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41 état
état [eta]1. masculine nouna. [de personne] state• en état d'ivresse or d'ébriété under the influence of alcohol• il ne faut pas te mettre des états pareils ! you mustn't get yourself into such a stateb. [d'objet, article d'occasion] condition• en bon/mauvais état in good/bad conditionc. [de chose abstraite, substance] state• état liquide/solide liquid/solid statee. ( = registre, comptes) statement ; ( = inventaire) inventoryf. (locutions) faire état de [+ ses services] to instance ; [+ craintes, intentions] to state ; [+ conversation, rumeur] to report2. compounds• (le bureau de) l'état civil the registry office (Brit), the Public Records Office (US) ► état de crise state of crisis* * *etanom masculin1) ( nation) state, State2) ( gouvernement) state, government3) ( territoire autonome) state•Phrasal Verbs:* * *eta nmPOLITIQUE state* * *A nm1 ( condition physique) condition; l'état du malade s'améliore the patient's condition is improving; être dans un état stationnaire to be in a stable condition; en bon état général in good overall condition; être en état de faire qch to be in a fit state to do sth; ne pas être en état de faire, être hors d'état de faire to be in no condition ou in no fit state to do; mettre qn hors d'état de faire qch to render sb incapable of doing sth; mettre qn hors d'état de nuire ( légalement) to put sb out of harm's way; ( physiquement) to incapacitate sb; leur état de santé est excellent their (state of) health is excellent; être dans un triste état○/en piteux état○ to be in a sorry/pitiful state; tu es dans un bel état! iron you're in a fine state!;2 ( condition psychique) state; être dans un état d'inquiétude terrible to be in a terrible state of anxiety; être dans un état d'énervement extrême to be in a state of extreme irritation; elle n'est pas en état de le revoir she's in no state to see him again; je suis hors d'état de réfléchir I'm incapable of thinking, I'm in no state to think; être dans un drôle d'état○ to be in a hell of a state○; ne pas être dans son état normal not to be oneself; ne te mets pas dans des états pareils! don't get into such a state!, don't get so worked up○!; être dans un état second to be in a trance;3 (de voiture, livre, tapis) condition; l'état de conservation d'un livre the condition of a book; l'état des routes ( conditions climatiques) road conditions; ( qualité) the state of the roads; en bon/mauvais état [maison, cœur, foie] in good/poor condition; avoir les dents en mauvais état to have bad teeth; l'état de délabrement d'une maison the dilapidated state of a house; l'état de conservation d'une momie égyptienne the state of preservation of an Egyptian mummy; vérifier l'état de qch to check sth; mettre/maintenir qch en état to put/keep sth in working order; hors d'état de marche [voiture] off the road, not running; [appareil] out of order; remettre qch en état to mend ou repair sth; remettre une maison en état to do up a house; la remise en état d'un réseau routier/de voiture the repair of a road network/car; vous devez rendre la maison en l'état lors de votre départ you must leave the house as you found it; les choses sont restées en l'état depuis leur départ nothing has been changed since they left; j'ai laissé les choses en l'état I left everything as it was; à l'état brut [huile, pétrole] in its raw state; [action, idée] in its initial stages; un temple à l'état de ruines a temple in a state of ruin; voiture/bicyclette/ordinateur à l'état neuf car/bicycle/computer as good as new; beauté à l'état pur unadulterated beauty; une voiture en état de rouler a roadworthy car; un bateau en état de naviguer a seaworthy ship;4 (d'affaires, économie, de finances, pays) state; l'état de l'environnement/d'une entreprise the state of the environment/a company; le pays est dans un état critique the country is in a critical state; cet état de choses ne peut plus durer this state of affairs can't go on; dans l'état actuel des choses in the present state of affairs; dans l'état actuel de la recherche médicale in the present state of medical research; l'état de tension entre le gouvernement et l'opposition the state of tension in relations between the government and the opposition; ce n'est encore qu'à l'état de projet it's still only at the planning stage;5 Sci ( de corps) state; les états de la matière the states of matter; l'état solide/liquide/gazeux the solid/liquid/gaseous state; un corps à l'état liquide/de vapeur a body in the liquid/vapourGB state; à l'état naissant [gaz] nascent; à l'état pur [élément, héroïne] in its pure state;6 ( situation sociale) state; ( métier)† trade; être boulanger de son état to be a baker by trade; ruiné, il se rappelle son ancien état now that he is bankrupt, he remembers how things used to be; choisir l'état ecclésiastique to choose holy orders; être satisfait/mécontent de son état to be satisfied/unhappy with one's lot;7 Sociol l'état civilisé the civilized state; naissance d'un nouvel état social birth of a new social order; des tribus qui vivent encore à l'état sauvage tribes still living in a primitive state;8 Compta statement; état de frais statement of expenses; état des comptes financial statements; état financier financial statement; état des ventes d'un magasin a shop's GB ou store's US sales statement;9 Jur ( statut) status; état d'épouse/d'enfant légitime/de parent status of a spouse/legitimate child/parent;10 Hist ( catégorie sociale) estate; la notion de classe a remplacé celle d'état the concept of class replaced that of estate.B faire état de loc verbale1 ( arguer) to cite [document, texte, théorie, loi]; faire état du témoignage/de l'opinion de qn pour étayer une thèse to cite sb's testimony/opinion in support of a thesis;2 ( mentionner) to mention [conversation, entretien, découverte]; ne faites pas état de cette conversation don't mention this conversation; la presse a fait état de leur conversation the press reported their conversation;4 ( se prévaloir de) to make a point of mentioning [succès, courage]; j'ai fait état de mes diplômes pour obtenir le travail I made a point of mentioning my diplomas to get the job; ils ont fait état des services qu'ils nous ont rendus they made a point of mentioning the things they had done for us in the past.état d'alerte Mil state of alert; en état d'alerte on the alert; état d'âme ( scrupule) qualm; ( sentiment) feeling; ne pas avoir d'états d'âme to have no qualms; état de choc Méd, Psych state of shock; en état de choc in a state of shock; état de choses state of affairs; état civil Admin registry office GB; ( de personne) civil status; état de conscience Psych state of consciousness; état de crise Pol, Sociol state of crisis; état d'esprit state ou frame of mind; état de fait fact; les états généraux Hist the Estates General; état de grâce Relig state of grace; en état de grâce lit in a state of grace; fig inspired; état de guerre state of war; état des lieux Jur inventory and statement of state of repair; fig appraisal; faire l'état des lieux to draw up an inventory and statement of state of repair; état de nature Sociol the state of nature; à l'état de nature in the state of nature; état de rêve dream state; état de santé state of health; état de siège state of siege; états de service service record; état d'urgence state of emergency; état de veille waking state; ⇒ tiers.être/se mettre dans tous ses états○ to be in/to get into a state○; il se met dans tous ses états pour un rien he gets all worked up○ ou he gets into a state over nothing; être réduit à l'état de loque/d'esclave to be reduced to a wreck/treated as a slave.[eta] nom masculinA.[MANIÈRE D'ÊTRE PHYSIQUE]te voilà dans un triste état! you're in a sorry ou sad state!a. [drogué] to be highb. [en transe] to be in a tranceen état de: être en état d'ivresse ou d'ébriété to be under the influence (of alcohol), to be inebriatedêtre hors d'état de, ne pas être en état de to be in no condition to ou totally unfit toa. [préventivement] to make somebody harmlessb. [après coup] to neutralize somebodyétat de santé (state of) health, conditionêtre en bon/mauvais étata. [meuble, route, véhicule] to be in good/poor conditionb. [bâtiment] to be in a good/bad state of repairc. [colis, marchandises] to be undamaged/damagedvendu à l'état neuf [dans petites annonces] as newréduit à l'état de cendres/poussière reduced to ashes/a powderquand tu seras de nouveau en état de marche (familier & humoristique) when you're back on your feet again ou back in circulationa. [appartement] to renovate, to refurbishb. [véhicule] to repairc. [pièce de moteur] to reconditionmaintenir quelque chose en état [bâtiment, bateau, voiture] to keep something in good repair3. [situation particulière - d'un développement, d'une technique] statedans l'état actuel des choses as things stand at the moment, in the present state of affairs(en) état d'alerte/d'urgence (in a) state of alarm/emergency4. CHIMIE & PHYSIQUEétat gazeux/liquide/solide gaseous/liquid/solid stateà l'état brut [pétrole] crude, unrefined, rawà l'état pur [gemme, métal] pure5. LINGUISTIQUEB.[MANIÈRE D'ÊTRE MORALE, PSYCHOLOGIQUE] stateelle n'est pas dans son état normal she's not her normal ou usual selfa. [à une personne inquiète, déprimée] don't worry!b. [à une personne énervée] don't get so worked up!état d'esprit state ou frame of minda. [d'anxiété] to be beside oneself with anxietyb. [de colère] to be beside oneself (with anger)se mettre dans tous ses états [en colère] to go off the deep end, to go spareC.[CONDITION SOCIALE]3. HISTOIREles États généraux the States ou Estates GeneralD.[DOCUMENT COMPTABLE OU LÉGAL][inventaire] inventoryl'état des dépenses/des recettes statement of expenses/takingsétat appréciatif evaluation, estimationb. [professionnellement] professional recorddresser ou faire un état des lieux2. (locution)a. [sondage, témoignages, thèse] to put forward (separable)b. [document] to refer toc. [fait] to mentiond. [soucis] to mentionétat d'âme nom masculin————————état de grâce nom masculinA consultative assembly of representatives from the three estates of the Ancien Régime: clergy, nobility and the Third Estate, or commoners. It met for the last time in May 1789 in the Jeu de Paume in Versailles, where the Third Estate vowed not to disperse until they had established a constitution. -
42 изменение существующего положения дел
Изменение существующего положения дел-- That some change from the present position is possible is demonstrated by recently reported destructive tests on 11 pipe weld samples.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > изменение существующего положения дел
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43 определять
Определять - to determine, to estimate, to assess (расчётом, измерением); to infer (логически); to diagnose (диагностировать); to detect (обнаруживать); to identify (опознавать, выявлять); to control, to govern, to dictate, to dominate, to establish (обуславливать, играть главную роль); to define (формулировать), to measure (знания, способности)No capital cost penalty was assessed against this design. (Увеличение капитальных затрат для этой конструкции не определялось.)A second critical number at 2200 was inferred, based on further changes in the shape of the local mass transfer rate profile, to indicate the onset of vortex shedding in the separated region.Inasmuch as those measured values of the position cause greatly magnified errors in the second divided difference, it was possible to detect which measurements were not precisely correct.By this process, an axial station was identified at which the pure downstream motion was punctuated by the lunges of the reattachment zone.A similar result was reported in [...] for cantilever designs with short spans, where bearing deflection controls pinion motion. An opposite trend is displayed for the straddle where the shaft, stiffened by a decrease in length, dictates pinion deflection.However, manufacturing considerations will establish a minimum practical fin thickness.Finally, the convection currents become established and dominate the heat transfer.Also calculated were the transferred volume and the void volume, both of which will be defined in the section describing the transfer model.The testing measures your command of the English language in the areas of listening, reading, writing, and speaking.Определять(ся) поAs the fan blade material is titanium the pressure instrumented blades are identified magnetically by a flame sprayed soft iron patch applied to the blade tips.The temperature gradient on the surface can be determined from the temperature profile.System stability was indicated by a vanishing of the sustained oscillatory behavior and the reappearance of the inherent random fluctuations.Defect size can thus be measured by frequency as follows.F(Tw/T) was found to be unity in this regime if all properties were based on the film temperature.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > определять
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44 похожий
Близкий (близок) / Похожий -- allied to (по достигаемому эффекту); comparable with, close to (по значению величины); akin to, similar (to) (по свойствам, форме и т.п.)The position of the spoiler was optimized to give the maximum improvement in pressure recovery allied to stable exit flow conditions.One of the O-rings tested had a stiffness comparable with the maximum film stiffness of the bearing.They will retain a value of hardness close to their room temperature hardness.In this context the term "flooded bearing" becomes akin to "pressurized" bearing.The Plexiglas/water interface is less important as the refractive indices are similar. (... так как их коэффициенты преломления близки)Похож(ий) на-- These hollow-bar failures are also very similar to hollow-ball failures from full-scale bearings reported in [...]. Похож(ий) по-- The wake vortex patterns are strikingly similar in both frequency and geometry.—выглядеть совершенно похожим на—делать похожим на—довольно похожий на—похож по форме наРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > похожий
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45 reporting point
reporting point; REPA specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported.(AN 2; AN 3; AN 4; AN 11; PANS-ATM)пункт передачи донесений; REP; контрольный пунктOпрeдeлённый гeoгрaфичeский oриeнтир, oтнoситeльнo кoтoрoгo мoжeт быть сooбщeнo мeстoпoлoжeниe вoздушнoгo суднa.International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > reporting point
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46 REP
reporting point; REPA specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported.(AN 2; AN 3; AN 4; AN 11; PANS-ATM)пункт передачи донесений; REP; контрольный пунктOпрeдeлённый гeoгрaфичeский oриeнтир, oтнoситeльнo кoтoрoгo мoжeт быть сooбщeнo мeстoпoлoжeниe вoздушнoгo суднa.International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > REP
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47 пункт передачи донесений
пункт передачи донесений; REP; контрольный пунктOпрeдeлённый гeoгрaфичeский oриeнтир, oтнoситeльнo кoтoрoгo мoжeт быть сooбщeнo мeстoпoлoжeниe вoздушнoгo суднa.reporting point; REPA specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported.(AN 2; AN 3; AN 4; AN 11; PANS-ATM)Русско-английский словарь международной организации гражданской авиации > пункт передачи донесений
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48 REP
пункт передачи донесений; REP; контрольный пунктOпрeдeлённый гeoгрaфичeский oриeнтир, oтнoситeльнo кoтoрoгo мoжeт быть сooбщeнo мeстoпoлoжeниe вoздушнoгo суднa.reporting point; REPA specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported.(AN 2; AN 3; AN 4; AN 11; PANS-ATM)Русско-английский словарь международной организации гражданской авиации > REP
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49 контрольный пункт
пункт передачи донесений; REP; контрольный пунктOпрeдeлённый гeoгрaфичeский oриeнтир, oтнoситeльнo кoтoрoгo мoжeт быть сooбщeнo мeстoпoлoжeниe вoздушнoгo суднa.reporting point; REPA specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported.(AN 2; AN 3; AN 4; AN 11; PANS-ATM)Русско-английский словарь международной организации гражданской авиации > контрольный пункт
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50 joy
[ʤɔɪ] 1. сущ.1)а) радость, счастье; восторгboundless / great / unbounded joy — безграничная, большая радость
indescribable / ineffable joy — неописуемый восторг
sheer / unbridled joy — несказанная радость
to feel / find / take joy (in) — радоваться (находить радость в чём-л.)
to radiate joy — излучать радость, светиться от радости
for / with joy — от радости
They found joy in helping others. — Они находили радость в помощи другим.
- make joy- take joy
- wish smb. joySyn:б) удовольствие, удовлетворение (от успеха, осуществления надежд, сбывшихся желаний); разг. успех, успешный результат, удачаThere's even less joy in sending us money. — Ещё меньше толку высылать нам деньги.
We tried to locate Patrick's position again, but without joy. — Мы снова попытались установить местонахождение Патрика, но безуспешно.
He reported "No joy!" — "Ничего хорошего!" - доложил он.
- have joy of smth.Syn:2) празднество, веселье- joy fire
- joy firing
- joy gunSyn:3)а) источник радости, удовольствияA thing of beauty is a joy for ever. (J. Keats) — Прекрасное создание всегда являет радость.
б) радость моя, золотко моё ( как обращение)Pretty joy! Sweet joy but two days old. (W. Blake) — Дитя моё! Тебе всего два дня. (пер. С Степанова)
4) амер.; разг. повышающий настроение- joy juice
- joy pop
- joypopper••- joy plank
- joy sop 2. гл.; поэт.1)а) веселитьсяб) радоваться (чему-л.) наслаждаться (чем-л.), получать удовольствие (от чего-л.)The old merchant joyed at the return of his son. — Старый торговец радовался возвращению своего сына.
He was genuinely joyed with my gift and shook my hand rather vigorously. — Он искренне радовался моему подарку и довольно энергично тряс мне руку.
At such moments a great sympathy welled up within me, and I felt shame that I had ever joyed in his discomfiture or pain. — В такие минуты чувство величайшего сострадания переполняло меня, и мне было стыдно за то, что я когда-то получал удовольствие, видя его смущение или страдания.
2) уст. радовать; веселить•Syn: -
51 segnalare
[seɲɲa'lare]1. vt(essere segno di) to indicate, be a sign of, (avvertire) to signal, (menzionare) to indicate, (fatto, risultato, aumento, guasto) to report, (errore, dettaglio) to point outsegnalare una svolta a sinistra Auto — to indicate o signal a left turn
l'insegnante ha segnalato alcuni nomi per la borsa di studio — the teacher suggested a few names for the scholarship
segnalare qn a qn — (per lavoro) to bring sb to sb's attention
2. vr (segnalarsi)(distinguersi) to distinguish o.s. -
52 сообщение
1. reference2. announcement3. declaration4. intercommunication5. traffic6. intelligence7. communicating8. donating9. post10. transaction report11. communication; report; statement; announcement; informationчастное сообщение; личная беседа — private communication
12. intimation13. message14. notification15. report16. service17. wordСинонимический ряд:1. извещение (сущ.) извещение; информацию; информация; оповещение; уведомление2. придание (сущ.) придание -
53 ἀμφί
ἀμφί, Prep. with gen., dat., acc.: (cf. Skt.A abhitas 'on both sides', Lat. ambi-):—radic. sense, on both sides; chiefly Poet. and [dialect] Ion. Prose, replaced by περί in later Gk.A C. GEN. (Poet., Hdt., X.):I causal, about, for the sake of, ἀ. πίδακος μάχεσθαι fight for the possession of a spring, Il.16.285;ἀ. γυναικός Pi.P.9.105
, A.Ag.62;ἀ. λέκτρων E.Andr. 123
: like πρός, in entreaties, πρὸς Ζηνός.. Φοίβου τ' ἀ. for Phoebus' sake, A.R.2.216.2 about, concerning, once in Hom., ἀμφ' Ἄρεος φιλότητος ἀείδειν sing of love, Od.8.267;ἀμφὶ τιμῆς h.Merc. 172
(cf. c. 4); once in Hdt., ἀμφὶ κρίσιος (as v.l. for κρίσι) ; more freq. in poets,ἀ. δαιμόνων Pi.O.1.35
, cf. A.Th. 1017, E.Supp. 642, etc.; prob. l. in S.Ph. 554.II of Place, about, around, post-Hom.,ἀ. ταύτης τῆς πόλιος Hdt.8.104
;τὸν ἀ. Λίμνας τρόχον E.Hipp. 1133
.B C. DAT. (Poet., [dialect] Ion. and later Prose):I of Place, on both sides of,ἀμφ' ὀχέεσσι Il.5.723
; ἀ. κεφαλῇ, ὤμοισιν, στήθεσσι, ποσσί, about the head, etc., ib.24.163, 3.328, Od.16.174, Il.13.36;ἄ. δέρᾳ Sapph.Supp.23.16
; ἀμφί οἱ around him, Il.12.396; μοι ἀμφ' αὐτῷ around me, 9.470; like wiseἀμφὶ περὶ στήθεσσι Od.11.609
:—all round, κρέα ἀμφ' ὀβελοῖσι μεμύκει round, i.e. upon, spits, ib.12.395;πεπαρμένη ἀμφ' ὀνύχεσσι Hes.Op. 250
.2 more generally, at, by, ἀ. πύλῃσι μάχεσθαι at the gates, Il.12.175; ἀμφὶ [κόρυθι] διατρυφέν smashed on the helmet, 3.362; ἀ. πυρί on the fire, 18.344; ἀμφ' ἐμοί clinging to me, Od.11.423; esp. of falling over one, Il.4.493; of a guardian, over,φύλακα ἀ. σοι λείψω S.Aj. 562
;ἀ. γούνασι πίπτειν E.Alc. 947
.II of Time, ἁλίῳ ἀ. ἑνί in compass of one day, Pi. O.13.37.III generally, of connexion or association, without distinct notion of place, ἀ. νεκροῖσιν as concerning the dead, Il.7.408; freq. in Pi., ὅσσα δ' ἀμφ' ἀέθλοις as far as concerns games, N.2.17; ἐπ' ἔργοισιν ἀ. τε βουλαῖς in deeds and counsels, Id.P.5.119; in virtue of,ἀμφὶ σοφίᾳ 1.12
;ἐμᾷ ἀ. μαχανᾷ 8.34
;ἀμφ' ἀρετᾷ 1.80
, cf. O.8.42;σέο ἀμφὶ τρόπῳ N.1.29
; ἀ. ἰατορίᾳ in respect of healing, B.1.39.IV causal, about, for the sake of,ἀμφ' Ἑλένῃ μάχεσθαι Il.3.70
; ἀ. γυναικὶ ἄλγεα πάσχειν ib. 157, cf. Luc.D Deor.20.14;ἀ. τοῖσδε καλχαίνων τέκνοις E.Heracl.40
, cf. Rh. 457 (lyr.);ἀ. δώλῳ μωλίειν Leg.Gort.1.17
; concerning, Od.1.48;εἰπὼν ἀμφ' Ὀδυσῆϊ 14.364
;ἀρνεύμενον ἀ. βόεσσι h.Merc. 390
;ἀ. Τειρεσίαο βουλαῖς Pi.I.7(6).8
; , cf. El. 1144;ἔρις ἀ. μουσικῇ Hdt. 6.129
;ἀ. σοι A.Ag. 890
; ἀ. τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτῆς λόγος λέγεται about her death it is reported, Hdt.3.32, cf. S.Aj. 303;ἀ. βοῶν ἀγέλαις δόμον αὔξειν B.9.44
.2 of impulses, ἀ. τάρβει, ἀ. φόβῳ for very fear, A.Ch. 547, E.Or. 825;ἀ. θυμῷ S.Fr. 565
;ἀμφ' ὀδύνῃ A.R.2.96
.C C. ACC., most freq. in Prose (twice only in Th.):I of Place, about, around, mostly with a sense of motion,ἀ. μιν φᾶρος βάλον Il.24.588
, cf. Od.10.365;ἀ. βωμίαν ἔπτηξε παστάδα E.HF 984
.2 generally, by, on, ἀμφ' ἅλα by the sea, Il.1.409; ἀ. ῥέεθρα somewhere by the banks, 2.461; ἀ. περὶ κρήνην somewhere about the fountain, 2.305; ἀ. ἄστυ all about in the city, 11.706; Τάρταρον ἀ. μέγαν somewhere in Tartarus, h.Ap. 336, cf. A.Pr. 1029;ἀ. Εὔβοιαν B.9.34
;ἀ. Θρῄκην E.Andr. 215
; ἀ. ψάμαθον somewhere on the sand, S.Aj. 1064; ἀ. βωμόν at the altar, E.IT 705;περὶ πίδακας ἀ. Theoc. 7.142
; of motion, to the neighbourhood of,ἦλθες ἀ. Δωδώνην A.Pr. 830
.3 of persons grouped about one, οἱ ἀ. Πρίαμον Priam and his train, Il.3.146, cf. 2.417, 445; οἱ ἀ. Ξέρξεα his army, Hdt.8.25; but οἱ ἀ. Κορινθίους, οἱ ἀ. Μεγαρέας καὶ Φλειασίους the Corinthians, Megarians, etc., and those next them, Id.9.69: hence [dialect] Att., οἱ ἀ. Πρωταγόραν the school of Protagoras or even Protagoras himself, Pl. Tht. 170c; οἱ ἀ. Εὐθύφρονα Euthyphro's friends, Cra. 399e, cf. Th.8.65; of a single person, perh. Pl.Hp.Ma. 281c; so in later Prose, as Luc.VH2.18.4 τὰ ἀ. τι that which concerns a thing,τὰ ἀ. τὸ ἄριστον Th.7.40
; τὰ ἀ. τὴν δίαιταν domestic arrangements, X.Cyr.8.2.6.5 causal, about, for the sake of, κλαίειν ἀ. τινα weep about or for one, Il.18.339; μνήσασθαι ἀ. τινα make mention of one, h.Hom. 7.1, cf. Terp.2, Ar.Nu. 595;κελαδέοντι φᾶμαι ἀ. Κινύραν Pi.P.2.15
, cf. I.7(6).9, A.Th. 843;ἀ. νιν γοώμενος S.Tr. 937
.6 ἀ. τι ἔχειν to be occupied about a thing,ἀ. λιτάν' ἕξομεν A.Th. 101
;ἀ. δεῖπνον εἶχεν X.Cyr.5.5.44
, cf. 5.2.26;εἶναι ἀμφί τι 7.1.1
;ἀ. τὰν δαῖσιν Leg.Gort.5.46
.II of Time, throughout, for, τὸν λοιπὸν ἀ. βίοτον, τὸν ὅλον ἀ. χρόνον, Pi.O.1.97, 2.30; about, at the time of, during,ἀ. Πλειάδων δύσιν A.Ag. 826
;ἀ. τὸν χειμῶνα X.Cyr.8.6.22
, etc.D POSITION. In poets ἀμφί sts. follows its case,οἱ δέ μιν ἀμφί Od.23.46
, cf. 10.218, B.17.53;φρένας ἀ. Hes.Th. 554
, Mimn.1.7; but never suffers anastrophe, Hdn.Gr.1.480.E WITHOUT CASE, as Adv., about, around, on both or all sides, freq. in [dialect] Ep.,ῥῆξεν δέ οἱ ἀ. χιτῶνα Il.13.439
; ἀ. δὲ λειμών around is meadow, Od.6.292; soἀ. περί Il.21.10
, etc.F IN COMPOS.:I on both sides, ἀμφίστομος, ἀμφίαλος.II causal, for the sake of, ἀμφιμάχομαι, ἀμφιτρομέω. -
54 competitive saw
Finillustration of the principle that every investment in a product, while initially improving the reported performance in relation to competitors, eventually degrades and has to be succeeded by further investment(s) to maintain the competitive position -
55 window dressing
Fina creative accounting practice in which changes in short-term funding have the effect of disguising or improving the reported liquidity position of the reporting organization -
56 Baird, John Logie
[br]b. 13 August 1888 Helensburgh, Dumbarton, Scotlandd. 14 June 1946 Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England[br]Scottish inventor of mechanically-based television.[br]Baird attended Larchfield Academy, then the Royal Technical College and Glasgow University. However, before he could complete his electrical-engineering degree, the First World War began, although poor health kept him out of the armed services.Employed as an engineer at the Clyde Valley Electrical Company, he lost his position when his diamond-making experiment caused a power failure in Glasgow. He then went to London, where he lived with his sister and tried manufacturing household products of his own design. To recover from poor health, he then went to Hastings and, using scrap materials, began experiments with imaging systems. In 1924 he transmitted outline images over wires, and by 1925 he was able to transmit recognizable human faces. In 1926 he was able to transmit moving images at a resolution of thirty lines per image and a frequency of ten images per second over an infrared link. Also that year, he started the world's first television station, which he named 2TV. In 1927 he transmitted moving images from London to Glasgow, and later that year to a passenger liner. In 1928 he demonstrated colour television.In 1936, when the BBC wanted to begin television service, Baird's system lost out in a competition with Marconi Electric and Musical Industries (EMI). In 1946 Baird reported that he had successfully completed research on a stereo television system.[br]Further ReadingR.Tiltman, 1933, Baird of Television, London: Seeley Service; repub. 1974, New York: Arno Press.J.Rowland, 1967, The Television Man: The Story of John Logie Baird, New York: Roy Publishers.F.Macgregor, 1984, Famous Scots, Gordon Wright (contains a short biography on Baird).HO -
57 Donkin, Bryan III
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 29 August 1835 London, Englandd. 4 March 1902 Brussels, Belgium[br]English mechanical engineer.[br]Bryan Donkin was the eldest son of John Donkin (1802–54) and grandson of Bryan Donkin I (1768–1855). He was educated at University College, London, and at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Métiers in Paris, and then served an apprenticeship in the firm established by his grandfather. He assisted his uncle, Bryan Donkin II (1809–93), in setting up paper mills at St Petersburg. He became a partner in the Donkin firm in 1868 and Chairman in 1889, and retained this position after the amalgamation with Clench \& Co. of Chesterfield in 1900. Bryan Donkin was one of the first engineers to carry out scientific tests on steam engines and boilers, the results of his experiments being reported in many papers to the engineering institutions. In the 1890s his interests extended to the internal-combustion engine and he translated Rudolf Diesel's book Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor. He was a frequent contributor to the weekly journal The Engineer. He was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, as well as of many other societies, including the Royal Institution, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Société Industrielle de Mulhouse and the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure. In his experimental work he often collaborated with others, notably Professor A.B.W.Kennedy (1847–1928), with whom he was also associated in the consulting engineering firm of Kennedy \& Donkin.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1901. Institution of Civil Engineers, Telford premiums 1889, 1891; Watt Medal 1894; Manby premium 1896.Bibliography1894, Gas, Oil and Air Engines, London.1896, with A.B.W.Kennedy, Experiments on Steam Boilers, London. 1898, Heat Efficiency of Steam Boilers, London.RTS -
58 McCormick, Cyrus
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1809 Walnut Grove, Virginia, USAd. 1884 USA[br]American inventor of the first functionally and commercially successful reaping machine; founder of the McCormick Company, which was to become one of the founding companies of International Harvester.[br]Cyrus McCormick's father, a farmer, began to experiment unsuccessfully with a harvesting machine between 1809 and 1816. His son took up the challenge and gave his first public demonstration of his machine in 1831. It cut a 4 ft swathe, but, wanting to perfect the machine, he waited until 1834 before patenting it, by which time he felt that his invention was threatened by others of similar design. In the same year he entered an article in the Mechanics Magazine, warning competitors off his design. His main rival was Obed Hussey who contested McCormick's claim to the originality of the idea, having patented his own machine six months before McCormick.A competition between the two machines was held in 1843, the judges favouring McCormick's, even after additional trials were conducted after objections of unfairness from Hussey. The rivalry continued over a number of years, being avidly reported in the agricultural press. The publicity did no harm to reaper sales, and McCormick sold twenty-nine machines in 1843 and fifty the following year.As the westward settlement movement progressed, so the demand for McCormick's machine grew. In order to be more central to his markets, McCormick established himself in Chicago. In partnership with C.M.Gray he established a factory to produce 500 harvesters for the 1848 season. By means of advertising and offers of credit terms, as well as production-line assembly, McCormick was able to establish himself as sole owner and also control all production, under the one roof. By the end of the decade he dominated reaper production but other developments were to threaten this position; however, foreign markets were appearing at the same time, not least the opportunities of European sales stimulated by the Great Exhibition in 1851. In the trials arranged by the Royal Agricultural Society of England the McCormick machine significantly outperformed that of Hussey's, and as a result McCormick arranged for 500 to be made under licence in England.In 1874 McCormick bought a half interest in the patent for a wire binder from Charles Withington, a watchmaker from Janesville, Wisconsin, and by 1885 a total of 50,000 wire binders had been built in Chicago. By 1881 McCormick was producing twine binders using Appleby's twine knotter under a licence agreement, and by 1885 the company was producing only twine binders. The McCormick Company was one of the co-founders of the International Harvester Company in 1901.[br]Bibliography1972, The Century of the Reaper, Johnson Reprint (the original is in the New York State Library).Further ReadingGraeme Quick and Wesley Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (deals in detail with McCormick's developments).G.H.Wendell, 1981, 150 Years of International Harvester, Crestlink (though more concerned with the machinery produced by International Harvester, it gives an account of its originating companies).T.W.Hutchinson, 1930, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Seedtime 1809–1856; ——1935, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Harvest 1856–1884 (both attempt to unravel the many claims surrounding the reaper story).Herbert N.Casson, 1908, The Romance of the Reaper, Doubleday Page (deals with McCormick, Deering and the formation of International Harvester).AP -
59 Wöhler, August
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 22 June 1819 Soltau, Germanyd. 21 June 1914 Hannover, Germany[br]German railway engineer who first established the fatigue fracture of metals.[br]Wöhler, the son of a schoolteacher, was born at Soltau on the Luneburg Heath and received his early education at his father's school, where his mathematical abilities soon became apparent. He completed his studies at the Technical High School, Hannover.In 1840 he obtained a position at the Borsig Engineering Works in Berlin and acquired there much valuable experience in railway technology. He trained as an engine driver in Belgium and in 1843 was appointed as an engineer to the first Hannoverian Railway, then being constructed between Hannover and Lehrte. In 1847 he became Chief Superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Brandenhurg Railway, where his technical abilities influenced the Prussian Minister of Commerce to appoint him to a commission set up to investigate the reasons for the unusually high incidence of axle failures then being encountered on the railways. This was in 1852, and by 1854, when the Brandenburg line had been nationalized, Wöhler had already embarked on the long, systematic programme of mechanical testing which eventually provided him with a clear insight into the process of what is now referred to as "fatigue failure". He concentrated initially on the behaviour of machined iron and steel specimens subjected to fluctuating direct, bending and torsional stresses that were imposed by testing machines of his own design.Although Wöhler was not the first investigator in this area, he was the first to recognize the state of "fatigue" induced in metals by the repeated application of cycles of stress at levels well below those that would cause immediate failure. His method of plotting the fatigue stress amplitude "S" against the number of stress cycles necessary to cause failure "N" yielded the well-known S-N curve which described very precisely the susceptibility to fatigue failure of the material concerned. Engineers were thus provided with an invaluable testing technique that is still widely used in the 1990s.Between 1851 and 1898 Wöhler published forty-two papers in German technical journals, although the importance of his work was not initially fully appreciated in other countries. A display of some of his fracture fatigue specimens at the Paris Exposition in 1867, however, stimulated a short review of his work in Engineering in London. Four years later, in 1871, Engineering published a series of nine articles which described Wöhler's findings in considerable detail and brought them to the attention of engineers. Wöhler became a member of the newly created management board of the Imperial German Railways in 1874, an appointment that he retained until 1889. He is also remembered for his derivation in 1855 of a formula for calculating the deflections under load of lattice girders, plate girders, and other continuous beams resting on more than two supports. This "Three Moments" theorem appeared two years before Clapeyron independently advanced the same expression. Wöhler's other major contribution to bridge design was to use rollers at one end to allow for thermal expansion and contraction.[br]Bibliography1855, "Theorie rechteckiger eiserner Brückenbalken", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 5:122–66. 1870, "Über die Festigkeitversuche mit Eisen und Stahl", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 20:73– 106.Wöhler's experiments on the fatigue of metals were reported in Engineering (1867) 2:160; (1871) 11:199–200, 222, 243–4, 261, 299–300, 326–7, 349–50, 397, 439–41.Further ReadingR.Blaum, 1918, "August Wöhler", Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie 8:35–55.——1925, "August Wöhler", Deutsches biographisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I, Stuttgart, pp. 103–7.K.Pearson, 1890, "On Wöhler's experiments on alternating stress", Messeng. Math.20:21–37.J.Gilchrist, 1900, "On Wöhler's Laws", Engineer 90:203–4.ASD -
60 Yeoman, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. c. 1700 probably near Northampton, Englandd. 24 January 1781 London, England[br]English surveyor and civil engineer.[br]Very little is known of his early life, but he was clearly a skilful and gifted engineer who had received comprehensive practical training, for in 1743 he erected the machinery in the world's first water-powered cotton mill at Northampton on the river Nene. In 1748 he invented a weighing machine for use by turnpike trusts for weighing wagons. Until 1757 he remained in Northampton, mainly surveying enclosures and turnpike roads and making agricultural machinery. He also gained a national reputation for building and installing very successful ventilating equipment (invented by Dr Stephen Hales) in hospitals, prisons and ships, including some ventilators of Yeoman's own design in the Houses of Parliament.Meanwhile he developed an interest in river improvements, and in 1744 he made his first survey of the River Nene between Thrapston and Northampton; he repeated the survey in 1753 and subsequently gave evidence in parliamentary proceedings in 1756. The following year he was in Gloucestershire surveying the line of the Stroudwater Canal, an operation that he repeated in 1776. Also in 1757, he was appointed Surveyor to the River Ivel Navigation in Bedfordshire. In 1761 he was back on the Nene. During 1762–5 he carried out surveys for the Chelmer \& Blackwater Navigation, although the work was not undertaken for another thirty years. In 1765 he reported on land-drainage improvements for the Kentish Sour. It was at this time that he became associated with John Smeaton in a major survey in 1766 of the river Lea for the Lee Navigation Trustees, having already made some surveys with Joseph Nickalls near Waltham Abbey in 1762. Yeoman modified some of Smeaton's proposals and on 1 July 1767 was officially appointed Surveyor to the Lee Navigation Trustees, a post he retained until 1771. He also advised on the work to create the Stort Navigation, and at the official opening on 24 October 1769 he made a formal speech announcing: "Now is Bishops Stortford open to all the ports of the world." Among his other works were: advice on Ferriby Sluice on the River Ancholme (1766); reports on the Forth \& Clyde Canal, the North Level and Wisbech outfall on the Nene, the Coventry Canal, and estimates for the Leeds and Selby Canal (1768–71); estimates for the extension of the Medway Navigation from Tonbridge to Edenbridge (1771); and between 1767 and 1777 he was consulted, with other engineers, by the City of London on problems regarding the Thames.He joined the Northampton Philosophical Society shortly after its formation in 1743 and was President several times before he moved to London. In 1760 he became a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, and in 1763 he was chosen as joint Chairman of the Committee on Mechanics—a position he held until 1778. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 12 January 1764. On the formation of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, the forerunner of the present Institution of Civil Engineers, he was elected first President in 1771, remaining as such until his illness in 1780.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1764. President, Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1771–80; Treasurer 1771–7.JHB
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