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61 κινέω
κινέω fut. κινήσω; 1 aor. ἐκίνησα; pf. ptc. κεκινηκώς (Ath.). Pass.: fut. κινηθήσομαι LXX; aor. ἐκινήθην (s. next entry; Hom.+) ‘move’.① to cause someth. to be moved from its customary or established place, move away, remove τὶ someth. (Lysimachus [200 B.C.]: 382 Fgm. 2 Jac.; Diod S 20, 110, 1 κινῆσαι τὸ ἔθος=put an end to the custom; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 272 τὰ νόμιμα κ.=‘remove the law fr. its proper place’) τῷ δακτύλῳ φορτία move burdens w. so much as a finger Mt 23:4 (Artem. 1, 31 p. 32, 18f φορτία κινούμενα). κ. τι ἔκ τινος remove someth. from someth. κ. τὴν λυχνίαν ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῆς Rv 2:5. Pass. 6:14 (cp. Astrampsychus p. 5 ln. 12 εἰ κινηθήσομαι τοῦ τόπου μοῦ=whether I lose my place).② to cause someth. to go into motion, move, set in motionⓐ shake the head (Hom. et al.; Job 16:4; Da 4:19; Sir 12:18; 13:7; TestJob 30:1) κ. τὴν κεφαλήν shake the head to and fro as a sign of scorn and derision (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 4 p. 335, 18 Jac.) Mt 27:39; Mk 15:29; 1 Cl 16:16 (Ps 21:8).ⓑ to cause to be in turmoil arouse pass. (Jos., Ant. 3, 13) of a riotous situation ἐκινήθη ἡ πόλις ὅλη the whole city was aroused Ac 21:30. ἐπὶ τῇ διδαχῇ 14:7 D.③ to be in motion, move, move around, pass., intr. sense (Hom. et al.; Gen 7:14, 21 al.; En 101:8; TestSol 4:17 D; ApcSed 11:10; Philo; Just., D. 127, 2; Tat. 22:2) Hv 4, 1, 9. As an expression of being a living being ἐν αὐτῷ ζῶμεν καὶ κινούμεθα καὶ ἐσμέν in him we live and move and have our being Ac 17:28 (on the mng. and origin of this saying, specif. of ἐν αὐτῷ κινεῖσθαι s. Norden, Agn. Th. 19ff; MDibelius, Pls auf. d. Areop. ’39, 26; MPohlenz, Pls u. d. Stoa: ZNW 42, ’49, 69–104, esp. 88ff.—Perh. κ. in this passage, coming as it does betw. ‘living’ and ‘being’, emphasizes ‘moving’ less than ‘existence’; cp. Achilles Tat. 2, 37, 1 τὸ κινούμενον ἐν φθορᾷ=‘that which exists amid corruptibility’).④ to cause someth. to happenⓐ of external circumstances cause, bring about (Pla., Rep. 8, 566e πολέμους; Jos., Bell. 2, 175 ταραχήν; PParis 68a, 6 θόρυβος ἐκινήθη) στάσεις Ac 24:5.ⓑ of inward condition move, cause (Plut., Cim. 489 [16, 10]; Ael. Aristid. 19, 6 K.=41 p. 764 D.: ἐκίνησέν με ὁ θεός; POxy 1121, 16 τίνι λόγῳ ἢ πόθεν κεινηθέντες; TestAbr; Just., A I, 36, 1; Ath. 9, 1) pass. w. inf. foll. (PFlor 58, 15) Dg 11:8 (cp. Ath., R. 12 p. 61, 5 πρὸς τὸ ποιεῖν τι κινουμένους).—B. 662. Schmidt, Syn. III 128–49. DELG. M-M. TW. -
62 κλῆμα
κλῆμα, ατος, τό branch, esp. of a vine (Aristoph. et al.; Pla., Rep. 1, 353a ἀμπέλου κλῆμα; Theophr., HP 4, 13, 5; Pollux 1, 237 ὁ τῆς ἀμπέλου [sc. κλάδος] κλῆμα; PFlor 148, 9; LXX; GrBar; ApcSed 8:3 p. 132, 38 Ja; Jos., Ant. 2, 64; 12, 75 κ. ἀμπέλων; SibOr 7, 148) in the saying about the vine and branches J 15:2, 4–6 (ESchweitzer, in TWManson mem. vol. ’59, 230–45).—DELG. M-M. TW. -
63 κόπτω
κόπτω impf. ἔκοπτον; 1 aor. ἔκοψα, mid. ἐκοψάμην; fut. mid. κόψομαι. Pass.: 2 aor. ἐκόπην (Hs 8, 1, 4); pf. ptc. κεκομμένος (Hs 8, 1, 4) (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol; ApcSed 7:10; Ar. 8, 2; Just.; Mel., P. 19, 128; 29, 201)① cut (off) act. (Jos., Vi. 171; Just., D. 86, 6) τὶ ἀπό (or ἔκ) τινος someth. fr. someth. (Quint. Smyrn. 11, 71 κ. τι ἀπό τινος) κλάδους ἀπὸ τ. δένδρων Mt 21:8. κλάδους ἀπὸ τῆς ἰτέας Hs 8, 1, 2; cp. 4; 8, 3, 1; 8, 4, 4f. στιβάδας ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν leafy branches from the fields Mk 11:8 (cp. X., Hell. 5, 2, 43; POslo 17, 7 [136 A.D.]; Is 44:14 ξύλον ἐκ τοῦ δρυμοῦ; 2 Ch 2:15; SibOr 3, 651).—Fig. πολὺ κόψετε τῶν προτέρων ὑμῶν ἁμαρτιῶν you will cut off many of your former sins Hs 6, 1, 4.② beat one’s breast as an act of mourning, mid. (Aeschyl., Pers. 683, cp. Cho. 22–31; Pla., Phd. 60b; LXX; Jos., Ant. 7, 41; s. κοπετός) κ. τὰ στήθνη beat their breasts (PGM 36, 139) GPt 8:28. Then abs. mourn (greatly) (Lucian, De Sacrific. 15; 3 Km 13:29 v.l.; Zech 7:5) Mt 24:30; GPt 7:25; (w. θρηνεῖν, q.v. 2 and 3 and Jos., Ant. 8, 273) Mt 11:17; Lk 23:27; (w. κλαίειν, q.v. 1) GPt 12:52, 54; GJs 17:2. W. cognate acc. δύο κοπετοὺς ἐκόπτετο GJs 2:1. κ. ἐπὶ σάκκου καὶ σποδοῦ mourn in sackcloth and ashes B 7:5 (the unusual use of ἐπί is prob. to be explained by the fact that the mourner sat on ashes; cp. 3:2). W. acc. foll. mourn someone (Aristoph., Lys. 396; Pla., Rep. 10, 619c; Anth. Pal. 11, 135, 1; Gen 23:2; 1 Km 25:1 al.; Jos., Ant. 13, 399) Lk 8:52; cp. 23:27; GJs 24:3. τὴν χηροσύνην … τὴν ἀτεκνίαν 2:1. Also ἐπί τινα mourn for someone (2 Km 1:12; 11:26 v.l.) Rv 1:7; 18:9.—EMartino, Morte e pianto rituale nel mondo antico, ’58, 217–20 (lit.). The principal themes of lamentation Hom., Il. 18, 22–64.—B. 553; 557. DELG. M-M. TW. -
64 κραυγάζω
κραυγάζω (s. next entry) impf. ἐκραύγαζον; fut. κραυγάσω; 1 aor. ἐκραύγασα (poet. Fgm. in Pla., Rep. 10 p. 607b [of a dog]; Demosth. 54, 7; Epict 3, 1, 37 [of a raven]; 3, 4, 4; 2 Esdr 3:13 λαὸς ἐκραύγασεν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ; TestSol) to utter a loud sound, ordinarily of harsh texture, cry (out), with context indicating kind of articulation. Of animal sounds, as the grunting of hungry swine B 10:3.—Of the human voice, cry out, cry for help, scream excitedly (Epict 1, 18, 19; Polemo, Decl. 1, 40 p. 14, 16) Mt 12:19; Ac 22:23. Also w. λέγοντες foll., which introduces direct discourse Mt 15:22 v.l.; J 18:40; 19:6, 12 (s. κράζω 2a). Without λέγ. w. direct discourse foll. vs. 15. Of a loud cry in a moment of exaltation κ. ὡσαννά J 12:13 (v.l. ἔκραζον + λέγοντες). κ. φωνῇ μεγάλῃ w. direct discourse foll. J 11:43; IPhld 7:1.—Of possessive spirits coming out of persons, and speaking in human languages δαιμόνια κραυγάζοντα καὶ λέγοντα ὅτι w. direct discourse foll. Lk 4:41 (to N. app. add P75; for the expression cp. TestSol 1:12 ἐκραύγασε λέγων).—B 1250. DELG s.v. κραυγή. TW. -
65 λῃστής
λῃστής, οῦ, ὁ (ληϊς, epic form of λεία ‘booty, spoils’; Soph., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; ApcSed 15:3; Joseph.; loanw. in rabb.; Ar. 3, 2; Just., Tat., Ath., R. 19 p. 72, 25; Theoph. Ant. 3, 14 [p. 232, 13]).① robber, highwayman, bandit (in Palestine: Jos., Bell. 2, 125; 228 al.) Lk 10:30, 36; 2 Cor 11:26 (Chariton 6, 4, 6 λῃσταῖς θαλάττῃ); Mt 26:55; Mk 14:48; Lk 22:52; so also MPol 7:1. Crucified w. Christ Mt 27:38, 44; Mk 15:27. W. κλέπτης (Pla., Rep. 351c; Ep. 63 of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 363, 21]) J 10:1, 8. σπήλαιον λῃστῶν a bandits’ cave or hideout (Jer 7:11) Mt 21:13; Mk 11:17; Lk 19:46; 2 Cl 14:1 (GBuchanan, HUCA 30, ’59, 169–77: ‘cave of brigands’; s. ἱερόν b, end; Schürer II 600).—This mng. was extended to signify② revolutionary, insurrectionist, guerrilla (Jos., Bell. 2, 254=σικάριος; 253; 4, 504, Ant. 14, 159f; 20, 160f; 167) of Barabbas (cp. μετὰ τ. στασιαστῶν Mk 15:7) J 18:40 (HRigg, Jr., JBL 64, ’45, 444 n. 95; HWood, NTS 2, ’55/56, 262–66 and JTwomey, Scripture (Edinburgh) 8, ’56, 115–19 support this, but see MHengel, Die Zeloten, ’61, 25–47; 344–48); prob. also in the words of Jesus Mt 26:55; Mk 14:48; Lk 22:52; MPol 7:1 (cp. Mt 26:55).—More precise def. depends on assessment of ‘social banditry’, s. RHorsley, Josephus and the Bandits: Journal for the Study of Judaism 10, ’79, 37–63; RHorsley/JHanson, Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs ’85.—B. 791. DELG s.v. λεία. M-M. TW. Spicq. -
66 μακάριος
μακάριος, ία, ιον (s. prec. and next entry; Pind., Pla., X.+)① pert. to being fortunate or happy because of circumstances, fortunate, happy.ⓐ of humans, with less focus on the transcendent dimension compared to usage in 2 below (Chrysippus in Diog. L. 7, 179 calls himself a μακάριος ἀνήρ; Epict. 2, 18, 15; Jos., Ant. 16, 108; 20, 27) ἥγημαι ἐμαυτὸν μακάριον Ac 26:2. Of the widow who remains unmarried μακαριωτέρα ἐστίν she is happier 1 Cor 7:40. μ. ἤμην εἰ τοιαύτην γυναῖκα εἶχον Hv 1, 1, 2 (Chariton 6, 2, 9 μ. ἦν εἰ). Cp. Lk 23:29.ⓑ of transcendent beings, viewed as privileged, blessed (Aristot., EN 10, 8:1178b, 25f τοῖς θεοῖς ἅπας ὁ βίος μακάριος; Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 123 τ. θεὸν ζῷον ἄφθαρτον κ. μακάριον νομίζων; Herm. Wr. 12, 13b; Sextus 560; Philo, Cher. 86, Deus Imm. 26 ὁ ἄφθαρτος κ. μακάριος, Leg. ad Gai. 5 [other pass. in MDibelius, Hdb./Hermeneia on 1 Ti 1:11]; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190, cp. Ant. 10, 278; cp. Ἰησοῦς ὁ μ. Hippol., Ref. 5, 9, 21) 1 Ti 1:11; 6:15 (BEaston, Pastoral Epistles ’47, 179).② pert. to being esp. favored, blessed, fortunate, happy, privileged, fr. a transcendent perspective, the more usual sense (the general Gr-Rom. perspective: one on whom fortune smiles)ⓐ of humans privileged recipient of divine favor (Jos., Ant. 9, 264), of Biblical persons (Ἰωβ Did., Gen. 101, 14; cp. ἄγγελοι Orig., C. Cels. 8, 25, 12): Moses 1 Cl 43:1; Judith 55:4; prophets AcPlCor 2:36 (Just., D. 48, 4); Paul (Hippol., Ref. 8, 20, 3; ὁ μ. ἀπόστολος Iren. 5, 2, 3 [Harv. II 321, 4] of Paul; cp. Orig., C. Cels. 5, 65, 7) 1 Cl 47:1; Pol 3:2 (11:3); AcPl Ha 3, 27. Of other prominent Christians, esp. martyrs: Ignatius, Zosimus, Rufus Pol 9:1. Polycarp MPol 1:1; 19:1, 21; 22:1, 3. Of presbyters who have died 1 Cl 44:5. μ. εἶναι ἐν τῇ ποιήσει αὐτοῦ be blessed in what the person does Js 1:25.—In various sentence combinations, in which the copula belonging with μ. is often omitted (B-D-F §127, 4; Rob. 395; Maximus Tyr. 14, 6f; μ. [opp. δυστυχής] εὐσεβὴς φίλος θεοῦ; but Did., Gen. 103, 2: μ. γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ἐκκλησία, ὅτε): as the apodosis of a conditional sentence Lk 6:4 D (Unknown Sayings 49–54); 1 Pt 3:14; 4:14; Hm 8:9. The conditional sentence follows J 13:17; 1 Cl 50:5; Hs 6, 1, 1a. W. relative clause foll. Mt 11:6; Lk 7:23; 14:15 (μ. ὅστις Menand., Fgm. 101 Kö., Mon. 340 Mei. al.); Ro 4:7f; 1 Cl 50:6 (both Ps 31:1f); Js 1:12 (PsSol 6:1; 10:1; Sext. 40 μ. ἀνήρ w. rel.); 1 Cl 56:6 (Job 5:17); 10:10 (Ps 1:1.—Maximus Tyr. 33, 5e ὁ μ. ἀνήρ, ὅν); 11:8; Hv 2, 2, 7; Hs 9, 29, 3. μ. ἐν Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ, ὅς IPhld 10:2. The relative clause precedes Hv 3, 8, 4; Hs 5, 3, 9b; 6, 1, 1b. As a predicate w. a subst. or subst. adj. or ptc. μ. ὁ blessed is the one who … (2 Ch 9:7; Da 12:12; PsSol 4:23; ApcEsdr 5:11) Mt 5:3ff (the transl. 0, the happiness of or hail to those, favored by some [Zahn, Wlh., EKlostermann, JWeiss; KBornhäuser, Die Bergpredigt 1923, 24 al.] appears to be exactly right for the Aramaic original [=Hebr. אַשְׁרֵי], but scholars have disputed whether it exhausts the content that μακάριος had in the mouths of Gk.-speaking Christians [s. e.g. Maximus Tyr. 14, 6f μακάριος εὐσεβὴς φίλος θεοῦ, δυστυχὴς δὲ ὁ δεισιδαίμων; Artem. 4, 72 the state of μ. εἶναι is brought about by ascension into heaven and the ὑπερβάλλουσα εὐδαιμονία enjoyed there; other reff. in Betz, SM 97–99].—CMcCown, The Beatitudes in the Light of Ancient Ideals: JBL 46, 1927, 50–61; JRezevskis [Resewski], D. Makarismen bei Mt u. Lk, ihr Verhältnis zu einander u. ihr histor. Hintergrund: StThR I [=IBenzinger Festschr.] ’35, 157–70; JDupont, Les Béatitudes ’54; GStrecker, Die Makarismen der Bergpredigt, NTS 17, ’70/71, 255–75; see lit. s.v. ὄρος); 24:46; Lk 1:45; 6:20ff; 11:28; 12:37; cp. vs. 38, 43; J 20:29; Ro 14:22; Rv 1:3; 14:13; 16:15; 19:9; 20:6; 22:7, 14; 1 Cl 40:4; 48:4; 2 Cl 16:4; 19:3; D 1:5; Pol 2:3 (=Lk 6:20; Hv 2, 3, 3). W. ὅτι foll. (JosAs 16:7) Mt 16:17; Lk 14:14; Hs 2:10; 9, 30, 3. W. ὅταν Mt 5:11. Acc. to the reading of Michigan Pap. (ed. CBonner ’34, p. 46, 11f) and of a parchment leaf at Hamburg (SBBerlAk 1909, 1081) Hs 5, 1, 3 contains the words μακάριόν με ποιήσεις ἐάν (so Whittaker and Joly) you will make me happy, if. W. γίνεσθαι 9, 24, 2.ⓑ of things or experiences blessed (Eur.+; Eccl 10:17)α. of parts of the body of persons who are the objects of special grace, which are themselves termed blessed: μ. οἱ ὀφθαλμοί Mt 13:16; Lk 10:23. μ. ἡ κοιλία 11:27 (Cleopatra ln. 168f; prob. Christian despite the ref. to Cleop. Of parallels in non-bibl. wr., the next closest is Musaeus, Hero 137 … γαστήρ, ἥ σʼ ἐλόχευσε μακαρτάτη).β. of things that stand in a very close relationship to the divinity: τὰ δῶρα τ. θεοῦ 1 Cl 35:1. Of the πνεύματα implanted in Christians 1:2 (cp. Maximus Tyr. 41, 51 the εὐδαίμων κ. μακαρία ψυχή). Of the age to come 2 Cl 19:4 (cp. OGI 519, 9 ἐν τοῖς μακαριοτάτοις ὑμῶν καιροῖς; 17).γ. of martyrdoms MPol 2:1. Of the object of the Christian hope προσδεχόμενοι τὴν μ. ἐλπίδα Tit 2:13 (cp. OGI 383, 108 μακαριστὰς ἐλπίδας). μακάριόν ἐστιν μᾶλλον διδόναι ἢ λαμβάνειν Ac 20:35 (cp. Pla., Rep. 496c ὡς μακάριον τὸ κτῆμα; 1 Cl 2:1; Beginn. IV 264; Unknown Sayings, 78–81; EHaenchen, Ac ad loc. On Thu. 2, 97, 4 λαμβάνειν μᾶλλον ἢ διδόναι s. JKilgallen, JBL 112, ’93, 312–14.).—HSanders, HTR 36, ’43, 165–67. S. the lit. s.v. ὄρος and cp. εὐδαιμονέω.—B. 1105. DELG s.v. μάκαρ. Schmidt, Syn. IV 402–6. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
67 μακαρισμός
μακαρισμός, οῦ, ὁ (s. two prec. entries; Pla., Rep. 9, 591d; Aristot., Rhet. 1, 9, 34 [1367b, 25–36]; Plut., Sol. 27, 7, Mor. 471c; Stob., Ecl. III 57, 14 H.; Philo, Somn. 2, 35; Jos., Bell. 6, 213; SibOr 13, 117; Orig., C. Cels. 2, 64, 16; Did., Gen. 26, 19f) pronouncement of being in receipt of special favor, blessing, of a quot. fr. the Psalms beginning w. אַשְׁרֵי=μακάριος Ro 4:6, 9; 1 Cl 50:7 (both Ps 31:1f). ποῦ οὗν ὁ μ. ὑμῶν; where, then, is your blessing? i.e. the frame of mind in which you blessed yourselves Gal 4:15 (cp. Betz, Gal. 226f).—GDirichlet, De veterum macarismis 1914; CClassen, WienerStud 107/108, ’94/95, 328f. Also εὐλογέω, end.—DELG s.v. μάκαρ. M-M. TW. -
68 μάρτυς
μάρτυς, μάρτυρος, ὁ dat. pl. μάρτυσιν (Pind., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 22 [Stone p. 32]; TestLevi 19:3; Philo, Joseph.; apolog. exc. Ar.)① one who testifies in legal matters, witness (Just., A I, 23, 3; Ath. 3, 2) Ac 7:58; Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1; 1 Ti 5:19 (the last 3 after Dt 19:15; cp. Jos., Vi. 256 and Hipponax [VI B.C.] 47 D.3 ἐλθὼν σὺν τριοῖσι μάρτυσιν); Hb 10:28 (Dt 17:6.—ἐπὶ μάρτυσι also Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 14 §49). τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων; what further need have we of witnesses? (Pla., Rep. 1, 340a τί δεῖται μάρτυρος; αὐτὸς γὰρ ὁ Θρασύμαχος ὁμολογεῖ) Mt 26:65; Mk 14:63. μάρτυρες ψευδεῖς false witnesses (Demosth. 29, 28) Ac 6:13 (Mel., P. 79, 572). There is a suggestion of bureaucratic protocol relating to the account of the prudent and blameless men whom the Roman church sent to Corinth and who μάρτυρες ἔσονται μεταξὺ ὑμῶν κ. ἡμῶν 1 Cl 63:3.② one who affirms or attests, testifier, witness transf. sense of mng. 1, of anyone who can or should testify to anything.ⓐ of God (or the exalted Christ) as witness (deities as witnesses oft. Pind. et al.; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 595, Ant. 1, 209; TestLevi 19:3; SibOr, Fgm. 1, 4; Just., A II, 12, 4 θεὸν … μάρτυρα ἔχοντες. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 46, 26 θεὸς [sc. ἐστιν] μ. τοῦ ἡμετέρου συνειδότος); as a formula God is my witness (that I am telling the truth) Ro 1:9; Phil 1:8; shortened θεὸς μ. 1 Th 2:5; cp. vs. 10 (here also Jos., Ant. 15, 130 μ. ὑμᾶς ποιούμενος). μ. μοι ἐν ᾧ δέδεμαι IPhld 7:2. μάρτυρα τὸν θεὸν ἐπικαλεῖσθαι call upon God as witness 2 Cor 1:23 (cp. 1 Km 12:5f; 20:23; Polyb. 11, 6, 4 τ. θεοὺς ἐπικαλέσεσθε μάρτυρας; Heliod. 1, 25, 1; Galen VI 775 Kühn; likewise of calling upon deities, Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 6: τοὺς ἑπτὰ μάρτυρας μαρτύρομαι).ⓑ of humans (cp. Pind. O. 4, 5): witnessing by eye and ear (X., Ages. 4, 5; Pla., Ep. 1 p. 309a; Aelian, VH 10, 6; Jos., Ant. 18, 299; Tat. 31, 1; 36, 1) 1 Th 2:10; 1 Ti 6:12; 2 Ti 2:2.—Also of those witnesses whose faith is tried and true τοσοῦτον νέφος μαρτύρων Hb 12:1.—Of witnesses of events which they know about, without having experienced them personally (acc. to Strabo 7, 3, 7 p. 300 Hesiod is μάρτυς with regard to the Scythians): the teachers of the law bear witness to the murder of the prophets by their ancestors, by erecting tombs for the prophets Lk 11:48 (μαρτυρεῖτε v.l.).ⓒ of witnesses who bear a divine message (Epict. 3, 26, 28 God uses the wise men as his μάρτυρες) Rv 11:3 (though the mng. approaches martyr [s. 3 below] here; cp. vs. 7. S. DHaugg, D. zwei Zeugen-Apk 11:1–13, ’36; JConsidine, CBQ 8, ’46. 377–92). In this sense, above all, of Jesus’ disciples as the witnesses of his life, death, and resurrection: ἔσεσθέ μου μάρτυρες you will be my witnesses Ac 1:8; cp. 13:31 (Ps.-Demetr. 222 μάρτυς σου γίνεται). W. obj. gen. of the thing witnessed: witness for/of (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 4 τῶν ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ λεγομένων μ., Ant. 4, 40; ἀληθείας μ. of Polycarp Iren. 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 13, 4]; παραδόσεως of the Ephesian congregation 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 15, 6]; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 47, 24) Lk 24:48; Ac 1:22; 3:15; 5:32; 10:39; 26:16. μ. τῶν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθημάτων a witness of the sufferings of Christ 1 Pt 5:1. ἔσῃ μ. αὐτῷ πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους you will be a witness for him to all people Ac 22:15 (Epict. 3, 24, 113 μ. πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους).—10:41. Danker, Benefactor 442–47.③ one who witnesses at cost of life, martyr, in the usage of the persecuted church τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου τοῦ μάρτυρός σου Ac 22:20. Of Antipas ὁ μ. μου ὁ πιστός μου Rv 2:13 (cp. Pind., P. 1, 88 μάρτυρες πιστοί=dependable witnesses; on the textual problems of Rv 2:13 s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 45–47). Onesimus μ. Χριστοῦ γεγένηται Phlm subscr. v.l. Gener. μάρτυρες Ἰησοῦ Rv 17:6; cp. MPol 2:2; 14:2; 15:2; 16:2 v.l.; 17:3; 19:1. Of Zacharias μ. εἰμι τοῦ θεοῦ GJs 25:3 (s. de Strycker ad loc.). Since Rv also calls Jesus (as well as Antipas) ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστός 1:5; 3:14, these pass. are prob. to be classed here (cp. Ps 88:38), but with awareness of strong focus in all the NT passages in this classification on the fact of witness. The death of Jesus was early regarded as the first martyrdom.—For an analysis of the question how μάρτυς=‘witness’ came to mean ‘martyr’, s. FKattenbusch, ZNW 4, 1903, 111ff; KHoll, variously, then Gesamm. Aufsätze II 1928, 103ff; ASchlatter, BFChTh 19, 3, 1915; PCorssen, NJklA 35, 1915, 481ff, 37, 1916, 424ff, ZNW 15, 1914, 221ff w. several continuations until 18, 1917, 249ff, Sokrates 6, 1918, 106ff; Rtzst., Hist. Mon. 1916, 85; 257, NGG 1916, 417ff, Her 52, 1917, 442ff; FDornseiff, ARW 22, 1923/24, 133ff; HDelehaye, Analecta Bollandiana 39, 1921, 20ff, Sanctus 1927 (2’33), 74ff (75, 1 lit.). ELohmeyer, D. Idee des Martyriums im Judent. u. Urchristent.: ZST 5, 1927/28, 232–49; GFitzer, D. Begriff des μ. im Judent. u. Urchristent., diss. Bresl. 1929; HLietzmann, Martys: Pauly-W. XIV 2, 1930, 2044–52; OMichel, Prophet u. Märt. ’32; RCasey, Μάρτυς: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 30–37; EStauffer, Märtyrertheologie u. Täuferbewegg.: ZKG 52, ’33, 545–98; DRiddle, The Martyr Motif in Mk: JR 4, 1924, 174–91, Hb, 1 Cl and the Persecution of Domitian: JBL 43, 1924, 329–48, From Apocalypse to Martyrology: ATR 9, 1927, 260–80, The Martyrs: A Study in Social Control ’31, Die Verfolgungslogien im formgesch. u. soziol. Bed.: ZNW 33, ’34, 271–89; HvCampenhausen, D. Idee des Martyriums in d. alten Kirche2 ’64; EPeterson, Zeuge d. Wahrh. ’37; EBurnier, Le notion de témoignage dans le NT ’37; HSurkau, Martyrien in jüd. u. frühchristl. Zt. ’38; HFischel, Martyr and Prophet (in Jewish lit.), JQR 37, ’46/47, 265–80; 363–86; EGünther, Μάρτυς, D. Gesch. eines Wortes ’41, Zeuge u. Märtyrer, ZNW 47, ’56, 145–61. ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht ’55; HvanVliet, No Single Testimony (Dt 19:15) ’58; NBrox, Zeuge u. Märtyrer ’61.—B. 1436; ATrites, Μάρτυς and Martyrdom in the Apocalypse, A Semantic Study: NovT 15, ’73, 72–80, The NT Concept of Witness ’77; GDragas, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy in the NT Era: Greek Orthodox Theological Review 30, ’85, 287–96; PVassiliadis, The Translation of μαρτυρία Ιησοῦ in Rv: BT 36, ’85, 129–34; M-ERosenblatt, Paul the Accused ’95, 1–21; Kl. Pauly III 1059f; BHHW II 1156f.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
69 μετά
μετά (Hom.+) prep. w. gen. and acc., in the NT not (B-D-F §203; Rob. 610) w. dat.—For lit. s. ἀνά, beg.; also for μετά (and σύν) Tycho Mommsen, Beiträge zu d. Lehre v. den griech. Präp. 1895. Basic idea: ‘in the vicinity of ’.A. w. gen. with① marker of placement, with, among, in company with someone (Gen 42:5; EpArist 180; En 22:13; 99:10; PsSol 4:6; JosAs 10:3 al.) or someth. ἦν μετὰ τῶν θηρίων he was among the wild animals Mk 1:13 (Diog. L. 6, 92 μόσχοι μετὰ λύκων). ἦν συγκαθήμενος μ. τῶν ὑπηρετῶν he sat down among the servants 14:54. μετὰ ἀνόμων ἐλογίσθη he was classed among the criminals Mk 15:28; Lk 22:37. τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ μ. τῶν ἀπίστων θήσει he will assign him his lot among the faithless (unbelievers?) Lk 12:46; cp. Mt 24:51. ζῆτειν τὸν ζῶντα μ. τῶν νεκρῶν seek the living among the dead Lk 24:5. μὴ γογγύζετε μετʼ ἀλλήλων do not grumble among yourselves J 6:43. εἱστήκει Ἰούδας μετʼ αὐτῶν 18:5. ἡ σκηνὴ τ. θεοῦ μετὰ τ. ἀνθρώπων Rv 21:3a. μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν in the midst of the clouds 1:7.② marker of assoc. in gener. sense denoting the company within which someth. takes place, withⓐ w. gen. of pers. in company w. whom someth. takes placeα. w. verbs of going, remaining, etc. προσέρχεσθαι μ. τινος come (in company) with someone Mt 20:20; cp. 5:41; Mk 1:29; 3:7; 5:24, 37; 11:11; 14:17; Lk 2:51; 6:17; 9:49; 14:31; J 3:22b; 11:54; Ac 24:1; Gal 2:1. Angels accompanying the Messiah Mt 25:31; cp. 16:27; Mk 8:38; 1 Th 3:13; 2 Th 1:7. περιπατεῖν μ. τινος (Menand., Fgm. 178 Kö., Sam. 587f S. [242f Kö.]; ApcEsdr 6:12) J 6:66. γίνεσθαι μ. τινος be, remain with someone Ac 7:38; 9:19; 20:18; AcPlCor 2:4 (ApcMos 2 ἐγένοντο μ. ἀλλήλων). οἱ μ. αὐτοῦ γενόμενοι his companions Mk 16:10. μένειν μ. τινος stay with someone 1J 2:19 (ParJer 3:15). ζήσασα μ. ἀνδρός Lk 2:36. ἀκολουθεῖν μ. τινος follow (after) someone Rv 6:8; 14:13 (s. ἀκολουθέω 2).β. used w. trans. verbs ἄγειν τινὰ μ. ἑαυτοῦ bring someone along (s. ἄγω 1b) 2 Ti 4:11. παραλαμβάνειν τινὰ μεθʼ ἑαυτοῦ take or bring someone along (as a companion) (Gen 22:3) Mt 12:45; 18:16; Mk 14:33. ἔχειν τι μ. ἑαυτοῦ have someth. with oneself: bread 8:14; τινά someone (PGM 4, 1952): the lame Mt 15:30; the poor Mk 14:7; Mt 26:11; J 12:8; the bridegroom Mk 2:19b. Pass. συγκατεψηφίσθη μετὰ τ. ἕνδεκα ἀποστόλων he was chosen (to serve) with the eleven apostles Ac 1:26 (cp. Himerius, Or. 44 [=Or. 8], 3 μετὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀριθμούμενος=numbered with the gods).γ. esp. εἶναι μ. τινος be with someone, in someone’s company.א. lit. of close association: the disciples w. Jesus Mt 26:69, 71; Mk 3:14; 14:67; Lk 22:59; J 15:27; 17:24. Also of accompaniment for a short time Mt 5:25; J 3:26; 9:40; 12:17; 20:24, 26. Of Jesus’ association w. his disciples 13:33; 14:9; 16:4; 17:12. Of relations between the superintendent and the congregation μετὰ τ. ἐπισκόπου εἶναι be with, on the side of, the supervisor/bishop IPhld 3:2. οἱ μ. τινος (sc. ὄντες) someone’s friends, companions, etc. (Diod S 17, 96, 2 οἱ μεθʼ Ἡρακλέους; SIG 175, 5; 659, 5; 826e II, 30; Am 4:2; 8:10; Gen 24:59; 1 Macc 7:23; JosAs 27:7; AscIs 2:15; 3:6, 14; Jos., Vi. 397, Ant. 7, 20; Just., D. 8, 3 al.) Mt 12:3f; 26:51; Mk 1:36; 2:25; Lk 6:3f. Of things ἄλλα πλοῖα ἦν μ. αὐτοῦ other boats were with him, accompanied him Mk 4:36. ὁ μισθός μου μετʼ ἐμοῦ (sc. ἐστιν) Rv 22:12. τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ the fire (of judgment) awaits him (the interpretation of the Armenian text; sim. the Lat.) AcPlCor 2:37.ב. in ref. to supportiveness be with someone, stand by, help someone of God’s help (Gen 21:20; 26:3; 28:20 al.; Jos., Ant. 15, 138) J 3:2; 8:29; 16:32; Ac 7:9 (cp. Gen 39:2, 21); 10:38; cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 8:8); Lk 1:28; Ro 15:33. Of God’s hand (1 Ch 4:10) Lk 1:66; Ac 11:21. Of Christ: Mt 28:20; Ac 18:10.ג. a favorite expr. in conclusions of letters ὁ θεὸς τῆς ἀγάπης καὶ εἰρήνης ἔσται μ. ὑμῶν will be with you 2 Cor 13:11; cp. Phil 4:9; ὁ κύριος κτλ. 2 Th 3:16 (cp. Ruth 2:4); 2 Ti 4:22. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ μ. ὑμῶν (sc. ἔσται) 1 Cor 16:23; cp. 1 Th 5:28; 1 Cl 65:2. μ. τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25; 21:9. μ. πάντων ὑμῶν 2 Th 3:18; cp. Eph 6:24. Short and to the point: ἡ χάρις μ. ὑμῶν Col 4:18; 1 Ti 6:21; cp. Tit 3:15; Hb 13:25. ἔσται μεθʼ ἡμῶν χάρις ἔλεος εἰρήνη 2J 3.—ἡ ἀγάπη μου μ. πάντων ὑμῶν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ my love is with you all in Christ Jesus 1 Cor 16:24. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου Ἰ. Χρ. καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τ. θεοῦ καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 2 Cor 13:13 (WvanUnnik, Dominus Vobiscum: liturg. formula, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 270–305; on the Trinitarian formula s. the lit. on πνεῦμα 8).—In the expr. ὅσα ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς μ. αὐτῶν Ac 14:27; 15:4 (cp. Hs 5, 1, 1) ὤν could be supplied what God has done in helping them; but ποιεῖν can just as well go w. μ. αὐτῶν has done for them, after the analogy of עָשָׂה עִם פּ׳ (Tob 12:6; 13:7 ἃ ποιήσει μεθʼ ὑμῶν; Jdth 8:26 ὅσα ἐποίησεν μετὰ Ἀβραάμ; 15:10; 1 Macc 10:27. In addition, cp. BGU 798, 8 εὐχαριστοῦμεν τῇ ἡμῶν δεσποίνῃ εἰς πάντα τὰ καλὰ ἃ ἐποίησεν μετὰ τ. δούλων αὐτῆς. But s. also LMaloney, ‘All That God Had Done with Them’ ’91, 118–21: God works ‘with’ the apostles and ‘through’ them). Here also belongs ποιεῖν ἔλεος μ. τινος have mercy on someone, show mercy to someone (Gen 24:12; 2 Km 3:8; JosAs 23:4) Lk 1:72; 10:37 (MWilcox, The Semitisms in Ac, ’65, 84f). ἐμεγάλυνεν κύριος τὸ ἔλεος αὐτοῦ μετʼ αὐτῆς the Lord has shown great mercy to her 1:58 (cp. 1 Km 12:24; Ps 125:2f).—In πληρώσεις με εὐφροσύνης μ. τοῦ προσώπου σου Ac 2:28=Ps 15:11 the LXX has literally translated אֶת־פָּנֶיךָ; it means in your presence.ד. in ref. to taking sides or being allied in some way with someone: in contrast to εἶναι κατά τινος be against someone is εἶναι μ. τινος be with someone, on someone’s side Mt 12:30a; Lk 11:23a (AFridrichsen, ZNW 13, 1912, 273–80).ⓑ to denote the company in which an activity or experience takes place: ἀνακεῖσθαι μ. τινος recline at table with someone (for a meal) Mt 26:20. ἀνακλιθῆναι 8:11; cp. Lk 24:30. βασιλεύειν Rv 20:4, 6. γρηγορεῖν Mt 26:38, 40. δειπνεῖν Rv 3:20 (TestJob 15:2). δουλεύειν Gal 4:25. ἐμπαίζειν Mt 27:41. ἐσθίειν 9:11; 24:49; Mk 2:16ab; 14:14, 18; Lk 5:30 (TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 9 [Stone p. 10]). ἠρώτα … ἵνα φάγῃ μ. αὐτοῦ he asked (him) to eat with him 7:36 (cp. TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 21 [Stone p. 68]; JosAs 7:1). εὐφραίνεσθαι 15:29; Ro 15:10 (Dt 32:43). κλαίειν 12:15b. κληρονομεῖν Gal 4:30 (Gen 21:10; Just., D. 26, 1; cp. συγκληρονομεῖν JosAs 24:9). πίνειν Mt 26:29. ποιεῖν τὸ πάσχα celebrate the Passover (with someone) 26:18. συνάγειν 12:30b; Lk 11:23b. συνεσθίειν Gal 2:12. ταράττεσθαι Mt 2:3. τρώγειν J 13:1 v.l. χαίρειν Ro 12:15a.ⓒ The associative aspect can also derive expression from the fact that two opposite parties exert influence upon one another or that one party brings the other to adopt a corresponding, and therefore common, attitudeα. in friendly, or at least not in hostile, fashion: εἰρηνεύειν (3 Km 22:45) Ro 12:18; cp. 2 Ti 2:22; Hb 12:14. εὐθηνίαν ἔχειν Hm 2:3. κοινωνίαν ἔχειν 1J 1:3a, 7. λαλεῖν μετά τινος (cp. Gen 31:24, 29; 1 Macc 7:15) Mk 6:50; J 4:27ab. συλλαλεῖν μ. τινος Mt 17:3; Ac 25:12. συμβούλιον διδόναι Mk 3:6. συνάγεσθαι Mt 28:12; J 18:2. συνᾶραι λόγον Mt 18:23; 25:19. ἐγένοντο φίλοι ὅ τε. Ἡρῴδης καὶ ὁ Πιλᾶτος μετʼ ἀλλήλων Lk 23:12. οἱ μοιχεύοντες μετʼ αὐτῆς those who commit adultery with her Rv 2:22. πορνεύειν (cp. Ezk 16:34; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 7 [Stone p. 24]) 17:2; 18:3, 9. μολύνεσθαι 14:4 (cp. En 12:4 τῶν γυναικῶν ἐμιάνθησαν).β. in hostile fashion; after verbs of fighting, quarreling, etc. to denote the pers. w. whom the strife is being carried on πολεμεῖν μ. τινος carry on war with = against someone (נִלְחַם עִם פּ׳ 1 Km 17:33; 3 Km 12:24; ParJer 7:10. But s. also OGI 201, 3 ἐπολέμησα μετὰ τῶν Βλεμύων; BGU 1035, 9; 11. Also in Mod. Gk. [AThumb, Hdb. der neugriech. Volkssprache2 1910 §162, 1 note]) Rv 2:16; 12:7; 13:4; 17:14 (B-D-F §193, 4; Rob. 610). Also πόλεμον ποιεῖν (Gen 14:2; 1 Ch 5:19) 11:7; 12:17; 13:7 (Da 7:21 Theod.); 19:19. ζητεῖν μ. τινος deliberate or dispute w. someone J 16:19; cp. 3:25 (cp. ApcEsdr 2:6 δικάζου μεθʼ ἡμῶν). κρίνεσθαι go to law w. someone 1 Cor 6:6. κρίματα ἔχειν μ. τινος have lawsuits w. someone vs. 7.ⓓ of any other relation betw. persons, whether already existing or brought about in some manner εἶδον τὸ παιδίον μ. Μαρίας Mt 2:11. ἀνταποδοῦναι ὑμῖν ἄνεσιν μ. ἡμῶν 2 Th 1:7. ἐκδέχομαι αὐτὸν μ. τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 Cor 16:11. Of delegations, composed of several units Mt 22:16; 2 Cor 8:18. συμφωνεῖν Mt 20:2.ⓔ of things ὧν τὸ αἷμα ἔμιξεν μ. τῶν θυσιῶν αὐτῶν Lk 13:1. Pass. πιεῖν οἶνον μ. χολῆς μεμιγμένον Mt 27:34.ⓕ to show a close connection betw. two nouns, upon the first of which the main emphasis lies (Thu. 7, 75, 3 λύπη μ. φόβου; Pla., Rep. 9, 591b ἰσχύν τε καὶ κάλλος μετὰ ὑγιείας λαμβάνειν; Ar. 11:2 τόξον ἔχειν μ. φαρέτρας) ἀγάπη μ. πίστεως Eph 6:23. πίστις μ. σωφροσύνης 1 Ti 2:15. εὐσέβεια μ. αὐταρκείας 6:6. Cp. Eph 4:2b; Col 1:11; 1 Ti 1:14. φάρμακον μ. οἰνομέλιτος ITr 6:2.③ marker of attendant circumstances of someth. that takes place, withⓐ of moods, emotions, wishes, feelings, excitement, states of mind or body (Xenophon Eph. 1, 15, 5 μ. ἀδείας; 2, 10, 4 μ. ἐπιμελείας; PAmh II, 133, 11 μετὰ πολλῶν κόπων; PLond II, 358, 8 p. 172 [II A.D.]; SIG index IV p. 445f; LXX [Johannessohn, Präp. 209ff]; En et al.) μ. αἰδοῦς with modesty 1 Ti 2:9. μ. αἰσχύνης with shame (s. αἰσχύνη 2) Lk 14:9. μ. εὐνοίας Eph 6:7. μ. εὐχαριστίας Phil 4:6; 1 Ti 4:3f; cp. Ac 24:3. μετὰ χαρᾶς (2 Macc 15:28; 3 Macc 5:21; 6:34; En 10:16; PsSol 8:16 al.; s. χαρά 1a) 1 Th 1:6; Hb 10:34; 13:17; cp. Phil 2:29. μ. φόβου καὶ τρόμου 2 Cor 7:15; Eph 6:5; Phil 2:12. μ. φόβου καὶ χαρᾶς Mt 28:8. μ. πραΰτητος καὶ φόβου 1 Pt 3:16. μ. παρρησίας (Lev 26:13; 1 Macc 4:18; s. παρρησία 3a) Ac 2:29; 4:29, 31; 28:31; Hb 4:16. μ. πεποιθήσεως 1 Cl 31:3. μ. σπουδῆς (3 Macc 5:24, 27; Mel., P. 12, 80) Mk 6:25; Lk 1:39. μ. ταπεινοφροσύνης Eph 4:2a; cp. Ac 20:19. μ. ὀργῆς (3 Macc 6:23; TestJob 4:4) Mk 3:5. μ. δακρύων in tears (3 Macc 1:16; 4:2; 5:7; TestAbr A 9 p. 86, 19 [Stone p. 20]; 14 p. 94, 21 [St. p. 36]; JosAs 28:8; ApcEsdr 6:23; s. δάκρυον) Mk 9:24 v.l.; Hb 5:7; 12:17. μ. εἰρήνης (s. εἰρήνη 1b) Ac 15:33; Hb 11:31.ⓑ of other accompanying phenomena (Antig. Car. 148 μετὰ φλογὸς καίεσθαι) μ. διωγμῶν though with persecutions Mk 10:30. μ. ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν 1 Ti 4:14. μ. νηστειῶν Ac 14:23. μ. θορύβου (Jos., Ant. 5, 216) 24:18. μ. παρακλήσεως 2 Cor 8:4. μ. παρατηρήσεως Lk 17:20. μ. ὕβρεως καὶ πολλῆς ζημίας Ac 27:10 (s. ὕβρις 3). μ. φαντασίας 25:23. μ. δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης Mt 24:30; Mk 13:26; Lk 21:27 (Just., A I, 50, 1 al. μ. δόξης, D. 132, 1 w. δυνάμεως). μ. ἐξουσίας καὶ ἐπιτροπῆς Ac 26:12 (Jos., Ant. 20, 180 μετʼ ἐξουσίας). μ. βραχίονος ὑψηλοῦ ἐξάγειν τινά (s. βραχίων) Ac 13:17. μ. φωνῆς μεγάλης w. a loud voice Lk 17:15 (cp. EpArist 235; 281; JosAs 28:9). μ. σάλπιγγος with a trumpet call Mt 24:31 (Plut., Mor. 1135f μετʼ αὐλῶν=with the sound of flutes). σφραγίσαντες τ. λίθον μετὰ τ. κουστωδίας makes the stationing of the guard an accompaniment to the sealing of the stone Mt 27:66 (another possibility here is the instrumental use of μετά [Lycurgus the orator 124 μ. παραδειγμάτων διδάσκειν; SEG VIII, 246, 8 μετὰ κυνῶν—an instrument of torture—βασανίσαι; CWessely, Neue griech. Zauberpap. 1893, 234 γράφε μ. μέλανος; 2 Macc 6:16]: secure the stone by means of a guard; s. σφραγίζω 1).ⓒ of concrete objects, which serve as equipment (Appian, Maced. 9 §4 μετὰ χρυσῶν στεφάνων; POxy 123, 15; 19 μετὰ τῶν χλαμύδων εἰσβῆναι; 1 Esdr 5:57; Jdth 15:13; TestJob 24:10 μ. ψαλίδος; JosAs 7:4 μ. χρυσίου καὶ ἀργύριου; ParJer 9:31 μ. πολλῶν λίθων; ApcSed 7:10 μ. χαλιναρίου; ApcMos 40 μ. τῶν σινδόνων) μ. μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων Mt 26:47; 55; Mk 14:43, 48; Lk 22:52. μ. φανῶν καὶ λαμπάδων καὶ ὅπλων (Xenophon Eph. p. 336, 20 μ. λαμπάδων) J 18:3.B. w. acc. In our lit. only in the mng. after, behind① marker of position that is behind someth., behind (Hom.+; Polyb.; Just., A I, 13, 4; Tat. 2, 2; not LXX) μ. τὸ δεύτερον καταπέτασμα behind the second curtain Hb 9:3.② marker of time after another point of time, after (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX)ⓐ with the time expressly given μ. πολὺν χρόνον (2 Macc 6:1.—μετʼ οὐ πολὺν χρ.: Hero Alex. I p. 340, 6; SIG 1169, 54; Jos., Vi. 407) Mt 25:19. μ. τοσοῦτον χρόνον (4 Macc 5:7; ParJer 5:18) Hb 4:7. μ. χρόνον τινά (Diod S 9, 10, 2; Witkowski 26, 9 [III B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 8, 398; cp. En 106:1 μ. δὲ χρόνον; ApcSed 13:3 μ. χρόνον) Hv 1, 1, 2f; Hs 5, 2, 5; 9, 13, 8. μ. ἡμέρας ἕξ after six days Mt 17:1; Mk 9:2 (ApcMos 42 μ. τὰς ἓξ ἡμέρας). μ. τρεῖς ἡμέρας (Artem. 4, 33 p. 224, 5; Polyaenus 6, 53; 8, 62; EpArist 301; TestJob 52:1f; 53:7; ParJer 9:14; Jos., Ant 7, 280) Mt 27:63; Mk 8:31; 10:34; Lk 2:46; cp. μ. τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ τρεῖς νύκτας AcPlCor 2:30. μ. δύο ἡμέρας Mt 26:2; Mk 14:1 (cp. Caesar, Bell. Gall. 4, 9, 1 post tertiam diem=on the third day). μ. τινας ἡμέρας Ac 15:36; 24:24. μετʼ οὐ πολλὰς ἡμέρας (Artem. 1, 78 p. 72, 30; Jos., Ant. 5, 328, Vi. 309) Lk 15:13. οὐ μ. πολλὰς ταύτας ἡμέρας not long after these days = within a few days Ac 1:5 (B-D-F §226; 433, 3; Rob. 612; 1158; Dssm., ZVS 45, 1913, 60). W. gen. foll. μ. ἡμέρας εἴκοσι τῆς προτέρας ὁράσεως twenty days after the former vision Hv 4, 1, 1 (cp. Biogr. p. 31 μετὰ ξ´ ἔτη τοῦ Ἰλιακοῦ πολέμου; Gen 16:3). μ. τρεῖς μῆνας Ac 28:11. μ. τρία ἔτη Gal 1:18. ὁ μ. τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη γεγονὼς νόμος 3:17.ⓑ w. designations that are general, but include the idea of time: μ. τὴν ἄφιξίν μου Ac 20:29. μ. τὸ πάσχα after the Passover 12:4. μ. τὴν μετοικεσίαν Βαβυλῶνος Mt 1:12.ⓒ gener. μ. τὴν θλῖψιν after the (time of) tribulation Mk 13:24; cp. μ. τὴν θλῖψιν τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐκείνων Mt 24:29. μ. τὴν ἔγερσιν 27:53. μ. τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν Ac 13:15. μ. τὸ βάπτισμα 10:37. μ. μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν Tit 3:10. μ. τὸ ψωμίον after he had eaten the piece of bread J 13:27.—Quite gener. μ. τοῦτο after this, afterward (Lucian, Hermot. 31; Gen 18:5; Lev 14:19; EpArist 258; TestJob 11:4; TestReub 1:9; TestLevi 6:3; Just., D. 57, 4) J 2:12; 11:7, 11; 19:28; Hb 9:27; Rv 7:1. μ. ταῦτα after this (Aeneas Tact. 240; 350; Diod S 1, 7, 1; Ex 3:20; 11:8 and oft.; TestJob 21:4; TestLevi 6:5; TestJos 19:5; JosAs 10:15; ParJer 3:10; ApcEsdr 4:36; ApcMos 2; Just., A I, 32, 6) Mk 16:12; Lk 5:27; 10:1 and oft. μ. οὐ πολύ (Dio Chrys. 56 [73], 8; Lucian, Scyth. 1; Herodian 1, 9, 7; BGU 614, 14; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 96 II, 9; 1 Esdr 3:22; Jos., Ant. 12, 132) not long afterward Ac 27:14. μ. μικρόν a short while afterward Mt 26:73; Mk 14:70 (Just., D. 56, 17). Also μ. βραχύ Lk 22:58 (cp. μετʼ ὀλίγον: Lucian, Dial, Mort. 15, 3; PRyl 77, 41; Wsd 15:8; Jdth 13:9; TestAbrA 7 p. 84, 8 [Stone p. 16]; GrBar 9:3; Jos., Ant. 12, 136; 10:15; Just., D. 56, 18).ⓓ w. subst. aor. inf. foll.α. w. acc. (SIG 633, 105; 640, 13; 695, 78; 1233, 1; Sir 46:20; Jdth 16:25; Bar 1:9; 1 Macc 1:1, 9; TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 11 [Stone p. 80]; 117, 5 [St. p. 82]; TestJob 5:2; TestLevi 18:1; ApcMos 1; Just., A I, 50, 12.—B-D-F §406, 3; Rob. 979) μ. τὸ ἐγερθῆναί με after I am raised up Mt 26:32; Mk 14:28. μ. τὸ παραδοθῆναι τὸν Ἰωάννην after John was arrested Mk 1:14.—Ac 1:3; 7:4; 10:41; 15:13; 19:21; 20:1; Hv 2, 1, 3; m 4, 1, 7; Hs 8, 1, 3; 8, 2, 5.β. without acc. (Aelian, VH 12, 1 p. 118, 27; Herodian 2, 9, 5; SIG 976, 39; UPZ 110, 193 [164 B.C.]; Sir 23:20; 32:18 v.l.; 1 Macc 1:20; ApcMos 26:42f; Just., A I, 14, 1; Tat. 16, 1) μ. τὸ λαλῆσαι αὐτοῖς after he had spoken to them Mk 16:19.—Lk 12:5; 1 Cor 11:25; Hb 10:26.—W. perf. inf. 10:15.—M-M. EDNT. TW. -
70 μεταξύ
μεταξύ (μετά, ξύν [σύν]) adv. (Hom.+; for LXX s. Johannessohn, Präp. 173f)① marker of an interval that separates, between, in the middle, nextⓐ of spaceα. as adv. (Hom.+) between, in the middle τὸ μεταξύ what lies between (Aeneas Tact. 1420; Dio Chrys. 18 [35], 1) Dg 7:2 (cp. Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 80 τὰ μ.); IPhld 7:1 (Lgtft. renders when I was among you).β. used as prep. w. gen. (Hdt. et al.) in the middle of (Polyb. 14, 1, 9; Aelian, VH 3, 1; En 14:11; 18:3; ViJer 14 [p. 73, 14 Sch.]; Jos., Ant. 3, 147 μ. αὐτῆς [τ. λυχνίας] καὶ τ. τραπέζης; Just., A I, 26, 2 μ. τῶν δύο γεφυρῶν) μ. τοῦ ναοῦ καὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου between the sanctuary and the altar Mt 23:35; cp. Lk 11:51. μ. ἡμῶν καὶ ὑμῶν 16:26. μ. δύο στρατιωτῶν between two soldiers Ac 12:6. μ. θηρίων μ. θεοῦ (to be) among the wild beasts (is to be) with God ISm 4:2. μ. is certainly to be restored Ox 1081, 4 (s. διαφορά). W. a relative foll. μ. ὧν ἐλάλουν between the words of my discourse IPhld 7:1 v.l. (s. Hdb. ad loc. on the uncertainity of the text).ⓑ of timeα. between (Pla., Rep. 5, 450c; Jos., Ant. 2, 169; Just., D. 51, 2) ἐν τῷ μεταξύ in the meanwhile (X., Symp. 1, 14; BGU 1139, 8 [5 B.C.]; PTebt 24, 42; 72, 190; PFlor 36, 5; TestZeb 2:7; Jos., Ant. 14, 434) J 4:31.β. afterward, next (Plut., Mor. 58b; 240a; Achilles Tat. 1, 13, 1; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 57, 11 [40/41 A.D.]; 64, 5; Jos., Bell. 2, 211, Ant. 10, 45; Theoph. Ant. 1, 8 [p. 76, 6]; Schwyzer I 625, 2) εἰς τὸ μεταξὺ σάββατον on the next sabbath Ac 13:42 (Renehan ’75, 137). Cp. 23:25 v.l.; 1 Cl 44:2f. ὁ λαὸς ὁ μεταξύ the people yet to come 13:5.② marker of a reciprocal relation, a difference, between (PRein 44, 16 [104 A.D.] τῆς συμφωνίας τῆς γενομένης μεταξὺ αὐτοῦ κ. Ἰσιδώρας; POxy 1117, 3 μ. ἡμῶν κ. ἀρχόντων) μ. σοῦ καὶ αὐτοῦ μόνου between you and him alone Mt 18:15. Witnesses μ. ὑμῶν καὶ ἡμῶν betw. us and you 1 Cl 63:3.—διακρίνειν μ. τινος καί τινος make a distinction between Ac 15:9. τοσαύτη τις διαφορὰ μ. τῶν τε ἀπίστων κ. τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν MPol 16:1. διαφορὰ πολλὴ μ. τῶν δύο ὁδῶν a great difference between D 1:1.—μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων (PGen 48, 11 μ. ἡμῶν ἀλλήλων) among themselves, with one another Ro 2:15.—DELG s.v. μετά. M-M. Sv. -
71 μιασμός
μιασμός, οῦ, ὁ (μιαίνω) (‘pollution, corruption’ Plut., Mor. 393c, Sol. 12, 3; Iambl., Protr. 21, 16 p. 116, 5 Pistelli; LXX; Test12Patr) fig. use only in ref. to the moral realm (Proclus on Pla., Rep. II 354, 20 Kr. μ. ψυχῶν; Wsd 14:26 ψυχῶν μ.; TestLevi 17:8, Benj 8:2f) defilement, of dissipations παραχρῆσθαι τῇ σαρκὶ ἐν μ. τινι misuse the flesh in some defilement Hs 5, 7, 2. ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ πορεύεσθαι follow after the flesh in corrupting desire 2 Pt 2:10.—RParker, Miasma, Pollution and Purification in Early Gk. Religion ’83. DELG s.v. μιαίνω. TW. -
72 μικρός
μικρός, ά, όν (‘small’ Hom.+) comp. μικρότερος, έρα, ον① pert. to a relatively limited size, measure, or quantity, small, shortⓐ of stature Lk 19:3. Perh. also Ἰάκωβος ὁ μικρός (ὁ μ. after a person’s name: Aristoph., Ran. 708; X., Mem. 1, 4, 2; Aristot., Pol. 5, 10 p. 1311b, 3; Diog. L. 1, 79 of a ‘younger’ Pittacus; Sb 7576, 6 [I A.D.]; 7572, 10 [II A.D.]) Mk 15:40 (s. Ἰάκωβος 3). This pass. may possibly belong toⓑ of age. Subst.: the little one, the child (ὁ μικρός Menand., Sam. 39f; PLond 893, 7 [40 A.D.]; PFay 113, 14. ἡ μικρά PLond III, 899, 6 p. 208 [II A.D.]) Mt 18:6, 10, 14.—For the designation of all the members of a group as μικροὶ κ. μεγάλοι, etc. cp. μέγας 1d: Ac 8:10; 26:22; Hb 8:11 (Jer 38:34); Rv 11:18; 13:16; 19:5, 18; 20:12.ⓒ of distance. Adv.: a short distance, a little way (X., Cyr. 1, 2, 15; Dionys. Byz. §8 and 13) προελθὼν μικρόν (Ps.-Demetr. 226) Mt 26:39; Mk 14:35.ⓓ of timeα. adj. short, of time χρόνον μικρόν (Pla., Rep. 6, 498d; Ael. Aristid. 34 p. 661 D.; Is 54:7) J 7:33; cp. 12:35; Rv 6:11; 20:3.β. adv. a short time, a little while (Jos., Ant. 4, 159; 8, 405) J 13:33 (cp. Job 36:2); Hs 9, 4, 4; 9, 5, 1 (v.l.). μικρόν for a moment (Menand., Epitr. 474 J.=538 Kö.; JosAs 15:14; ParJer 2:9; cp. πρὸς μ. μ. ‘little by little’ GrBar 7:3) Hv 4, 1, 6. μετὰ μικρόν after a short while (Just., D. 56, 17; Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 1, 2 Jac.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 15, 3; Synes., Dio 1 p. 234, 5 NTerzaghi [’44]) Mt 26:73; Mk 14:70. (ἔτι) μικρὸν καί … in a little while, lit. ‘yet a little while, and’= soon (Ex 17:4; Jer 28:33; Hos 1:4; TestJob 24:1) J 14:19; 16:16–19. ἔτι μ. ὅσον ὅσον = soon Hb 10:37; 1 Cl 50:4 (both Is 26:20; s. B-D-F §127, 2; 304; Rob. 733).ⓔ of mass or compass relative to thingsα. small (X., Mem. 3, 14, 1 μ. ὄψον; TestAbr B 8 p. 112, 20 [Stone p. 72] πύλη; ApcSed 11:3 μ. κτίσμα; ViIs, ViEzk, ViHab, ViJer, et al. 3 [p. 69, 7 Sch.] ὕδωρ; Just., A I, 19, 1 ῥανίς) μικρότερον πάντων τ. σπερμάτων the smallest of all seeds Mt 13:32; Mk 4:31 (s. σίναπι.—Alex. Aphr., An. II 1 p. 20, 14 οὐδὲν κωλυθήσεται τὸ μέγιστον ἐν τῷ μικροτάτῳ γενέσθαι σώματι). μικρὰ ζύμη a little (bit of) leaven 1 Cor 5:6; Gal 5:9. Of the tongue μικρὸν μέλος a small member Js 3:5 (cp. Eur., Fgm. TGF 411).β. subst. neut. (τὸ) μικρόν what is insignificant, small τὸ μ. τηρεῖν 2 Cl 8:5 (apocr. saying of Jesus). μικρὰ φρονεῖν περί τινος think little of someth. 2 Cl 1:1f (μικρὸν φρονεῖν Soph., Aj. 1120; Plut., Mor. p. 28c).—Pl. insignificant things, trifles (Aelian, VH 2, 27) μικρὰ κατʼ ἀλλήλων ἔχειν have trifling complaints against each other Hs 8, 10, 1b.γ. subst. neut. a little μικρόν τι (Diod S 1, 74, 1; Ael. Aristid. 48, 37 K.=24 p. 474 D.; UPZ 70, 3 [152/151 B.C.]; cp. Just., D. 115, 6 ἓν δὲ μ. ὁτιοῦν) a little 2 Cor 11:16. μ. τι ἀφροσύνης vs. 1 (Procop. Soph., Ep. 80 μοὶ μικρὸν δίδου νεανιεύεσθαι). παρὰ μικρόν (Isocr. 19, 22; Dionys. Byz. §3 and 50; Ps 72:2; Ezk 16:47; PsSol 16:1; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 270) except for a little, nearly Hs 8, 1, 14. κατὰ μικρόν in brief (Galen XIX p. 176 K.: Lucian, Catapl. 17, De Merc. Cond. 35) 1:5. μικροῦ δεῖν early, almost AcPl Ha 3, 34 (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 168 al.).ⓕ small in number (Gen 30:30; 47:9) τὸ μικρὸν ποίμνιον Lk 12:32.② pert. to being of little import, unimportant, insignificantⓐ of pers. lacking in importance, influence, power, etc. εἷς τῶν μικρῶν τούτων one of these humble folk (disciples? so Goodsp.) Mt 10:42; Mk 9:42 (Kephal. I 189, 6–19; 201, 30 interprets ‘the little ones who believe’ as catechumens. But the Gk. word μικρός is not found in the Coptic text); Lk 17:2. OMichel, ‘Diese Kleinen’, e. Jüngerbezeichnung Jesu: StKr 108, ’37/38, 401–15. ὁ μικρότερος ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τ. οὐρανῶν the one of least importance in the Kingdom of Heaven (but FDibelius, ZNW 11, 1910, 190–92 and OCullmann, ConNeot 11, ’47, 30 prefer ‘youngest’, and refer it to Christ) Mt 11:11; cp. Lk 7:28. ὁ μικρότερος ἐν πᾶσιν ὑμῖν ὑπάρχων the one who is least among you all 9:48.ⓑ small, insignificant (Ath. 23, 3 δόξαι) δύναμις Rv 3:8. μισθός 2 Cl 15:1b (cp. a: μ. συμβουλία). ἐπιθυμίαι Hs 8, 10, 1a.③ the state of being small, smallness subst. neut. ἐκ μικροῦ αὐξῆσαι Mt 20:28 D.—B. 880. M-M. TW. -
73 μισθός
μισθός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+)① remuneration for work done, pay, wages Lk 10:7; 1 Ti 5:18. Personified ὁ μ. ὁ ἀφυστερημένος κράζει the wages you have kept back cry out (to heaven) Js 5:4 (cp. TestJob 12:4). τὸν μ. ἀποδιδόναι pay (out) wages (s. ἀποδίδωμι 2a) Mt 20:8 (cp. Iren. 4, 36, 7 [Harv. II 284, 3]; 1, 4, 3 [Harv. I, 36, 11) μισθὸν λαμβάνειν receive one’s wages (Diod S 12, 53, 2; Jos., Bell. 2, 296, Ant. 4, 206) J 4:36. μισθοὺς λαμβάνειν τινός accept payment(s) for someth. Hm 11:12 (μ. λαμβ. τινός as Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 98; for the pl. cp. Aesop 87d, 12 Ch.; Jos., Ant. 1, 183; BGU 1067, 15 [II A.D.]; Just., A I, 27, 2). μ. τῆς ἀδικίας money paid for treachery Ac 1:18. μ. ἀδικίας dishonest gain 2 Pt 2:15; on ἀδικούμενοι μισθὸν ἀδικίας vs. 13 s. ἀδικέω 2.—In τῇ πλάνῃ τοῦ Βαλαὰμ μισθοῦ ἐξεχύθησαν, μισθοῦ is gen. of price (as in the anonymous comic Fgm. 218 Kock; Diod S 4, 20, 2; 3 μισθοῦ ἐργάζεσθαι; Tat. 1, 3 μισθοῦ πιπράκοντας; 18, 3; μισθοῦ τοῖς οἰκείοις ἀποκαθιστᾶν) for pay or gain Jd 11 (s. ἐκχέω 3).② recognition (mostly by God) for the moral quality of an action, recompense transf. sense of 1 (Pla., Rep. 10, 614a τῷ δικαίῳ παρὰ θεῶν τε καὶ ἀνθρώπων μισθοὶ καὶ δῶρα γίγνεται; cp. 2, 363d ἡγησάμενοι κάλλιστον ἀρετῆς μισθὸν μέθην αἰώνιον ‘considering the finest meed for virtue an eternal spree’; Plut., Mor. 183d; Lucian, Vit. Auct. 24; Jos., Ant. 1, 183; 18, 309; LXX; Did., Gen. 20, 6).ⓐ in affirmation of laudable conduct reward 2 Cl 3:3. μισθὸν ἔχειν have a reward 1 Cor 9:17; Mt 5:46; 6:1 (cp. habeo pretium: Horace, Ep. 1, 16, 47). τὸν μ. ἀπέχειν have received one’s reward (in full) Mt 6:2, 5, 16 (s. ἀπέχω 1). μισθὸν λαμβάνειν receive one’s reward 1 Cor 3:8, 14; cp. Mt 10:41a (Jos., Ant. 6, 48 μὴ λαμβάνειν τὸν προφήτην μισθόν), vs. 41b; GJs 20:2 (codd.); AcPlCor 2:36. Also μ. ἀπολαμβάνειν 2 Cl 9:5; Hs 5, 6, 7b (GrBar 15:3; ApcEsdr 1:14 p. 25:9 Tdf.). τὸν μ. κομίσασθαι 2 Cl 11:5 (Theoph. Ant 2, 27 [p. 164, 19]). μισθὸν πλήρη ἀπολαμβάνειν receive a full reward 2J 8. τὸν μ. ἀποδιδόναι pay (out) the reward (Wsd 10:17) 2 Cl 20:4; cp. 11:8. ὁ τοῦ μ. ἀνταποδότης 19:11; D 4:7 (cp. τὸν μ. τῆς ἀνταποδόσεως TestJob 14:4). τὸν μισθὸν εὑρεῖν παρὰ τῷ θεῷ find one’s reward with God Hs 2:5 (μ. εὑρ. as Ezk 27:33). μισθὸν αἰτεῖν ask as a reward 2 Cl 19:1. ὁ μ. πολὺς ἐν τ. οὐρανοῖς the reward in heaven is great Mt 5:12; cp. Lk 6:23, 35. οὐκ ἔστιν μικρός 2 Cl 15:1. Coming w. the parousia Rv 11:18; 21:3. W. the obj. gen. (μ. ἀρετῆς, Did., Gen. 174, 8) μ. δικαιοσύνης reward for righteousness 20:2; D 5:2. διδόναι μισθὸν ἀντιμισθίας ὧν ἐλάβομεν give a recompense for what we have received 2 Cl 1:5 (δίδ. μ. as Ael. Aristid. 28, 10 K.=49 p. 494 D.; Sir 51:30). ἀπολέσαι τὸν μ. lose one’s reward (Jos., Ant. 1, 183a) Mt 10:42; Mk 9:41; Hs 5, 6, 7a; ἔσται μοι εἰς μ. it will bring me the reward 1:5.—τῷ ἐργαζομένῳ ὁ μ. οὐ λογίζεται κατὰ χάριν ἀλλὰ κατὰ ὀφείλημα wages are not considered a favor when bestowed on one who works, but as something due the person Ro 4:4.ⓑ in an unfavorable sense, the requital that consists in punishment (Trag.; Hdt. 8, 116f; Callim., Hymn. in Dian. 263; Dionys. Hal. 10, 51; 2 Macc 8:33) ὁ μισθὸς αὐτῆς (sc. τῆς ἀδικίας) κόλασις κ. θάνατος Dg 9:2. ὁ μ. τῆς πονηρίας ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ the reward of wickedness is in store for him 4:12.ⓒ reward or punishment as the case may be Rv 22:12; 1 Cl 34:3 (both Is 40:10); 21:3.—Billerb. IV 1245f (index); esp. IV 487–500: Altsynagog. Lohnlehre; KWeiss, D. Frohbotsch. Jesu über Lohn u. Vollkommenheit (Mt 20:1–16) 1927; MWagner, D. Lohnged. im Ev.: NKZ 43, ’32, 106–12; 129–39; OMichel, D. Lohnged. in d. Verkünd. Jesu: ZST 9, ’32, 47–54.—GWetter, D. Vergeltungsged. b. Pls 1912; FFilson, St. Paul’s Conception of Recompense ’32; HHeidland, D. Anrechng. des Glaubens z. Gerechtigkeit ’36; GBornkamm, D. Lohnged. im NT: EvTh ’44, 143–66; BReicke, The NT Conception of Reward: MGoguel Festschr. ’50, 195–206; MSmith, Tannaitic Par. to the Gosp. ’51, 49–73; WPesch, Der Lohngedanke in d. Lehre Jesu usw., diss. Munich ’55 (lit.); GdeRu, NovT 8, ’66, 202–22.—B. 814. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
74 μνημεῖον
μνημεῖον, ου, τό (s. μνήμα) lit. ‘token of remembrance’ (Pind. et al.; Philo, Joseph.), esp. for the dead (Eur., Iph. T. 702; 821; Thu. 1, 138, 5; X., Hell. 2, 4, 17; 3, 2, 15; Pla., Rep. 3, 414a).① monument, memorial (cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 119 μν. καὶ τάφος; HHäusle, Das Denkmal als Garant des Nachruhms [Zetemata 25] 1980 [ins; on the function of a monument s. pp. 29–40]): οἰκοδομεῖτε τ. μνημεῖα τῶν προφητῶν Lk 11:47 (JJeremias, Heiligengräber in Jesu Umwelt ’58) is prob. to be understood in this sense (for μ. οἰκοδομεῖν cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 211). But μ. in our lit. usu. has the sense② grave, tomb (SIG 1229, 4; 1232; 1234; 1242; 1244; PFlor 9, 10; Gen 23:6, 9; Is 22:16 al.; TestSol 17:2; ParJer; ApcEsdr 4:36 p. 29, 14 Tdf.; ApcMos 42; AscIs 3:13; Jos., Ant. 1, 237; 18, 108; Mel., P. 78, 569; 90, 673); of tombs in caves, etc. (s. PThomsen, Grab: Reallex. d. Vorgesch. IV 2, 473ff), into which a person can enter (s. ParJer 7:1; Mk 16:5; J 20:6) Mt 23:29; 27:52f (JBlinzler, ThGl 35, ’43, 91–93.—Diod S 13, 86, 3: when the Carthaginians besieging Acragas destroyed some tombs lying outside the walls, ‘throughout the night ghosts of the dead appeared’ διὰ νυκτὸς εἴδωλα φαίνεσθαι τῶν τετελευτηκότων.—On an earthquake that opens the graves and frees those inside s. Ps.-Ael. Aristid. 25, 20f K.=43 p. 804 D.: μνήματα ἀνερρήγνυτο … τὰ μνήματα ἀνερρίπτει τοὺς κειμένους. EFascher, Die Auferweckung der Heiligen Mt 27:51–53, ’51), vs. 60b; 28:8; Mk 15:46ab; 16:2, 3, 5, 8; Lk 23:55; 24:1 v.l., 2, 9, 12, 22, 24; J 11:17, 31 (Aesop, Fab. 109 H. [cp. 299 H-H.] γυνὴ ἀπιοῦσα πρὸς τὸ μνημεῖον ἐθρήνει), 38; 12:17; 19:42; 20:1–4, 6, 8, 11ab; GPt 9:34; 12:51, 53 (lit. on the Holy Sepulcher: RGG3 II 1816–18; also FBraun, La Sépulture de Jésu ’37; RSmith, The Tomb of Jesus, BA 30, ’67, 74–90). τιθέναι εἰς μ. place in the tomb Ac 13:29. Also τιθέναι ἐν τῷ μ. Mt 27:60a; Mk 6:29; 15:46a. μ. καινόν Mt 27:60a; J 19:41; οἱ ἐν τοῖς μ. those who are in their tombs 5:28. The haunt of possessed persons Mt 8:28; Mk 5:2 (acc. to Diog. L. 9, 38 Democritus sought solitude among the graves). Graves were somet. not recognizable as such fr. their outward appearance Lk 11:44; s. ἄδηλος 1.—DELG s.v. μιμνήσκω 5. M-M. TW. -
75 μνημονεύω
μνημονεύω (μνήμων ‘mindful’) impf. ἐμνημόνευον; fut. μνημονεύσω LXX; 1 aor. ἐμνημόνευσα (Hdt.+).① remember, keep in mind, think of, also—w. focus on dramatic aspect of remembrance—mention.ⓐ w. gen. (Pla., Theaet. 191d; Philod., De Piet. 94; Diod S 1, 21, 8; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 4, 7; SIG 284, 8; 620, 25; PSI 502, 2; 651, 2 [III B.C.]; Wsd 2:4; Tob 4:5, 19 BA; Sus 9 Theod.; EpArist 157; PsSol 3:3; 5:16), of pers.: Lk 17:32; Hb 13:7; 21:7; MPol 8:1; IEph 12:2; ISm 5:3; Hm 4, 1, 1. Of mention in prayer (Heidelb. Pap.-Sammlung I ed. Deissmann 1905, no. 6, 15 παρακαλῶ οὖν, δέσποτα, ἵνα μνημονεύης μοι [μου?] εἰς τ. ἁγίας σου εὐχάς) IEph 21:1; IMg 14:1.—W. the connotation of solicitude (cp. 1 Macc 12:11) μ. τῶν πτωχῶν remember the poor Gal 2:10.—W. gen. of the thing (Arrian, Peripl. 16, 3 πόλεως ἐμνημόνευσεν; ParJer 7:31; ApcEsdr 7:9; Jos., Ant. 2, 162; 6, 93 al.) τοῦ λόγου J 15:20; pl. Ac 20:35. ὧν εἶπεν ὁ κύριος Pol 2:3. τῶν τοῦ κυρίου ἐνταλμάτων 2 Cl 17:3. τῶν ἐντολῶν αὐτοῦ Hs 1:7. τῆς τρυφῆς 6, 5, 4.—J 16:4, 21.—μ. μου τῶν δεσμῶν remember my bonds Col 4:18. Perh. mention or remembering in prayer is meant here, as in ὑμῶν τοῦ ἔργου τῆς πίστεως your work of faith 1 Th 1:3 (MDibelius, Hdb., exc. ad loc.). τῆς ἐν Συρίᾳ ἐκκλησίας ITr 13:1; IRo 9:1.—εἰ ἐκείνης (i.e. πατρίδος) ἐμνημόνευον if they were thinking of i.e. meant or had that (the earthly one) in mind Hb 11:15.ⓑ w. acc. (Hdt. 1, 36; X., An. 4, 3, 2, also Herodian 6, 1, 7; BGU 1024 V, 20; Jdth 13:19; 2 Macc 9:21) of pers.: Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν ἐγηγερμένον 2 Ti 2:8. Pass. of Polycarp he is especially remembered by everyone MPol 19:1. W. acc. of thing (Philo, Leg. All. 1, 55; Tat. 33, 4) τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους Mt 16:9. τὸν κόπον ἡμῶν 1 Th 2:9. τὰ προγεγραμμένα Hv 4, 3, 6. Of God: ἐμνημόνευσεν τὰ ἀδικήματα αὐτῆς God has remembered her wicked deeds to punish them Rv 18:5.ⓒ foll. by περί τινος Hb 11:22.—W. ὅτι foll. (Pla., Rep. 480a) Ac 20:31; Eph 2:11; 2 Th 2:5. Foll. by indirect quest. (PStras 41, 40 οὐ μνημονεύω δέ, τί ἐν τῇ μεσειτίᾳ ἐγένετο) Rv 2:5; 3:3. W. temporal clause foll.: Mk 8:18.② retain in one’s memory (PsSol 6:11 τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου; like Lat. memoria tenere aliquid) w. acc. of thing Hv 1, 3, 3a; 2, 1, 3. τὰ ἔσχατα ῥήματα 1, 3, 3b. ὅσα Papias (2:3, 15).—DELG s.v. μιμνήσκω 4. M-M. TW. Spicq. -
76 μοιχεία
μοιχεία, ας, ἡ (μοιχεύω; Andocides et al.; Heraclit. Sto. 69 p. 89, 15; PMich 148 I, 8; LXX; TestSol 1:2 D; GrBar; Philo; Jos., Ant. 16, 340 al.; apolog.; τὴν μ. τῆς παρθένου καὶ τοῦ Πανθήρα Orig., C. Cels. I, 32, 6) adultery lit. Hm 4, 1, 5 and 9; ApcPt 9:24. W. other sins (Hos 4:2; Theoph. Ant. 2, 34 [p. 186, 9]) Gal 5:19 v.l.; 1 Cl 30:1; 2 Cl 6:4; 20:1; D 5:1; Hm 8:3. Pl. (as in D 5:1 above) denoting separate acts (Pla., Rep. 4, 443a, Leg. 8, 839a; PTebt 276, 16 πορνεῖαι καὶ μοιχεῖαι; GrBar; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 13; Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Just., D. 93, 1; Mel., P. 50, 362.—B-D-F §142; W-S. §27, 4d; s. Rob. 408) adulterous acts Mt 15:19=Mk 7:22 (Did., Gen. 226, 21; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 6]; in a list of vices also Plut., Mor. 1050d); cp. D 3:3; AcPl Ha 1, 12. Cp. καταλαμβάνειν ἐπὶ μοιχείᾳ catch in the act of adultery J 8:3 (Plut., Mor. 291f; on the ‘adulterous woman’ s. REisler, ZNW 22, 1923, 305–7; KBornhäuser, NKZ 37, 1926, 353–63; EBishop, JTS 35, ’34, 40–45; JJeremias, ZNW 43, ’51, 148f: a temptation story, cp. Mk 12:13–17; TManson, ZNW 44, ’52/53, 255f; FSchilling, ATR 37, ’55, 91–106; UBecker, Jesus u. die Ehebrecherin ’63; JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70, 156–87; JMcDonald, NTS 41, ’95, 415–27). Also εὑρίσκειν ἐν μ. Hm 4, 1, 4.—B. 1456; RAC IV 666–77. DELG s.v. μοιχός. M-M. TW. Sv. -
77 μοιχεύω
μοιχεύω fut. μοιχεύσω; 1 aor. ἐμοίχευσα. Pass.: 1 aor. pass. 3 sg. ἐμοιχεύθη Sir 23:23; inf. μοιχευθῆναι (Xenophanes, Hecataeus Mil., Aristoph., X. et al.; pap [s. bβ], LXX; TestSol 1:1f D; TestAbr B; Test12Patr; Philo; Jos., Ant. 16, 296 al.; Ar.; Just.; Tat., Orig.—HBogner, Was heisst μ.?: Her 76, ’41, 318–20) commit adultery.ⓐ of both sexes, w. ref. to the Ten Commandments (Ex 20:13; Dt 5:17): Mt 5:27; 19:18; Mk 10:19; Lk 18:20; Ro 13:9; Js 2:11ab. One or more of these pass. may refer to the man alone, as below.ⓑ of the man onlyα. abs.: Lk 16:18ab; Ro 2:22 (μὴ μοιχεύειν as Jos., Ant. 3, 92); 19:4; D 2:2.β. w. obj. τινά (γυναῖκα) commit adultery w. someone (Aristoph., Av. 558; Pla., Rep. 2, 360b; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 6, 3; Aristaenet., Ep. 1, 20; PSI 158, 45; TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 14 [Stone p. 80]; Ar. 9, 6; Just., A I, 5, 2; Tat. 34, 2; Hippol., Ref. 5, 23, 13. Cp. Lev 20:10) Mt 5:28 (cp. Epict. 2, 18, 15; Sextus 233). This explains the use of the passive in the case of a woman (Chariton 1, 4, 6 μοιχευομένην τὴν γυναῖκα; Achilles Tat. 6, 9, 7; Sir 23:23; Philo, Decal. 124; Jos., Ant. 7, 131) ποιεῖ αὐτὴν μοιχευθῆναι he causes her to commit adultery (if she contracts a subsequent marriage) Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. ἡ γυνὴ κατείληπται μοιχευομένη J 8:4 (JMcDonald, NTS 41, ’95, 415–27).γ. οἱ μοιχεύοντες μετʼ αὐτῆς Rv 2:22 is at least on the way to a fig. mng. (cp. Jer 3:9).—RCharles, The Teaching of the NT on Divorce 1921, 91ff; FDölger, Christl. u. hdn, Ächtung des Ehebr. in d. Kultsatzung: Ac III 132–48; GDelling, RAC IV, ’59, 666–80; JFitzmyer, Theological Studies 37, ’76, 197–226 (Mt).—DELG s.v. μοιχός. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv. -
78 μορφή
μορφή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+) form, outward appearance, shape gener. of bodily form 1 Cl 39:3; ApcPt 4:13 (Job 4:16; ApcEsdr 4:14 p. 28, 16 Tdf.; SJCh 78, 13). Of the shape or form of statues (Jos., Vi. 65; Iren. 1, 8, 1 [Harv. I 67, 11]) Dg 2:3. Of appearances in visions, etc., similar to persons (Callisthenes [IV B.C.]: 124 Fgm. 13 p. 644, 32 Jac. [in Athen. 10, 75, 452b] Λιμὸς ἔχων γυναικὸς μορφήν; Diod S 3, 31, 4 ἐν μορφαῖς ἀνθρώπων; TestAbr A 16 p. 97, 11 [Stone p. 42] ἀρχαγγέλου μορφὴν περικείμενος; Jos., Ant. 5, 213 a messenger fr. heaven νεανίσκου μορφῇ): of God’s assembly, the church Hv 3, 10, 2; 9; 3, 11, 1; 3, 13, 1; Hs 9, 1, 1; of the angel of repentance ἡ μ. αὐτοῦ ἠλλοιώθη his appearance had changed m 12, 4, 1. Of Christ (ἐν μ. ἀνθρώπου TestBenj 10:7; Just., D. 61, 1; Tat. 2, 1; Hippol., Ref. 5, 16, 10. Cp. Did., Gen. 56, 18; of deities ἐν ἀνθρωπίνῃ μορφῇ: Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 6, 30; cp. Philo, Abr. 118) μορφὴν δούλου λαβών he took on the form of a slave=expression of servility Phil 2:7 (w. σχῆμα as Aristot., Cat. 10a, 11f, PA 640b, 30–36). This is in contrast to expression of divinity in the preëxistent Christ: ἐν μ. θεοῦ ὑπάρχων although he was in the form of God (cp. OGI 383, 40f: Antiochus’ body is the framework for his μ. or essential identity as a descendant of divinities; sim. human fragility [Phil 2:7] becomes the supporting framework for Christ’s servility and therefore of his κένωσις [on the appearance one projects cp. the epitaph EpigrAnat 17, ’91, 156, no. 3, 5–8]; on μορφὴ θεοῦ cp. Orig., C. Cels. 7, 66, 21; Pla., Rep. 2, 380d; 381bc; X., Mem. 4, 3, 13; Diog. L. 1, 10 the Egyptians say μὴ εἰδέναι τοῦ θεοῦ μορφήν; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 80; 110; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190; Just., A I, 9, 1; PGM 7, 563; 13, 272; 584.—Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 357f) Phil 2:6. The risen Christ ἐφανερώθη ἐν ἑτέρᾳ μορφῇ appeared in a different form Mk 16:12 (of the transfiguration of Jesus: ἔδειξεν ἡμῖν τὴν ἔνδοξον μορφὴν ἑαυτοῦ Orig., C. Cels. 6, 68, 23). For lit. s. on ἁρπαγμός and κενόω 1b; RMartin, ET 70, ’59, 183f.—DSteenberg, The Case against the Synonymity of μορφή and εἰκών: JSNT 34, ’88, 77–86; GStroumsa, HTR 76, ’83, 269–88 (Semitic background).—DELG. Schmidt, Syn. IV 345–60. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
79 μῆνις
μῆνις, ιος (Ionic form of the gen., cp. the Homeric echo Pla., Rep. 390e and δήριος Aeschyl, Ag. 942: EFraenkel, Aeschylus Agamemnon II, ’62 [’50], 427) and later ιδος, ἡ (Hom. et al.; PRyl 67, 3 [II B.C.]; BGU 1026, 22, 14; LXX; Jos., Ant. 9, 104; TestDan 5:2; SibOr 4, 135) implacable anger, vengefulness w. ὀργή described as the source of μ. Hm 5, 2, 4 (on the relationship betw. ὀργή and μῆνις in the Stoa s. Diog. L. 7, 113. Andronicus, περὶ παθῶν 4 [Stoic. III no. 397]; Ps.-Phoc. 64; Sir 27:30). Described as an incurable sin, ibid.—DELG. TW. Sv. -
80 νέκρωσις
νέκρωσις, εως, ἡ (νεκρόω; Aretaeus p. 32, 16; Soranus p. 140, 3; Galen: CMG V/9, 2 p. 87, 10; 313, 16 ν. τοῦ σώματος; Porphyr., Abst. 4, 20 p. 262, 20 Nauck; Proclus on Pla., Rep. 2, 117, 16 Kr. of the trees in spring: ἐκτινάσσειν τὴν ν.; Photius, Bibl. 513, 36 οἱ γὰρ κόκκοι μετὰ τ. νέκρωσιν ἀναζῶσι).① death as process, death, putting to death, (Iren. 3, 18, 3 [Harv. II 97, 4]) lit. πάντοτε τ. νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι περιφέροντες we always carry about in our body the putting to death of Jesus (of the constant danger of death in which the apostle lives because of his commitment to Jesus) 2 Cor 4:10.② cessation of a state or activity, deadness, mortification fig. ext. of 1 (cp. the definition of νεκρόω):ⓐ of the state of being unable to bear children because of passage through menopause ἡ ν. τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας the deadness of Sarah’s womb Ro 4:19.ⓑ of a state of ineffectual or useless living ἀποτίθεσθαι τὴν ν. τῆς ζωῆς τῆς προτέρας lay aside the deadness of their former life i.e. the dead life they formerly led (before baptism) Hs 9, 16, 2f. νέκρωσις τῆς καρδίας deadening Mk 3:5 D (cp. Epict. 1, 5, 4 ἀπονέκρωσις τῆς ψυχῆς).—DELG s.v. νεκρός. M-M. TW.
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