl var uýstaðinn upp ok var í skyrtu einni ok línbrókum, Orkn. 182: in the phrase, slíta eigi mörgum skyrtum, to wear out few shirts, have but a short time left to live, Þorst. St. 53: in poets, hring-s., a ring-shirt, a coat of mail; Hamðis s., id., Lex. Poët.; fyrir-skyrta, an apron.

2. a night-shirt, so in mod. usage.

COMPDS: skyrtublað, skyrtuermr, skyrtugörð.

(pl. -ir), m.

1) sark, shirt (þú skalt fara í serk minn); hafa dreng í serk, to have a man inside one’s shirt, to be bold and courageous; hamarrinn var svá lítill, at hafa mátti í serk sér, that one could conceal it in one’s bosom;

2) a certain number of skins.

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m., pl. serkir, [Old Engl. and Scot. sark; Dan. sœrk], a sark, shirt; þú skalt fara í serk minn, Fms. iii. 190; s. af sauðar-ullu, 180; serkr eða skyrta, Edda; tók ek hamar ór serk mér, Fms. x. 329; síðar slæðr, serk bláfán, Rm. 26; blóðgan hugðak mæki borinn ór serk þínum, Am. 23; serki valrauða, Akv. 4; hón tekr ór serk sér steina-sörvi mikit, Ísl. ii. 343; hann var svá, lítill af hafa mátti í serk sér, Edda; Gísli vermir höndina í serk sér, Gísl. 29; hafa dreng í serk sér, to have a man inside one’s sark, to be a bold true-hearted man, Fms. ix. 381: messu-s., a priest’s cope, Vm. 156: poët. of a shirt of mail, hring-s., járn-s., Lex. Poët.

II. a ‘timber,’ a certain number, of skins; fjóra tigi serkja grárra skinna, Fms. xi. 325.

s, m., pl. ir: [the etymology of this word has been much contested; some—upon the authority of Snorri, hans menn fóru ‘brynjulausir,’ Hkr. i. 11—derive it from ‘berr’ ( bare) and ‘serkr’ [cp. sark, Scot. for shirt]; but this etymology is inadmissible, because ‘serkr’ is a subst. not an adj.: others derive it from ‘berr’ (Germ. bär = ursus), which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjálfi, Bjarnhéðinn, Úlfhéðinn, (héðinn, pellis,)—‘pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur,’ Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 22: even the old poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of 10th century), a dialogue between a Valkyrja and a raven, where the Valkyrja says, at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja, to which the raven replies, Úlfhéðnar heita, they are called Wolfcoats, cp. the Vd. ch. 9; þeir berserkir er Úlfhéðnar vóru kallaðir, þeir höfðu vargstakka ( coats of wild beasts) fyrir brynjur, Fs. 17]:—a ‘bear-sark,’ ‘bear-coat,’ i. e. a wild warrior or champion of the heathen age; twelve berserkers are mentioned as the chief followers of several kings of antiquity, e. g. of the Dan. king Rolf Krake, Edda 82; a Swed. king, Gautr. S. Fas. iii. 36; king Adils, Hrólf. Kr. S. ch. 16 sqq.; Harald Hárfagri, Eg. ch. 9, Grett. ch. 2, Vd. l. c. (Hornklofi, v. above); the twelve sons of Arngrim, Hervar. S. ch. 3–5, Hdl. 22, 23; the two berserkers sent as a present by king Eric at Upsala to earl Hakon of Norway, and by him presented to an Icel. nobleman, Eb. ch. 25. In battle the berserkers were subject to fits of frenzy, called berserks-gangr (furor bersercicus, cp. the phrase, ganga berserksgang), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at the mouth and gnawed the iron rim of their shields; during these fits they were, according to popular belief, proof against steel and fire, and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy; but when the fever abated they were weak and tame. A graphical description of the ‘furor bersercicus’ is found in the Sagas, Yngl. S. ch. 6, Hervar. S. l. c., Eg. ch. 27, 67, Grett. ch. 42, Eb. ch. 25, Nj. ch. 104, Kristni S. ch. 2, 8 (Vd. ch. 46); cp. also a passage in the poem of Hornklofi | grenjuðu berserkir, | guðr var þeim á sinnum, | emjaðu Úlfhéðnar | ok ísarn gniiðu—which lines recall to the mind Roman descriptions of the Cimbric war-cry. In the Icel. Jus Eccles. the berserksgangr, as connected with the heathen age, is liable to the lesser outlawry, K. Þ. K. 78; it is mentioned as a sort of possession in Vd. ch. 37, and as healed by a vow to God. In the Dropl. S. Major (in MS.) it is medically described as a disease (v. the whole extract in the essay ‘De furore Bersercico,’ Kristni S. old Ed. in cake); but this Saga is modern, probably of the first part of the 17th century. The description of these champions has a rather mythical character. A somewhat different sort of berserker is also recorded in Norway as existing in gangs of professional bullies, roaming about from house to house, challenging husbandmen to ‘holmgang’ ( duel), extorting ransom (leysa sik af hólmi), and, in case of victory, carrying off wives, sisters, or daughters; but in most cases the damsel is happily rescued by some travelling Icelander, who fights and kills the berserker. The most curious passages are Glúm, ch. 4, 6, Gísl. ch. 1 (cp. Sir Edm. Head’s and Mr. Dasent’s remarks in the prefaces), Grett. ch. 21, 42, Eg. ch. 67, Flóam. S. ch. 15, 17; according to Grett. ch. 21, these banditti were made outlaws by earl Eric, A. D. 1012. It is worth noticing that no berserker is described as a native of Icel.; the historians are anxious to state that those who appeared in Icel. (Nj., Eb., Kr. S. l. c.) were born Norse (or Swedes), and they were looked upon with fear and execration. That men of the heathen age were taken with fits of the ‘furor athleticus’ is recorded in the case of Thorir in the Vd., the old Kveldulf in Eg., and proved by the fact that the law set a penalty upon it. Berserkr now and then occurs as a nickname, Glúm. 378. The author of the Yngl. S. attributes the berserksgangr to Odin and his followers, but this is a sheer misinterpretation, or perhaps the whole passage is a rude paraphrase of Hm. 149 sqq. In the old Hbl. 37 berserkr and giant are used synonymously. The berserkers are the representatives of mere brute force, and it therefore sounds almost blasphemous, when the Norse Barl. S. speaks of Guðs berserkr (a ‘bear-coat’ or champion of God), (Jesus Kristr gleymdi eigi hólmgöngu sins berserks), 54, 197. With the introduction of Christianity this championship disappeared altogether.

1) leaf of a plant;

2) leaf in a book;

3) blade of a knife (knífsblað), of an oar (árarblað);

4) skirt of a kirtle, shirt, cloak (kyrtilblað, skyrtublað, feldarblað).

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n. [A. S. bläd; Germ. blatt; Hel. blad. Ulf. renders the Gr. φύλλον by laufs, Engl. leaf, Icel. lauf. The Engl. say a blade of grass or corn, a leaf of a tree; and so, in Icel., herbs or plants have blað, trees lauf]:—a leaf; blöð þess grass er … heitir, Pr. 472; blöð á lauk, Hervar. S. (in a verse): metaph. a veil, svá er mér sem hangi b. fyrir auga, Fms. iii. 126.

2. of leaf-like objects, a leaf in a book, Germ. blatt, (never lauf, cp. blaðsiða, u, f. a page), Rb. 210, Ísl. ii. 460: of a painted diptych or the like, þar eru blöð tvau pentuð, Pm. 103.

β. the skirt of a kirtle (skaut), Stj. 481, Eb. 226, Orkn. 474: Icel. now say kjól-laf, the skirt of a coat.

γ. a blade, in various connections: the flat part of a thing, the blade of an oar, árar-blað, N. G. L. i. 59: of a rudder, Fms. ix. 503; knífs-bíað, the blade of a knife, Bs. i. 385: a sword’s blade is in mod. usage called ‘blað,’ but in old writers brandr; spón-blað, the mouth-piece of a spoon; herðar-blað, the shoulder-blade, etc. Botan., blaðka, u, f., e. g. horblaðka, menyanthes: hófblaðka, caltha palustris; but rjúpnalauf, dryas, Hjalt.: blaðkr, m. in eyrna-blaðkr, ear-lap.

f. coat of mail.

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u, f. [Ulf. brynio; A. S. burn; Hel. bry-nio; O. H. G. brunja; Swed. brynja; Dan. brynie]:—a coat of mail, in olden times woven of rings (hringa-brynja, ring-mail), hence in poetry called hring-skyrta, a chain-mail sark or shirt, with epithets such as ‘iron sewed, knit, woven,’ and the like, Lex. Poët.: the breast-plate, spanga-brynja (Fms. vii. 264, viii. 95, 388), is of later date, viz. of the time of the Crusades and the following ages, vide Fms. i. 43, ii. 309, iv. 65, vi. 410, 411, vii. 45, 46, viii. 403, xi. 137, v. 1. etc. etc., Bs. i. 526, 528, 624.

COMPDS: brynjubítr, brynjubönd, brynjuhattr, brynjuhálsbjörg, brynjuhringr, brynjulauss, brynjumeistari, brynjurokkr.

u, f. a ‘fore-shirt,’ apron, Hdl. 46, Þorst. Síðu H. 178.

(-s, ar), m.

1) ring, circle; slá hring um e-n, to make a ring around one; í hring, in a circle; hann fór í hring um skipit, he swam in a circle round the ship; með hringum, all around, altogether (brendu upp bœinn Með hringum);

2) ring (on the finger or arm, at the end of a chest, in a door, at the end of the hilt); link (in a chain).

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m., pl. hringar, in mod. usage sometimes hringir: [A. S., Hel., and O. H. G. hring; Engl., Germ., Dan., and Swed. ring, ringlet]:

I. a ring, circle; tungl hvert gengr sinn hring, Rb. 53 (1812); h. jarðar, the earth’s circumference, Hom. 20; slá hring um e-n, to make a ring around one, Stj. 312, Fms. viii. 67; hann hefir lykkju af ái en hringinn af ói, of the circle or bight of the letter , Skálda 161; hann þóttisk sjá þangat hring ok elds-lit á, Nj. 194.

2. í hring, adv. in a ring or circle; þeir lögðu þann sjá í hring utan um hana, Edda; sól gengr umhverfis í hring, Rb. 66 (1812); standa umhverfis í hring, to stand round in a ring, Fms. iv. 160, (mann-hringr, a ring of men); hann sveiflaði sverðinu í hring um sik, he swept with his sword all round him, Sturl. iii. 220; hann fór í hring um ( swam in a circle around) skipit, Ld. 56; lagðir steinar í hring utan um, Eg. 486; nú snúask þessi merki í hring um heiminn á hverjum tveim dægrum, Rb. 104; hann gékk þá í hring hjá konungi, Fms. vi. 206.

3. as an adverb. phrase, með (at) hringum, all around, altogether, taka allt með hringum, Arnór; hann lét leggja eld í kirkju ok bæinn ok brendu upp með hringum, Fms. vii. 212; brenna bæinn upp at hringum, x. 389 (Ágrip).

II. a ring, Lat. annulus:

1. a ring at the end of a chest, Fms. i. 178, kistu-h.; in a door, Rm. 23; hurðar-h., Ísl. Þjóðs. ii: the ring at the end of the hilt to which the friðbönd (q. v.) were fastened, Hkv. Hjörv. 9: the chain or links in a kettle chain (hadda), Hým. 33: an anchor ring (akkeris-h.)

β. the rings in a coat of mail, the Sagas and Lex. Poët. passim, whence hringa-brynja, u, f. a coat of ring-mail, see brynja, Fms. i. 43, vi. 416–421, ix. 27, Karl. 542, the Sagas passim, see Worsaae, No. 474; hring-kofl, m., hring-skyrta, u, f., hring-serkr, m. a shirt of rings, coat of ring-mail, Lex. Poët.: a coat of mail is called hring-ofin, adj. woven with rings.

2. but esp. a ring on the arm, finger (gull-h., silfr-h., járn-h.), passim; rauðir hringar, the red rings, Þkv. 29, 32; men ok hringar, Vsp. 23, passim; and hence gener. = money, see baugr. A lordly man is in poetry called hring-berandi, -bjóðr, -brjótr, -broti, -drífir, -hreytandi, -lestir, -mildr, -miðlandi, -rífr, -skati, -skemmir, -snyrtir, -stríðandi, -stýrir, -tælir, -varpaðr, -viðr, -þverrir, the bearer, breaker … or spender of rings, Lex. Poët.: a woman from wearing rings, hring-eir, -skögul, -þöll, -varið; and a man, hring-þollr, etc.

III. a ship is called Hringr (also in present use), Eg. (in a verse); hringr Ullar, the ship of Ull, i. e. his shield, Akv. 30; cp. Hring-horni, the mythol. ship of the Edda: Hringr is the pr. name of a man, Fb. iii, Landn.

m. a night-shirt, Fms. vii. 271, Sturl. iii. 189.

n. silk; in compds. silken, silk.

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n. [from Lat. sericum], silk, Rm. 31; hárit fagrt sem silki, Nj. 2, Orkn. (in a verse); rautt s., Bær. 19: a nickname, silki-auga, silki-skegg, Nj., Fms.

B. As adjective, made of silk, silken; silki-band, silki-dregill, a silk-ribbon, Fms. iv. 110, xi. 2, Edda 20; silki-blaka, a silken veil, Fas. iii. 336; silki-bleikr, ‘silk-bleak,’ light-coloured, flaxen; hárit silkibleikt, Fms. vii. 55; fjögur merhross silkibleik, Fas. iii. 39; silki-borða or -borði, a silken brim, D. N.; silki-dúkr, a silken napkin, Fms. i. 112, Orkn. 304: = altaris-dúkr, an altar-cloth, Vm. 80, Symb. 26; silki-dýna, a silk-pillow, Karl.; silki-júpr (hjúpr), a silken jacket, Fms. vii. 69, x. 415; silki-hlað, a silk-ribbon worn round the head, Nj. 184, Dipl. iii. 4; silki-húfa, a silk-cap, Fms. ii. 264; silki-hökull, a cope of silk, Vm. 117; silki-klútr, a silk-kerchief, Fas. iii. 266; silki-klæði, silk-cloth, Greg. 22, MS. 623. 20; silki-koddi, a silken pillow, cushion. Fms. ix. 477, Dipl. iii. 4, Vm. 58; silki-kult, a silken quilt, Eb. 258, Mar.; silki-kyrtill, a silken kirtle. Fms. ii. 309, Bær. 4; silki-merki, a banner cf silk, belonging to church furniture, Jm. 10; silki-möttull, a silk-mantle. Fms. x. 268; silki-parlak, mod. sparlak, a silken bed-cover, D. N.; silki-pell, a silken pall, Str. 3; silki-pungr, a silk-purse, Ám. 42, Dipl. iii. 4; silki-reifar, silken swaddling-clothes, Fagrsk.; silki-ræma, a silken, ribbon, Edda 19; a silken garter, Fms. iv. 110, Hkr. ii. 105, Bjarn. 64; süki-saumaðr, embroidered with silk, Dipl, vi. 440, Vm. 46, Pm. 12; silki-síma, a silken cord, Lex. Poët.; silki-serkr, a silken sark, Fms. iii. 125, ix. 477; silki-skaut, a ‘silken-sheet,’ napkin, D. N.; silki-skyrta, a silken shirt, Fms. x. 383, Fs. 6; silki-slæður, a silken gown, Fg. 702, silken scarf (?), Nj. 190; suki-strengr, a silken cord, Karl. 42; silki-sæng, a silken bed, Fas. i. 508; silki-treyja, a silken jacket, Fms. xi. 271, Nj. 125, Skíða R. 186; silki-þráðr, a silk-thread, Fas. i. 508, Stj. 191; silki-ver, a silken case, D. N., Mag.

n. a shirt-lap, Þorst. St. 49.

f. a shirt-sleeve, Fms. v. 317.

f. the making a shirt, Fas. ii. 198, 202.

f. [from smjúga; Ivar Aasen smotta], the opening for the head, in a shirt or smock-frock not open at the breast; see höfuð-smátt.

að, [smjúga], to put on a shirt, sleeve, loop, or the like, with dat.; smokkaðu því upp á handlegginn: reflex., það hefir smokkast fram af.

f. the hind part of a shirt.

f. ‘fore-shirt’, apron.

f. the opening for the head (in a shirt or smock-frock).

m. linen shirt.

m. night-shirt.

n. shirt-lap.