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1 lenoir
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2 Lenoir, Jean Joseph Etienne
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines, Telecommunications[br]b. 1822 Mussey-la-Ville, Belgiumd. 1900 Verenna Saint-Hildar, France[br]Belgian (naturalized French in 1870) inventor of internal combustion engines, an electroplating process and railway telegraphy systems.[br]Leaving his native village for Paris at the age of 16, Lenoir became a metal enameller. Experiments with various electroplating processes provided a useful knowledge of electricity that showed in many of his later ideas. Electric ignition, although somewhat unreliable, was a feature of the Lenoir gas engine which appeared in 1860. Resembling the steam engine of the day, Lenoir engines used a non-compression cycle of operations, in which the gas-air mixture of about atmospheric pressure was being ignited at one-third of the induction stroke. The engines were double acting. About five hundred of Lenoir's engines were built, mostly in Paris by M.Hippolyte Marinoni and by Lefébvre; the Reading Ironworks in England built about one hundred. Many useful applications of the engine are recorded, but the explosive shock that occurred on ignition, together with the unreliable ignition systems, prevented large-scale acceptance of the engine in industry. However, Lenoir's effort and achievements stimulated much discussion, and N.A. Otto is reported to have carried out his first experiments on a Lenoir engine.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAcadémie des Sciences Prix Montyon Prize 1870. Société d'Encouragement, Silver Prize of 12,000 francs. Légion d'honneur 1881 (for his work in telegraphy).Bibliography8 February 1860, British patent no. 335 (the first Lenoir engine).1861, British patent no. 107 (the Lenoir engine).Further ReadingDugald Clerk, 1895, The Gas and Oil Engine, 6th edn, London, pp. 13–15, 30, 118, 203.World Who's Who in Science, 1968 (for an account of Lenoir's involvement in technology).KABBiographical history of technology > Lenoir, Jean Joseph Etienne
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3 Lenoir-Rhyne University
s.Universidad Lenoir-Rhyne. -
4 Lenoir's facet
s.faceta de Lenoir. -
5 ленуар
lenoir -
6 Kinston
Город на востоке штата Северная Каролина, порт на р. Ньюс [Neuse River]. 23,6 тыс. жителей (2000). Административный центр [ county seat] округа Ленор [Lenoir County] (с 1791). Важный центр торговли светлым табаком, хлопководства и животноводства. Легкая, химическая, пищевая промышленность, производство посудомоечных машин и картонных коробок. Местный колледж Ленор [Lenoir Community College] (1958), Касуэлловский центр для умственно отсталых [Caswell Center] (1911), колония для несовершеннолетних правонарушителей "Ферма Доббса" [Dobbs Farm; Dobbs Youth Development Center] (1944). Первым поселенцем в этих местах стал плантатор У. Херитидж [Heritage, William], создавший здесь в 1740 факторию [ trading post]. Город основан в 1762 под названием Кингстон [Kingston; King's Town] в честь английского короля Георга III, но в 1784 специально переименован местными патриотами, чтобы устранить всякие ассоциации с монархией. Во время Гражданской войны [ Civil War] с городских верфей сошел конфедератский броненосец "Ньюс" [CSS (Ram) Neuse] (сожжен в 1865). Его остов, извлеченный из реки в 1963, стал одной из достопримечательностей. Мемориал первого губернатора штата Ричарда Касуэлла [Governor Richard Caswell Memorial], живописные утесы в пригородном парке штата Ньюс [Neuse State Park]. -
7 Little Tennessee River
Река в штатах Джорджия, Северная Каролина и Теннесси, левый приток р. Теннесси [ Tennessee River]. Длина 217 км. Берет начало на севере Джорджии, на склонах Голубого хребта [ Blue Ridge]. Течет в северном направлении, пересекая юго-западные районы штата Северная Каролина, затем - на юг штата Теннесси. Впадает в р. Теннесси близ г. Ленур-Сити [Lenoir City]. На реке ряд водохранилищ и плотин, сооруженных Управлением ресурсами бассейна Теннесси [ Tennessee Valley Authority]. Крупнейшее из них - озеро Фонтана [Fontana Lake] в штате Северная Каролина (образовано плотиной Фонтана [ Fontana Dam])English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Little Tennessee River
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8 Clerk, Sir Dugald
[br]b. 31 March 1854 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 12 November 1932 Ewhurst, Surrey, England[br]Scottish mechanical engineer, inventor of the two-stroke internal combustion engine.[br]Clerk began his engineering training at about the age of 15 in the drawing office of H.O.Robinson \& Company, Glasgow, and in his father's works. Meanwhile, he studied at the West of Scotland Technical College and then, from 1871 to 1876, at Anderson's College, Glasgow, and at the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. Here he worked under and then became assistant to the distinguished chemist T.E.Thorpe, who set him to work on the fractional distillation of petroleum, which was to be useful to him in his later work. At that time he had intended to become a chemical engineer, but seeing a Lenoir gas engine at work, after his return to Glasgow, turned his main interest to gas and other internal combustion engines. He pursued his investigations first at Thomson, Sterne \& Company (1877–85) and then at Tangyes of Birmingham (1886–88. In 1888 he began a lifelong partnership in Marks and Clerk, consulting engineers and patent agents, in London.Beginning his work on gas engines in 1876, he achieved two patents in the two following years. In 1878 he made his principal invention, patented in 1881, of an engine working on the two-stroke cycle, in which the piston is powered during each revolution of the crankshaft, instead of alternate revolutions as in the Otto four-stroke cycle. In this engine, Clerk introduced supercharging, or increasing the pressure of the air intake. Many engines of the Clerk type were made but their popularity waned after the patent for the Otto engine expired in 1890. Interest was later revived, particularly for application to large gas engines, but Clerk's engine eventually came into its own where simple, low-power motors are needed, such as in motor cycles or motor mowers.Clerk's work on the theory and design of gas engines bore fruit in the book The Gas Engine (1886), republished with an extended text in 1909 as The Gas, Petrol and Oil Engine; these and a number of papers in scientific journals won him international renown. During and after the First World War, Clerk widened the scope of his interests and served, often as chairman, on many bodies in the field of science and industry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1917; FRS 1908; Royal Society Royal Medal 1924; Royal Society of Arts Alber Medal 1922.Further ReadingObituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, no. 2, 1933.LRD -
9 Metallurgy
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10 Otto, Nikolaus August
[br]b. 10 June 1832 Holzhausen, Nassau (now in Germany)d. 26 January 1891 Cologne, Germany[br]German engineer, developer of the four-stroke internal combustion engine.[br]Otto's involvement in internal combustion engines was first prompted by his interest in Lenoir's coal-gas engine of 1860. He built his first engine in 1861; in 1864, Otto's engine came to the attention of Eugen Langen, who arranged for the capital to set up the world's first engine company, N.A.Otto and Company, in Cologne. In 1867 the Otto- Langen free-piston internal combustion engine was exhibited at the Paris Exposition, where it won the gold medal. The company continued to expand, and five years after the Paris triumph its name was changed to the Gasmotoren Fabrik; amongst Otto's colleagues at this time were Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach .Otto is most famous for the development of the four-stroke cycle which was to bear his name. He patented his version of this in 1876, although the principle of the four-stroke cycle had been patented by Alphonse Beau de Rochas fourteen years previously; Otto was the first, however, to put the principle into practice with the "Otto Silent Engine". Many thousands of Otto fourstroke engines had already been built by 1886, when a German patent lawyer successfully claimed that Otto had infringed the Beau de Rochas patent, and Otto's patent was declared invalid.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMédaille d'or, Paris Exposition 1867 (for the Otto-Langen engine).Further Reading1989, History of the Internal Combustion Engine, Detroit: Society of Automotive Engineers.I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London and New York: Routledge, 306–7.IMcN -
11 Priestman, William Dent
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 23 August 1847 Sutton, Hull, Englandd. 7 September 1936 Hull, England[br]English oil engine pioneer.[br]William was the second son and one of eleven children of Samuel Priestman, who had moved to Hull after retiring as a corn miller in Kirkstall, Leeds, and who in retirement had become a director of the North Eastern Railway Company. The family were strict Quakers, so William was sent to the Quaker School in Bootham, York. He left school at the age of 17 to start an engineering apprenticeship at the Humber Iron Works, but this company failed so the apprenticeship was continued with the North Eastern Railway, Gateshead. In 1869 he joined the hydraulics department of Sir William Armstrong \& Company, Newcastle upon Tyne, but after a year there his father financed him in business at a small, run down works, the Holderness Foundry, Hull. He was soon joined by his brother, Samuel, their main business being the manufacture of dredging equipment (grabs), cranes and winches. In the late 1870s William became interested in internal combustion engines. He took a sublicence to manufacture petrol engines to the patents of Eugène Etève of Paris from the British licensees, Moll and Dando. These engines operated in a similar manner to the non-compression gas engines of Lenoir. Failure to make the two-stroke version of this engine work satisfactorily forced him to pay royalties to Crossley Bros, the British licensees of the Otto four-stroke patents.Fear of the dangers of petrol as a fuel, reflected by the associated very high insurance premiums, led William to experiment with the use of lamp oil as an engine fuel. His first of many patents was for a vaporizer. This was in 1885, well before Ackroyd Stuart. What distinguished the Priestman engine was the provision of an air pump which pressurized the fuel tank, outlets at the top and bottom of which led to a fuel atomizer injecting continuously into a vaporizing chamber heated by the exhaust gases. A spring-loaded inlet valve connected the chamber to the atmosphere, with the inlet valve proper between the chamber and the working cylinder being camoperated. A plug valve in the fuel line and a butterfly valve at the inlet to the chamber were operated, via a linkage, by the speed governor; this is believed to be the first use of this method of control. It was found that vaporization was only partly achieved, the higher fractions of the fuel condensing on the cylinder walls. A virtue was made of this as it provided vital lubrication. A starting system had to be provided, this comprising a lamp for preheating the vaporizing chamber and a hand pump for pressurizing the fuel tank.Engines of 2–10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW) were exhibited to the press in 1886; of these, a vertical engine was installed in a tram car and one of the horizontals in a motor dray. In 1888, engines were shown publicly at the Royal Agricultural Show, while in 1890 two-cylinder vertical marine engines were introduced in sizes from 2 to 10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW), and later double-acting ones up to some 60 hp (45 kW). First, clutch and gearbox reversing was used, but reversing propellers were fitted later (Priestman patent of 1892). In the same year a factory was established in Philadelphia, USA, where engines in the range 5–20 hp (3.7–15 kW) were made. Construction was radically different from that of the previous ones, the bosses of the twin flywheels acting as crank discs with the main bearings on the outside.On independent test in 1892, a Priestman engine achieved a full-load brake thermal efficiency of some 14 per cent, a very creditable figure for a compression ratio limited to under 3:1 by detonation problems. However, efficiency at low loads fell off seriously owing to the throttle governing, and the engines were heavy, complex and expensive compared with the competition.Decline in sales of dredging equipment and bad debts forced the firm into insolvency in 1895 and receivers took over. A new company was formed, the brothers being excluded. However, they were able to attend board meetings, but to exert no influence. Engine activities ceased in about 1904 after over 1,000 engines had been made. It is probable that the Quaker ethics of the brothers were out of place in a business that was becoming increasingly cut-throat. William spent the rest of his long life serving others.[br]Further ReadingC.Lyle Cummins, 1976, Internal Fire, Carnot Press.C.Lyle Cummins and J.D.Priestman, 1985, "William Dent Priestman, oil engine pioneer and inventor: his engine patents 1885–1901", Proceedings of the Institution ofMechanical Engineers 199:133.Anthony Harcombe, 1977, "Priestman's oil engine", Stationary Engine Magazine 42 (August).JBBiographical history of technology > Priestman, William Dent
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12 Railways and locomotives
Biographical history of technology > Railways and locomotives
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13 Steam and internal combustion engines
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Giffard, Baptiste Henry JacquesHamilton, Harold LeePorta, Giovanni Battista dellaBiographical history of technology > Steam and internal combustion engines
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14 Telecommunications
См. также в других словарях:
Lenoir — may refer to the following persons: * Etienne Lenoir, Belgian pioneer of the internal combustion engine * Etienne Lenoir (instrument maker), French instrument maker, inventor of the repeating circle. * J. B. Lenoir, Blues singer * Noémie Lenoir,… … Wikipedia
Lenoir — ist der Name folgender Städte in den USA: Lenoir (North Carolina) Lenoir County (North Carolina) Lenoir City (Tennessee) Lenoir ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Alexandre Lenoir (1762–1839), Gründer des Musée des monuments français… … Deutsch Wikipedia
LENOIR (A.) — LENOIR ALEXANDRE (1761 1839) Élève du peintre Doyen, Alexandre Lenoir est l’un des personnages de la Révolution qui continue à susciter parmi les historiens d’art et les archéologues les plus violentes controverses. Pour certains, il a sauvé… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Lenoir — Lenoir, NC U.S. city in North Carolina Population (2000): 16793 Housing Units (2000): 7461 Land area (2000): 16.565271 sq. miles (42.903852 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 16.565271 sq. miles (42 … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Lenoir, NC — U.S. city in North Carolina Population (2000): 16793 Housing Units (2000): 7461 Land area (2000): 16.565271 sq. miles (42.903852 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 16.565271 sq. miles (42.903852 sq … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Lenoir [1] — Lenoir, 1) Grafschaft im Staate Nordcarolina (Nordamerika); 21 QM.; vom Neuse River durchflossen; Producte: Baumwolle, Mais, Kartoffeln; 1791 organisirt u. genannt nach William Lenoir, General in der amerikanischen Revolutionsarmee; 1850: 7828 Ew … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Lenoir — [lə nwaːr], Jean Joseph Étienne, französischer Mechaniker, * Mussy la Ville (Provinz Luxemburg, Belgien) 12. 1. 1822, ✝ La Varenne (Département Main et Loire) 7. 8. 1900; konstruierte 1860 den ersten betriebsfähigen, wenn auch noch… … Universal-Lexikon
Lenoir [2] — Lenoir (spr. Lenoahr), 1) Jean Charles Pierre, geb. 1732 in Paris, verwaltete nach einander mehrere Gerichts u. Polizeiämter, wurde 1774 Vorsteher der Polizei in Paris u. 1775 Staatsrath; er errichtete u. vervollkommnete viele Wohlfahrtsanstalten … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Lenoir — (Lönoahr), Alex., geb. 1761 zu Paris, gest. 1839 als Aufseher der Kunstschätze der Kathedrale zu St. Denys, brachte eine große Sammlung frz. Kunstwerke aus dem Mittelalter und späterer Zeiten, besonders Ludwigs XIV. zusammen (Musée des monuments… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Lenoir — Lenoir, Jean Joseph Étienne … Enciclopedia Universal
Lenoir — (Étienne) (1822 1900) ingénieur français d origine wallonne. Il inventa en 1860 le moteur à explosion … Encyclopédie Universelle