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101 mode
1) Военный термин: Transportation Mode2) Техника: maximum organ dose equivalent3) Автомобильный термин: engine operation mode (0 = no start, 1 = crank, 2 = run)4) Экология: Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment5) Нефть и газ: block mode6) Программное обеспечение: Musical Object Development Environment -
102 come out
1) (to become known: The truth finally came out.) revelarse, salir a la luz2) (to be published: This newspaper comes out once a week.) salir3) (to strike: The men have come out (on strike).) declararse en huelga4) ((of a photograph) to be developed: This photograph has come out very well.) resultar, salir5) (to be removed: This dirty mark won't come out.) salir, quitarsecome out vb salirare you coming out to play? ¿sales a jugar?1) v + adv (+ prep + o)a) (from inside, indoors) salir*to come out of something — salir* de algo
if you take this route, you come out at Park Lane — por este camino se sale a Park Lane
b) (from prison, hospital) salir*2) \<\<tooth/hair\>\> caerse*; \<\<stain\>\> salir*3) v + adv( appear) \<\<sun/stars\>\> salir*; \<\<flowers\>\> florecer*, salir*4)a) (be said, spoken) salir*I didn't mean to say it, it just came out — no lo dije a propósito, se me escapó
b) (be revealed, emphasized) \<\<secretuth\>\> revelarse, salir* a la luz5)a) ( declare oneself) declararseto come out (on strike) — declararse en huelga, ir* a la huelga
b) ( as being gay) destaparse (fam), declararse abiertamente homosexual6) (be published, become available) \<\<newspaper/record/product\>\> salir*7)a) (have as outcome, total) salir*b) (fare, acquit oneself)to come out well/badly — salir* bien/mal parado
8) ( Phot) salir*VI + ADV1) (=emerge) [person, object, sun, magazine] salir (of de); [qualities] mostrarse; [news] divulgarse, difundirse; [scandal] descubrirse, salir a la luz; [film] estrenarsecloset2) (=open) [flower] abrirse, florecer3) (into the open) [debutante] ser presentada en sociedad, ponerse de largo; [homosexual] declararse(fig)to come out for/against sth — declararse en pro/en contra de algo
4) [stain] (=be removed) quitarse; [dye] (=run) desteñirse5) (=become covered with)I came out in a sweat — empecé a sudar, me cubrí de sudor
you never know what he's going to come out with next! * — ¡nunca se sabe por dónde va a salir!
7) (=turn out) salirit comes out at £5 a head — sale a 5 libras por cabeza
* * *1) v + adv (+ prep + o)a) (from inside, indoors) salir*to come out of something — salir* de algo
if you take this route, you come out at Park Lane — por este camino se sale a Park Lane
b) (from prison, hospital) salir*2) \<\<tooth/hair\>\> caerse*; \<\<stain\>\> salir*3) v + adv( appear) \<\<sun/stars\>\> salir*; \<\<flowers\>\> florecer*, salir*4)a) (be said, spoken) salir*I didn't mean to say it, it just came out — no lo dije a propósito, se me escapó
b) (be revealed, emphasized) \<\<secret/truth\>\> revelarse, salir* a la luz5)a) ( declare oneself) declararseto come out (on strike) — declararse en huelga, ir* a la huelga
b) ( as being gay) destaparse (fam), declararse abiertamente homosexual6) (be published, become available) \<\<newspaper/record/product\>\> salir*7)a) (have as outcome, total) salir*b) (fare, acquit oneself)to come out well/badly — salir* bien/mal parado
8) ( Phot) salir* -
103 team
1. n1) группа (специалистов, экспертов); бригада; комиссия; команда (в т. ч. группа организаторов выборов президента)2) экипаж (корабля, самолета и т.п.)3) члены правительства, члены делегации•to assemble one's foreign policy team — подбирать членов будущего правительства, которые будут заниматься вопросами внешней политики
to head a team — возглавлять правительство / группу / бригаду
to put together a team — "сколачивать" / создавать команду ( правительство)
to reshuffle one's team — производить изменения в составе правительства
to run a team — развед. жарг. руководить группой агентов
- bomb disposal teamto send an investigating team to... — направлять комиссию по расследованию в...
- country's team at the negotiations
- country's team at the UN
- demolition team
- development team
- economic team
- fact-finding team
- forecasting team
- government team
- health team
- inspecting team
- inspection team
- international team of scientists
- investigating team
- management team
- mediation team
- medical team
- military-assistance team
- national security team
- national team
- negotiating team
- observer team
- patronage team
- production team
- project team
- relief team
- rescue team
- research team
- Sabotage, Intelligence and Experiment teams
- SIX teams
- team of experts
- team of mediators
- team of propagandists
- team of UN experts
- the prime minister is picking his team
- tiger team
- UN human rights observer team
- UN observer team
- US country team
- visiting team
- volunteer team
- working team 2. v( up with smb) объединяться с кем-л., работать сообща -
104 trial
{'traiəl}
1. изпитание, опит, проба, изпробване
on TRIAL на/за/при изпробване
TRIAL and error опитване на различни методи, за да се получи желаният резултат
to give someone /something a TRIAL опитвам/изпробвам/изпитвам някого/нещо
to put on/to TRIAL изпробвам, подлагам на изпробване
TRIAL of изпитване/изпробване на (cuла, търпение и пр.)
2. attr пробен (за noлет, поръчка, брак и пр.)
3. сп. опит, предварително състезание
4. прен. неприятно/досадно нещо, трудност, несгода, изпитание
his deafness is a great TRIAL to him глухотата му e голямо бреме за него
he is a great TRIAL to his parents той създава големи неприятности на родителите си
5. съдебно дирене, процес
state TRIAL съд на политически/държавни престъпници
civil TRIAL гражданско дело
criminal TRIAL углавно дело
to be/go on TRIAL (for), to stand (one's) TRIAL подсъдим съм, съдят ме (за)
to bring to TRIAL, to put on TRIAL, to put/bring up for TRIAL давам под съд, съдя (някого)* * *{'traiъl} n 1. изпитание, опит, проба, изпробване; on trial на/за/п* * *съдене; опит; пробен; проба; процес; дело;* * *1. attr пробен (за noлет, поръчка, брак и пр.) 2. civil trial гражданско дело 3. criminal trial углавно дело 4. he is a great trial to his parents той създава големи неприятности на родителите си 5. his deafness is a great trial to him глухотата му e голямо бреме за него 6. on trial на/за/при изпробване 7. state trial съд на политически/държавни престъпници 8. to be/go on trial (for), to stand (one's) trial подсъдим съм, съдят ме (за) 9. to bring to trial, to put on trial, to put/bring up for trial давам под съд, съдя (някого) 10. to give someone /something a trial опитвам/изпробвам/изпитвам някого/нещо 11. to put on/to trial изпробвам, подлагам на изпробване 12. trial and error опитване на различни методи, за да се получи желаният резултат 13. trial of изпитване/изпробване на (cuла, търпение и пр.) 14. изпитание, опит, проба, изпробване 15. прен. неприятно/досадно нещо, трудност, несгода, изпитание 16. сп. опит, предварително състезание 17. съдебно дирене, процес* * *trial[´traiəl] n 1. изпитание, опит, проба; on \trial на изпитание (изпробване); на стаж; by way of \trial за проба; by \trial and error налучквайки, наслуки; учейки се от грешките си; to give s.th. a \trial, to make the \trial of s.th. опитвам (правя опит с) нещо; вземам за изпитателен срок; to put on \trial изпробвам; подлагам на сериозно изпитание; to make a \trial of s.o.'s patience поставям на изпитание търпението на някого; field \trial изпитание при полеви ( експлоатационни) условия; 2. юрид. процес, съдебно дирене; съд; state \trial съд на държавни престъпници; civil \trial гражданско дело; criminal \trial углавно дело; \trial judge ам. съдия от първа инстанция; to bring to \trial, to put on \trial давам под съд, съдя; to stand (o.'s) \trial подсъдим съм, под съд съм; \trial at bar разглеждане на делото в пълен състав на съда; \trial on indictment съдебно дело по обвинителен акт; \trial without pleadings процес без писмени заявления; \trial by battle ист. божи съд чрез единоборство; \trial by ordeal ист. божи съд чрез ордалия; 3. прен. несгода, притеснение, неволя; изпитание; that child is a great \trial to his parents това дете е цяло наказание за родителите си; 4. сп. опит; 5. attr пробен, изпитателен; \trial experiment предварителен опит, пробно изследване; \trial lenses стъкла за изпитване на зрението; \trial period изпитателен срок; \trial trip пробно плаване; прен. експеримент, опит; \trial run първи опит; тестово изпитание на нов автомобил. -
105 trial
1) (an act of testing or trying; a test: Give the new car a trial; The disaster was a trial of his courage.) skúška2) (a legal process by which a person is judged in a court of law: Their trial will be held next week.) proces3) (a (source of) trouble or anxiety: My son is a great trial (to me).) starosť•- on trial
- trial and error* * *• utrpenie• vzrast• vzor• vyskúšanie• zápas• skúška• skúšobný• sužovanie• ukážka• test• trápenie• proces• experiment• rokovanie• otrava• pokus• pojednávanie• meranie síl -
106 watch
1. I1) to sit watching сидеть и наблюдать; there is nobody watching никто не смотрит; are you going to play or only watch? вы будете сами играть или только смотреть?2) he needs watching, I don't quite trust him за ним надо следить, я ему не совсем доверяю2. II1) watch in some manner watch attentively (absently, anxiously, idly, stealthily, greedily, etc.) внимательно и т.д. следить, наблюдать2) watch somewhere watch inside сторожить в самом помещении; there is a policeman watching outside снаружи /на улице, за дверью/ стоит полицейский; watch for some time watch all night караулить всю ночь3. III1) watch smth., smb. watch a game (a play, football, television, etc.) смотреть игру и т.д.; he was watching my actions он наблюдал за моими действиями; I was watching him я следил за ним2) watch smb., smth. watch the baby (the patient, the little boy, etc.) присматривать за ребенком и т.д.; watch a prisoner (a criminal, persons of suspicious behaviour, the suspects, etc.) держать заключенного и т.д. под надзором; watch smb.'s luggage (smb.'s coat, the flock, the sheep, etc.) стеречь /сторожить/ чьи-л. вещи и т.д.; watch my things while I am away посмотрите /присмотрите/ за моими вещами, пока меня не будет3) watch smth. coll. watch the expenses (the time, etc.) следить за расходами и т.д., осторожно расходовать деньги и т.д.; if you don't watch it, you will get into trouble если вы не будете осторожны, вы попадете в беду /в трудное положение/; watch your step! осторожнее!, не оступитесь!, смотрите под ноги!, I had to watch my step throughout the discussion во время обсуждения мне пришлось все время быть начеку4) watch smth. watch one's opportunity /one's time, one's chance/ выжидать удобного случая4. IV1) watch smb., smth. in some manner watch smb. carefully (furtively /stealthily/, eagerly, etc.) внимательно и т.д. следить за кем-л.; watch me carefully! внимательно смотрите, что я буду делать /наблюдайте за мной/!; she watched his face anxiously она с тревогой следила за выражением его лица; watch the market closely (smb.'s career closely, etc.) пристально следить за положением дел на рынке и т.д.2) watch smb. in some manner watch the prisoner (the suspect, etc.) vigilantly (closely, narrowly, etc.) бдительно и т.д. охранять узника и т.д.; you must watch the patient carefully вы не должны спускать с больного глаз; watch smb., smth. for some time watch the captive day and night круглые сутки сторожить узника; watch the house at night охранять /сторожить/ дом ночью5. VIIwatch smb., smth. (to) do smth. watch others.play (him swim, the crowd go by, the children run away, a procession pass, his face fall, the white cliffs of the shore sink into the horizon, etc.) наблюдать /смотреть/ за тем, как другие играют и т.д.6. VIIIwatch smb., smth. doing smth. watch the girl working (her brother playing, etc.) наблюдать, как работает девушка и т.д.; watch the stars lighting up смотреть, как загораются звезды7. XI1) we are being watched на нас смотрят; за нами наблюдают; be watched by smb. the parade was watched by thousands of spectators парад смотрели тысячи зрителей2) be watched the children require to be watched за детьми нужен присмотр; they had him watched они установили за ним наблюдение /слежку/; be watched by smb. the man is. being watched by the police этот человек находится под надзором полиции; the man is being watched by detectives за этим человеком следят сыщики3) be watched against this error must be carefully watched against надо внимательно следить, чтобы не допустить подобной ошибки8. XVI1) watch over smth. watch over the dictionary in its progress through the press следить за работой над словарем в типографии2) watch over smb., smth. watch over the sheep (over the flocks, etc.) стеречь /сторожить, охранять/ овец и т.д.; the dog watched over the sleeping man all night всю ночь собака охраняла /сторожила/ спящего; watch over the safety of the state (over the land, over the destinies of a nation, etc.) охранять безопасность государства и т.д.3) watch over smb. watch over a child (over one's pupils, over the invalid, etc.) присматривать за ребенком и т.д.; she watched over us like a mother она ухаживала /ходила/ за нами как [родная] мать; your guardian-will watch over you ваш опекун не оставит вас; watch over the poor помогать бедным; watch after smb. watch after the sick (after a man in fever, after a patient, etc.) ухаживать за больными и т.д.; watch by (at, etc.) smth. watch by smb.'s bed /beside a sickbed, at one's bedside/ сидеть у постели больного; watch at the door нести охрану /сторожить/ у дверей; there is a policeman watching outside the house снаружи за домом следит полицейский4) watch for smth., smb. watch for a signal (for a letter, for the symptoms of measles, for a change, for smb.'s arrival, etc.) ждать сигнала и т.д.; watch for a postman караулить /подкарауливать/ почтальона; watch for smth., smb. to do smth. watch for an opportunity to speak (fly a chance to cross the street, etc.) выжидать удобного случая, чтобы поговорить и т.д.; watch for the man to leave the house (for the procession to go by, for the boy to enter the building, for him to come out, for the car to start, etc.) ждать /поджидать, караулить/, пока человек не выйдет из дома и т.д.9. XXI11) watch smb., smth. from (through, out of, etc.) smth. watch her from the window (the crowd from the balcony, the boys through the window, smb. out of the corner of the eye, etc.) следить за ней из окна и т.д.; we stood and watched the planes at the airport мы стояли на аэродроме и смотрели на самолеты; she stood watching him out of sight она стояла и следила /смотрела ему вслед/, пока он не скроется из виду2) watch smth. for smb. watch my саг for me посторожите /покараульте/ мою машину; watch a case for an interested party следить за ходом дела в чьих-л. интересах; smth., smb. for smth. watch the building for a week (smb.'s coat for a moment, the prisoner for hours, etc.) охранять /сторожить/ здание в течение недели и т.д.10. XXIII1watch smb. like smb. he watched me like a cat watching a mouse он следил за мной, как кошка за мышью11. XXV1) watch while... (what..., how..., etc.) watch while an experiment is performed (while the doctor performs the operation, what I'm doing, how I do it, etc.) наблюдать /следить/ за тем, как идет эксперимент и т.д.; I wasn't watchlog when we drove past that sign я не смотрел в эту сторону, когда мы проезжали мимо знака; he watched in order to see what would happen он внимательно следил и ждал, что произойдет дальше2) watch that... (when..., how..., etc.) watch that the baby does not fall следить за тем, чтобы ребенок не упал; watch when you cross the street (how you handle that gun, etc.) будьте осторожны, когда вы переходите улицу и т.д.; watch where you're going! смотри, куда идешь! -
107 simulation
моделирование, имитационное моделирование, имитация, макетирование
– simulation analysis
– simulation data
– simulation engine
– simulation experiment
– simulation language
– simulation model
– simulation package
– simulation program
– simulation run
– simulation software
– simulation study
– simulation technique
– simulation test
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108 test
испытание, испытания, проверка, контроль, тестирование, испытывать, проверять, контролировать, тест, проба, тестировать, брать пробу, критерий
– test bed
– test cell
– test conditions
– test console
– test coverage
– test data
– test data analysis
– test desk
– test equipment
– test facilities
– test function
– test log
– test loop
– test mock-up
– test mode
– test plan
– test plant
– test problem
– test procedure
– test program
– test regime
– test routine
– test run
– test set
– test simulator
– test stand
– test station
– test step
– test subprogram
– test validation
– test-bed-based experiment
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109 check
[ʧek] 1. гл.1) = check out / up проверять, сверятьWe must check through the pages to see if any are missing. — Надо проверить, все ли страницы на месте.
The police are checking out his alibi. — Полиция проверяет его алиби.
Check the facts up before you write your report. — Проверь все факты перед тем, как писать отчёт.
We must check the book over before sending it to the printer. — Нам надо ещё раз внимательно выверить книгу, прежде чем отсылать её в типографию.
Syn:2) останавливать; препятствовать; ограничивать, сдерживать, обуздывать, регулироватьHe hastily checked the impulse. — Он быстро подавил этот порыв.
Mr. Baldwin checked the enthusiasm of his visitors. — Мистер Болдуин умерил энтузиазм своих гостей.
The multiplication of animals is checked only by want of food, and by the hostility of races. — Размножение животных сдерживается только потребностью в пище и степенью агрессивности видов.
Syn:3) отмечать галочкой, птичкойThe teacher checked the children's names off as they entered. — Учитель отмечал имена детей, когда они входили в класс.
4) соответствовать, совпадатьThe description checks with the photograph. — Описание соответствует фотографии.
5) преим. амер.; = check in сдавать (в камеру хранения, в багаж)They walked out into the club and checked their hats. — Они вошли в клуб и сдали в гардероб свои шляпы.
You can check your suitcases in at the desk. — Вы можете сдать свои чемоданы на стойке.
6) воен. делать выговорSyn:8) амер. размечать на квадраты ( землю для дальнейшего засевания)9) наносить узор, рисунок в виде клеток11) амер. выписывать чек•- check in
- check off
- check on
- check out
- check over
- check up 2. сущ.1) контроль, проверка- loyalty checkto conduct / make / run a check of / on smth. — осуществлять контроль, проводить проверку чего-л.
Syn:2) обследование, исследованиеbackground check — расследование истории вопроса, проблемы
Syn:3) критерий ( оценки и проверки)Syn:4) контрольный штемпель; отметка, галочка ( знак проверки)5) ярлык; багажная квитанцияbaggage check — амер. квитанция на получение багажа
6) номерок ( в гардеробе)7) преим. амер. счёт в ресторане8) контрамарка; корешок (билета)9) амер.; карт. фишка, марка10) амер.; = cheque11) шахм. шахThe king is in check. — Королю объявлен шах.
12) задержка; пауза, перерыв; внезапная остановкаSyn:13) преим. воен. отпор, отражение нападенияSyn:repulse 1.14) ограничение, сдерживание; контрольto hold / keep in check — держать под контролем, сдерживать
The police were trying to hold the crowd in check. — Полицейские пытались удержать толпу.
His task was to keep Jimmy in check. — Его задачей было держать Джима под контролем.
We must find ways of keeping our expenditure in check. — Мы должны найти способы сокращения расходов.
Syn:dog's-tooth check брит. / houndstooth check амер. — мелкая ломаная клетка
16) с.-х. делянка17) трещина, щель ( в дереве)Syn:18) амер.; = check-rein мартингал ( в верховой езде)••3. прил.to cash / hand / pass in one's checks — уст. умереть
1) контрольный; испытательный2) клетчатый -
110 exercise
1) задача; пример; упражнение2) упражняться; тренироваться• -
111 test
1) замер2) испытание; испытания || испытывать; исследовать3) стат. критерий4) обнаружение; определение5) опробывание6) опыт; эксперимент7) признак8) проба || пробовать9) проверка || проверять10) тест || тестовый11) пробный•test for uniformity — мат. критерий равномерности
test for trend — мат. проверка на тренд
test for singularity — мат. критерий особенности
test for regression — мат. проверка на наличие регрессии
test for randomness — мат. критерий случайности
test for primality — мат. признак простоты (числа)
test for optimality — мат. критерий оптимальности
test for nonadditivity — мат. признак неаддитивности
test for minimum — мат. проверка на минимум
test for interaction — мат. критерий взаимодействия
test for exponentiality — мат. критерий экспоненциальности
test for ergodicity — мат. критерий эргодичности
test for divisibility — мат. признак делимости
test for definiteness — мат. критерий определённости
test for convergence — мат. критерий сходимости
test for concordance — мат. критерий согласия
test for casualty — мат. критерий обусловленности
- asymptotically efficient test - asymptotically minimax test - asymptotically most powerful rank test - asymptotically optimum test - asymptotically robust test - asymptotically unbiased test - double-tailed testto make test — стат. строить критерий (напр., для проверки значимости отклонений)
- fat test- general test for homogeneity- jet test- locally unbiased test - multiple comparison test - multiple ranking test - normal scores test - one-tailed test - probability ratio test - process normality test - single-tailed test - statistically valid test - test for goodness of fit - test for homogeneity of means - test for homogeneity of variances - test for nonsphericalness of disturbances - test for significant changes - test for uniform convergence - test hypothesis with experiment - uniformly asymptotically efficient test - uniformly best test - uniformly consistent test -
112 blank
1. n пустое, свободное место2. n бланк3. n тире, отточие; прочерк; пропуск4. n пробел5. n провал в памяти6. n пустота, опустошённость7. n пустой лотерейный билетblank address — пустой адрес; незаполненное поле адреса
a blank incurious stare — пустой, безразличный взгляд
blank instruction — пустая команда; команда пропуска
8. n слово, вписанное курсивом в парламентский билль9. n пластинка или поле без очков10. n воен. яблоко мишени, цель11. n заготовка; болванка12. n вырубка13. n радио дно трубки14. n хим. слепой опыт15. n спец. пауза, пробел16. a чистый, неисписанный17. a незаполненныйblank credit — бланковый кредит, кредит без обеспечения
blank check — незаполненный чек, чек на предъявителя
18. a незастроенный19. a холостой20. a невыразительный; лишённый содержания, пустой21. a озадаченный, смущённыйto look blank — казаться озадаченным, иметь озадаченный вид
22. a эмоц. -усил. полный, абсолютный23. a сплошной24. a эмоц. -усил. чёртов25. a амер. энский, -скийblank unit — N-ская... незавершённый, необработанный
26. a уст. белый, бесцветный27. v ставить тире, отточие вместо грубого или нецензурного слова28. v амер. спорт. обыгрывать «всухую»29. v уст. озадачивать, ставить в тупик30. v уст. расстраивать31. v уст. тех. штамповатьСинонимический ряд:1. absolute (adj.) absolute; complete; entire; perfect; pure; total; unadulterated; unconditional; unqualified2. amazed (adj.) amazed; astonished; bewildered; confused; dazed; disconcerted; muddled; perplexed3. clear (adj.) clear; plain; spotless; white4. empty (adj.) clean; empty; fresh; hollow; meaningless; unadorned; undistinguished; unmarked; unused5. expressionless (adj.) deadpan; expressionless; inexpressive; poker-faced; unexpressive; vacant6. utter (adj.) all-fired; arrant; black; blamed; blankety-blank; blasted; bleeding; blessed; blighted; blinding; blithering; blue; confounded; consummate; crashing; dad-blamed; dad-blasted; dad-burned; damned; dang; darn; dashed; deuced; doggone; double-distilled; double-dyed; durn; utter7. form (noun) application; data sheet; form; information sheet; questionnaire8. omission (noun) chasm; omission; overlook; oversight; preterition; pretermission; skip9. void (noun) abyss; cavity; emptiness; hole; space; vacancy; vacuum; voidАнтонимический ряд:distinguished; filled; impure; marked; meaningful; occupied; significant -
113 conduct
1. n поведение2. n ведение, руководство3. v вести, сопровождать; водить4. v вести, руководить; проводитьconduct measurements — проводить измерение; измерять
5. v вести себя6. v дирижировать7. v работать кондуктором8. v спец. проводить; служить проводником9. v проводить, пропускатьСинонимический ряд:1. behavior (noun) action; actions; bearing; behavior; behaviour; comportment; demeanor; demeanour; deportment; manners; performance; response; tenue; way2. escort (noun) convoy; escort; guard; leadership; procedure3. guidance (noun) administration; care; control; course; direction; execution; guidance; management4. oversight (noun) charge; handling; intendance; oversight; running; superintendence; superintendency; supervision5. accompany (verb) accompany; attend; chaperon; companion; company; consort with; convoy6. behave (verb) acquit; act; bear; behave; carry oneself; comport; conduct oneself; demean; deport; disport; do; go on; move; quit7. carry (verb) carry; channel; convey; funnel; pipe; siphon; traject; transmit8. direct (verb) carry on; control; direct; govern; handle; keep; manage; operate; ordain; order; regulate; rule; run; supervise9. guide (verb) escort; guide; lead; pilot; route; see; shepherd; show; steer; transport; usher10. wage (verb) carry on; carry out; prosecute; wageАнтонимический ряд:abandon; desert; forego; forsake; leave; miscarry; misconduct; mislead; mismanage; quit; refuse; renounce -
114 lapse
1. n упущение, оплошность, промах; ошибка, ляпсус; погрешность; описка2. n с. -х. огрех, непропашка3. n отклонение; прегрешение4. n течение, ход5. n промежуток; период6. n перерывhe returned to college after a lapse of five years — он вернулся в колледж после пятилетнего перерыва
7. n падение, снижение8. n рел. вероотступничество9. n юр. прекращение, недействительность права10. v отклоняться; пасть; деградировать11. v впадать; переходить; превращатьсяonly when she was strongly moved, did she lapse into the dialect of her youth — волнуясь, она переходила на то наречие, на котором говорила в молодости
to lapse to the Crown — переходить в казну, переходить в собственность государства
12. v течь; проходить13. v исчезать; падать14. v прекращаться, кончаться15. v юр. терять силу16. v юр. истекать; становиться недействительным17. v юр. переходить в другие рукиthe estate of a person dying without heirs or successors lapses to the Crown — имение умершего, не оставившего наследников и преемников, переходит в казну
18. v юр. утрачиватьСинонимический ряд:1. breach (noun) breach; omission2. decline (noun) backslide; backsliding; decline; degeneration; deterioration; recession; recidivism; regression; relapse; retrogression3. error (noun) blooper; blunder; boner; bull; bungle; delinquency; erratum; error; fluff; miscue; misstep; mistake; peccadillo; rock; slip; slipup; trip4. interval (noun) interval; pause; period; respite5. cease (verb) cease; terminate6. die (verb) abate; deteriorate; die; dwindle; ease off; ebb; fall off; let up; moderate; recede; relent; slacken; subside; wane7. expire (verb) backslide; decline; expire; recidivate; regress; relapse; retrogress; return; revert; run outАнтонимический ряд:improvement; increase -
115 resort to
Синонимический ряд:1. frequent (verb) frequent; haunt2. go (verb) go; refer; repair; run; turn3. have recourse to (verb) benefit from; employ; exercise to; experiment with; have recourse to; look to; make use of; try; turn to -
116 success
1. n успех, удачаto score a success — добиться успеха; выиграть
2. n процветание, благосостояниеto have great success in life — преуспеть в жизни, добиться в жизни успеха
3. n тот, кто или то, что пользуется успехом, признаниемto be a success — пользоваться успехом, иметь успех
the experiment is a success — опыт прошёл удачно, опыт удался
he was not a success as a speaker — как оратор он не пользовался успехом, он был неважным оратором
Синонимический ряд:1. accomplishment (noun) accomplishment; achievement; arrival; attainment; conquest; flying colors; fruition; go; mastery; successfulness; triumph; victory2. affluence (noun) affluence; fortune; prosperity3. master (noun) champion; expert; master; victor; winnerАнтонимический ряд:defeat; disaster; failure; poverty; ruin -
117 test case
юр. дело, имеющее принципиальное значение для разрешения ряда аналогичных дел; дело-прецедентto commence a case — возбудить иск, обвинение, судебное дело
case for the jury — дело, подлежащее рассмотрению присяжными
adult case — дело совершеннолетнего, дело о совершеннолетнем
to carry a case — проводить судебное дело, судебный процесс
Синонимический ряд:experimental program (noun) experiment; experimental program; model; model program; pilot program; tentative program; test; trial run -
118 set
set [set]jeu ⇒ 1 (a) série ⇒ 1 (a) ensemble ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) cercle ⇒ 1 (b) appareil ⇒ 1 (d) poste ⇒ 1 (d) set ⇒ 1 (e) fixe ⇒ 2 (a) arrêté ⇒ 2 (b) figé ⇒ 2 (b) résolu ⇒ 2 (c) prêt ⇒ 2 (d) mettre ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (d) poser ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (e), 3 (i) situer ⇒ 3 (b) régler ⇒ 3 (c) fixer ⇒ 3 (f), 3 (i) établir ⇒ 3 (f) faire prendre ⇒ 3 (h) se coucher ⇒ 4 (a) prendre ⇒ 4 (b)1 noun(a) (of tools, keys, golf clubs, sails) jeu m; (of numbers, names, instructions, stamps, weights) série f; (of books) collection f; (of furniture) ensemble m; (of cutlery, dishes, glasses) service m; (of lingerie) parure f; (of wheels) train m; (of facts, conditions, characteristics, data) ensemble m; (of events, decisions, questions) série f, suite f; Typography (of proofs, characters) jeu m; Computing (of characters, instructions) jeu m, ensemble m;∎ a set of matching luggage un ensemble de valises assorties;∎ a set of table/bed linen une parure de table/de lit;∎ a set of sheets une parure de lit;∎ badminton/chess set jeu m de badminton/d'échecs;∎ they're playing with Damian's train set ils jouent avec le train électrique de Damian;∎ the cups/the chairs are sold in sets of six les tasses/les chaises sont vendues par six;∎ I can't break up the set je ne peux pas les dépareiller;∎ they make a set ils vont ensemble;∎ to collect the (whole) set rassembler toute la collection, faire la collection;∎ he made me a duplicate set (of keys) il m'a fait un double des clés; (of contact lenses) il m'en a fait une autre paire;∎ a full set of the encyclopedia une encyclopédie complète;∎ a full set of Tolstoy's works les œuvres complètes de Tolstoï;∎ they've detected two sets of fingerprints ils ont relevé deux séries d'empreintes digitales ou les empreintes digitales de deux personnes;∎ given another set of circumstances, things might have turned out differently dans d'autres circonstances, les choses auraient pu se passer différemment;∎ the first set of reforms la première série ou le premier train de réformes;∎ they ran a whole set of tests on me ils m'ont fait subir toute une série d'examens(b) (social group) cercle m, milieu m;∎ he's not in our set il n'appartient pas à notre cercle;∎ we don't go around in the same set nous ne fréquentons pas le même milieu ou monde;∎ the riding/yachting set le monde ou milieu de l'équitation/du yachting;∎ the literary set les milieux mpl littéraires;∎ the Markham set Markham et ses amis(c) Mathematics ensemble m∎ a colour TV set un poste de télévision ou un téléviseur couleur∎ first set to Miss Williams set Williams∎ on (the) set Cinema & Television sur le plateau; Theatre sur scène(g) (part of performance → by singer, group)∎ he'll be playing two sets tonight il va jouer à deux reprises ce soir;∎ her second set was livelier la deuxième partie de son spectacle a été plus animée(i) (for hair) mise f en plis;∎ to have a set se faire faire une mise en plis∎ I could tell he was angry by the set of his jaw rien qu'à la façon dont il serrait les mâchoires, j'ai compris qu'il était en colère(k) (direction → of wind, current) direction f;∎ suddenly the set of the wind changed le vent a tourné soudainement∎ tomato/tulip sets tomates fpl/tulipes fpl à repiquer(n) (clutch of eggs) couvée f(q) (of badger) terrier m(a) (specified, prescribed → rule, price, quantity, sum, wage) fixe;∎ meals are at set times les repas sont servis à heures fixes;∎ there are no set rules for raising children il n'y a pas de règles toutes faites pour l'éducation des enfants;∎ the tasks must be done in the set order les tâches doivent être accomplies dans l'ordre prescrit;∎ with no set purpose sans but précis∎ her day followed a set routine sa journée se déroulait selon un rituel immuable;∎ he has a set way of doing it il a sa méthode pour le faire;∎ to be set in one's ways avoir ses (petites) habitudes;∎ to become set in one's views devenir rigide dans ses opinions(c) (intent, resolute) résolu, déterminé;∎ to be set on or upon sth vouloir qch à tout prix;∎ I'm (dead) set on finishing it tonight je suis (absolument) déterminé à le finir ce soir;∎ he's dead set against it il s'y oppose formellement(d) (ready, in position) prêt;∎ are you (all) set to go? êtes-vous prêt à partir?∎ he seems well set to win il semble être sur la bonne voie ou être bien parti pour gagner;∎ house prices are set to rise steeply les prix de l'immobilier vont vraisemblablement monter en flèche∎ one of our set books is 'Oliver Twist' un des ouvrages au programme est 'Oliver Twist'(a) (put in specified place or position) mettre, poser;∎ he set his cases down on the platform il posa ses valises sur le quai;∎ she set the steaming bowl before him elle plaça le bol fumant devant lui;∎ to set a proposal before the board présenter un projet au conseil d'administration;∎ to set sb on his/her feet again remettre qn sur pied;∎ to set a match to sth mettre le feu à qch;∎ to set sb ashore débarquer qn(b) (usu passive) (locate, situate → building, story) situer;∎ the house is set in large grounds la maison est située dans un grand parc;∎ his eyes are set too close together ses yeux sont trop rapprochés;∎ the story is set in Tokyo l'histoire se passe ou se déroule à Tokyo;∎ her novels are set in the 18th century ses romans se passent au XVIIIème siècle∎ I set my watch to New York time j'ai réglé ma montre à l'heure de New York;∎ set your watches an hour ahead avancez vos montres d'une heure;∎ he's so punctual you can set your watch by him! il est si ponctuel qu'on peut régler sa montre sur lui!;∎ I've set the alarm for six j'ai mis le réveil à (sonner pour) six heures;∎ how do I set the margins? comment est-ce que je fais pour placer les marges?;∎ set the timer for one hour mettez le minuteur sur une heure;∎ first set the control knob to the desired temperature mettez tout d'abord le bouton de réglage sur la température voulue;∎ the lever was set in the off position le levier était sur "arrêt"∎ the handles are set into the drawers les poignées sont encastrées dans les tiroirs;∎ there was a peephole set in the door il y avait un judas dans la porte;∎ to set a stake in the ground enfoncer ou planter un pieu dans la terre;∎ metal bars had been set in the concrete des barres en métal avaient été fixées dans le béton;∎ the brooch was set with pearls la broche était sertie de perles;∎ the ruby was set in a simple ring le rubis était monté sur un simple anneau;∎ Medicine to set a bone réduire une fracture;∎ figurative his face was set in a frown son visage était figé dans une grimace renfrognée;∎ she set her jaw and refused to budge elle serra les dents et refusa de bouger;∎ we had set ourselves to resist nous étions déterminés à résister(e) (lay, prepare in advance → trap) poser, tendre;∎ to set the table mettre le couvert ou la table;∎ to set the table for two mettre deux couverts;∎ set an extra place at table rajoutez un couvert(f) (establish → date, price, schedule, terms) fixer, déterminer; (→ rule, guideline, objective, target) établir; (→ mood, precedent) créer;∎ they still haven't set a date for the party ils n'ont toujours pas fixé de date pour la réception;∎ you've set yourself a tough deadline or a tough deadline for yourself vous vous êtes fixé un délai très court;∎ it's up to them to set their own production targets c'est à eux d'établir ou de fixer leurs propres objectifs de production;∎ a deficit ceiling has been set un plafonnement du déficit a été imposé ou fixé ou décidé;∎ to set a value on sth décider de la valeur de qch;∎ figurative they set a high value on creativity ils accordent une grande valeur à la créativité;∎ the price was set at £500 le prix a été fixé à 500 livres;∎ the judge set bail at $1,000 le juge a fixé la caution à 1000 dollars;∎ how are exchange rates set? comment les taux de change sont-ils déterminés?;∎ to set an age limit at… fixer une limite d'âge à…;∎ to set a new fashion or trend lancer une nouvelle mode;∎ to set a new world record établir un nouveau record mondial;∎ to set the tone for or of sth donner le ton de qch∎ to set sth alight or on fire mettre le feu à qch;∎ it sets my nerves on edge ça me crispe;∎ also figurative she set me in the right direction elle m'a mis sur la bonne voie;∎ to set sb against sb monter qn contre qn;∎ he/the incident set the taxman on my trail il/l'incident a mis le fisc sur ma piste;∎ to set the dogs on sb lâcher les chiens sur qn;∎ the incident set the family against him l'incident a monté la famille contre lui;∎ it will set the country on the road to economic recovery cela va mettre le pays sur la voie de la reprise économique;∎ his failure set him thinking son échec lui a donné à réfléchir;∎ the scandal will set the whole town talking le scandale va faire jaser toute la ville;∎ to set the dog barking faire aboyer le chien;∎ the wind set the leaves dancing le vent a fait frissonner les feuilles;∎ to set a machine going mettre une machine en marche(h) (solidify → yoghurt, jelly, concrete) faire prendre;∎ pectin will help to set the jam la pectine aidera à épaissir la confiture∎ the strikers' demands set the management a difficult problem les exigences des grévistes posent un problème difficile à la direction;∎ I set them to work tidying the garden je les ai mis au désherbage du jardin;∎ I've set myself the task of writing to them regularly je me suis fixé la tâche de leur écrire régulièrement∎ she set the class a maths exercise, she set a maths exercise for the class elle a donné un exercice de maths à la classe;∎ who sets the test questions? qui choisit les questions de l'épreuve?∎ to set sb's hair faire une mise en plis à qn;∎ and I've just had my hair set! et je viens de me faire faire une mise en plis!;∎ I set my own hair je me fais moi-même mes mises en plis∎ to set type composer∎ to set sth to music mettre qch en musique(a) (sun, moon, stars) se coucher;∎ we saw the sun setting nous avons vu le coucher du soleil(b) (become firm → glue, cement, plaster, jelly, yoghurt) prendre;∎ her features had set in an expression of determination ses traits s'étaient durcis en une expression de très forte détermination∎ he set to work il s'est mis au travail(e) (plant, tree) prendre racine(g) (wind, tide)∎ the wind looks set fair to the east on dirait un vent d'ouest►► Theatre, Cinema & Television set designer décorateur(trice) m,f;Grammar set expression expression f figée;set figures (in skating) figures fpl imposées;set meal, set menu meal menu m;Grammar set phrase expression f figée;(b) (fireworks) pièce f (de feu) d'artifice(c) (of scenery) élément m de décorSport set point (in tennis) balle f de set;Technology set screw vis f de réglage;Sport set scrum (in rugby) mêlée f fermée;set square équerre f (à dessiner);set task tâche f assignée;∎ to give sb a set task to do assigner à qn une tâche bien précise;Mathematics set theory théorie f des ensembles(a) (start → task) se mettre à;∎ she set about changing the tyre elle s'est mise à changer le pneu;∎ I didn't know how to set about it je ne savais pas comment m'y prendre;∎ how does one set about getting a visa? comment fait-on pour obtenir un visa?∎ he set about the mugger with his umbrella il s'en est pris à son agresseur à coups de parapluie∎ to set sth against sth comparer qch à qch;∎ to set the benefits against the costs évaluer les bénéfices par rapport aux coûts;∎ we must set the government's promises against its achievements nous devons examiner les promesses du gouvernement à la lumière de ses actions∎ some of these expenses can be set against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts(c) (friends, family) monter contre;∎ religious differences have set family against family les différences religieuses ont monté les familles les unes contre les autres;∎ to set oneself or one's face against sth s'opposer résolument à qch∎ to set the clock ahead avancer l'horloge;∎ we're setting the clocks ahead tonight on change d'heure cette nuit(a) (place separately → object) mettre à part ou de côté;∎ there was one deck chair set slightly apart from the others il y avait une chaise longue un peu à l'écart des autres;∎ they set themselves apart ils faisaient bande à part∎ her talent sets her apart from the other students son talent la distingue des autres étudiants(a) (put down → knitting, book) poser;∎ could you set aside what you're working on for a while? pouvez-vous laisser ce que vous êtes en train de faire un moment?(b) (reserve, keep → time, place) réserver; (→ money) mettre de côté; (→ arable land) mettre en friche;∎ I've set tomorrow aside for house hunting j'ai réservé la journée de demain pour chercher une maison;∎ the room is set aside for meetings la pièce est réservée aux réunions;∎ can you set the book aside for me? pourriez-vous me mettre ce livre de côté?;∎ chop the onions and set them aside coupez les oignons et réservez-les(c) (overlook, disregard) mettre de côté, oublier, passer sur;∎ they set their differences aside in order to work together ils ont mis de côté leurs différences pour travailler ensemble(d) (reject → dogma, proposal, offer) rejeter∎ the building is set back slightly from the road l'immeuble est un peu en retrait par rapport à la route(b) (delay → plans, progress) retarder;∎ his illness set him back a month in his work sa maladie l'a retardé d'un mois dans son travail;∎ the news may set him or his recovery back la nouvelle risque de retarder sa guérison;∎ this decision will set the economy back ten years cette décision va faire revenir l'économie dix ans en arrière∎ the trip will set her back a bit le voyage va lui coûter cher(a) (tray, bag etc) poser∎ the bus sets you down in front of the station le bus vous dépose devant la gare(c) (note, record) noter, inscrire;∎ try and set your thoughts down on paper essayez de mettre vos pensées par écrit(d) (establish → rule, condition) établir, fixer;∎ the government has set down a margin for pay increases le gouvernement a fixé une fourchette pour les augmentations de salaire;∎ permissible levels of pollution are set down in the regulations les taux de pollution tolérés sont fixés dans les réglementations;∎ to set sth down in writing coucher qch par écrit;∎ it is clearly set down that drivers must be insured il est clairement signalé ou indiqué que tout conducteur doit être assuréformal (expound → plan, objections) exposer, présenter;∎ the recommendations are set forth in the last chapter les recommandations sont détaillées ou énumérées dans le dernier chapitreliterary partir, se mettre en route➲ set in∎ if infection sets in si la plaie s'infecte;∎ the bad weather has set in for the winter le mauvais temps s'est installé pour tout l'hiver;➲ set off(b) (reaction, process, war) déclencher, provoquer;∎ their offer set off another round of talks leur proposition a déclenché une autre série de négociations;∎ it set her off on a long tirade against bureaucracy cela eut pour effet de la lancer dans une longue tirade contre la bureaucratie;∎ to set sb off laughing faire rire qn;∎ this answer set them off (laughing) cette réponse a déclenché les rires;∎ one look at his face set me off again en le voyant, mon fou rire a repris de plus belle;∎ if you say anything it'll only set him off (crying) again si tu dis quoi que ce soit, il va se remettre à pleurer;∎ the smallest amount of pollen will set her off la moindre dose de pollen lui déclenche une réaction allergique;∎ don't mention Maradona or you'll set him off again surtout ne prononce pas le nom de Maradona sinon il va recommencer;∎ someone mentioned the war and of course that set Uncle Arthur off quelqu'un prononça le mot guerre, et évidemment, oncle Arthur embraya aussitôt sur le sujet;∎ figurative to set sb off on the wrong track mettre qn sur une fausse piste∎ the vase sets off the flowers beautifully le vase met vraiment les fleurs en valeur∎ some of these expenses can be set off against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôtspartir, se mettre en route;∎ he set off at a run il est parti en courant;∎ I set off to explore the town je suis parti explorer la ville;∎ after lunch, we set off again après le déjeuner, nous avons repris la route➲ set on(attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à∎ to set the police on the tracks of a thief mettre la police aux trousses d'un voleur;∎ to set sb on his/her way mettre qn sur les rails∎ to set a dog on sb lâcher un chien sur qn➲ set out∎ the shopping centre is very well set out le centre commercial est très bien conçu(b) (present → ideas) exposer, présenter;∎ the information is set out in the table below ces données sont présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous∎ just as he was setting out au moment de son départ;∎ to set out for school partir pour l'école;∎ to set out again repartir;∎ to set out in pursuit/in search of sb se mettre à la poursuite/à la recherche de qn(b) (undertake course of action) entreprendre;∎ he has trouble finishing what he sets out to do il a du mal à terminer ce qu'il entreprend;∎ I can't remember now what I set out to do je ne me souviens plus de ce que je voulais faire à l'origine;∎ they all set out with the intention of changing the world au début, ils veulent tous changer le monde;∎ she didn't deliberately set out to annoy you il n'était pas dans ses intentions de vous froisser;∎ his theory sets out to prove that… sa théorie a pour objet de prouver que…(a) (begin work) commencer, s'y mettre;∎ we set to with a will nous nous y sommes mis avec ardeur(b) familiar (two people → start arguing) avoir une prise de bec; (→ start fighting) en venir aux mains➲ set up(a) (install → equipment, computer) installer; (→ roadblock) installer, disposer; (→ experiment) préparer;∎ everything's set up for the show tout est préparé ou prêt pour le spectacle;∎ set the chairs up in a circle mettez ou disposez les chaises en cercle;∎ he set the chessboard up il a disposé les pièces sur l'échiquier;∎ the equation sets up a relation between the two variables l'équation établit un rapport entre les deux variables;∎ the system wasn't set up to handle so many users le système n'était pas conçu pour gérer autant d'usagers;∎ he set the situation up so she couldn't refuse il a arrangé la situation de telle manière qu'elle ne pouvait pas refuser(b) (erect, build → tent, furniture kit, crane, flagpole) monter; (→ shed, shelter) construire; (→ monument, statue) ériger;∎ to set up camp installer ou dresser le camp(c) (start up, institute → business, scholarship) créer; (→ hospital, school) fonder; (→ committee, task force) constituer; (→ system of government, republic) instaurer; (→ programme, review process, system) mettre en place; (→ inquiry) ouvrir; (→ dinner, meeting, appointment) organiser;∎ to set up house or home s'installer;∎ they set up house together ils se sont mis en ménage;∎ to set up a dialogue entamer le dialogue;∎ you'll be in charge of setting up training programmes vous serez responsable de la mise en place des programmes de formation;∎ the medical system set up after the war le système médical mis en place après la guerre(d) (financially, in business → person) installer, établir;∎ he set his son up in a dry-cleaning business il a acheté à son fils une entreprise de nettoyage à sec;∎ she could finally set herself up as an accountant elle pourrait enfin s'installer comme comptable;∎ the money would set him up for life l'argent le mettrait à l'abri du besoin pour le restant de ses jours;∎ the army set him up as a dictator l'armée l'installa comme dictateur∎ we're well set up with supplies nous sommes bien approvisionnés;∎ she can set you up with a guide/the necessary papers elle peut vous procurer un guide/les papiers qu'il vous faut;∎ I can set you up with a girlfriend of mine je peux te présenter à ou te faire rencontrer une de mes copines(f) (restore energy to) remonter, remettre sur pied;∎ have a brandy, that'll set you up prends un cognac, ça va te remonter∎ she claims she was set up elle prétend qu'elle est victime d'un coup monté;∎ he was set up as the fall guy on a fait de lui le bouc émissaire□, il a joué le rôle de bouc émissaire□s'installer, s'établir;∎ he's setting up in the fast-food business il se lance dans la restauration rapide;(physically or verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à -
119 Jervis, John Bloomfield
[br]b. 14 December 1795 Huntingdon, New York, USAd. 12 January 1885 Rome, New York, USA[br]American pioneer of civil engineering and locomotive design.[br]Jervis assisted in the survey and construction of the Erie Canal, and by 1827 was Chief Engineer of the Delaware \& Hudson Canal and, linked with it, the Carbondale Railroad. He instructed Horatio Allen to go to England to purchase locomotives in 1828, and the locomotive Stourbridge Lion, built by J.U. Rastrick, was placed on the railway in 1829. It was the first full-size locomotive to run in America, but the track proved too weak for it to be used regularly. In 1830 Jervis became Chief Engineer to the Mohawk \& Hudson Rail Road, which was the first railway in New York State and was opened the following year. In 1832 the 4–2–0 locomotive Experiment was built to his plans by West Point Foundry: it was the first locomotive to have a leading bogie or truck. Jervis was subsequently associated with many other extensive canals and railways and pioneered economic analysis of engineering problems to enable, for example, the best choice to be made between two possible routes for a railroad.[br]Bibliography1861, Railway Property, New York.Further ReadingJ.H.White Jr, 1979, A History of the American Locomotive-Its Development: 1830–1880, New York: Dover Publications Inc.J.K.Finch, 1931, "John Bloomfield Jervis, civil engineer", Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 11.PJGRBiographical history of technology > Jervis, John Bloomfield
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120 Priestman, William Dent
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 23 August 1847 Sutton, Hull, Englandd. 7 September 1936 Hull, England[br]English oil engine pioneer.[br]William was the second son and one of eleven children of Samuel Priestman, who had moved to Hull after retiring as a corn miller in Kirkstall, Leeds, and who in retirement had become a director of the North Eastern Railway Company. The family were strict Quakers, so William was sent to the Quaker School in Bootham, York. He left school at the age of 17 to start an engineering apprenticeship at the Humber Iron Works, but this company failed so the apprenticeship was continued with the North Eastern Railway, Gateshead. In 1869 he joined the hydraulics department of Sir William Armstrong \& Company, Newcastle upon Tyne, but after a year there his father financed him in business at a small, run down works, the Holderness Foundry, Hull. He was soon joined by his brother, Samuel, their main business being the manufacture of dredging equipment (grabs), cranes and winches. In the late 1870s William became interested in internal combustion engines. He took a sublicence to manufacture petrol engines to the patents of Eugène Etève of Paris from the British licensees, Moll and Dando. These engines operated in a similar manner to the non-compression gas engines of Lenoir. Failure to make the two-stroke version of this engine work satisfactorily forced him to pay royalties to Crossley Bros, the British licensees of the Otto four-stroke patents.Fear of the dangers of petrol as a fuel, reflected by the associated very high insurance premiums, led William to experiment with the use of lamp oil as an engine fuel. His first of many patents was for a vaporizer. This was in 1885, well before Ackroyd Stuart. What distinguished the Priestman engine was the provision of an air pump which pressurized the fuel tank, outlets at the top and bottom of which led to a fuel atomizer injecting continuously into a vaporizing chamber heated by the exhaust gases. A spring-loaded inlet valve connected the chamber to the atmosphere, with the inlet valve proper between the chamber and the working cylinder being camoperated. A plug valve in the fuel line and a butterfly valve at the inlet to the chamber were operated, via a linkage, by the speed governor; this is believed to be the first use of this method of control. It was found that vaporization was only partly achieved, the higher fractions of the fuel condensing on the cylinder walls. A virtue was made of this as it provided vital lubrication. A starting system had to be provided, this comprising a lamp for preheating the vaporizing chamber and a hand pump for pressurizing the fuel tank.Engines of 2–10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW) were exhibited to the press in 1886; of these, a vertical engine was installed in a tram car and one of the horizontals in a motor dray. In 1888, engines were shown publicly at the Royal Agricultural Show, while in 1890 two-cylinder vertical marine engines were introduced in sizes from 2 to 10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW), and later double-acting ones up to some 60 hp (45 kW). First, clutch and gearbox reversing was used, but reversing propellers were fitted later (Priestman patent of 1892). In the same year a factory was established in Philadelphia, USA, where engines in the range 5–20 hp (3.7–15 kW) were made. Construction was radically different from that of the previous ones, the bosses of the twin flywheels acting as crank discs with the main bearings on the outside.On independent test in 1892, a Priestman engine achieved a full-load brake thermal efficiency of some 14 per cent, a very creditable figure for a compression ratio limited to under 3:1 by detonation problems. However, efficiency at low loads fell off seriously owing to the throttle governing, and the engines were heavy, complex and expensive compared with the competition.Decline in sales of dredging equipment and bad debts forced the firm into insolvency in 1895 and receivers took over. A new company was formed, the brothers being excluded. However, they were able to attend board meetings, but to exert no influence. Engine activities ceased in about 1904 after over 1,000 engines had been made. It is probable that the Quaker ethics of the brothers were out of place in a business that was becoming increasingly cut-throat. William spent the rest of his long life serving others.[br]Further ReadingC.Lyle Cummins, 1976, Internal Fire, Carnot Press.C.Lyle Cummins and J.D.Priestman, 1985, "William Dent Priestman, oil engine pioneer and inventor: his engine patents 1885–1901", Proceedings of the Institution ofMechanical Engineers 199:133.Anthony Harcombe, 1977, "Priestman's oil engine", Stationary Engine Magazine 42 (August).JBBiographical history of technology > Priestman, William Dent
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