returning

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `year' (Il.);

Other forms: dial. Ϝέτος.

Dialectal forms: Myk. we-to (acc.), we-te-i (dat.)

Compounds: Oft as 2. member, e. g. τρι-ετής ( τρι-έτης) `three-year old' (Ion.-Att.) with τριετία `space of three years' (hell.), τριετίζω `be three years old' (LXX); also τρι-έτ-ηρος `three years old' (Call.) with - ηρίς f. `every third year (incluve)', i. e. `all two years returning' ( ἑορτη; Pi., Ion.-Att.; after the nouns in - ηρός, - ηρίς; Schwyzer 482, Chantraine Formation 346); from it τριετηρικός `belonging to a τριετηρίς' (late).

Derivatives: ἔτειος `jearly, lasting the whole year, one year long' (Pi., A.); through hypostasis ἐπέτειος `id.' (Ion.-Att., of ἐπ' ἔτος; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 473); ἐτήσιος `id.' (Att.; after the adj. in - τήσιος; Schwyzer 466, Chantraine 42) with ἐτησίαι m. pl. `wind of the year' (Ion.-Att., Arist.); also ἐπετήσιος `id.' (η 118, Th.); ἐπηετανός, s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1175] u̯etos `year'

Etymology: Old word for `year', preserved in several languages. An exact agreement in Alb. vit, pl. (also sg.) vjet `year', from IE *u̯etes- (Mann Lang. 26, 383). As 2. member the neutral s-stem is preserved in zero grade in Skt. tri-vats-á- `of three years'; the full grade is supposed in Messap. atavetes (= αὑτό-ετες, `in the same year'?; Schwyzer 513 n. 3) and in Hitt. ša-u̯itiš-t- `nurseling' (prop. t-abstract *"of the same year"?; s. Kronasser Vgl. Laut- und Formenlehre 53 and 130). Beside it Hitt. has a consonant-stem u̯itt- (= u̯et-) `year', s. Kronasser 126 A. 20. A rebuilding into an a-stem perhaps in Hier.-Hitt. usa-, Luw. ušša- `year' (\< IE *u̯et-o-?) ; Kronasser Μνήμης χάριν 1, 201. A semantic problem gives Lat. vetus `old', formally = Ϝέτος; for the explanation s. W.-Hofmann s. vetus, and Benveniste Rev. de phil. 74, 124ff. - Old enlargements of the s-stem are found in words for (one-year old) animals: Skt. vats-á- `calf', Alb. vic̣ `calf' (IE *u̯etes-o-), Celt., e. g. Ir. feis `swine' (\< *u̯ets-i-). - On itself stands a Balto-Slavic word for `old', Lith. vẽtušas, OCS vetъchъ, IE *u̯etus-o- (here also Lat. vetus?); cf. Ernout-Meillet s. v. (where the Balto-Slavic adjectiv on insufficient grounds is separated from the word for `year'). - A new name for year in Greek is ἐνιαυτός, s. v. S. also ἔταλον, νέωτα, οἰετέας, πέρυσι, σῆτες. Further s. W.-Hofmann s. vetus.

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Grammatical information: Adv.

Meaning: `instantly, suddenly' (Hp., A. R.).

Other forms: - τε (Hdt., Call.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [815] * pro-k- `in front'

Etymology: Formation as the also temporal αὑτί-κα, τηνί-κα, τό-κα; clearly from πρό `(be)fore, forward'. The suffix can be inherited with correspondence in OCS prokъ `remaining', Lat. reci-procus `returning on the same road' (prop. *`backwards and forward directed'), proc-erēs `chiefs, nobles', procul `far away'. The finak -α is ambiguous: like ἅμα, τάχα etc. or acc. pl. ? Lit. in Schwyzer 496: 16,2 and in W.-Hofmann s.vv., Vasmer s. prók, also in WP. 2, 37 (Pok. 815). -- The added - τε as in ἐπεί-τε, αὖ-τε a.o.

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κόσμος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)

① that which serves to beautify through decoration, adornment, adorning (Hom.+; Diod S 20, 4, 5 τῶν γυναικῶν τὸν κόσμον; OGI 531, 13; SIG 850, 10; IMaronIsis 41; PEleph 1, 4; PSI 240, 12 γυναικεῖον κόσμον; LXX; TestJud 12:1; JosAs 2:6 al.; Philo, Migr. Abr. 97 γυναικῶν κ.; Jos., Ant. 1, 250; 15, 5; Just., A II, 11, 4f) of women’s attire, etc. ὁ ἔξωθεν … κόσμος external adorning 1 Pt 3:3 (Vi. Hom. 4 of the inward adornment of a woman, beside σωφροσύνη; Crates, Ep. 9; Pythag., Ep. 11, 1; Plut., Mor. 141e; on the topic of external adornment cp. SIG 736, 15–26).

② condition of orderliness, orderly arrangement, order (Hom. et al.; s. HDiller, Die vorphilosophische Gebrauch von κ. und κοσμεῖν: BSnell Festschr., ’56, 47–60) μετὰ κόσμου in order Dg 12:9 (text uncertain; s. μετακόσμιος).

③ the sum total of everything here and now, the world, the (orderly) universe, in philosophical usage (so, acc. to Plut., Mor. 886b, as early as Pythagoras; certainly Heraclitus, Fgm. 66; Pla., Gorg. 508a, Phdr. 246c; Chrysipp., Fgm. 527 v. Arnim κόσμος σύστημα ἐξ οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς καὶ τῶν ἐν τούτοις περιεχομένων φύσεων. Likew. Posidonius in Diog. L. 7, 138; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 2 p. 391b, 9ff; 2 and 4 Macc; Wsd; EpArist 254; Philo, Aet. M. 4; Jos., Ant. 1, 21; Test12Patr; SibOr 7, 123; AssMos Fgm. b Denis [=Tromp p. 272]; Just., A I, 20, 2 al.; Ath. 19, 2 al.; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 68, 14; Did., Gen. 36, 7; 137, 13.—The other philosoph. usage, in which κ. denotes the heaven in contrast to the earth, is prob. without mng. for our lit. [unless perh. Phil 2:15 κ.=‘sky’?]). ἡ ἀέναος τοῦ κ. σύστασις the everlasting constitution of the universe 1 Cl 60:1 (cp. OGI 56, 48 εἰς τὸν ἀέναον κ.). Sustained by four elements Hv 3, 13, 3. πρὸ τοῦ τὸν κ. εἶναι before the world existed J 17:5. ἀπὸ καταβολῆς [κόσμου] from the beginning of the world Mt 13:35; 25:34; Lk 11:50; Hb 4:3; 9:26; Rv 13:8; 17:8. Also ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς κ. Mt 24:21 or ἀπὸ κτίσεως κ. Ro 1:20.—B 5:5 ἀπὸ καταβ. κ. evidently means at the foundation of the world (s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.). πρὸ καταβολῆς κ. before the foundation of the world J 17:24; Eph 1:4; 1 Pt 1:20 (on the uses w. καταβολή s. that word, 1). οὐδὲν εἴδωλον ἐν κ. no idol has any real existence in the universe (Twentieth Century NT) 1 Cor 8:4. Of the creation in its entirety 3:22. ὁ κόσμος ὅλος = πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις (Sallust. 21 p. 36, 13; TestSol 5:7; TestJob 33:4) Hs 9, 2, 1; 9, 14, 5. φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ stars in the universe Phil 2:15 (s. above). Esp. of the universe as created by God (Epict 4, 7, 6 ὁ θεὸς πάντα πεποίηκεν, τὰ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν κόσμον ὅλον; Wsd 9:9; 2 Macc 7:23 ὁ τοῦ κ. κτίστης; 4 Macc 5:25; Just., A I, 59, 1 al.; Ath. 8, 2 al.) ὁ ποιήσας τὸν κ. who has made the world Ac 17:24. ὁ κτίστης τοῦ σύμπαντος κ. 1 Cl 19:2; ὁ κτίσας τὸν κ. Hv 1, 3, 4; cp. m 12, 4, 2. ὁ τοῦ παντὸς κ. κυριεύων B 21:5. οὐδʼ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον θεοῦ ἀλλὰ ἀγγέλων AcPlCor 1:15. Christ is called παντὸς τοῦ κ. κύριος 5:5; and the κ. owes its origin to his agency J 1:10b. The world was created for the sake of the church Hv 2, 4, 1.—The universe, as the greatest space conceivable, is not able to contain someth. (Philo, Ebr. 32) J 21:25.

④ the sum total of all beings above the level of the animals, the world, as θέατρον ἐγενήθημεν (i.e. οἱ ἀπόστολοι) τῷ κόσμῳ καὶ ἀγγέλοις καὶ ἀνθρώποις 1 Cor 4:9. Here the world is divided into angels and humans (cp. the Stoic definition of the κόσμος in Stob., Ecl. I p. 184, 8 τὸ ἐκ θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων σύστημα; likew. Epict 1, 9, 4.—Acc. to Ocellus Luc. 37, end, the κ. consists of the sphere of the divine beyond the moon and the sphere of the earthly on this side of the moon).

⑤ planet earth as a place of inhabitation, the world (SIG 814, 31 [67 A.D.] Nero, ὁ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου κύριος; the meaning of the birthday of Augustus for the world OGI 458, 40 [=IPriene 105]; 2 Macc 3:12; Jos., Ant. 9, 241; 10, 205; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 68)

ⓐ gener. Mk 16:15. τὰς βασιλείας τοῦ κ. Mt 4:8; ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κ. 26:13. Cp. 13:38 (cp. Hs 5, 5, 2); Mk 14:9; Hs 9, 25, 2. τὸ φῶς τοῦ κ. τούτου the light of this world (the sun) J 11:9. In rhetorical exaggeration ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν καταγγέλλεται ἐν ὅλῳ τ. κόσμῳ Ro 1:8 (cp. the Egypt. grave ins APF 5, 1913, 169 no. 24, 8 ὧν ἡ σωφροσύνη κατὰ τὸν κ. λελάληται). Abraham as κληρονόμος κόσμου heir of the world 4:13.—Cp. 1 Cor 14:10; Col 1:6. ἡ ἐν τῷ κ. ἀδελφότης the brotherhood in the (whole) world 1 Pt 5:9. ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κ. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν our Lord has assumed the sovereignty of the world Rv 11:15. τὰ ἔθνη τοῦ κ. (not LXX, but prob. rabbinic אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם=humankind apart fr. Israel; Billerb. II 191; Dalman, Worte 144f) the unconverted in the world Lk 12:30. In this line of development, κόσμος alone serves to designate the polytheistic unconverted world Ro 11:12, 15.—Other worlds (lands) beyond the ocean 1 Cl 20:8.—Many of these pass. bear the connotation of

ⓑ the world as the habitation of humanity (as SibOr 1, 160). So also Hs 9, 17, 1f. εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὸν κ. of entrance into the world by being born 1 Cl 38:3. ἐκ τοῦ κ. ἐξελθεῖν leave this present world (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 5 ἔξω τ. κόσμου φεύγειν; s. ἐξέρχομαι 5; cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 16, 7) 1 Cor 5:10b; 2 Cl 8:3. γεννηθῆναι εἰς τὸν κ. be born into the world J 16:21. ἕως ἐσμὲν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ κ. 2 Cl 8:2. οὐδὲν εἰσφέρειν εἰς τὸν κ. (Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 294 τὸν μηδὲν εἰς τὸν κόσμον εἰσενηνοχότα) 1 Ti 6:7 (Pol 4:1). πολλοὶ πλάνοι ἐξῆλθον εἰς τὸν κ. 2J 7.—ἐν τῷ κόσμω τούτῳ J 12:25 (κ. need not here be understood as an entity hostile to God, but the transition to the nuance in 7b, below, is signalled by the term that follows: ζωὴν αἰώνιον). ἵνα εἰς κόσμον προέλθῃ AcPlCor 2:6.

ⓒ earth, world in contrast to heaven (Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 59; Iren., 1, 4, 2 [Harv. I 35, 5]; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 15, 24) ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ τούτῳ 2 Cl 19:3.—Esp. when mention is made of the preexistent Christ, who came fr. another world into the κόσμος. So, above all, in John (Bultmann, index I κόσμος) ἔρχεσθαι εἰς τὸν κ. (τοῦτον) J 6:14; 9:39; 11:27; 16:28a; 18:37; specif. also come into the world as light 12:46; cp. 1:9; 3:19. Sending of Jesus into the world 3:17a; 10:36; 17:18; 1J 4:9. His εἶναι ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ J 1:10a; 9:5a; 17:12 v.l. Leaving the world and returning to the Father 13:1a; 16:28b. Cp. 14:19; 17:11a. His kingship is not ἐκ τοῦ κ. τούτου of this world i.e. not derived from the world or conditioned by its terms and evaluations 18:36ab.—Also Χρ. Ἰησοῦς ἦλθεν εἰς τ. κόσμον 1 Ti 1:15; cp. ἐπιστεύθη ἐν κόσμῳ (opp. ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ) 3:16.—εἰσερχόμενος εἰς τὸν κ. Hb 10:5.

ⓓ the world outside in contrast to one’s home PtK 3 p. 15, 13; 19.

⑥ humanity in general, the world (TestAbr B 8 p. 113, 11 [Stone p. 74]; ApcEsdr 3:6 p. 27, 14; SibOr 1, 189; Just., A I, 39, 3 al.)

ⓐ gener. οὐαὶ τῷ κ. ἀπὸ τῶν σκανδάλων woe to humankind because of the things that cause people to sin Mt 18:7; τὸ φῶς τοῦ κ. the light for humanity 5:14; cp. J 8:12; 9:5. ὁ σωτὴρ τοῦ κ. 4:42; 1J 4:14 (this designation is found in inscriptions, esp. oft. of Hadrian [WWeber, Untersuchungen z. Geschichte des Kaisers Hadrianus 1907, 225; 226; 229]).—J 1:29; 3:17b; 17:6.—κρίνειν τὸν κ. (SibOr 4, 184; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 11 [Stone p. 32]; ApcMos 37) of God, Christ J 12:47a; Ro 3:6; B 4:12; cp. Ro 3:19. Of believers 1 Cor 6:2ab (cp. Sallust. 21 p. 36, 13 the souls of the virtuous, together w. the gods, will rule the whole κόσμος). Of Noah διʼ ἧς (sc. πίστεως) κατέκρινεν τὸν κ. Hb 11:7. ἡ ἁμαρτία εἰς τὸν κ. εἰσῆλθεν Ro 5:12; likew. θάνατος εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν κ. 1 Cl 3:4 (Wsd 2:24; 14:14). Cp. Ro 5:13; 1 Cor 1:27f. περικαθάρματα τοῦ κ. the refuse of humanity 4:13. Of persons before conversion ἄθεοι ἐν τῷ κ. Eph 2:12.—2 Cor 1:12; 5:19; Js 2:5; 1J 2:2; 4:1, 3. ἀρχαῖος κόσμος the people of the ancient world 2 Pt 2:5a; cp. vs. 5b; 3:6. Of pers. of exceptional merit: ὧν οὐκ ἦν ἄξιος ὁ κ. of whom the world was not worthy Hb 11:38.—ὅλος ὁ κ. all the world, everybody Ac 2:47 D; 1 Cl 5:7; cp. ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κ. 59:2; εἰς ὅλον τὸν κ. Hs 8, 3, 2. Likew. ὁ κόσμος (cp. Philo, De Prov. in Eus., PE 8, 14, 58) ὁ κ. ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ἀπῆλθεν J 12:19. ταῦτα λαλῶ εἰς τὸν κ. 8:26; ἐν τῷ κ. 17:13; ἐγὼ παρρησίᾳ λελάληκα τῷ κ. 18:20; cp. 7:4; 14:22. ἵνα γνῷ ὁ κ. 14:31; cp. 17:23; ἵνα ὁ κ. πιστεύῃ 17:21.

ⓑ of all humanity, but especially of believers, as the object of God’s love J 3:16, 17c; 6:33, 51; 12:47b.

⑦ the system of human existence in its many aspects, the world

ⓐ as scene of earthly joys, possessions, cares, sufferings (cp. 4 Macc 8:23) τὸν κ. ὅλον κερδῆσαι gain the whole world Mt 16:26; Mk 8:36; Lk 9:25; 2 Cl 6:2 (cp. Procop. Soph., Ep. 137 the whole οἰκουμένη is an unimportant possession compared to ἀρετή). τὰ τερπνὰ τοῦ κ. the delightful things in the world IRo 6:1. οἱ χρώμενοι τὸν κ. ὡς μὴ καταχρώμενοι those who use the world as though they had no use of it or those who deal with the world as having made no deals with it 1 Cor 7:31a. ἔχειν τὸν βίον τοῦ κ. possess worldly goods 1J 3:17. τὰ τοῦ κόσμου the affairs of the world 1 Cor 7:33f; cp. 1J 2:15f. The latter pass. forms an easy transition to the large number of exprs. (esp. in Paul and John) in which

ⓑ the world, and everything that belongs to it, appears as that which is hostile to God, i.e. lost in sin, wholly at odds w. anything divine, ruined and depraved (Herm. Wr. 6, 4 [the κόσμος is τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς κακίας]; 13, 1 [ἡ τοῦ κ. ἀπάτη], in Stob. p. 428, 24 Sc.; En 48:7; TestIss 4:6; AscIs 3:25; Hdb., exc. on J 1:10; Bultmann ad loc.—cp. Sotades Maronita [III B.C.] 11 Diehl: the κόσμος is unjust and hostile to great men) IMg 5:2; IRo 2:2. ὁ κόσμος οὗτος this world (in contrast to the heavenly realm) J 8:23; 12:25, 31a; 13:1; 16:11; 18:36; 1J 4:17; 1 Cor 3:19; 5:10a; 7:31b; Hv 4, 3, 2ff; D 10:6; 2 Cl 5:1, 5; (opp. ὁ ἅγιος αἰών) B 10:11. ‘This world’ is ruled by the ἄρχων τοῦ κ. τούτου the prince of this world, the devil J 12:31b; 16:11; without τούτου 14:30. Cp. ὁ κ. ὅλος ἐν τῷ πονηρῷ κεῖται the whole world lies in the power of the evil one 1J 5:19; cp. 4:4; also ὁ αἰὼν τοῦ κ. τούτου Eph 2:2 (s. αἰών 4).—Christians must have nothing to do with this world of sin and separation fr. God: instead of desiring it IRo 7:1, one is to ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κ. keep oneself untainted by the world Js 1:27. ἀποφεύγειν τὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κ. 2 Pt 2:20; cp. 1:4 (s. ἀποφεύγω 1).—Pol 5:3. ἡ φιλία τοῦ κ. ἔχθρα τ. θεοῦ ἐστιν Js 4:4a; cp. vs. 4b. When such an attitude is taken Christians are naturally hated by the world IRo 3:3; J 15:18, 19ad; 17:14a; 1J 3:13, as their Lord was hated J 7:7; 15:18; cp. 1:10c; 14:17; 16:20.—Also in Paul: God and world in opposition τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ κ. and τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἐκ θεοῦ the spirit of the world and the spirit that comes fr. God 1 Cor 2:12; σοφία τοῦ κ. and σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ 1:20f. ἡ κατὰ θεὸν λύπη and ἡ τοῦ κ. λύπη godly grief and worldly grief 2 Cor 7:10. The world is condemned by God 1 Cor 11:32; yet also the object of the divine plan of salvation 2 Cor 5:19; cp. 1 Cl 7:4; 9:4. A Christian is dead as far as this world is concerned: διʼ οὗ (i.e. Ἰ. Χρ.) ἐμοὶ κ. ἐσταύρωται κἀγὼ κόσμῳ through Christ the world has been crucified for me, and I have been (crucified) to the world Gal 6:14; cp. the question τί ὡς ζῶντες ἐν κ. δογματίζεσθε; Col 2:20b. For στοιχεῖα τοῦ κ. Gal 4:3; Col 2:8, 20a s. στοιχεῖον.—The use of κ. in this sense is even further developed in John. The κ. stands in opposition to God 1J 2:15f and hence is incapable of knowing God J 17:25; cp. 1J 4:5, and excluded fr. Christ’s intercession J 17:9; its views refuted by the Paraclete 16:8. Neither Christ himself 17:14c, 16b; 14:27, nor his own 15:19b; 17:14b, 16a; 1J 3:1 belong in any way to the ‘world’. Rather Christ has chosen them ‘out of the world’ J 15:19c, even though for the present they must still live ‘in the world’ 17:11b; cp. 13:1b; 17:15, 18b. All the trouble that they must undergo because of this, 16:33a, means nothing compared w. the victorious conviction that Christ (and the believers w. him) has overcome ‘the world’ vs. 33b; 1J 5:4f, and that it is doomed to pass away 2:17 (TestJob 33:4; Kephal. I 154, 21: the κόσμος τῆς σαρκός will pass away).

⑧ collective aspect of an entity, totality, sum total (SIG 850, 10 τὸν κόσμον τῶν ἔργων (but s. 1 above); Pr 17:6a) ὁ κ. τῆς ἀδικίας ἡ γλῶσσα καθίσταται the tongue becomes (or proves to be) the sum total of iniquity Js 3:6 (so, approx., Meinertz; FHauck.—MDibelius, Windisch and ASchlatter find mng. 7b here, whereas ACarr, Exp. 7th ser., 8, 1909, 318ff thinks of mng. 1). Χρ. τὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου τῶν σῳζομένων σωτηρίας παθόντα Christ, who suffered or died (s. πάσχω 3aα) for the salvation of the sum total of those who are saved MPol 17:2.—FBytomski, D. genet. Entwicklung des Begriffes κόσμος in d. Hl. Schrift: Jahrb. für Philos. und spekul. Theol. 25, 1911, 180–201; 389–413 (only the OT); CSchneider, Pls u. d. Welt: Αγγελος IV ’32, 11–47; EvSchrenck, Der Kosmos-Begriff bei Joh.: Mitteilungen u. Nachrichten f. d. evang. Kirche in Russland 51, 1895, 1–29; RLöwe, Kosmos u. Aion ’35; RBultmann, D. Verständnis v. Welt u. Mensch im NT u. im Griechentum: ThBl 19, ’40, 1–14; GBornkamm, Christus u. die Welt in der urchr. Botschaft: ZTK 47, ’50, 212–26; ALesky, Kosmos ’63; RVölkl, Christ u. Welt nach dem NT ’61; GJohnston, οἰκουμένη and κ. in the NT: NTS 10, ’64, 352–60; NCassem, ibid. 19, ’72/73, 81–91; RBratcher, BT 31, ’80, 430–34.—B. 13; 440. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

μηδέ negative disjunctive particle (Hom.+)

① and not, but not, nor continuing a preceding negation (almost always w. μή)

ⓐ in such a way that both negatives have one verb in common: in the ptc. Mt 22:29; Mk 12:24; in the pres. subj. 1 Cor 5:8; 1J 3:18; in the impv. Mt 6:25; Lk 12:22; 1J 2:15. More than one μηδέ can also follow μή (Diod S 18, 56, 5 μὴ κατιέναι is followed by μηδέ used five times with the same verb) Mt 10:9f; Lk 14:12.

ⓑ in such a way that μή and μηδέ each has a verb for itself: introduced by ὸ̔ς ἄν (ἐάν) Mt 10:14; Mk 6:11; by ἵνα J 4:15; ὅπως Lk 16:26. Both verbs in ptc. 2 Cor 4:2; in impv. Mk 13:15; J 14:27; Ro 6:12f; Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11). The imperatives can also be wholly or partly replaced by equivalent subjunctive forms: Mt 7:6; 23:9f; Lk 17:23; 1 Pt 3:14. Both verbs in inf. (depending on παραγγέλλω) Ac 4:18; 1 Ti 1:4; 6:17; cp. Ac 21:21. More than one μηδέ after μή (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 11 §42 μηδεὶς μηδένα followed by μηδέ thrice; Just., D. 112, 4 μηδέποτε and μηδέ thrice) Col 2:21; 2 Cl 4:3; cp. Ro 14:21; 1 Cor 10:7–10. The first verb can also be connected w. any compound of μή: μηδείς (Jos., Ant. 8, 395; Just., A I, 5, 1 al.) Lk 3:14; 1 Ti 5:22. μήπω Ro 9:11.

ⓒ in the apodosis of a conditional sentence εἴ τις οὐ θέλει ἐργάζεσθαι, μηδὲ ἐσθιέτω one who is unwilling to work, is not to be given anything to eat 2 Th 3:10.

② not even (X., Mem. 1, 2, 36; PMagd 28, 4 [218 B.C.]; PTebt 24, 76; Just., A I, 19, 5; Mel., HE 4, 26, 6; Ath 32, 1) preceded by ὥστε μή (or μηκέτι) Mk 3:20. μηδὲ τὰ πρὸς τὴν θύραν not even about the door Mk 2:2. μηδὲ εἰς τὴν κώμην εἰσέλθῃς do not even go into the village (before returning home) Mk 8:26. τῷ τοιούτῳ μηδὲ συνεσθίειν not even to eat with such a person 1 Cor 5:11. μηδὲ ὀνομαζέσθω ἐν ὑμῖν should not even be mentioned among you Eph 5:3. μηδὲ αὐτὸν μόνον τῆς κεφαλῆς ὄγκον not only the bulk of (his swollen) head Papias (3:2c).—M-M.

οἰκοδομέω (οἰκοδόμος; Hdt.; ins, pap, LXX, En, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr) impf. ᾠκοδόμουν; fut. οἰκοδομήσω; 1 aor. ᾠκοδόμησα also without augment οἰκοδόμησα (ApcMos 40; on the augment s. W-S. §12, 5a; Mlt-H. 191); pf. ᾠκοδόμηκα LXX; plpf. 3 sg. ᾠκοδομήκει (Just., D. 127, 3). Pass.: impf. 3 sg. ᾠκοδομεῖτο; 1 fut. οἰκοδομηθήσομαι; 1 aor. ᾠκοδομήθην (v.l.) or οἰκοδομήθην (other edd., J 2:20); perf. inf. ᾠκοδομῆσθαι (οἰ-Lk 6:48b); ptc. οἰκοδομημένος (Ox 1 recto, 15f [GTh 32]); ᾠκοδομημένος Hv 3, 2, 6; plpf. 3 sg. ᾠκοδόμητο.

① to construct a building, build

ⓐ w. obj. acc. build, erect (oft. pap [Mayser II/2 p. 315, 30ff]; Jos., Ant. 15, 403 al.; Did., Gen 29, 7) οἰκίαν (Diod S 14, 116, 8; Lucian, Charon 17) Lk 6:48a. τὰς οἰκοδομάς GJs 9:3; pass. (Sb 5104, 2 [163 B.C.] οἰκία ᾠκοδομημένη; PAmh 51, 11; 23) Lk 6:48b. πύργον (Is 5:2) Mt 21:33; Mk 12:1; Lk 14:28; Hs 9, 3, 1; 4; 9, 12, 6; pass. Hv 3, 2, 4ff; 3, 3, 3; 3, 5, 5; 3, 8, 9; Hs 9, 3, 2; 9, 5, 2; 9, 9, 7; cp. 9, 9, 4. ναόν Mk 14:58; 16:3 (Is 49:17); pass. J 2:20 (Heliodorus Periegeta of Athens [II B.C.]: 373 Fgm. 1 Jac. says of the Acropolis: ἐν ἔτεσι ε̄ παντελῶς ἐξεποιήθη; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 33, 13); 16:6 (cp. below; the ‘scripture’ pass. is interpreted spiritually). ἀποθήκας Lk 12:18 (opp. καθαιρεῖν; s. this 2aα). τοὺς τάφους τῶν προφητῶν the tombs of the prophets Mt 23:29 (s. EKlosterman² ad loc.). τὰ μνημεῖα τῶν προφητῶν the monuments for the prophets Lk 11:47 (μνημεῖον 1).—οἰκ. τινί τι build someth. for someone (Gen 8:20; Ex 1:11; Ezk 16:24) συναγωγὴν οἰκ. τινί Lk 7:5. οἰκ. τινὶ οἶκον Ac 7:47, 49; 16:2 (the last two Is 66:1).—W. the obj. acc. and foll. by ἐπί w. acc. or w. gen: τὴν οἰκίαν ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν build the house on the rock Mt 7:24. ἐπὶ τὴν ἄμμον on the sand vs. 26 (proverbial: Plut. VII p. 463, 10 Bern. εἰς ψάμμον οἰκοδομεῖς). πόλις ἐπὶ τ. ὄρους Lk 4:29 (cp. Jos., Ant. 8, 97). ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν 6:49. πόλις οἰκοδομημένη ἐπʼ ἄκρον ὄρους ὑψηλοῦ a city that is built on the top of a high mountain Ox 1 recto, 15f (GTh 32). πύργος ἐπὶ ὑδάτων Hv 3, 3, 5; ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν Hs 9, 14, 4 (opp. χαμαὶ οὐκ ᾠκοδόμηται).

ⓑ abs.

α. when the obj. can be supplied fr. the context (Did., Gen. 33, 27) Lk 11:48; 14:30.—Cp. Hv 3, 1, 7; 3, 4, 1a; 3, 10, 1; Hs 9, 4, 1.

β. but also entirely without an obj. (Theoph. Ant. 2, 13 [p. 132, 4f]) ᾠκοδόμουν they erected buildings Lk 17:28. οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες the builders, the masons (after Ps 117:22) Mt 21:42; Mk 12:10; Lk 20:17; Ac 4:11 v.l.; 1 Pt 2:7; 6:4. Also with no ref. to the Ps passage: Hs 9, 4, 4; 9, 6, 6.

γ. οἱ λίθοι οἱ ἤδη ᾠκοδομημένοι the stones already used in the building Hv 3, 5, 2; cp. Hs 9, 6, 3.

ⓒ build up again, restore, a sense that οἰκ. can receive fr. the context (Josh 6:26; Ps 50:20; 68:36) Mt 26:61; 27:40; Mk 15:29; 16:3 (Is 49:17).—S. also 2.

② to construct in a transcendent sense (as in Hermas passages given under 1, where the tower is a symbol of the church) build: of the building up of the Christian congregation/church (cp. Ruth 4:11; θεμελιώσαντες καὶ οἰκοδομήσαντες οἱ μακάριοι ἀπόστολοι τὴν ἐκκλησίαν Iren. 3, 3, 3 [Harv. II 10, 1]) ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν on this rock I will build my congregation/church Mt 16:18. ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε οἶκος πνευματικός like living stones let yourselves be built up (pass.) or build yourselves up (mid., so Goodsp., Probs. 194f) into a spiritual house 1 Pt 2:5. Paul refers to missionary work where another Christian has begun activities as ἐπʼ ἀλλότριον θεμέλιον οἰκ. building on another’s foundation Ro 15:20. He also refers to his negative view of law in relation to the Christ-event as a building, and speaks of its refutation as a tearing down (καταλύειν), and of returning to it as a rebuilding (s. 1c above) Gal 2:18. This is prob. where 11:1 belongs, where (followed by citations of Scripture) it is said of the Israelites that they do not accept the baptism that removes sin, but ἑαυτοῖς οἰκοδομήσουσιν will build up someth. for themselves. In another pass. B calls the believer a πνευματικὸς ναὸς οἰκοδομούμενος τῷ κυρίῳ a spiritual temple built for the Lord 16:10; cp. vs. 6f.—Hermas’ temple-building discourse mentions angels entrusted by God with οἰκοδομεῖν building up or completion of his whole creation Hv 3, 4, 1b.—(In this connection cp. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 38, 16 γυνὴ οἰκοδομηθεῖσα ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ [of Eve]).

③ to help improve ability to function in living responsibly and effectively, strengthen, build up, make more able. οἰκ. is thus used in a nonliteral sense and oft. without consciousness of its basic mng. (Straub p. 27), somewhat like edify in our moral parlance (this extended use is found as early as X., Cyr. 8, 7, 15 and in LXX: Ps 27:5; Jer 40:7. Also TestBenj 8:3.—JWeiss on 1 Cor 8:1). Of the Lord, who is able to strengthen the believers Ac 20:32. Of the congregation, which was being built up 9:31.—Esp. in Paul: ἡ ἀγάπη οἰκοδομεῖ love builds up (in contrast to γνῶσις, which ‘puffs up’) 1 Cor 8:1 (=Dg 12:5). πάντα ἔξεστιν, ἀλλʼ οὐ πάντα οἰκοδομεῖ everything is permitted, but not everything is beneficial 10:23. ὁ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ• ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ 14:4; cp. vs. 17. οἰκοδομεῖτε εἷς τὸν ἕνα strengthen one another 1 Th 5:11. In 1 Cor 8:10 the apostle is prob. speaking ironically, w. ref. to the ‘strong’ party at Corinth, who declare that by their example they are benefiting the ‘weak’: οὐχὶ ἡ συνείδησις αὐτοῦ οἰκοδομηθήσεται εἰς τὸ τὰ εἰδωλόθυτα ἐσθίειν; will not his conscience be ‘strengthened’ so that he will eat meat offered to idols? (difft. MargaretThrall, TU 102, ’68, 468–72).—Of Paul’s letters, by which δυνηθήσεσθε οἰκοδομεῖσθαι εἰς τὴν δοθεῖσαν ὑμῖν πίστιν you will be able to build yourselves up in the faith that has been given you Pol 3:2.—HCremer, Über den bibl. Begriff der Erbauung 1863; HScott, The Place of οἰκοδομή in the NT: PT 2, 1904, 402–24; HBassermann, Über den Begriff ‘Erbauung’: Zeitschr. für prakt. Theol. 4 1882, 1–22; CTrossen, Erbauen: ThGl 6, 1914, 804ff; PVielhauer, Oikodome (d. Bild vom Bau vom NT bis Clem. Alex.), diss. Hdlbg. ’39; PBonnard, Jésus-Christ édifiant son Église ’48.—B. 590. DELG s.v. δέμω. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀγορά, ᾶς, ἡ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestJob 22:3; ParJer 6:19 τῶν ἐθνῶν; Jos., Bell. 5, 513 al.; Ath.; loanw. in rabb.) market place as a place for children to play Mt 11:16; Lk 7:32. Place for people seeking work and for idlers (Harpocration, s.v. Κολωνέτας: the μισθωτοί are standing in the marketplace) Mt 20:3; cp. 23:7; Mk 12:38; Lk 11:43; 20:46. Scene of public events, incl. the healings of Jesus ἐν ταῖς ἀ. ἐτίθεσαν τοὺς ἀσθενοῦντας Mk 6:56. Scene of a lawsuit (so as early as Hom.; cp. Demosth. 43, 36 τῶν ἀρχόντων) against Paul Ac 16:19, 35 D. Of the Agora in Athens (in the Ceramicus), the center of public life 17:17 (s. ECurtius, Paulus in Athen: SBBerlAk 1893, 925ff; SHalstead, Paul in the Agora: Quantulacumque [KLake Festschr.] ’37, 139–43; RMartin, Recherches sur l’Agora greque ’51). ἀπʼ ἀγορᾶς (+ὅταν ἔλθωσιν [D it] is the correct interpr.) ἐὰν μὴ ῥαντίσωνται οὐκ ἐσθίουσιν when they return fr. the market place they do not eat unless they wash themselves (pregnant constr. as Vi. Aesopi G 40 P. πιεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ βαλανείου=after returning from the bath; PHolm 20, 26 μετὰ τὴν κάμινον=after burning in the oven; Epict. 3, 19, 5 φαγεῖν ἐκ βαλανείου; Sir 34:25 βαπτιζόμενος ἀπὸ νεκροῦ) Mk 7:4. Since the mid. form ῥαντ. expresses someth. about the persons of those who eat, the words ἀπʼ ἀ. prob. refer to them, too, and so the interpr. of ἀπʼ ἀ.=‘(of) the things sold in the market’, though linguistically poss. (ἀ. in this sense X. et al.; simply=‘food’: Memnon [I B.C./I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 29, 9 p. 359, 12 Jac.; Appian, Sicil. 2 §10 and 4; Polyaenus 3, 10, 10; 5, 2, 10; Jos., Bell. 1, 308, Ant. 14, 472; pap in Preis.) is untenable.—B. 822. DELG. M-M.

ἀναγγέλλω fut. ἀναγγελῶ; 1 aor. ἀνήγγειλα, inf. ἀναγγεῖλαι; pf. ἀνήγγελκα 1 Km 3:13. Pass.: fut. 3 sg. ἀναγγελήσεται Ps 21:31; 2 aor. ἀνηγγέλην (B-D-F §76, 1; Mlt-H. 226); s. Anz 283f on the history of this word (Aeschyl., Thu.+)

① w. full force of ἀνά, to carry back information, to report, of pers. returning fr. a place (X., An. 1, 3, 21; Gen 9:22; Jdth 11:15) Mk 5:14 v.l. τινί τι: Mt 28:11 v.l.; ἀναγγέλλων ἡμῖν τὴν ὑμῶν ἐπιπόθησιν 2 Cor 7:7; ἀ. ὅσα ἐποίησεν ὁ θεός they reported what God had done Ac 14:27; cp. 15:4. μὴ ἀναγγείλῃς ὅσα εἶδες GJs 20:4. ταῦτα 23:2 (twice). ἃ εἶδεν 24:2. W. ὸ̔τι foll. J 4:51f v.l.; GJs 24:3.

② gener. to provide information, disclose, announce, proclaim, teach (=Att. ἀπαγγέλλω, a common usage in ins and pap, but found as early as Aeschyl., Prom. 661, X., et al. On the LXX s. Anz 283f) αἴνεσιν the praise of God 1 Cl 18:15 (Ps 50:17). ποίησιν χειρῶν the work of God’s hands 27:7 (Ps 18:2). τινί τι (En 13:10; Jos., Bell. 1, 663, Ant. 5, 114) ἀ. ταῦτα τοῖς ἐκλεκτοῖς Hv 2, 1, 3; cp. 3, 3, 1. ἀ. τοῖς λοιποῖς τὰ γενόμενα MPol 15:1.—W. ἐξομολογεῖσθαι: ἀ. τὰς πράξεις αὐτῶν make their deeds known Ac 19:18.—Of a report to officials Mt 28:11 v.l.; J 5:15 (v.l. ἀπήγγειλεν; s. Anz 283).—Of proclamation of what is to come in the future (Is 41:22f; Tat. 13:3 πνεῦμα … διὰ προαγορεύσεων … το κεκρυμμένον ἀνήγγειλε) through the Spirit τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀ. ὑμῖν he will proclaim to you what is to come J 16:13, cp. vss. 14f, 4:25 (PJoüon, RSR 28, ’38, 234f: ἀ.=report what one has heard).—Of Jesus J 16:25 v.l.—Of didactic speaking: preach w. διδάσκειν Ac 20:20; cp. ἀ. πᾶσαν τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θεοῦ vs. 27 (cp. Dt 24:8 τὸν νόμον). ἃ νῦν ἀνηγγέλη ὑμῖν which have now been proclaimed to you 1 Pt 1:12; 1J 1:5. ἀνηγγείλαμεν ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ we proclaimed before him 1 Cl 16:3 (Is 53:2); cp. GEb 121, 29. περί τινος Ro 15:21 (Is 52:15); 2 Cl 17:5.—M-M. TW.

ὑπάγω impf. ὑπῆγον (Hom.+, but predom. trans. [=‘bring under’, etc.] in non-biblical Gk.; so also Ex 14:21; in NT gener. replaces ἀπέρχομαι). In our lit. (though not found at all in Ac, Paul, Hb; most frequently in John) used only intr. (so Hdt., Eur., Aristoph. et al.; oft. pap; JKalitsunakis, ByzZ 29, 1929, 228ff; also TestAbr B 6 p. 111, 1 [Stone p. 70]; TestJob 46, 5; JosAs 16:15; ParJer 7:11; ApcEsdr p. 25, 5 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1) ‘go away, withdraw, go’ and only in the pres. (mostly in the impv.) and impf.—B-D-F §101 p. 43 under ἄγειν; 308: it tends more and more to mean simply ‘go’ in colloq. speech; so in Mod. Gk.

① to leave someone’s presence, go away (Epict. 3, 23, 12) ὕπαγε σατανᾶ be gone, Satan! Mt 4:10; combined w. ὀπίσω μου ibid.; v.l.; 16:23; Mk 8:33; Lk 4:8 v.l. ὑπάγετε ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ 2 Cl 4:5 (saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source). μὴ καὶ ὑμεῖς θέλετε ὑπάγειν; do you, too, want to go away (fr. me)? J 6:67.—ὕπαγε go (away) (PGM 4, 348; 371; 36, 354), esp. go home (Epict. 3, 22, 108) Mt 8:13; 19:21; 20:14; Mk 2:9 v.l.; 7:29; 10:52. On ὕπαγε εἰς εἰρήνην Mk 5:34 or ὑπάγετε ἐν εἰρήνῃ Js 2:16 cp. εἰρήνη 2a. In other moods than the impv. in the general sense go away J 18:8; Hs 8, 2, 5; 9, 10, 4; go away=leave Mk 6:33. ὑπάγουσα λέγει as she went she said Hv 1, 4, 3. ἄφετε αὐτὸν ὑπάγειν let him go (prob.= go home) J 11:44. Naturally the boundary betw. go away and go (elsewhere) is not fixed; cp. e.g. οἱ ἐρχόμενοι καὶ οἱ ὑπάγοντες people coming and going Mk 6:31.

② to be on the move, esp. in a certain direction, go

ⓐ in gener. (in a certain direction) w. the goal indicated by εἰς w. the acc. (Epict. 3, 22, 108; TestJob 46, 5; SEG VIII, 574, 19 [III A.D.]; PLond I, 131, 155 p. 174; 218 p. 176 [I A.D.]; al. in pap) Mt 9:6; 20:4, 7; Mk 2:11; 11:2; 14:13; Lk 19:30; J 6:21; 7:3; 9:11; 11:31; Hv 4, 1, 2; Hs 8, 3, 6; 9, 11, 6. Also in imagery of stones that go into a building = are used in its construction Hv 3, 5, 1 and 3; 3, 6, 2; Hs 9, 3, 3f. Fig. εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν ὑπάγειν go into captivity Rv 13:10; εἰς ἀπώλειαν 17:8, 11 (ApcEsdr 1:11). ὑπάγετε εἰς τὴν πόλιν πρὸς τὸν δεῖνα Mt 26:18; cp. Mk 5:19 (ὑπάγειν πρός τινα as PTebt 417, 4; 21). πρὸς Νέρωνα AcPl Ha 10, 15. ὑπάγειν μετά τινος (PTebt 422, 9 ὕπαγε μετὰ Μέλανος πρὸς Νεμεσᾶν) Mt 5:41=D 1:4; μετά τινος ἐπί τινα Lk 12:58. ἐκεῖ J 11:8. ποῦ (=ποῖ) 3:8; cp. IPhld 7:1; J 12:35. ὅπου ἂν ὑπάγῃ Rv 14:4 (cp. POxy 1477, 2 ὅπου ὑπάγω; TestLevi 13:3 ὅπου ὑπάγει). W. inf. of purpose ὑπάγω ἁλιεύειν J 21:3 (the only pass. in the NT; s. M-EBoismard, RB 54, ’47, 489; TestBenj ὑπάγειν αὐτὸν κρύψαι; TestAbr B 6 p. 111, 1 [Stone p. 70] ὑπάγω τηρῆσαι τὸν ἀδελφὸν Λὼτ ἀπὸ Σοδόμων).—The impv. ὕπαγε, ὑπάγετε is followed by another impv. in the NT almost always without a connective (Epict. 3, 21, 6; 22, 5; 23, 12 al.; Vi. Aesopi W 44 P. ὕπαγε, δός al.; ApcSed 9:1 ὕπαγε, λαβέ) ὕπαγε ἔλεγξον Mt 18:15; cp. 5:24; 8:4; 19:21; 21:28; 27:65; 28:10; Mk 1:44; 6:38; 10:21; 16:7; J 4:16; 9:7; Rv 10:8; AcPl Ha 7, 32. W. the conjunction καί (PTebt 417, 5f [III A.D.] ὕπαγε καὶ εἴδε) ὑπάγετε καὶ ἐκχέετε Rv 16:1; cp. Hv 3, 1, 7; 4, 2, 5; Hs 8, 11, 1; 9, 10, 1. ὑπάγετε καὶ ζητήσατε GJs 21:2 (codd.; cp. πορευθέντες ἐξετάσατε Mt 2:8).—Abs. go (the context supplies the destination) ὑπάγετε Mt 8:32; cp. 13:44; Lk 10:3; J 15:16. ἐν τῷ ὑπάγειν αὐτόν as he was going Lk 8:42; cp. 17:14.—J 12:11 (P⁶⁶ om. ὑπ.); Hv 3, 10, 2.

ⓑ used esp. of Christ and his going to the Father, characteristically of J. ὑπάγω πρὸς τὸν πέμψαντά με J 7:33; 16:5a; πρὸς τὸν πατέρα vss. 10, 17. ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἐξῆλθεν καὶ πρὸς τὸν θεὸν ὑπάγει 13:3. οἶδα πόθεν ἦλθον καὶ ποῦ ὑπάγω 8:14a; cp. b (GWetter, E. gnost. Formel im vierten Ev.: ZNW 18, 1918, 49–63). ὅπου ἐγὼ ὑπάγω ὑμεῖς οὐ δύνασθε ἐλθεῖν vs. 21b, 22; 13:33; cp. vs. 36b. Abs. ἐγὼ ὑπάγω I am taking my departure 8:21a. ὑπάγω καὶ ἔρχομαι I am going away and returning again 14:28. S. in addition 13:36a; 14:4, 5; 16:5b; 1J 2:11.

③ as euphemism to take the journey of death, die ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὑπάγει the Human One is to go away=he must die Mt 26:24; Mk 14:21.—B. 694. New Docs 4, 97; M-M. TW.