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  • 61 felicitación

    f.
    congratulation, felicitation.
    * * *
    1 (acción) congratulation
    2 (tarjeta) greetings card
    1 congratulations
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=enhorabuena)

    mi felicitación o mis felicitaciones al ganador — my congratulations to the winner

    2) (=tarjeta) greetings card, greeting card (EEUU)
    * * *
    a) ( escrito - por un logro) letter of congratulation; (- en Navidad) Christmas card ( or letter wishing somebody Merry Christmas)
    b) felicitaciones femenino plural ( deseo - por un logro) congratulations (pl); (- en Navidad) greetings (pl), wishes (pl)

    reciba mis más sinceras felicitaciones por esta victoria — (frml) my sincerest congratulations on your victory

    c) felicitaciones! interjección (AmL) congratulations!
    * * *
    = tap on the shoulder, compliment, felicitation.
    Ex. 'But we certainly have to establish some fair criteria to determine who gets the tap on the shoulder,' reflected Bough = "Pero ciertamente tenemos que establecer algunos criterios justos para determinar quién recibe las palmaditas en la espalda", dijo Bough.
    Ex. Nine percent of the questions analyzed were placed in the 'other' category, which included notes of thanks and compliments on good service, suggestions for improving the library's services, and messages sent from listservs = El nueve por ciento de las cuestiones analizadas se colocaron en la categoría "otros", que incluía notas de agradecimiento y felicitaciones por el buen servicio, sugerencias para mejorar los servicios de la biblioteca y mensajes enviados de servidores de listas de correo.
    Ex. A 'Festschrift' is usually described defined as a biographical, autobiographical and a felicitation work.
    ----
    * felicitaciones = congrats, kudos.
    * ¡felicitaciones! = the way to go!, congratulations!.
    * Posesivo + más sinceras felicitaciones = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.
    * tarjeta de felicitación = greeting card [greetings card], congratulatory card.
    * * *
    a) ( escrito - por un logro) letter of congratulation; (- en Navidad) Christmas card ( or letter wishing somebody Merry Christmas)
    b) felicitaciones femenino plural ( deseo - por un logro) congratulations (pl); (- en Navidad) greetings (pl), wishes (pl)

    reciba mis más sinceras felicitaciones por esta victoria — (frml) my sincerest congratulations on your victory

    c) felicitaciones! interjección (AmL) congratulations!
    * * *
    = tap on the shoulder, compliment, felicitation.

    Ex: 'But we certainly have to establish some fair criteria to determine who gets the tap on the shoulder,' reflected Bough = "Pero ciertamente tenemos que establecer algunos criterios justos para determinar quién recibe las palmaditas en la espalda", dijo Bough.

    Ex: Nine percent of the questions analyzed were placed in the 'other' category, which included notes of thanks and compliments on good service, suggestions for improving the library's services, and messages sent from listservs = El nueve por ciento de las cuestiones analizadas se colocaron en la categoría "otros", que incluía notas de agradecimiento y felicitaciones por el buen servicio, sugerencias para mejorar los servicios de la biblioteca y mensajes enviados de servidores de listas de correo.
    Ex: A 'Festschrift' is usually described defined as a biographical, autobiographical and a felicitation work.
    * felicitaciones = congrats, kudos.
    * ¡felicitaciones! = the way to go!, congratulations!.
    * Posesivo + más sinceras felicitaciones = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.
    * tarjeta de felicitación = greeting card [greetings card], congratulatory card.

    * * *
    1 (escrito — por un logro) letter of congratulation; (— en Navidad) Christmas card ( or letter wishing sb Merry Christmas)
    2 felicitaciones fpl (deseo — por un logro) congratulations (pl); (— en Navidad) greetings (pl), wishes (pl)
    reciba usted mis más sinceras felicitaciones por esta victoria ( frml); my sincerest congratulations on your victory
    3 ¡felicitaciones! interjection ( AmL) congratulations!
    * * *

    felicitación sustantivo femenino

    (— en Navidad) Christmas card ( or letter wishing sb Merry Christmas)
    b)

    ◊ felicitaciones sustantivo femenino plural ( deseo — por un logro) congratulations (pl);


    (— en Navidad) greetings (pl)
    c)

    ◊ ¡felicitaciones! interjección (AmL) congratulations!

    felicitación sustantivo femenino congratulation
    felicitación navideña, Christmas card
    tarjeta de felicitación greetings card
    ' felicitación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    llevarse
    - conceptuoso
    English:
    card
    - greeting card
    - kissogram
    - congratulation
    - greeting
    * * *
    1. [acción]
    felicitaciones congratulations;
    sus felicitaciones no fueron sinceras his congratulations were not sincere;
    recibe mi más sincera felicitación my warmest congratulations
    2. [tarjeta] Br greetings o US greeting card;
    no pude asistir a su boda, pero les envié una felicitación I couldn't be at the wedding but I sent them a card
    felicitación de cumpleaños birthday card;
    felicitación de Navidad Christmas card
    * * *
    f
    1 letter of congratulations
    2
    :
    ¡felicitaciones! congratulations!
    * * *
    1) : congratulation
    ¡felicitaciones!: congratulations!
    2) : greeting card
    * * *
    1. (tarjeta) card
    2. (expresión) congratulations

    Spanish-English dictionary > felicitación

  • 62 noticia

    f.
    news.
    su hijo le dio la noticia his son broke the news to him
    me enteré de la noticia ayer I heard the news yesterday
    tener noticias to have news
    ¿tienes noticias suyas? have you heard from him?
    las noticias the news
    noticias de última hora the latest news
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: noticiar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: noticiar.
    * * *
    ■ acaba de llegarnos la noticia de que... news is just coming in of...
    ■ ¿has tenido noticias de Laura? have you had any news from Laura?, have you heard anything from Laura?
    1 the news
    \
    dar la noticia to break the news
    ¡primera noticia! that's news to me!
    ser noticia to be in the news
    noticia bomba bombshell
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=información) news

    ¿hay alguna noticia? — any news?

    estar atrasado de noticias — to be behind the times, lack up-to-date information

    ¡noticias frescas! — iró tell me a new one!

    noticia bomba — * bombshell *

    noticia de portada — front-page news, headline news

    2) (=conocimiento)
    NOTICIA ► Para traducir la palabra noticia al inglés, hay que tener en cuenta que el sustantivo news es incontable y lleva el verbo en singular: Las noticias de hoy no son nada buenas Today's news isn't very good Cuando recibió la noticia se puso a llorar When she received the news she burst into tears ► Cuando queremos precisar que se trata de una noticia en particular o de un número determinado de noticias utilizamos la expresión piece/ pieces of news: Había dos noticias que nos parecieron preocupantes There were two pieces of news that we found worrying Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    a) ( informe)

    buenas/malas noticias — good/bad news

    ¿quién le va a dar la noticia? — who's going to break the news to him?

    hacer noticia — to hit the headlines

    b) noticias femenino plural ( referencias) news

    no tenemos noticias suyas — ( provenientes de él) we haven't heard from him; ( provenientes de otra persona) we haven't had (any) news of him

    c) (información, conocimiento)
    * * *
    = announcement, news, newswire, news item, item of news, news story, bit of information, news broadcast.
    Ex. Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.
    Ex. Next came the good news that war between member states had been rendered inconceivable, even though the prospect of war was on nobody's mind at the time.
    Ex. The number of full text data bases on-line is also increasing, providing instant access to newspapers and newswires, popular magazines and scholarly journals.
    Ex. From January 1981, the name will be 'Current Technology Index,' and the coverage will be increased, both in terms of journals indexed and other items included, eg news items.
    Ex. This item of news penetrated his heart like a stab = Esta noticia penetró su corazón como una puñalada.
    Ex. This a cross-cultural experiment on how well audiences remember news stories from newspaper, computer, television, and radio sources.
    Ex. Outside the portacabin there is a board with a few useful bits of information, such as the temperature of the water, visibility, and opening/closing times.
    Ex. They include books, letters, historical documents, photographs, news broadcasts, press statements and audiotapes of speeches = Contienen libros, cartas, documentos históricos, fotografías, noticias, conferencias de prensa, y casetes de discurso.
    ----
    * acaparar las noticias = grab + the headlines, hit + the headlines.
    * agencia de noticias = news office, news agency, newspaper agency, news organisation.
    * agencias de noticias = news media.
    * agente de noticias web = newsbot.
    * boletín de noticias = newsletter.
    * buenas noticas, las = good word, the.
    * buenas noticias = glad tidings.
    * buscar la noticia = grab at + a headline.
    * columnista de agencia de noticias = syndicated columnist.
    * conocer la noticia = learn + the news.
    * dar la noticia = give + the news.
    * difundir la noticia = spread + the word, spread + the good word, pass on + the good word, spread + the news.
    * difundir noticias = broadcast + news.
    * el mundo de las noticias = newsmaking.
    * enterarse de la noticia = learn + the news.
    * esperamos sus noticias = look forward to + hearing from you.
    * foro de noticias = newsgroup [news group].
    * impresión de noticias = news-printing.
    * indizador de noticias web = newsbot.
    * la buena noticia = the good news.
    * llegar noticias = come to + Posesivo + notice.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * noticia de periódico = newspaper account.
    * noticia de última hora = hot off the press(es).
    * noticia por cable = newswire.
    * noticias = news, news information.
    * noticias de actualidad = current events, current news events, current news.
    * noticias deportivas = sports news, sports score, sports results.
    * noticias de radio y/o televisión = broadcast news.
    * noticias de última hora = breaking news.
    * noticias diarias de interés = daily news alerts.
    * noticias + difundirse = news + spread.
    * noticias por cable = cable news.
    * noticia web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * parecido a las noticias = news-type.
    * programa de noticias = news programme.
    * publicación de una noticia dos veces = crossposting [cross-posting].
    * publicar una noticia en varias listas de correo = cross post [cross-post].
    * que no haya noticas es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * recibir noticias de = hear from.
    * resumen de noticias = roundup [round-up], roundup of news, roundup of news.
    * retransmitir noticias = broadcast + news.
    * servicio de noticias = news service.
    * tablón electrónico de noticias = electronic bulletin board (EEB), bulletin board system (BBS).
    * tener noticias de = hear from.
    * tipo noticias = news-type.
    * titular de noticias = news headline.
    * * *
    a) ( informe)

    buenas/malas noticias — good/bad news

    ¿quién le va a dar la noticia? — who's going to break the news to him?

    hacer noticia — to hit the headlines

    b) noticias femenino plural ( referencias) news

    no tenemos noticias suyas — ( provenientes de él) we haven't heard from him; ( provenientes de otra persona) we haven't had (any) news of him

    c) (información, conocimiento)
    * * *
    = announcement, news, newswire, news item, item of news, news story, bit of information, news broadcast.

    Ex: Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.

    Ex: Next came the good news that war between member states had been rendered inconceivable, even though the prospect of war was on nobody's mind at the time.
    Ex: The number of full text data bases on-line is also increasing, providing instant access to newspapers and newswires, popular magazines and scholarly journals.
    Ex: From January 1981, the name will be 'Current Technology Index,' and the coverage will be increased, both in terms of journals indexed and other items included, eg news items.
    Ex: This item of news penetrated his heart like a stab = Esta noticia penetró su corazón como una puñalada.
    Ex: This a cross-cultural experiment on how well audiences remember news stories from newspaper, computer, television, and radio sources.
    Ex: Outside the portacabin there is a board with a few useful bits of information, such as the temperature of the water, visibility, and opening/closing times.
    Ex: They include books, letters, historical documents, photographs, news broadcasts, press statements and audiotapes of speeches = Contienen libros, cartas, documentos históricos, fotografías, noticias, conferencias de prensa, y casetes de discurso.
    * acaparar las noticias = grab + the headlines, hit + the headlines.
    * agencia de noticias = news office, news agency, newspaper agency, news organisation.
    * agencias de noticias = news media.
    * agente de noticias web = newsbot.
    * boletín de noticias = newsletter.
    * buenas noticas, las = good word, the.
    * buenas noticias = glad tidings.
    * buscar la noticia = grab at + a headline.
    * columnista de agencia de noticias = syndicated columnist.
    * conocer la noticia = learn + the news.
    * dar la noticia = give + the news.
    * difundir la noticia = spread + the word, spread + the good word, pass on + the good word, spread + the news.
    * difundir noticias = broadcast + news.
    * el mundo de las noticias = newsmaking.
    * enterarse de la noticia = learn + the news.
    * esperamos sus noticias = look forward to + hearing from you.
    * foro de noticias = newsgroup [news group].
    * impresión de noticias = news-printing.
    * indizador de noticias web = newsbot.
    * la buena noticia = the good news.
    * llegar noticias = come to + Posesivo + notice.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * noticia de periódico = newspaper account.
    * noticia de última hora = hot off the press(es).
    * noticia por cable = newswire.
    * noticias = news, news information.
    * noticias de actualidad = current events, current news events, current news.
    * noticias deportivas = sports news, sports score, sports results.
    * noticias de radio y/o televisión = broadcast news.
    * noticias de última hora = breaking news.
    * noticias diarias de interés = daily news alerts.
    * noticias + difundirse = news + spread.
    * noticias por cable = cable news.
    * noticia web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * parecido a las noticias = news-type.
    * programa de noticias = news programme.
    * publicación de una noticia dos veces = crossposting [cross-posting].
    * publicar una noticia en varias listas de correo = cross post [cross-post].
    * que no haya noticas es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * recibir noticias de = hear from.
    * resumen de noticias = roundup [round-up], roundup of news, roundup of news.
    * retransmitir noticias = broadcast + news.
    * servicio de noticias = news service.
    * tablón electrónico de noticias = electronic bulletin board (EEB), bulletin board system (BBS).
    * tener noticias de = hear from.
    * tipo noticias = news-type.
    * titular de noticias = news headline.

    * * *
    1
    (informe): las noticias son alarmantes the news is alarming
    ¡qué noticia más deprimente! what a depressing piece of news!, what depressing news!
    la noticia de su muerte the news of his death
    traigo buenas/malas noticias I have some good/bad news
    tengo que darte una mala noticia I have some bad news for you
    ¿quién le va a dar la noticia? who's going to break the news to him?
    nos llega una noticia de última hora or de último momento some late news has just come in
    la última noticia del programa the final item on the news
    estar atrasado de noticias to be out of touch, be behind with the news
    hacer noticia to make news, hit the headlines
    ya hace un mes que se fue y seguimos sin noticias she left a month ago and we still haven't heard anything o had any news
    hace meses que no tenemos noticias suyas (provenientes de él) we haven't heard from him for months; (provenientes de otra persona) we haven't had (any) news of him for months
    3
    (información, conocimiento): no tenía noticia de que hubiera problemas I had no idea o I didn't know (that) there were problems
    Compuesto:
    ( fam):
    lo de su divorcio fue una noticia bomba the news of their divorce was a real bombshell ( colloq)
    traigo una noticia bomba I have some amazing o incredible news for you
    * * *

     

    noticia sustantivo femenino
    1 ( información):
    ◊ una noticia a piece o an item of news;

    buenas/malas noticias good/bad news;
    la última noticia del programa the final item on the news;
    una noticia de última hora a late o last-minute news item
    2
    ◊ noticias sustantivo femenino plural




    ( provenientes de otra persona) we haven't had (any) news of him
    b) (Rad, TV) news

    noticia sustantivo femenino
    1 news sing: es una buena/mala noticia, it's good/bad news
    mañana le daré la noticia, tomorrow I'll break the news to him
    2 voy a ver las noticias, I'm going to watch the news
    ' noticia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abultar
    - alcance
    - aliento
    - anuncio
    - callar
    - cobertura
    - conmocionar
    - dar
    - desplomarse
    - divulgarse
    - ensombrecerse
    - escopetazo
    - evidenciar
    - excesivamente
    - expandirse
    - filtrar
    - filtración
    - filtrarse
    - halagüeña
    - halagüeño
    - helada
    - helado
    - improviso
    - inflar
    - pregonar
    - producir
    - propagar
    - recibir
    - resonancia
    - respiración
    - resumir
    - ruidosa
    - ruidoso
    - rumor
    - sensación
    - sentar
    - silenciar
    - sumir
    - transmitir
    - última
    - último
    - voz
    - a
    - acoger
    - acogida
    - actualidad
    - afectar
    - aguardar
    - anunciar
    - aturdimiento
    English:
    announcement
    - bedlam
    - bit
    - blue
    - bombshell
    - brief
    - buckle
    - deny
    - development
    - earthshattering
    - encouraging
    - flash
    - flinch
    - front-page
    - get
    - get about
    - get out
    - headline
    - hit
    - impact
    - item
    - juicy
    - lead story
    - let out
    - me
    - news
    - newsflash
    - out
    - outrage
    - overjoyed
    - piece
    - public
    - red-hot
    - release
    - report
    - rock
    - sensational
    - shatter
    - shock
    - shocking
    - sink in
    - slant
    - spread
    - spring
    - story
    - stunning
    - suppress
    - thunderbolt
    - unreliable
    - unwelcome
    * * *
    1. [información, hecho] news [singular];
    una noticia a piece of news;
    tengo una buena/mala noticia I've got some good/bad news;
    me enteré de la noticia ayer I heard the news yesterday;
    su hijo le dio la noticia his son broke the news to him;
    noticias de última hora the latest news
    Fam noticia bomba bombshell;
    ¡noticia bomba!, ¡nos van a subir el sueldo! shock! horror! we're getting a pay Br rise o US raise!
    2.
    las noticias [en televisión] the news
    3. [conocimiento]
    ¿tienes noticias suyas? have you heard from him?;
    no tengo noticia de que se haya cambiado la fecha I haven't heard anything about the date being changed
    * * *
    f piece of news; en noticiario news story, item of news;
    tener noticia de algo have news of sth;
    noticias pl news sg ;
    no tengo noticias de él I haven’t had any news from him
    * * *
    1) : news item, piece of news
    2) noticias nfpl
    : news
    * * *
    1. (en general) news
    Recuerda que news es un nombre incontable, pero que existe la fórmula a piece of news
    2. (en periodismo) news item / story [pl. stories]
    ¿quién firma la noticia? who wrote the story?

    Spanish-English dictionary > noticia

  • 63 posición

    f.
    1 position, exact position, bearing, location.
    2 standing, reputation, status.
    3 attitude, stand, position, stance.
    4 position.
    5 position, job, billet.
    6 place, social standing.
    7 situs.
    * * *
    1 (postura, situación) position
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=postura) position

    estar en posición de firme — (Mil) to be at attention

    2) (=lugar) position
    3) (=categoría) position, standing
    4) (=punto de vista) position, stance

    ¿cuál es su posición en este conflicto? — what's your position o stance on this dispute?

    5) [en competición, liga] place, position

    ganó Alemania con Italia en segunda posición — Germany won, with Italy in second place o position

    posiciones de honor — first three places, medal positions

    perder posiciones — [en lucha, enfrentamiento] to lose ground

    6) LAm (=puesto de trabajo) position, post
    * * *
    1)
    a) (lugar, puesto) position

    en (la) quinta posición... — he finished the race in fifth place...

    b) (Mil) position
    2)
    a) ( situación) position
    b) ( en la sociedad) social standing

    gente de buena posición or de posición elevada — people of high social standing

    3)
    a) ( postura física) position
    b) ( actitud) position, stance

    adoptar una posición intransigente — to take o adopt a tough stance

    * * *
    = attitude, character position, location, position, position, ranking, footing, stand, rank number, stance, standing, grading, mindshare.
    Ex. One major hurdle remain before wider implementation can be expected user attitudes and acceptance of this physical form of catalogue and index.
    Ex. The record length is the number of character positions in the record including the record label and the record separator.
    Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex. He has held a variety of positions of increasing responsibility.
    Ex. The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.
    Ex. Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.
    Ex. Certain new factors have fertilized the ground for the rooting and growth of activity on a stronger and firmer footing than has ever been possible in the past.
    Ex. The Midwinter Meeting of the American Library Association included various items of business such as: the ALA stand on UNESCO; a new dues schedule; grants; role of school librarians in ALA; new cataloguing tools; and standards.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Journal ranking: the issue of allotting rank numbers when there is a tie'.
    Ex. It is precisely such programme arrangements which seemed, upon examination, to produce an equivocal stance on the question of applying the technology in a user-orientated way.
    Ex. Their sheer institutional standing and regard have had a bearing upon the creation of a situation which is a good deal better than it might otherwise have been.
    Ex. It is interesting that, in this case, socio-economic grading was a better social discriminator than was terminal educational age.
    Ex. Libaries mindshare in this new self-service e-resource environment is also clear: behind newer entrants.
    ----
    * alta posición = high estate.
    * aprovecharse de + Posesivo + posición = take + advantage of + Posesivo + position.
    * cambiar de posición = transpose, reposition [re-position].
    * colocarse en la posición de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of.
    * de posición intermedia = middle-ground.
    * en la mejor posición = best-positioned.
    * en posición correcta = the right way round.
    * estar en la mejor posición para = be best positioned to.
    * estar en posición de = be in a position to.
    * mantener la posición = hold + the line.
    * ocupar la mejor posición para = be in the best position to, be best positioned to, be the best placed to.
    * ocupar una posición = take + position, fill + niche, occupy + a niche.
    * ocupar una posición de = be in position of.
    * ocupar un posición = occupy + position.
    * posición de comienzo = offset value.
    * posición del loto, la = lotus position, the, padmasana.
    * posición de poder = position power.
    * posición de ventaja = high ground.
    * posición elevada = high ground.
    * posición estratégica = vantage point.
    * posición geográfica = geolocation.
    * posición incorrecta, en = wrong way round, the.
    * posición inicial = lead position, starting position.
    * posición intermedia = middle way.
    * posición privilegiada = advantageous position.
    * posición social = social standing.
    * posición ventajosa = vantage point, high ground.
    * primera posición = pole position, pole start.
    * primera posición de salida = pole start, pole position.
    * que ocupa la mejor posición = best-positioned.
    * reconsiderar posición = reconsider + position.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (lugar, puesto) position

    en (la) quinta posición... — he finished the race in fifth place...

    b) (Mil) position
    2)
    a) ( situación) position
    b) ( en la sociedad) social standing

    gente de buena posición or de posición elevada — people of high social standing

    3)
    a) ( postura física) position
    b) ( actitud) position, stance

    adoptar una posición intransigente — to take o adopt a tough stance

    * * *
    = attitude, character position, location, position, position, ranking, footing, stand, rank number, stance, standing, grading, mindshare.

    Ex: One major hurdle remain before wider implementation can be expected user attitudes and acceptance of this physical form of catalogue and index.

    Ex: The record length is the number of character positions in the record including the record label and the record separator.
    Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex: He has held a variety of positions of increasing responsibility.
    Ex: The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.
    Ex: Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.
    Ex: Certain new factors have fertilized the ground for the rooting and growth of activity on a stronger and firmer footing than has ever been possible in the past.
    Ex: The Midwinter Meeting of the American Library Association included various items of business such as: the ALA stand on UNESCO; a new dues schedule; grants; role of school librarians in ALA; new cataloguing tools; and standards.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Journal ranking: the issue of allotting rank numbers when there is a tie'.
    Ex: It is precisely such programme arrangements which seemed, upon examination, to produce an equivocal stance on the question of applying the technology in a user-orientated way.
    Ex: Their sheer institutional standing and regard have had a bearing upon the creation of a situation which is a good deal better than it might otherwise have been.
    Ex: It is interesting that, in this case, socio-economic grading was a better social discriminator than was terminal educational age.
    Ex: Libaries mindshare in this new self-service e-resource environment is also clear: behind newer entrants.
    * alta posición = high estate.
    * aprovecharse de + Posesivo + posición = take + advantage of + Posesivo + position.
    * cambiar de posición = transpose, reposition [re-position].
    * colocarse en la posición de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of.
    * de posición intermedia = middle-ground.
    * en la mejor posición = best-positioned.
    * en posición correcta = the right way round.
    * estar en la mejor posición para = be best positioned to.
    * estar en posición de = be in a position to.
    * mantener la posición = hold + the line.
    * ocupar la mejor posición para = be in the best position to, be best positioned to, be the best placed to.
    * ocupar una posición = take + position, fill + niche, occupy + a niche.
    * ocupar una posición de = be in position of.
    * ocupar un posición = occupy + position.
    * posición de comienzo = offset value.
    * posición del loto, la = lotus position, the, padmasana.
    * posición de poder = position power.
    * posición de ventaja = high ground.
    * posición elevada = high ground.
    * posición estratégica = vantage point.
    * posición geográfica = geolocation.
    * posición incorrecta, en = wrong way round, the.
    * posición inicial = lead position, starting position.
    * posición intermedia = middle way.
    * posición privilegiada = advantageous position.
    * posición social = social standing.
    * posición ventajosa = vantage point, high ground.
    * primera posición = pole position, pole start.
    * primera posición de salida = pole start, pole position.
    * que ocupa la mejor posición = best-positioned.
    * reconsiderar posición = reconsider + position.

    * * *
    A
    1 (lugar, puesto) position
    me indicó su posición en el mapa she showed me its position o where it was on the map
    terminó la carrera en (la) quinta posición he finished the race in fifth place
    el dólar recuperó posiciones frente al yen the dollar recovered against the yen
    2 ( Mil) position
    bombardearon las posiciones enemigas they bombarded the enemy positions o lines
    Compuestos:
    ● posición adelantada or de adelanto
    ( Chi) offside position
    starting position
    B
    1 (situación) position
    no estoy en posición de hacer críticas a nadie I'm in no position to criticize anyone
    2 (en la sociedad) social standing
    gente de buena posiciónor de posición elevada people of high social standing
    un hombre de posición a man of some standing
    es de una familia de posición desahogada his family is comfortably off
    posición dominante en el mercado dominant market position
    C
    coloquen sus asientos en posición vertical put your seats in an upright position
    2 (actitud) position, stance
    adoptaron una posición intransigente they took a tough stand, they adopted a tough stance
    Compuestos:
    at ease
    en posición de descanso (standing) at ease
    attention
    en posición de firmes at attention, standing to attention
    * * *

     

    posición sustantivo femenino





    ◊ adoptar una posición intransigente to take a tough stand o stance

    posición sustantivo femenino position: estoy muy incómodo en esta posición, I'm uncomfortable in this position
    mantuvo una posición muy beligerante, he adopted a beligerant position
    ' posición' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - ala
    - debilitar
    - después
    - ir
    - inferior
    - luz
    - opuesta
    - opuesto
    - recta
    - recto
    - señor
    - sitio
    - situarse
    - supina
    - supino
    - a
    - abusar
    - acomodado
    - adelante
    - adoptar
    - afianzar
    - alto
    - altura
    - antirreglamentario
    - bien
    - caer
    - cambiar
    - confianza
    - consolidar
    - delantero
    - desahogado
    - descanso
    - elevado
    - gozar
    - holgado
    - inmejorable
    - insostenible
    - invertido
    - marginal
    - modesto
    - óptimo
    - perfilar
    - privilegiado
    - sobre
    - superior
    - término
    - ubicación
    - vertical
    - vuelta
    English:
    abuse
    - after
    - ahead
    - along
    - ashore
    - asinine
    - at
    - away
    - before
    - between
    - bottom
    - down
    - downstairs
    - enhance
    - face
    - fire
    - fourth
    - from
    - in
    - lead
    - middle ground
    - on
    - over
    - overseas
    - parking lights
    - position
    - reach
    - reverse
    - sidelight
    - south
    - stand
    - station
    - tenuous
    - to
    - undermine
    - up
    - vantage point
    - attention
    - better
    - location
    - self
    - setting
    - sit
    - something
    - standing
    - status
    - tread
    - worse
    * * *
    1. [postura física] position
    posición fetal foetal position;
    posición de loto lotus position
    2. [puesto] position;
    el equipo ha recuperado posiciones con respecto al líder the team has closed the gap on the leader;
    posición ventajosa vantage point
    3. [lugar] position;
    tomaron las posiciones enemigas they took the enemy positions
    4. [situación] position;
    no estoy en posición de opinar I'm not in a position to comment;
    estoy en una posición muy difícil I'm in a very difficult position
    5. [categoría] [social] status;
    [económica] situation;
    está en una posición económica difícil he's in a difficult financial situation
    * * *
    f
    1 tb MIL, fig
    position;
    en buena posición en clasificación in a good position, well-placed;
    2 social standing, status;
    de posición of some standing
    * * *
    posición nf, pl - ciones
    1) : position, place
    2) : status, standing
    3) : attitude, stance
    * * *
    posición n position

    Spanish-English dictionary > posición

  • 64 inclusión

    f.
    1 inclusion.
    2 included item, inclusion.
    3 embedding.
    * * *
    1 inclusion
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino inclusion
    * * *
    = addition, entry, inclusion, incorporation, injection, inclusiveness, inclusivity, subsumption.
    Ex. A scheme should allow expansion, to permit the additions of new subjects or more specific subdivision of existing subjects.
    Ex. The entry, change, and extraction of word and phrases from abstracts is described in detail in Chapter 9.
    Ex. The inclusion of related subjects can help even the user with a specific search, particularly where the user is not adequately familiar with the subject that is sought.
    Ex. The incorporation of such features into a system would permit us to create a machine-based catalog rather than a reference file of bibliographic records.
    Ex. The injection of foreign ownership into the debate over the privatisation of federal agencies has deflected attention from critical domestic concerns of economic efficiency and operational optimisation.
    Ex. The aim of a true bibliography is inclusiveness rather than selectivity.
    Ex. Academic libraries need shed these lingering vestiges of eurocentricism and move forward towards meaningful cultural inclusivity.
    Ex. It may therefore be questioned whether the subsumption of the public library into a recreational-leisure service is an appropriate avenue of advancement for the library -- or for librarians.
    ----
    * inclusión de ficheros = file attachment.
    * inclusión en el mundo de las redes = e-inclusion.
    * inclusión en el mundo electrónico = e-inclusion.
    * inclusión en la lista de morosos = blacklisting.
    * inclusión social = social inclusion.
    * relación de inclusión = part-whole relation.
    * * *
    femenino inclusion
    * * *
    = addition, entry, inclusion, incorporation, injection, inclusiveness, inclusivity, subsumption.

    Ex: A scheme should allow expansion, to permit the additions of new subjects or more specific subdivision of existing subjects.

    Ex: The entry, change, and extraction of word and phrases from abstracts is described in detail in Chapter 9.
    Ex: The inclusion of related subjects can help even the user with a specific search, particularly where the user is not adequately familiar with the subject that is sought.
    Ex: The incorporation of such features into a system would permit us to create a machine-based catalog rather than a reference file of bibliographic records.
    Ex: The injection of foreign ownership into the debate over the privatisation of federal agencies has deflected attention from critical domestic concerns of economic efficiency and operational optimisation.
    Ex: The aim of a true bibliography is inclusiveness rather than selectivity.
    Ex: Academic libraries need shed these lingering vestiges of eurocentricism and move forward towards meaningful cultural inclusivity.
    Ex: It may therefore be questioned whether the subsumption of the public library into a recreational-leisure service is an appropriate avenue of advancement for the library -- or for librarians.
    * inclusión de ficheros = file attachment.
    * inclusión en el mundo de las redes = e-inclusion.
    * inclusión en el mundo electrónico = e-inclusion.
    * inclusión en la lista de morosos = blacklisting.
    * inclusión social = social inclusion.
    * relación de inclusión = part-whole relation.

    * * *
    inclusion
    * * *

    inclusión sustantivo femenino inclusion
    ' inclusión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    incluso
    English:
    inclusion
    - listing
    * * *
    inclusion
    * * *
    f inclusion
    * * *
    inclusión nf, pl - siones : inclusion

    Spanish-English dictionary > inclusión

  • 65 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

    [br]
    b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USA
    d. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England
    [br]
    American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.
    [br]
    Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.
    It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.
    Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.
    In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.
    Bibliography
    1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).
    Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).
    P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    CM / JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

  • 66 Messerschmitt, Willi E.

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 26 June 1898 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
    d. 17 September 1978 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German aircraft designer noted for successful fighters such as the Bf 109, one of the world's most widely produced aircraft.
    [br]
    Messerschmitt studied engineering at the Munich Institute of Tchnology and obtained his degree in 1923. By 1926 he was Chief Designer at the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke in Augsburg. Due to the ban on military aircraft in Germany following the First World War, his early designs included gliders, light aircraft, and a series of high-wing airliners. He began to make a major impact on German aircraft design once Hitler came to power and threw off the shackles of the Treaty of Versailles, which so restricted Germany's armed forces. In 1932 he bought out the now-bankrupt Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, but initially, because of enmity between himself and the German aviation minister, was not invited to compete for an air force contract for a single-engined fighter. However, in 1934 Messerschmitt designed the Bf 108 Taifun, a small civil aircraft with a fighter-like appearance. This displayed the quality of his design and the German air ministry was forced to recognize him. As a result, he unveiled the famous Bf 109 fighter which first flew in August 1935; it was used during the Spanish Civil War in 1936–9, and was to become one of the foremost combat aircraft of the Second World War. In 1938, after several name changes, the company became Messerschmitt Aktien-Gesellschaft (and hence a change of prefix from Bf to Me). During April 1939 a Messerschmitt aircraft broke the world air-speed record at 755.14 km/h (469.32 mph): it was entered in the FAI records as a Bf 109R, but was more accurately a new design designated Me 209V-1.
    During the Second World War, the 5/70P was progressively improved, and eventually almost 35,000 were built. Other successful fighters followed, such as the twin-engined Me 110 which also served as a bomber and night fighter. The Messerschmitt Me 262 twin-engined jet fighter, the first jet aircraft in the world to enter service, flew during the early years of the war, but it was never given a high priority by the High Command and only a small number were in service when the war ended. Another revolutionary Messerschmitt AG design was the Me 163 Komet, the concept of Professor Alexander Lippisch who had joined Messerschmitt's company in 1939; this was the first rocket-propelled fighter to enter service. It was a small tailless design capable of 880 km/hr (550 mph), but its duration under power was only about 10 minutes and it was very dangerous to fly. From late 1944 onwards it was used to intercept the United States Air Force bombers during their daylight raids. At the other end of the scale, Messerschmitt produced the Me 321 Gigant, a huge transport glider which was towed behind a flight of three Me 110s. Later it was equipped with six engines, but it was an easy target for allied fighters. This was a costly white elephant, as was his high-speed twin-engined Me 210 fighter-bomber project which nearly made his company bankrupt. Nevertheless, he was certainly an innovator and was much admired by Hitler, who declared that he had "the skull of a genius", because of the Me 163 Komet rocket-powered fighter and the Me 262.
    At the end of the war Messerschmitt was detained by the Americans for two years. In 1952 Messerschmitt became an aviation adviser to the Spanish government, and his Bf109 was produced in Spain as the Hispano Buchon for a number of years and was powered by Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. A factory was also constructed in Egypt to produce aircraft to Messerschmitt's designs. His German company, banned from building aircraft, produced prefabricated houses, sewing machines and, from 1953 to 1962, a series of bubble-cars: the KR 175 (1953–55) and the KR 200 (1955–62) were single-cylinder three-wheeled bubble-cars, and the Tiger (1958–62) was a twin-cylinder, 500cc four-wheeler. In 1958 Messerschmitt resumed aircraft construction in Germany and later became the Honorary Chairman of the merged Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm company (now part of the Franco-German Eurocopter company).
    [br]
    Further Reading
    van Ishoven, 1975, Messerschmitt. Aircraft Designer, London. J.Richard Smith, 1971, Messerschmitt. An Air-craft Album, London.
    Anthony Pritchard, 1975, Messerschmitt, London (describes Messerschmitt aircraft).
    JDS / CM

    Biographical history of technology > Messerschmitt, Willi E.

  • 67 postura

    f.
    1 position, posture.
    2 attitude, stance.
    3 bid.
    4 body posture, position, posture.
    5 point of view, attitude, stand, position.
    6 agreement.
    * * *
    1 (de un cuerpo) posture, position
    2 (actitud) attitude
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [del cuerpo] position
    2) (=actitud) stance, position
    3) [en una subasta] bid
    4) [en juego de azar] bet, stake
    5) [de ave] (=acción) egg-laying; (=conjunto de huevos) eggs pl, eggs laid pl
    6) ** (=droga) 1000-pesetas' worth of hashish
    * * *
    1) ( del cuerpo) position
    2)
    a) ( actitud) stance
    b) ( opinión) opinion

    posturas encontradas or enfrentadas — opposing views

    tomar postura — to take a stand

    3) (AmL) (de ropa, zapatos)
    •
    * * *
    1) ( del cuerpo) position
    2)
    a) ( actitud) stance
    b) ( opinión) opinion

    posturas encontradas or enfrentadas — opposing views

    tomar postura — to take a stand

    3) (AmL) (de ropa, zapatos)
    •
    * * *
    postura1
    1 = posture, pose.

    Ex: 'I'll give it more thought,' she said with a sharp frown, resuming her former posture.

    Ex: Male readers are often attracted to this sub-genre because of the books' pin-up art, depicting beautiful young women in revealing costumes and provocative poses.
    * de postura = postural.
    * postura del loto, la = lotus position, the, padmasana.
    * postura de yoga = asana.
    * postura exigida por el trabajo = work posture.
    * postura física = physical posture.

    postura2
    = stance, position, stand, posturing, viewpoint, standpoint, view, opinion (on).

    Ex: It is precisely such programme arrangements which seemed, upon examination, to produce an equivocal stance on the question of applying the technology in a user-orientated way.

    Ex: In 1971 John Pemberton was engaged by the Government `to carry out a broad review of the present position regarding the provision of printed ephemera in libraries in Great Britain'.
    Ex: The Midwinter Meeting of the American Library Association included various items of business such as: the ALA stand on UNESCO; a new dues schedule; grants; role of school librarians in ALA; new cataloguing tools; and standards.
    Ex: The lavishness of the presentation imbues the show with conviction and almost distracts from the ridiculousness of its apocalyptic posturing.
    Ex: Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.
    Ex: So it seems to me you should try to resolve this point of approach, whether you're going to approach it from the standpoint of the user or from the standpoint of the group being listed.
    Ex: There is an alternative method for the design of subject retrieval devices, and that is to build languages or schemes which depend upon some theoretical views about the nature and structure of knowledge.
    Ex: A reputable supplier will readily provide names of former customers who may be contacted for their opinions on service, support and maintenance.
    * adoptar la postura moral correcta = take + the high ground, take + the high road.
    * adoptar una postura = adopt + posture, adopt + behaviour, adopt + a stance, take + position, take + a stance.
    * adoptar una postura crítica sobre = take + a critical view of.
    * adoptar una postura firme = take + a stand (against).
    * adoptar una postura firme ante una cuestión = take + position on + issue.
    * adoptar una postura firme contra = take + a firm stand against.
    * adoptar una postura intransigente = take + a hard stand.
    * adoptar una postura unánime = speak with + one voice.
    * adoptar un postura = embrace + view, don + mantle.
    * cambiar de postura = reconsider + position.
    * cambiar radicalmente de postura = do + an about-face.
    * cambio radical de postura = about-face.
    * declaración de postura oficial = position paper.
    * defender + Posesivo + postura = argue + Posesivo + case.
    * desafiar una postura = challenge + attitude.
    * poner en entredicho una postura = compromise + position.
    * postura defensiva = bunker mentality.
    * postura ideológica en contra de la homosexualidad = heterosexism.
    * postura indefinida = fence-sitting position.
    * postura única = unified voice.
    * tomar una postura = take + viewpoint, adopt + a stance, take + position, take + a stance.
    * tomar una postura firme = take + a stand (against).
    * tomar una postura intransigente = take + a hard stand.

    * * *
    A (del cuerpo) position
    tengo que haber dormido en una mala postura I must have slept in an awkward position
    tiene muy mala postura he has very bad posture
    Compuesto:
    lotus position
    B
    1 (actitud) stance
    adoptó una postura crítica frente a esta propuesta she adopted a critical attitude toward(s) o a critical stance on this proposal
    eso de no comprometerte es una postura muy cómoda not committing yourself like that is an easy way out o is an easy option
    2 (opinión) opinion
    hay posturas encontradas or enfrentadas en la organización there are opposing views within the organization
    tomar postura to take a stand
    C
    ( AmL) (de ropa, zapatos): se le rompieron a la primera postura they broke the first time she wore them
    Compuesto:
    ( Chi) (acción) exchange of rings ( to seal one's engagement); (fiesta) engagement party
    * * *

     

    postura sustantivo femenino
    1 ( del cuerpo) position
    2

    ◊ adoptar una postura firme con respecto a algo to take a tough stance o stand on sth


    ◊ tomar postura to take a stand

    3 (AmL) (de ropa, zapatos):

    postura de argollas (Chi) ( acción) exchange of rings ( to seal one's engagement);

    ( fiesta) engagement party
    postura sustantivo femenino
    1 (física) position, posture
    2 (intelectual) attitude
    ' postura' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    actitud
    - antinuclear
    - flexibilizar
    - inamovible
    - mantenerse
    - pose
    - suscitar
    - ultranza
    - afianzar
    - asentar
    - claro
    - concesión
    - definición
    - duro
    - extremo
    - política
    - reconciliar
    English:
    assume
    - attitude
    - firm
    - inflexible
    - pose
    - position
    - posture
    - stance
    - stand
    - about
    - line
    * * *
    1. [posición] position, posture;
    ponte en una postura cómoda get into a comfortable position, make yourself comfortable
    postura del misionero missionary position
    2. [actitud] attitude, stance;
    adoptar una postura to adopt an attitude o a stance;
    tienes que tomar postura you have to take up a position;
    defiende posturas muy radicales he upholds very radical opinions o views
    3. [en subasta] bid
    4. Am [uso]
    este vestido se me estropeó a la segunda postura this dress fell to pieces the second time I wore it
    5. Chile postura de argollas [celebración] engagement party
    * * *
    f tb fig
    position
    * * *
    1) : posture, position (of the body)
    2) actitud, posición: position, stance
    * * *
    postura n position

    Spanish-English dictionary > postura

  • 68 प्रति _prati

    प्रति ind.
    1 As a prefix to verbs it means (a) towards, in the direction of; (b) back, in return, again; तष्ठेदानीं न मे जीवन् प्रतियास्यसि दुर्मते Rām.7.18.13; (c) in opposition to, against, counter; (d) upon, down upon; (see the several roots with this preposition).
    -2 As a prefix to nouns not directly derived from verbs it means (a) likeness, resemblance, equality; (b) opposite, of the opposite side; प्रतिबल Ve.3.5. 'the opposing force'; so प्रतिद्विपाः Mu.2.13; (c) rivalry; as in प्रतिचन्द्रः 'a rival moon'; प्रतिपुरुषः &c.
    -3 As a separable preposition (with acc.) it means (a) towards, in the direction of, to; तौ दम्पती स्वां प्रति राजधानीं प्रस्थापयामास वशी वसिष्ठः R.2.7;1. 75; प्रत्यनिलं विचेरु Ku.3.31; वृक्षं प्रति विद्योतते विद्युत् Sk.; (b) against, counter, in opposition to, opposite; तदा यायाद् रिपुं प्रति Ms.7.171; प्रदुदुवुस्तं प्रति राक्षसेन्द्रम् Rām.; ययावजः प्रत्यरिसैन्यमेव R.7.55; (c) in comparison with, on a par with, in proportion to, a match for; त्वं सहस्राणि प्रति Ṛv.2.1.8; (d) near, in the vicinity of, by, at, in, on; समासेदुस्ततो गङ्गां शृङ्गवेरपुरं प्रति Rām.; गङ्गां प्रति; (e) at the time, about, during; आदित्यस्योदयं प्रति Mb; फाल्गुनं वाथ चैत्रं वा मासौ प्रति Ms.7.182; (f) on the side of, in favour of, to the lot of; यदत्र मां प्रति स्यात् Sk.; हरं प्रति हलाहलं (अभवत्) Vop.; (g) in each, in or at every, severally (used in a distributive sense); वर्षं प्रति, प्रतिवर्षम्; यज्ञं प्रति Y.1.11; वृक्षं वृक्षं प्रति सिञ्चति Sk.; (h) with regard or reference to, in relation to, regarding, concerning, about, as to; न हि मे संशीतिरस्या दिव्यतां प्रति K.132; चन्द्रोपरागं प्रति तु केनापि विप्रलब्धासि Mu.1; धर्मं प्रति Ś.5.18; मन्दौत्सुक्यो$स्मि नगरगमनं प्रति Ś.1; Ku.6.27; 7.83; त्वयैकमीशं प्रति साधु भाषितम् 5.81; Y.1.218; R.6. 12;1.29;12.51; (i) according to, in conformity with; मां प्रति in my opinion; (j) before, in the presence of; (k) for, on account of.
    -4 As a separable preposi- tion (with abl.) it means either (a) a representative of, in place of, instead of; प्रद्युम्नः कृष्णात् प्रति Sk.; संग्रामे यो नारायणतः प्रति Bk.8.89; or (b) in exchange or return for; तिलेभ्यः प्रति यच्छति माषान् Sk.; भक्तेः प्रत्यमृतं शंभोः Vop.
    -5 As the first member of Avyayībhāva compound it usually means (a) in or at every; as प्रतिसंवत्सरम् 'every year', प्रतिक्षणम्, प्रत्यहम् &c.; (b) towards, in the direction of; प्रत्यग्नि शलभा डयन्ते.
    -6 प्रति is sometimes used as the last member of Avyayī. comp. in the sense of 'a little'; सूपप्रति, शाकप्रति. [ Note:-- In the com- pounds given below all words the second members of which are words not immediately connected with verbs, are included; other words will be found in their proper places.]
    -Comp. -अंशम् ind. on the shoulders.
    -अक्षरम् ind. in every syllable or letter; प्रत्यक्षरश्लेषमयप्रबन्ध Vās.
    -अग्नि ind. towards the fire.
    -अग्र = प्रत्यग्र q. v.
    -अङ्गम् 1 a secondary or minor limb (of the body), as the nose.
    -2 a division, chapter, section.
    -3 every limb.
    -4 a weapon. (
    -ङ्गम्) ind.
    1 on or at every limb of the body; as in प्रत्यङ्ग- मालिङ्गितः Gīt.1.
    -2 for every subdivision.
    -3 in each case (in grammar).
    -अधिदेवता a tutelary deity who stays in front or near one; Hch.
    -अधिष्ठानम्, -आधानम् the principal place of residence; Bṛi. Up.2.2.1.
    -2 repository.
    -अनन्तर a.
    1 being in immediate neigh- bourhood; दानमानादिसत्कारैः कुरुष्व प्रत्यनन्तरम् Rām.4.15.27. (com. प्रत्यनन्तरं स्वाधीनम्).
    -2 standing nearest (as an heir).
    -3 immediately following, closely connected with; जीवेत् क्षत्रियधर्मेण स ह्यस्य (ब्राह्मणस्य) प्रत्यनन्तरः; Ms.1. 82;8.185. (
    -रम्) ind.
    1 immediately after.
    -2 next in succession.
    -रीभू to betake oneself close to; P. R.
    -अनिलम् ind. towards or against the wind.
    -अनीक a
    1 hostile, opposed, inimical.
    -2 resisting, opposing.
    -3 opposite.
    -4 equal, vying with. (
    -कः) an enemy.
    (-कम्) 1 hostility, enmity, hostile attitude or position; न शक्ताः प्रत्यनीकेषु स्थातुं मम सुरासुराः Rām.
    -2 a hostile army; यस्य शूरा महेष्वासाः प्रत्यनीकगता रणे Mb.; ये$वस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः Bg.11.32. (प्र˚ may have here sense 1 also).
    -3 (in Rhet.) a figure of speech in which one tries to injure a person or thing connected with an enemy who himself cannot be injured; प्रतिपक्षमशक्तेन प्रतिकर्तुं तिरस्क्रिया । या तदीयस्य तत्स्तुत्यै प्रत्यनीकं तदुच्यते K. P.1.
    -अनुप्रासः a kind of alliteration.
    -अनुमानम् an opposite conclusion.
    -अन्त a. contiguous, lying close to, adjacent, bordering.
    (-न्तः) 1 a border, frontier; स गुप्तमूलप्रत्यन्तः R.4.26.
    -2 a bordering country; especi- ally, a country occupied by barbarian or Mlechchhas. ˚देशः a bordering country. ˚पर्वतः an adjacent hill; पादाः प्रत्यन्तपर्वताः Ak.
    -अन्धकार a. spreading shadow; Buddh.
    -अपकारः retaliation, injury in return; शाम्येत् प्रत्यप- कारेण नोपकारेण दुर्जनः Ku.2.4.
    -अब्दम् ind. every year
    -अमित्र a. hostile. (
    -त्रः) an enemy. (
    -त्रम्) ind. towards as enemy.
    -अरिः 1 a well-matched opponent.
    -2 the 9th, 14th or 23rd asterism from the जन्मनक्षत्र.
    -3 a particular asterism; दारुणेषु च सर्वेषु प्रत्यरिं च विवर्जयेत् Mb.13.14.28 (com. प्रत्यरिं स्वनक्षत्राद् दिननक्षत्रं यावद् गणयित्वा नवभिर्भागे हृते पञ्चमी तारा प्रत्यरिः ।).
    -अर्कः a mock sun; parhelion.
    -अर्गलम् the rope by which a churning stick is moved.
    -अवयवम् ind.
    1 in every limb.
    -2 in every particular, in detail.
    1 lower, less honoured; पुरावरान् प्रत्यवरान् गरीयसः Mb.13.94.12.
    -2 very low or degrading, very insignificant; Ms.1.19.
    -अश्मन् m. red chalk.
    -अष्ठीला a kind of nervous disease.
    -अहम् ind. every day, daily; day by day; गिरिशमुपचचार प्रत्यहं सा सुकेशी Ku.1.6.
    -आकारः a scabbard, sheath.
    -आघातः 1 a counter-stroke.
    -2 reaction.
    -आचारः suitable conduct or behaviour.
    -आत्मम् ind. singly, severally.
    -आत्मक a. belonging to oneself.
    -आत्म्यम् similarity with oneself.
    -आत्मेन ind. after one's own image; स किंनरान् कुंपुरुषान् प्रत्यात्म्येना- सृजत् प्रभुः Bhāg.3.2.45.
    -आदित्यः a mock sun.
    -आरम्भः 1 recommencement, second beginning.
    -2 pro- hibition.
    -आर्द्र a. fresh.
    -आशा 1 hope, expectation; न यत्र प्रत्याशामनुपतति नो वा रहयति Māl.9.8.
    -2 trust, con- fidence.
    -आसङ्गः Connection, contact; अथ प्रत्यासङ्गः कमपि महिमानं वितरति Mv.1.12.
    -आस्वर 1 returning.
    -2 reflecting; Ch.Up.1.3.2.
    -आह्वयः echo, resonance; छाया प्रत्याह्वयाभासा ह्यसन्तो$प्यर्थकारिणः Bhāg.11.28.5.
    -उत्तरम् a reply, rejoinder.
    -उलूकः 1 a crow; मृत्युदूतः कपोतो$यमुलूकः कम्पयन्मनः । प्रत्युलूकश्च कुह्वानैरनिद्रौ शून्यमिच्छतः ॥ Bhāg.1.14.14.
    -2 a bird resembling an owl.
    -ऋचम् ind. in each Rik.
    -एक a. each, each one, every single one. (
    -कम्) ind.
    1 one at a time, severally; singly, in every one, to every one; oft. with the force of an adjective; विवेश दण्डकारण्यं प्रत्येकं च सतां मनः R.12.9. 'entered the mind of every good man'; 12.3;7.34; Ku.2.31.
    -एनस् m.
    1 an officer of justice (who punishes criminals); Bṛi. Up.4.3.7.
    -2 a heir responsible for the debts of the deceased; surety.
    -कञ्चुकः 1 an adversary.
    -2 a critic.
    -कण्ठम् ind.
    1 severally, one by one.
    -2 near the throat.
    -कलम् ind. constantly, perpetually.
    -कश a. not obeying the whip.
    -कष्ट a. comparatively bad.
    -कामिनी a female rival; Śi.
    -कायः 1 an effigy, image, picture, likeness.
    -2 an adversary; स वृषध्वजसायकावभिन्नं जयहेतुः प्रतिकाय- मेषणीयम् Ki.13.28.
    -3 a target, butt, mark.
    -कितवः an opponent in a game.
    -कुञ्जरः a hostile elephant.
    -कूपः a moat, ditch.
    -कूल a.
    1 unfavourable, adverse, contrary, hostile, opposite, प्रतिकूलतामुपगते हि विधौ विफलत्व- मेति बहुसाधनता Śi.9.6; Ku.3.24.
    -2 harsh, discordant. unpleasant, disagreeable; अप्यन्नपुष्टा प्रतिकूलशब्दा Ku.1. 45.
    -3 inauspicious.
    -4 contradictory.
    -5 reverse, inverted.
    -6 perverse, cross, peevish, stubborn. ˚आचार- णम्, ˚आचरितम् any offensive or hostile action or conduct; प्रतिकूलाचरितं क्षमख मे R.8.81. ˚उक्तम्, -क्तिः f. a contra- diction. ˚कारिन्, -कृत, -चारिन्, -वत्ति a. opposing. ˚दर्शन a. having an inauspicious or ungracious appearance. ˚प्रवर्तिन्, -वर्तिन् a. acting adversely, taking an adverse course. ˚भाषिन् a. opposing, contradicting. ˚वचनम् dis- agreeable or unpleasant speech. ˚वादः contradiction. (प्रतिकूलता, -त्वम् adverseness, opposition, hostility. प्रति- कूलयति 'to oppose'.).
    -कूल ind.
    1 adversely, contrarily.
    -2 inversely, in inverted order.
    -कूलय Den. P. to resist, oppose.
    -कूलिक a. hostile, inimical.
    -क्षणम् ind. at every moment or instant, constantly; प्रतिक्षणं संभ्रमलोलदृष्टि- र्लीलारविन्देन निवारयन्ती Ku.3.56.
    -क्षपम् ind. everynight.
    -गजः a hostile elephant
    -गात्रम् ind. in very limb.
    -गिरिः 1 an opposite mountain.
    -2 an inferior mountain.
    -गृहम्, -गेहम् ind. in every house.
    -ग्रामम् ind. in every village.
    -चक्रम् a hostile army.
    -चन्द्रः a mock moon; paraselene.
    -चरणम् ind.
    1 in every (Vedic) school or branch.
    -2 at every foot-step.
    -छाया, -यिका 1 a reflected image, reflection, shadow; रूपं प्रतिच्छायिक- योपनीतम् N.6.45.
    -2 an image, picture.
    -जङ्घा the forepart of the leg.
    -जिह्वा, -जिह्विका the soft palate,
    -तन्त्रम् ind. according to each Tantra or opinion.
    -तन्त्र- सिद्धान्तः a conclusion adopted by one of the disputants only; (वादिप्रतिवाद्येकतरमात्राभ्युपगतः).
    -त्र्यहम् ind. for three days at a time.
    -दण्ड a. Ved. disobedient.
    -दिनम् ind. every day; राशीभूतः प्रतिदिनमिव त्र्यम्बकस्याट्टहासः Me.6.
    -दिशम् ind. in every direction, all round, every- where.
    -दूतः a messenger sent in return.
    -देवता a corresponding deity; गताः कलाः पञ्चदश प्रतिष्ठा देवाश्च सर्वे प्रतिदेवतासु Muṇḍa.3.2.7.
    -देशम् ind. in every country.
    -देहम् ind. in every body.
    -दैवतम् ind. for every deity.
    -द्वन्द्वः 1 an antagonist, opponent, adversary, rival.
    -2 an enemy. (
    -द्वम्) opposition, hostility.
    -द्वन्द्विन् a.
    1 hostile, inimical.
    -2 adverse (प्रतिकूल); कृतान्तदुर्वृत्त इवापरेषां पुरः प्रतिद्वन्द्विनि पाण्डवास्त्रे Ki.16.29.
    -3 rivalling, vying with; किसलयोद्भेदप्रतिद्वन्दिभिः (करतलैः) Ś.4.5. (-m.) an opponent, adversary, rival; तुल्यप्रति- द्वन्द्वि बभूव युद्धम् R.7.37.;15.25.
    -द्वारम् ind. at every gate.
    -धुरः a horse harnessed by the side of another.
    -नप्तृ m. great-grandson, a son's grandson.
    -नव a.
    1 new, young, fresh.
    -2 newly blown budded; सान्ध्यं तेजः प्रतिनवजपापुष्परक्तं दधानः Me.38.
    -नाडी a branch-vein.
    -नायकः the adversary of the hero of any poetic com- position; धीरोद्धतः पापकारी व्यसनी प्रतिनायकः S. D., as रावण in the Rāmāyaṇa, शिशुपाल in Māgha-Kāvya &c.
    -नारी, -पत्नी, -युवतिः a female rival; Śi.7.45.
    -निनादः = प्रतिध्वनिः q. v.
    -न्यायम् ind. in inverted order; पुनः प्रतिन्यायं प्रतियोन्याद्रवति स्वप्नायैव Bṛi. Up.4.3.15.
    -पक्ष a. like, similar.
    (-क्षः) 1 the opposite side, party or faction, hostility; विमृश्य पक्षप्रतिपक्षाभ्यामवधारणं नियमः Gaut. S,
    -2 an adversary, enemy, foe, rival; प्रति- पक्षकामिनी, -लक्ष्मी 'a rival wife'; Bv.2.64; दासीकृतायाः प्रति- पक्षलक्ष्याः Vikr.1.73; प्रतिपक्षमशक्तेन प्रतिकर्तुम् K. P.1; Vikr.1.7; often used in comp. in the sense of 'equal' or 'similar'.
    -3 remedy, expiation; यादवस्य पापस्य प्रतिपक्षमुपदिशामि Nāg.5.
    -4 a defendant or respondent (in law). ˚ता
    1 hostility, opposition.
    -2 obstacle.
    -पक्षित a.
    1 containing a contradiction.
    -2 nullified by a contradictory premise; (as a hetu in न्याय); cf. सत्प्रतिपक्ष.
    -पक्षिन् m. an opponent, adversary.
    -पण्यम् merchandise in exchange; Buddh.
    -प्रथम् ind. along the road, towards the way; प्रतिपथगतिरासीद् वेगदीर्घीकृताङ्गः Ku.3.76.
    -पदम् ind.
    1 at evry stop.
    -2 at every place, everywhere.
    -3 expressly.
    -4 in every word; प्रतिपदाख्याने तु गौरवं परिहरद्भिर्वृत्तिकारैः सर्वसामान्यः शब्दः प्रति- गृहीतः प्रकृतिवदिति ŚB. on MS.8.1.2.
    -पल्लवः an opposite or outstretched branch; R.
    -पाणः 1 a stake.
    -2 a counter-pledge.
    -3 a counter-stake; Mb.3.
    -पादम् ind. in each quarter.
    -पात्रम् ind. with regard to each part, of each character; प्रतिपात्रमाधीयतां यत्नः Ś.1 'let care be taken of each character'.
    -पादपम् ind. in every tree.
    -पाप a. returning sin for sin, requiting evil for evil.
    -पु(पू)रुषः 1 a like or similar man.
    -2 a substitute, deputy.
    -3 a companion.
    -4 the effigy of a man pushed by thieves into the interior of a house before entering it themselves (to ascertain if any body is awake).
    -5 an effigy in general. (
    -षम्) ind. man by man, for each man.
    -पुस्तकम् a copy of an original manuscript.
    -पूर्वाह्णम् ind. every forenoon.
    -प्रति a. counter-balancing, equal to.
    -प्रभातम् ind. every morning.
    -प्रसवः 1 (As opposed to अनुप्रसव) tracing causes back to the origin as -- a pot, a lump of mud, mud, clay, Pātañjala Yogadarśana.
    -2 Negation of (or exception to) a negation. The force of a प्रतिप्रसव is positive, limiting as it does the scope of a प्रतिषेध or negation. Hence it is just the opposite of परिसंख्या whose force is negative or exclusive since it limits the scope of a positive statement. प्रतिप्रसवो$यं न परिसंख्या ŚB. on MS.1.7.45.
    -प्रकारः an outer wall or rampart.
    -प्रियम् a kindness or service in return; प्रतिप्रियं चेद् भवतो न कुर्यां वृथा हि मे स्यात् स्वपदोपलब्धिः R.5.56.
    -बन्धुः an equal in rank or station; Mb.5.121.13.
    -बलः a.
    1 able, powerful.
    -2 equal in strength, equally matched or powerful.
    (-लम्) 1 a hostile army; अस्त्रज्वालावलीढप्रतिबलजलधेरन्तरौर्वायमाणे Ve.3.7.
    -2 strength.
    -बाहु 1 the forepart of the arm.
    -2 an opposite side (in a square or polygon).
    -बि (वि) म्बः, -म्बम् 1 a reflection, reflected image; ज्योतिषां प्रतिबिम्बानि प्राप्नु- वन्त्युपहारताम् Ku.6.42; Śi.9.18.
    -2 an image, a picture.
    -बीजम् a rotten seed.
    -भट a. vying with, rivalling; घटप्रतिभटस्तनि N.13.5.
    (-टः) 1 a rival, an opponent; निवासः कन्दर्पप्रतिभटजटाजूटभवने G. L.21.
    -2 a warrior on the opposite side; समालोक्याजौ त्वां विदधति विकल्पान् प्रतिभटाः K. P.1.
    -भय a.
    1 fearful, formidable, terrible, frightful.
    -2 dangerous; स्वगृहोद्यानगते$पि स्निग्धैः पापं विशङ्क्यते मोहात् । किमु दृष्टबह्वपायप्रतिभयकान्तारमध्यस्थे ॥ Pt.2.171; Nāg.5.1.; Bhāg.1.6.14. (
    -यम्) a danger; सुनन्द, श्रुतं मया संनिहितगरुडप्रतिभयमुद्देशं जामाता जीमूतवाहनो गतः Nāg.5.
    -भैरव a. dreadful.
    -मञ्चः a kind of measure (in music.)
    -मञ्चाः Platforms opposite to each other; दशभागिकौ द्वौ प्रतिमञ्चौ Kau. A.2.3.21.
    -मण्डलम् 1 a secondary disc (of the sun &c.).
    -2 an eccentric orbit.
    -मन्दिरम् ind. in every house.
    -मल्लः an antagonist, a rival; उपेयिवांसं प्रतिमल्लतां रयस्मये जितस्य प्रसभं गरुत्मतः N.1.63; पातालप्रतिमल्लगल्ल &c. Māl.5.22.
    -मानना worship (पूजा); स्पर्शमशुचिवपुरर्हति न प्रतिमाननां तु नितरां नृपोचिताम् Śi.15.35.
    -माया a counter-spell or charm; प्रतिमाया कृतं च तत् Mb.1.34.22.
    -मार्गः the way back; Mb.4.
    -मार्गम् ind. back, back- wards.
    -माला capping verses (Mar. भंडी).
    -मासम् ind. every month, monthly.
    -मित्रम् an enemy, adversary.
    -मुख a. standing before the face, facing; प्रतिमुखागत Ms.8.291.
    -2 near, present. (
    -खम्) a secondary plot or incident in a drama which tends either to hasten or retard the catastrophe; see S. D.334 and 351-364. (
    -खम्) ind.
    1 towards.
    -2 in front, before.
    -मुखरी a particular mode of drumming.
    -मुद्रा 1 a counter- seal.
    -2 the impression of a seal.
    -मुहूर्तम् ind. every moment.
    -मूर्तिः f. an image, a likeness.
    -मूषिका f. a musk-rat (Mar. चिचुंदरी).
    -यूथपः the leader of a hostile herd of elephants.
    -रथः an adversary in war (lit. in fighting in a war-chariot); दौष्यन्तिमप्रतिरथं तनयं निवेश्य Ś.4.2.
    -रथ्यम् in every road; अस्मिन् नगरे प्रतिरथ्यं भुजङ्गबद्धसंचारे Udb.
    -रवः, -ध्वनिः 1 an echo; प्रतिरवविततो वनानि चक्रे Ki.1.4.
    -2 quarrel; controversy.
    -3 (Ved.) life (प्राण).
    -रसितम् an echo; केनास्मत् सिंह- नादप्रतिरसितसखो दुन्दुभिस्ताड्यते$यम् Ve.1.22.
    -राजः a hostile king.
    -रात्रम् ind. every night.
    -रूप a.
    1 corresponding, similar, having a counter-part in; अग्निर्यथैको भुवनं प्रविष्टो रूपं रूपं प्रतिरूपो बभूव Kaṭh.2.2.9.
    -2 beautiful.
    -3 suitable, proper; इदं न प्रतिरूपं ते स्त्रीष्वदाक्षिण्यमीदृशम् Bu. Ch.4.66; आत्मनः प्रतिरूपं सा बभाषे चारुहासिनी Rām.4. 19.17.
    -4 facing (अभिमुख); प्रतिरूपं जनं कुर्यान्न चेत् तद् वर्तते यथा Mb.12.97.16 (com. प्रतिरूपं युद्धाभिमुखम्).
    (-पम्) 1 a picture, an image, a likeness.
    -2 a mirror-like reflecting object; अदर्शनं स्वशिरसः प्रतिरूपे च सत्यपि Bhāg. 1.42.28.
    -4 an object of comparison (उपमान); भवान्मे खलु भक्तानां सर्वेषां प्रतिरूपधृक् Bhāg.7.1.21.
    -रूपक a. resembling, similar (at the end of comp.); जहीमान् राक्षसान् पापानात्मनः प्रतिरूपकान् Mb.3.29.11; चेष्टाप्रतिरूपिका मनोवृत्तिः Ś.1.
    (-कम्) 1 a picture, an image; अग्निदैर्गर- दैश्चैव प्रतिरूपककारकैः Mb.12.59.49.
    -2 a forged edict; जर्जरं चास्य विषयं कुर्वन्ति प्रतिरूपकैः Mb.12.56.52.
    -3 a reflec- tion.
    -लक्षणम् a mark, sign, token.
    -लिपिः f. a tran- script, a written copy.
    -लेखः a writ of reply; प्रावृत्तिकश्च प्रतिलेख एव Kau. A.2.1.28.
    -लोम a.
    1 'against the hair or grain', contray to the natural order, inverted, reverse (opp. अनुलोम); नववर्षसहस्राक्षः प्रतिलोमो$भवद् गुरुः Bhāg.12.14.15.
    -2 contrary to caste (said of the issue of a woman who is of a higher caste than her husband).
    -3 hostile.
    -4 low, vile, base.
    -5 left (वाम).
    -6 obstinate, perverse; अपरिचितस्यापि ते$प्रतिलोमः संवृत्तः Ś.7.
    -7 disagreeable, unpleasant. (
    -मम्) any injurious or unpleasant act. (
    -मम्) ind. 'against the hair or grain', inversely, invertedly. ˚ज a. born in the inverse order of the castes; i. e. born of a mother who is of a higher caste than the father; cf. Ms.1.16,25.
    -लोमक a. reverse, inverted; राजन्यविप्रयोः कस्माद् विवाहः प्रतिलोमकः Bhāg.9.18.5.
    -कम् inverted order.
    -लोमतः ind.
    1 in consequence of the inverted order or course; Ms.1.68.
    -2 in an unfriendly manner; यदा बहुविधां वृद्धिं मन्येत प्रतिलोमतः Mb.12.13.39.
    -वत्सरम् ind. every year.
    -वनम् ind. in every forest.
    -वर्णिक a. similar, corresponding.
    -वर्धिन् a. being a match for.
    -वर्षम् ind. every year.
    -वस्तु n.
    1 an equivalent, a counter- part.
    -2 anything given in return.
    -3 a parallel. ˚उपमा a figure of speech thus defined by Mammaṭa:-- प्रतिवस्तूपमा तु सा ॥ सामान्यस्य द्विरेकस्य यत्र वाक्यद्वये स्थितिः । K. P.1; e. g. तापेन भ्राजते सूर्यः शूरश्चापेन राजते Chandr.5. 48.
    -वातः a contrary wind; प्रतिवाते$नुवाते च नासीत गुरुणा सह Ms.2.23. (
    -तम्) ind. against the wind; चीनांशुक- मिव केतोः प्रतिवातं नीयमानस्य Ś.1.33.
    -वारणः a hostile elephant.
    -वासरम् ind. every day.
    -विटपम् ind.
    1 on every branch.
    -2 branch by branch.
    -विषम् an anti- dote. (
    -षा) a birch tree.
    -विष्णुकः a Muchakunda tree.
    -वीरः an opponent, antagonist.
    -वीर्यम् being equal to or a match for.
    -वृषः a hostile bull.
    -वेलम् ind. at each time, on every occasion.
    -वेशः 1 a neighbouring house, neighbourhood.
    -2 a neighbour.
    -वेशिन् a. a neigh- bour; दृष्ट्वा प्रभातसमये प्रतिवेशिवर्गः Mk.3.14.
    -वेश्मन् n. a neighbour's house.
    -वेश्यः a neighbour.
    -वैरम् re- quital of hostilities revenge.
    -शब्दः 1 echo, reverbera- tion; वसुधाधरकन्दराभिसर्पी प्रतिशब्दो$पि हरेर्भिनत्ति नागान् V. 1.16; Ku.6.64; R.2.28.
    -2 a roar.
    -शशिन् m. a mock-moon.
    -शाखम् ind. for every branch or school (of the Veda).
    -शाखा a side-branch; महाभूतविशेषश्च विशेषप्रतिशाखवान् Mb.14.35.21.
    -संवत्सरम् ind. every year.
    -सङ्गक्षिका 1 a cloak to keep off the dust; Buddh.
    -संदेशः a reply to the message; दर्पसारस्य प्रति- संदेशमावेदयत् D. K.2.1.
    -सम a. equal to, a match for.
    -सव्य a. in an inverted order.
    -सामन्तः an enemy.
    -सायम् ind. every evening.
    -सूर्यः, -सूर्यकः 1 a mock-sun.
    -2 a lizard, chameleon; 'कृकलासस्तु सरटः प्रतिसूर्यः शयानकः ।' Hemchandra; तृष्यद्भिः प्रतिसूर्यकैरजगरस्वेदद्रवः पीयते U.2.16.
    -सेना, सैन्यम् a hostile army; निहतां प्रतिसैन्येन वडवामिव पातिताम् Rām.2.114.17.
    -स्थानम् ind. in every place, everywhere.
    -स्मृतिः N. of parti- cular kind of magic; गृहाणेमां मया प्रोक्तां सिद्धिं मूर्तिमतीमिव । विद्यां प्रतिस्मृतिं नाम Mb.3.36.3.
    -स्रोतस् ind. against the stream; सरस्वतीं प्रतिस्रोतं ययौ ब्राह्मणसंवृतः Bhāg.1.78. 18. -a. going against the stream; अथासाद्य तु कालिन्दी प्रतिस्रोतः समागताम् Rām.2.55.5.
    -हस्तः, -हस्तकः a deputy, an agent, substitute, proxy; आश्रितानां भृतौ स्वामिसेवायां धर्मसेवने । पुत्रस्योत्पादने चैव न सन्ति प्रतिहस्तकाः ॥ H.2.33.
    -हस्तीकृ to take; Pratijñā 3.
    -हस्तिन् the keeper of a brothel; Dk.2.2.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > प्रति _prati

  • 69 ремонт


    repair
    (восстановление детали, узла, раздел руководства по ремонту)
    ремонт проводится с целью восстановления изношенной или поврежденной детали (узла). — repair is required to return unit to service after wear or damage has occurred.
    - (капитальный, средний) — overhaul (о/h, о-н)
    - в аэродромных условиях — field repair

    data pertaining to repair of the structure adaptable to field repair.
    - в мастерских (капитальный) — shop overhaul
    -, восстановительный — (reconditioning) repair
    - в процессе эксплуатации — in-service repair
    - в строго регламентированные сроки — hard-time overhaul
    - в цехе (капитальный) — shop overhaul
    - в цехе (часть процесса капитального ремонта) — shop repair
    -, капитальный — overhaul
    заключается в полной разборке и дефектации изделия, в замене или ремонте всех составных частей, сборке и проверке изделия. — overhaul requires complete disassembly and inspection of the item, replacement and repair of parfs included, assembly and testing.
    -, капитальный (при необходимости подчеркнуть различные виды ремонта) — major overhaul. major overhaul consists of complete reconditioning of an aircraft, powerplant, accessory, unit.
    - конструкции планера (ла) — structural repair
    ремонт силовых и несиловых элементов конструкции в аэродромных (полевых) условиях. — repair of primary and secondary structure adaptable to field repair.
    - (восстановление) лакокрасочного покрытия — reconditioning of paint coating
    -, мелкий (малый) — minor repair

    each applicant may make minor repairs to the engine during block tests.
    - на рембазе — depot overhaul
    - планера — structural repair
    -, планово-восстановительный (предупредительный) — approved repair
    -, плановый (рекомендуемый) — recommended overhaul
    -, последний — last overhaul
    - по состоянию — on-condition repair /overhaui/
    -, профилактический (предупредительный) — preventive maintenance
    включает замену нормалей без проведения сложных операций по разборке/сборке агрегата, — "preventive maintenance" means replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations.
    - разрешенный в эксплуатации (текущий) — approved repair
    ремонт для обеспечения безопасности эксплуатации изделия, напр., устранение обнаруженной течи. — repair required for safe ореration such as: what is a leak and when does it require repair.
    -, рекомендованный — recommended overhaul
    -, средний — light overhaul
    для восстановления эксплуатационных характеристик изделия ремонтом или заменой только изношенных или поврежденных частей. — procedures designed to accomplish only certain work necessary to guarantee satisfactory performance until the next recommended overhaul.
    -, текущий — current /running, permanent/ repair /overhaul/
    - элементов конструкции (планера) — structural repair
    после последнего (капитального) р. (графа формуляра) — since last overhaul
    направлять в р. — forward for overhaul
    направлять в р. (в процессе кап. ремонта) — forward for repair

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > ремонт

  • 70 независимо от того

    •

    However old the earth might be, many events had to be included in its history.

    •

    Combustion is the burning of any substance, whether it be gaseous, liquid, or solid.

    •

    A particular wavelength has a particular energy and a particular set of properties regardless of what you call it.

    •

    An attractive aspect of this class of machine, be it (or no matter whether it is) 100 tons or 1000 tons, is its long life.

    •

    The plate will have approximately the same percentage of printing area on each tone, irrespective of whether it is made of zinc or magnesium.

    •

    You can rely on this gauge no matter how severe the conditions of service.

    •

    Whether dispersing agents are used or not, the quality of... depends upon...

    •

    The results are valid whether or not the fields are aligned.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > независимо от того

  • 71 rentrer

    rentrer [ʀɑ̃tʀe]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ➭ TABLE 1
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► rentrer is conjugated with être, unless it has an object, when the auxiliary is avoir.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
       a. ( = entrer de nouveau) to go (or come) back in
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► rentrer se traduira par to come back in ou par to go back in suivant que le locuteur se trouve ou non à l'endroit en question.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • rentrez tout de suite, les enfants ! come in at once children!
    • il commence à faire froid, rentrons ! it's getting cold, let's go in!
    • il est rentré dans la pièce he went back (or came back) into the room
       b. (à la maison) to go (or come) back home ; ( = arriver chez soi) to get back home
    • est-ce qu'il est rentré ? is he back?
    • rentrer à Paris to come (or go) back to Paris
       c. ( = entrer) (inf) to go in
    • il pleuvait, nous sommes rentrés dans un café it was raining so we went into a café
       d. ( = reprendre ses activités) [élèves] to go back to school ; [parlement] to reassemble ; [députés] to return
       e. ( = tenir) to go in
       f. ( = heurter) rentrer dans to crash into
    • il voulait lui rentrer dedans or dans le chou (inf: inf) he was so furious he felt like smashing his head in (inf)
       g. ( = être une composante) rentrer dans to be part of
       h. [argent] to come in
       i. [connaissances] (inf) l'anglais, ça commence à rentrer I'm (or he is etc) beginning to get the hang of English
    • les maths, ça ne rentre pas I (or he etc) can't get the hang of maths (inf)
    2. <
       a. to get in
    • ne laisse pas ton vélo sous la pluie, rentre-le don't leave your bicycle out in the rain, put it away
       b. ( = faire disparaître) [+ train d'atterrissage] to raise ; [+ griffes] to draw in
    • rentrer le or son ventre to pull one's stomach in
       c. [+ données] to enter
    3. <
    • ils se sont rentrés dedans ( = heurtés) they crashed into each other ; ( = battus) (inf) they laid into each other
    * * *
    ʀɑ̃tʀe
    1.
    1) ( mettre à l'abri) gén to put [something] in [objet, animal]; ( en venant) to bring [something] in [objet, animal]; ( en allant) to take [something] in [objet, animal]
    2) ( rétracter) [pilote] to raise [train d'atterrissage]; [félin] to draw in [griffes]
    3) ( faire pénétrer) to put [clé] ( dans in, into); to tuck [pan de chemise] ( dans into)

    2.
    verbe intransitif (+ v être)
    1) ( pénétrer) (dans une pièce, une cabine téléphonique) to go in; (dans une voiture, un ascenseur) to get in; (tenir, s'adapter) to fit

    rentrer dans un arbre — (colloq) to hit a tree

    2) ( entrer de nouveau) ( en allant) to go back in; ( en venant) to come back in

    rentrer dans — ( en allant) to go back into; ( en venant) to come back into

    3) ( revenir) gén to get back, to come back, to return (de from); ( chez soi) to come home (de from)
    4) ( repartir) gén to get back, to go back, to return; ( chez soi) to go home (de from)

    il fait trop froid, je rentre — ( à l'intérieur) it's too cold, I'm going (back) inside; ( de plus loin) it's too cold, I'm going (back) home

    se dépêcher de rentrer — ( chez soi) to hurry home

    6) ( être encaissé) [argent, loyer, créance] to come in
    8) (colloq) ( être compris)

    l'algèbre ça ne rentre pas! — I just can't understand ou get my head round (colloq) algebra!

    ••

    je vais leur rentrer dedans — (sl)(physiquement, oralement) I'm going to lay into them (colloq)

    il m'est rentré dedans — (sl) ( en voiture) ( légèrement) he bumped ou ran into me; ( violemment) he crashed into me

    * * *
    ʀɑ̃tʀe
    1. vi
    1) (= revenir chez soi) to come home, (= partir pour aller chez soi) to go home, (= arriver chez soi) to get home

    Elle n'est pas encore rentrée. — She isn't home yet., She hasn't come home yet.

    Je suis rentré à sept heures hier soir. — I got home at 7 o'clock last night.

    Il faut que je rentre chez moi. — I've got to go home.

    2) (= entrer) to go in, to come in

    Rentre, tu vas prendre froid. — Come in, you'll catch cold.

    rentrer dans — to go into, to come into

    Elle est rentrée dans le magasin. — She went into the shop.

    3) (= entrer à nouveau) to go back in, to come back in

    rentrer dans (une pièce, immeuble) — to go back into, to come back into, (parmi les siens) to go back to, to return to

    4) (= pénétrer) [air, clou] to go in
    5) [revenu, argent] to come in

    L'argent rentrait à flots. — The money was pouring in.

    6)

    Sa voiture est rentrée dans un arbre. — He crashed into a tree., (une catégorie) to fall into

    2. vt
    1) [linge] to bring in, [véhicule] to put away
    2) [chemise] to tuck in
    3) [griffes] to draw in
    4) [train d'atterrissage] to raise
    5) fig, [larmes, colère] to hold back
    * * *
    rentrer verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( mettre à l'abri) gén to put [sth] in [objet, animal]; ( en venant) to bring [sth] in [objet, animal]; ( en allant) to take [sth] in [objet, animal]; rentre la bicyclette/voiture au garage put the bike/car in the garage; rentre le linge, il va pleuvoir bring the washing in, it's going to rain;
    2 ( rétracter) [pilote] to raise [train d'atterrissage]; [félin] to draw in [griffes]; rentrez le ventre! hold your stomach in!;
    3 ( faire pénétrer) to put [clé] (dans in, into); to tuck [pan de chemise] (dans into);
    4 ( refouler) to suppress [colère]; to hold back [larmes];
    5 Imprim to indent [ligne].
    B vi (+ v être)
    1 ( pénétrer) (dans une pièce, une cabine téléphonique) to go in; (dans une voiture, un ascenseur) to get in; (tenir, s'adapter) to fit; ( percuter)○ rentrer dans to hit; rentrer dans le salon to go into the living room; rentrer dans un arbre○ to hit a tree;
    2 ( entrer de nouveau) ( en allant) to go back in; ( en venant) to come back in; rentrer dans to go/to come back into; ils sont sortis puis rentrés cinq minutes plus tard they went out only to come back in (again) five minutes later; le satellite va rentrer dans l'atmosphère the satellite is about to re-enter the atmosphere;
    3 ( revenir) gén to get back, to come back, to return (de from); ( chez soi) to come home (de from); il est rentré tard dans la nuit he got back late at night; il ne va pas tarder à rentrer du travail he'll be back from work soon; ne rentre pas trop tard! don't stay out too late!; quand es-tu rentré en France/à Paris? when did you get back to France/to Paris?; mon mari rentrera le 17 my husband will be home on the 17th; rentre à la maison tout de suite! come home immediately!;
    4 ( repartir) gén to get back, to go back, to return; ( chez soi) to go home (de from); nous rentrons en France/à Paris le 17 we're going back to France/to Paris on the 17th; il est tard, je dois rentrer (chez moi) it's late, I must get back; il fait trop froid, je rentre ( à l'intérieur) it's too cold, I'm going (back) inside; ( de plus loin) it's too cold, I'm going (back) home; se dépêcher de rentrer ( chez soi) to hurry home; rentrer en classe [élèves] to go back to school;
    5 ( récupérer) rentrer dans qch to recover ou recoup sth [dépense];
    6 ( être encaissé) [argent, loyer, créance] to come in; faire rentrer l'argent to get the money in; des fonds vont me rentrer bientôt I'll be getting some money in soon;
    7 ( pouvoir trouver place) to fit; mes chaussures ne rentrent pas dans ma valise my shoes won't fit into my case, I can't get my shoes into my case; faire rentrer qch dans la tête de qn to get sth into sb's head; il n'y a rien à faire pour leur faire rentrer ça dans la tête there's no way of getting it into their heads; rentrer dans la serrure to fit the lock; ( être compris) l'algèbre/l'économie, ça ne rentre pas! algebra/economics just won't go in!; ‘ça marche l'anglais?’-‘ça commence à rentrer’ ‘how's the English going?’-‘I'm beginning to get the hang of it○’.
    rentrer en soi-même to withdraw; je vais leur rentrer dedans◑ or dans le lard◑ or dans le chou◑ (physiquement, verbalement) I'm going to lay into them○; il s'est fait rentrer dans le lard par la critique◑ the critics laid into him○; il m'est rentré dedans◑ ( en voiture) ( légèrement) he bumped ou ran into me; ( violemment) he crashed into me; il s'est fait rentrer dedans another car crashed into him; se rentrer dedans◑ [adversaires] to lay into each other○; [automobilistes, voitures] ( légèrement) to bump ou run into each other; ( violemment) to crash into each other.
    [rɑ̃tre] verbe intransitif (auxiliaire être)
    1. [personne - vue de l'intérieur] to come in ; [ - vue de l'extérieur] to go in
    [chose] to go in
    tu es rentré dans Lyon par quelle route? which way did you come to Lyons?, which road did you take into Lyons?
    [s'emboîter] to go ou to fit in
    a. [poteau] to crash into
    b. [véhicule] to collide with
    a. [en voiture] I drove straight ou right into him
    b. (familier) [verbalement] I laid into him
    2. [faire partie de] to be part of, to be included in
    3. [pour travailler]
    rentrer dans les affaires/la police to go into business/join the police
    4. [retourner - généralement] to return, to come ou to get back
    [revenir chez soi] to come ou to get (back) home
    [aller chez soi] to go (back) ou to return home
    je rentre tout de suite! I'm on my way home!, I'm coming home straightaway!
    les enfants, rentrez! children, get ou come back in!
    je vous laisse, il faut que je rentre I'll leave you now, I must go home ou get (back) home
    rentrer dans son pays to go back ou to return home (to one's country)
    5. [reprendre ses occupations - lycéen] to go back to school, to start school again ; [ - étudiant] to go back, to start the new term ; [ - école] to start again, to go back ; [ - parlementaire] to start the new session, to return to take one's seat ; [ - parlement] to reopen, to reassemble ; [ - cinéaste] to start the season
    6. [être perçu - argent] to come in
    faire rentrer l'argent/les devises to bring in money/foreign currency
    faire rentrer l'impôt/les cotisations to collect taxes/dues
    7. (familier) [explication, idée, connaissances] to sink in
    ça rentre, l'informatique? are you getting the hang of computing?
    le russe, ça rentre tout seul avec Sophie!
    b. [elle enseigne bien] Sophie makes learning Russian easy
    je le lui ai expliqué dix fois, mais ça n'est toujours pas rentré I've told him ten times but it hasn't gone ou sunk in yet
    faire rentrer quelque chose dans la tête de quelqu'un to get something into somebody's head, to drum something into somebody
    8. JEUX & SPORT
    ————————
    [rɑ̃tre] verbe transitif (auxiliaire avoir)
    1. [mettre à l'abri - linge, moisson] to bring ou to get in (separable) ; [ - bétail] to bring ou to take in (separable) ; [ - véhicule] to put away (separable) ; [ - chaise] to carry ou to take in (separable)
    2. [mettre - généralement] to put in (separable)
    [faire disparaître - antenne] to put down (separable) ; [ - train d'atterrissage] to raise, to retract ; [ - griffes] to draw in (separable), to retract
    rentre ton ventre/tes fesses! pull your stomach/bottom in!
    3. [réprimer - colère] to hold back (separable), to suppress
    rentrer ses larmes/son humiliation to swallow one's tears/humiliation
    ————————
    rentrer dans verbe plus préposition
    [recouvrer] to recover
    rentrer dans son argent/ses dépenses to recover one's money/expenses, to get one's money/expenses back
    a. [criminel] to reform
    b. [opération, manœuvre] to become legal
    ————————
    rentrer en verbe plus préposition
    ————————
    se rentrer verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    ————————
    a. [heurtés] they smashed ou banged into one another

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > rentrer

  • 72 Evans, Oliver

    [br]
    b. 13 September 1755 Newport, Delaware, USA
    d. 15 April 1819 New York, USA
    [br]
    American millwright and inventor of the first automatic corn mill.
    [br]
    He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.
    His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.
    In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.
    Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    E.S.Ferguson, 1980, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, Hagley Museum.
    G.Bathe and D.Bathe, 1935, Oliver Evans: Chronicle of Early American Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Evans, Oliver

  • 73 Vauban, Sébastien de

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 15 May 1633 St-Léger-de-Fougeret, Château Chinon, Nièvre, France
    d. 20 March 1707 Paris, France
    [br]
    French civil and military engineer.
    [br]
    Born of impecunious parents, Vauban joined Condé's regiment as a cadet in 1651, at the age of 17, although he had apparently acquired some knowledge of mathematics and fortifications in the Carmelite College of Semur-en-Auxois. In the war of the Fronde he was captured by the Royal troops in 1653 and was converted to the king's service. He was soon recognized as having engineering ability and was given the task of repairing the fortifications of Sainte-Menehould. During the next few years he was engaged on fortification repairs and assisting at sieges, including Ypres, Gravelines and Oudenarde in 1658. Vauban found favour with the king, Louis XIV, and was responsible for the fortifications of Lille, which had been captured in 1667; he commenced the defensive structures of the citadel and the town in 1668. These were completed in 1674 and consisted of a vast pentagonal fort with bastions and further detached works surrounded by water defences. In 1692 he was present at the siege of Namur and was responsible for its capture. He was then put in charge of re-establishing and improving the defences. He next developed a line of fortresses along the French border. He later was abandoned by the king, whom he had served so well, and, with his advice being ignored by the French forces, they suffered defeat after defeat in Marlborough's wars.
    Meanwhile he had been called in to inspect the recently completed Canal du Midi and subsequently made recommendations for its improvement. These included the extension of the Montagne Noire feeder, and the construction of the Cesse and Orbiel aqueducts which were carried out to his design and under his supervision in 1686–7. In 1700 he was consulted on and produced a plan for a canal across France from north to south, providing a barge waterway from Nîmes to Dunkirk, but this was not carried out.
    In 1703 he was created maréchal de France, and two years later he devised vast schemes for the development of the canal system in Flanders. Owing to determined opposition from the local people, these schemes were abandoned and not revived until 1770, by which time the locals were prepared to accept them.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Sir Reginald Blomfield, 1938, Sébastien lePrestre de Vauban, 1633–1707, Methuen. D.Halevy, 1924, Vauban. Builder of Fortresses, trans. C.J.C.Street, Geoffrey Bles.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Vauban, Sébastien de

  • 74 Protestants

       As long as the Portuguese Inquisition was active, few non-Catholics resided in the country. Any person discovered to be a Protestant—and possession of a Bible was a certain sign—could be arrested, jailed, and threatened with execution by the Inquisition, especially before 1760. After the extinction of the Inquisition by 1821, a few Protestant missions arrived during the 1840s and 1850s. Evangelical Christian missionaries became active, especially British Protestants who came to travel or reside in, as well as to distribute bibles to Portugal. These included the celebrated British writer, traveler, and missionary, George Borrow, whose book The Bible in Spain in the mid-19th century became a classic.
       Even after the Inquisition ceased operations, restrictions on non-Catholics remained. Despite the small number of initial converts, there were active denominations in the 19th century among the Plymouth Brethren, Scotch Presbyterians, Methodists, and Anglicans. Some Protestant missions were founded in Portugal, as well as in her African colonies in the 1870s and 1880s. Among the legal restrictions against Protestants and other non-Catholics were those on building edifices that physically resembled churches, limits on property-owning and hours of worship, laws that prevented non-Catholic organizations from legal recognition by the government, discrimination against Protestant denominations with pacifist convictions, and discrimination against Protestants in conscription (the draft) selection. In the 1950s and 1960s, the middle to late years of the Estado Novo regime, small groups of Pentecostals, Mormons, and Jehovah's Witnesses settled in Portugal, and the numbers of their congregations grew more rapidly than those of earlier arrivals, but traditional restrictions against freedom of worship continued.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and the 1976 Constitution, such restrictions against Protestant worship and residence ended. Protestant churches were now recognized as legal entities with the right to assemble and to worship. During the period when military conscription was in force, that is, up to 2004, those Protestants who were conscientious objectors could apply for alternative military service. Protestant missionary activity, nevertheless, continued to experience resistance from the Catholic Church. In recent decades, there has been a rapid growth among the Protestant communities, although their expansion in Portugal does not equal the growth in Protestant numbers found in Brazil and Angola. By the early 1990s, the number of Protestants was estimated to be between 50,000 and 60,000 persons, but by 2008 this figure had more than doubled. The number still remained at only 2 percent of the population with religious affiliation.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Protestants

  • 75 изделие


    item
    - (узел или любое сочетание деталей, подузлов и узлов. смонтированных вместе, и обычно способных работать независимо в различных условиях) — unit. an assembly or any combination of parts, subassemblies and assemblies mounted together, normally capable of independent operation in a variety of situations.
    -, готовое (комплектующее) — vendor item /unit/

    vendor units shall be included in the parts catalog.
    -, конечное (объект, напр. ла) — end item
    -, не подлежащее ремонту — non-repairable item

    an item which cannot be repaired and placed back in working condition.
    - не подлежащее ремонту в данной стране — not repairable this country item, nrtc item

    a repairable item which cannot be repaired in the country due to lack of authorization, technical skills, parts, facilities, etc.
    -, основное комплектующее — major vendor item
    - подлежащее замене по наработке — time change item. an item which must be replaced on the basis of operating time.
    -, подлежащее ремонту — repairable item

    items which can be repaired and placed back in service.
    -, покупное — vendor item /unit/
    -, эксплуатируемое no состоянию — condition-monitored item

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > изделие

  • 76 Bain, Alexander

    [br]
    b. October 1810 Watten, Scotland
    d. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).
    [br]
    Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.
    The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.
    10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).
    1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles and
    Mechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).
    Further Reading
    The best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.
    J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.
    T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).
    DV / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bain, Alexander

  • 77 Biringuccio, Vanoccio Vincenzio Agustino Luca

    [br]
    b. 1480 Siena, Italy
    d. 1537 Rome, Italy
    [br]
    Italian author of the celebrated "Pirotechnia" on mining and metallurgy.
    [br]
    Biringuccio spent much of his life in the service of, or under the patronage of, the Petruccis, one of the leading families of Siena. In his youth, he was able to travel widely in Italy and Germany, observing mining and metallurgical processes at first hand. For example, his visit to the brass-works in Milan was to be the source of the detailed description in Pirotechnia, published alter his death. He held various appointments in charge of mines or other concerns, such as the Siena mint, under the patronage of the Petruccis. During two periods of exile, while the Petrucci fortunes were in eclipse, he engaged in military activities such as the casting of cannon. That included the great culverin of Florence cast in 1529, also described in the Pirotechnia. In December 1534 Pope Paul III offered him the post of Director of the papal foundry and munitions. He did not take up the post until 1536, but he died the following year.
    P irotechnia, which made Biringuccio famous, was published in Venice in 1540, three years after his death. The word "pirotechnia" had a wider meaning than that of fireworks, extending to the action of fire on various substances and including distillation and the preparation of acids. While owing something to earlier written sources, the book is substantially based on a lifetime of practical experience of mining and metalworking, including smelting, casting and alloying, and evidence in the book suggests that it was written between 1530 and 1535. Curzio Navo brought out the second and third editions in 1550 and 1559, as well as a Latin edition. A fourth edition was also printed in 1559. The appearance of four editions in such a short time testifies to the popularity and usefulness of the work.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1942, Pirotechnia, Translated from the Italian with an Introduction and Notes, ed. Cyril S. Smith and Martha T.Gnudi, New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgi cal Engineers (the best account of Biringuccio's life, with bibliographical details of the various editions of the Pirotechnia, is in the preface).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Biringuccio, Vanoccio Vincenzio Agustino Luca

  • 78 Bury, Edward

    [br]
    b. 22 October 1794 Salford, Lancashire, England
    d. 25 November 1858 Scarborough, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English steam locomotive designer and builder.
    [br]
    Bury was the earliest engineer to build locomotives distinctively different from those developed by Robert Stephenson yet successful in mainline passenger service. A Liverpool sawmill owner, he set up as a locomotive manufacturer while the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway was under construction and, after experiments, completed the four-wheeled locomotive Liverpool in 1831. It included features that were to be typical of his designs: a firebox in the form of a vertical cylinder with a dome-shaped top and the front flattened to receive the tubes, and inside frames built up from wrought-iron bars. In 1838 Bury was appointed to supply and maintain the locomotives for the London \& Birmingham Railway (L \& BR), then under construction by Robert Stephenson, on the grounds that the latter should not also provide its locomotives. For several years the L \& BR used Bury locomotives exclusively, and they were also used on several other early main lines. Following export to the USA, their bar frames became an enduring feature of locomotive design in that country. Bury claimed, with justification, that his locomotives were economical in maintenance and fuel: the shape of the firebox promoted rapid circulation of water. His locomotives were well built, but some of their features precluded enlargement of the design to produce more powerful locomotives and within a few years they were outclassed.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1844.
    Bibliography
    1840, "On the locomotive engines of the London and Birmingham Railway", Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers 3 (4) (provides details of his locomotives and the thinking behind them).
    Further Reading
    C.F.Dendy Marshall, 1953, A History of'Railway Locomotives Down to the End of the Year 1831, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co. (describes Bury's early work).
    P.J.G.Ransom, 1990, The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved, London: Heinemann, pp. 167–8 and 174–6.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Bury, Edward

  • 79 Cubitt, William

    [br]
    b. 1785 Dilham, Norfolk, England
    d. 13 October 1861 Clapham Common, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English civil engineer and contractor.
    [br]
    The son of a miller, he received a rudimentary education in the village school. At an early age he was helping his father in the mill, and in 1800 he was apprenticed to a cabinet maker. After four years he returned to work with his father, but, preferring to leave the parental home, he not long afterwards joined a firm of agricultural-machinery makers in Swanton in Norfolk. There he acquired a reputation for making accurate patterns for the iron caster and demonstrated a talent for mechanical invention, patenting a self-regulating windmill sail in 1807. He then set up on his own as a millwright, but he found he could better himself by joining the engineering works of Ransomes of Ipswich in 1812. He was soon appointed their Chief Engineer, and after nine years he became a partner in the firm until he moved to London in 1826. Around 1818 he invented the treadmill, with the aim of putting prisoners to useful work in grinding corn and other applications. It was rapidly adopted by the principal prisons, more as a means of punishment than an instrument of useful work.
    From 1814 Cubitt had been gaining experience in civil engineering, and upon his removal to London his career in this field began to take off. He was engaged on many canal-building projects, including the Oxford and Liverpool Junction canals. He accomplished some notable dock works, such as the Bute docks at Cardiff, the Middlesborough docks and the coal drops on the river Tees. He improved navigation on the river Severn and compiled valuable reports on a number of other leading rivers.
    The railway construction boom of the 1840s provided him with fresh opportunities. He engineered the South Eastern Railway (SER) with its daringly constructed line below the cliffs between Folkestone and Dover; the railway was completed in 1843, using massive charges of explosive to blast a way through the cliffs. Cubitt was Consulting Engineer to the Great Northern Railway and tried, with less than his usual success, to get the atmospheric system to work on the Croydon Railway.
    When the SER began a steamer service between Folkestone and Boulogne, Cubitt was engaged to improve the port facilities there and went on to act as Consulting Engineer to the Boulogne and Amiens Railway. Other commissions on the European continent included surveying the line between Paris and Lyons, advising the Hanoverian government on the harbour and docks at Hamburg and directing the water-supply works for Berlin.
    Cubitt was actively involved in the erection of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851; in recognition of this work Queen Victoria knighted him at Windsor Castle on 23 December 1851.
    Cubitt's son Joseph (1811–72) was also a notable civil engineer, with many railway and harbour works to his credit.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1851. FRS 1830. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1850 and 1851.
    Further Reading
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cubitt, William

  • 80 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel

    [br]
    b. 19 June 1876 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 5 April 1941 Hertford, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, designer of the A4-class 4–6–2 locomotive holding the world speed record for steam traction.
    [br]
    Gresley was the son of the Rector of Netherseale, Derbyshire; he was educated at Marlborough and by the age of 13 was skilled at making sketches of locomotives. In 1893 he became a pupil of F.W. Webb at Crewe works, London \& North Western Railway, and in 1898 he moved to Horwich works, Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, to gain drawing-office experience under J.A.F.Aspinall, subsequently becoming Foreman of the locomotive running sheds at Blackpool. In 1900 he transferred to the carriage and wagon department, and in 1904 he had risen to become its Assistant Superintendent. In 1905 he moved to the Great Northern Railway, becoming Superintendent of its carriage and wagon department at Doncaster under H.A. Ivatt. In 1906 he designed and produced a bogie luggage van with steel underframe, teak body, elliptical roof, bowed ends and buckeye couplings: this became the prototype for East Coast main-line coaches built over the next thirty-five years. In 1911 Gresley succeeded Ivatt as Locomotive, Carriage \& Wagon Superintendent. His first locomotive was a mixed-traffic 2–6–0, his next a 2–8–0 for freight. From 1915 he worked on the design of a 4–6–2 locomotive for express passenger traffic: as with Ivatt's 4 4 2s, the trailing axle would allow the wide firebox needed for Yorkshire coal. He also devised a means by which two sets of valve gear could operate the valves on a three-cylinder locomotive and applied it for the first time on a 2–8–0 built in 1918. The system was complex, but a later simplified form was used on all subsequent Gresley three-cylinder locomotives, including his first 4–6–2 which appeared in 1922. In 1921, Gresley introduced the first British restaurant car with electric cooking facilities.
    With the grouping of 1923, the Great Northern Railway was absorbed into the London \& North Eastern Railway and Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer. More 4–6– 2s were built, the first British class of such wheel arrangement. Modifications to their valve gear, along lines developed by G.J. Churchward, reduced their coal consumption sufficiently to enable them to run non-stop between London and Edinburgh. So that enginemen might change over en route, some of the locomotives were equipped with corridor tenders from 1928. The design was steadily improved in detail, and by comparison an experimental 4–6–4 with a watertube boiler that Gresley produced in 1929 showed no overall benefit. A successful high-powered 2–8–2 was built in 1934, following the introduction of third-class sleeping cars, to haul 500-ton passenger trains between Edinburgh and Aberdeen.
    In 1932 the need to meet increasing road competition had resulted in the end of a long-standing agreement between East Coast and West Coast railways, that train journeys between London and Edinburgh by either route should be scheduled to take 8 1/4 hours. Seeking to accelerate train services, Gresley studied high-speed, diesel-electric railcars in Germany and petrol-electric railcars in France. He considered them for the London \& North Eastern Railway, but a test run by a train hauled by one of his 4–6–2s in 1934, which reached 108 mph (174 km/h), suggested that a steam train could better the railcar proposals while its accommodation would be more comfortable. To celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V, a high-speed, streamlined train between London and Newcastle upon Tyne was proposed, the first such train in Britain. An improved 4–6–2, the A4 class, was designed with modifications to ensure free running and an ample reserve of power up hill. Its streamlined outline included a wedge-shaped front which reduced wind resistance and helped to lift the exhaust dear of the cab windows at speed. The first locomotive of the class, named Silver Link, ran at an average speed of 100 mph (161 km/h) for 43 miles (69 km), with a maximum speed of 112 1/2 mph (181 km/h), on a seven-coach test train on 27 September 1935: the locomotive went into service hauling the Silver Jubilee express single-handed (since others of the class had still to be completed) for the first three weeks, a round trip of 536 miles (863 km) daily, much of it at 90 mph (145 km/h), without any mechanical troubles at all. Coaches for the Silver Jubilee had teak-framed, steel-panelled bodies on all-steel, welded underframes; windows were double glazed; and there was a pressure ventilation/heating system. Comparable trains were introduced between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh in 1937 and to Leeds in 1938.
    Gresley did not hesitate to incorporate outstanding features from elsewhere into his locomotive designs and was well aware of the work of André Chapelon in France. Four A4s built in 1938 were equipped with Kylchap twin blast-pipes and double chimneys to improve performance still further. The first of these to be completed, no. 4468, Mallard, on 3 July 1938 ran a test train at over 120 mph (193 km/h) for 2 miles (3.2 km) and momentarily achieved 126 mph (203 km/h), the world speed record for steam traction. J.Duddington was the driver and T.Bray the fireman. The use of high-speed trains came to an end with the Second World War. The A4s were then demonstrated to be powerful as well as fast: one was noted hauling a 730-ton, 22-coach train at an average speed exceeding 75 mph (120 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km). The war also halted electrification of the Manchester-Sheffield line, on the 1,500 volt DC overhead system; however, anticipating eventual resumption, Gresley had a prototype main-line Bo-Bo electric locomotive built in 1941. Sadly, Gresley died from a heart attack while still in office.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1936. President, Institution of Locomotive Engineers 1927 and 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936.
    Further Reading
    F.A.S.Brown, 1961, Nigel Gresley, Locomotive Engineer, Ian Allan (full-length biography).
    John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, Gresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute (a good comparative account).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel

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