pure-flowing

ἁγνόρυτος

pure-flowing: masc /fem /neut gen pl

ἁγνόρυτος

pure-flowing: masc /fem /neut gen pl

ἁγνό-ρῠτος, ον,

A pure-flowing,

ποταμός A.Pr. 434

(lyr.).

* * *

mf (ā)n. fresh, recent, new, young MBh. R. Kāv. etc.;

candĭdus, a, um, adj. [candeo], of a shining, dazzling white, white, clear, bright (opp. niger, a glistening black; while albus is a lustreless white, opp. ater, a lustreless black; cf. Serv. ad Verg. G. 3, 82; lsid. Orig. 12, 1, 51; Doed. Syn. III. p. 193 sq.) (class., and in the poets very freq.; in Cic. rare).

Lit.

In gen.

Of shining objects, bright:

stella splendens candida,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 3:

sidera,

Lucr. 5, 1209:

luna,

Verg. A. 7, 8:

lux clara et candida,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 49; so,

clarā loco luce,

Lucr. 5, 777:

stellae,

Hor. C. 3, 15, 6:

color candidus Saturni,

Plin. 2, 18, 16, § 79:

flamma,

Val. Fl. 8, 247:

Taurus (the constellation),

Verg. G. 1, 217:

dies,

Ov. Tr. 2, 142: aqua, Mart, 6, 42, 19: lacte, Varr. ap. Non. p. 483, 6; cf. id. ib. p. 169, 14.—

Hence, an epithet of the gods or persons transformed to gods:

Cupido,

radiant, Cat. 68, 134:

Liber,

Tib. 3, 6, 1:

Bassareus,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 11 (cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 31):

Daphnis,

Verg. E. 5, 56 Wagn.—

Of birds, animals, etc., white:

anser,

Lucr. 4, 685:

avis,

i. e. the stork, Verg. G. 2, 320; cf. Ov. M. 6, 96:

ales, i. e. cygnus,

Auct. Aetn. 88:

candidior cygnis,

Verg. E. 7, 38:

aries,

id. G. 3, 387:

agnus,

Tib. 2, 5, 38:

equi,

Tac. G. 10.—

Of the dazzling whiteness of snow:

altā nive candidum Soracte,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 1; 3, 25, 10; Ov. H. 16, 250; id. M. 8, 373.—

Of resplendent beauty of person, splendid, fair, beautiful:

Dido,

Verg. A. 5, 571:

Maia,

id. ib. 8, 138 Serv.; cf. Serv. ad Verg. E. 5, 56:

candidus et pulcher puer,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 4:

puella,

Cat. 35, 8; Hor. Epod. 11, 27:

dux,

id. ib. 3, 9:

Lampetie,

Ov. M. 2, 349:

membra,

id. ib. 2, 607:

cutis,

Plin. 2, 78, 80, § 189:

pes,

Hor. C. 4, 1, 27:

umeri,

id. ib. 1, 13, 9:

bracchia,

Prop. 2 (3), 16, 24:

colla,

id. 3 (4), 17, 29:

cervix,

Hor. C. 3, 9, 2:

ora,

Ov. M. 2, 861:

sinus,

Tib. 1, 10, 68:

dentes,

Cat. 39, 1 (cf. candidulus) al.—

Of the hair, hoary, white (more poet. than canus), Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 27:

candidior barba,

Verg. E. 1, 29:

crinis,

Val. Fl. 6, 60; cf.:

inducto candida barba gelu,

Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 22.—

Of trees or plants: pōpulus, the white or silver poplar, Verg. E. 9, 41:

lilia,

id. ib. 6, 708; Prop. 1, 20, 38; Ov. M. 4, 355:

folium nivei ligustri,

id. ib. 13, 789:

piper,

Plin. 12, 7, 14, § 26. —

Of textile fabrics, sails, dress, etc.:

vela,

Cat. 64, 235:

tentoria,

Ov. M. 8, 43:

vestis,

Liv. 9, 40, 9: toga, made brilliant by fulling (cf. Liv. 4, 25, 13;

v. candidatus),

Plin. 7, 34, 34, § 120; cf. Titinn. ap. Non. p. 536, 23.—So Cicero's oration: In Toga Candida, v. the fragments B. and K. vol. xi. p. 20-25; and the commentary of Asconius, Orell. vol. v. 2, p. 82 sq.— Sup.:

candidissimus color,

Vitr. 10, 7; cf. Varr. L. L. 8, § 17 Müll.—

Opp. niger, Lucr. 2, 733; Verg. E. 2, 16; id. G. 3, 387; Plin. 12, 10, 42, § 92.—Prov.:

candida de nigris et de candentibus atra facere,

to make black white, Ov. M. 11, 315; so,

acc. to some: nigrum in candida vertere,

Juv. 3, 30.—

In the neutr. absol.:

ut candido candidius non est adversum,

Quint. 2, 17, 35; and with a gen.:

candidum ovi,

the white of an egg, Plin. 29, 3, 11, § 40 (twice); cf.: album ovi, under album.—

Poet. and causative, of the winds, making clear, cloud-dis-pelling, purifying:

Favonii,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 1. —

Also poet. for candidatus (= albatus), clothed in white:

turba,

Tib. 2, 1, 16:

pompa,

Ov. F. 2, 654; 4, 906:

Roma, i. e. Romani,

Mart. 8, 65, 6.—

Candida sententia = candidi lapilli, Ov. M. 15, 47; v. the pass. in connection, and cf. albus, and calculus, II. D.—

Candidus calculus, v. calculus, II. E.— Subst.: candĭda, ae, f., a game or play exhibited by a candidate for office (late Lat.):

edere candidam,

Ambros. Serm. 81.—

Trop., pure, clear, serene, clean, spotless, etc.

Of the voice, distinct, clear, pure, silver-toned (opp. fuscus), Quint. 11, 3, 15; Plin. 28, 6, 16, § 58; perh. also Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146 (B. and K. with MSS. canorum; cf. Orell. N cr.).—

Of discourse, clear, perspicuous, flowing, artless, unaffected:

elaborant alii in puro et quasi quodam candido genere dicendi,

Cic. Or. 16, 53. candidum et lene et speciosum dicendi genus, Quint. 10, 1, 121; Gell. 16, 19, 1.—And meton. of the orator himself:

Messala nitidus et candidus,

Quint. 10, 1, 113:

dulcis et candidus et fusus Herodotus,

id. 10, 1, 73:

candidissimum quemque et maxime expositum,

id. 2, 5, 19.—

Of purity of mind, character ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose), unblemished, pure, guileless, honest, upright, sincere, fair, candid, frank, open:

judex,

Hor. Ep. 1, 4, 1 (integer, verax, purus, sine fuco, sine fallaciā, Schol. Crucq.):

Maecenas,

id. Epod. 14, 5:

Furnius,

id. S. 1, 10, 86:

animae,

id. ib. 1, 5, 41:

pectore candidus,

Ov. P. 4, 14, 43:

ingenium,

Hor. Epod. 11, 11:

habet avunculum quo nihil verius, nihil simplicius, nihil candidius novi,

Plin. Ep. 2, 9, 4; Vell. 2, 116, 5:

candidissimus omnium magnorum ingeniorum aestimator,

Sen. Suas. 6, 22:

humanitas,

Petr. 129, 11.—

Of conditions of life, cheerful, joyous, happy, fortunate, prosperous, lucky:

convivia,

joyful, Prop. 4 (5), 6, 71:

nox,

id. 2 (3), 15, 1:

omina,

id. 4 (5), 1, 67:

fata,

Tib. 3, 6, 30, Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 34: dies. id. ib. 2, 142:

pax,

Tib. 1, 10, 45:

natalis,

id. 1, 7, 64; Ov. Tr. 5, 5, 14.—Hence, adv.: candĭdē.

Acc. to I., in dazzling white' vestitus, Plaut. Cas. 4, 1, 10.—

Acc. to II., clearly, candidly, sincerely: candide et simpliciter, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 1; Quint. 12, 11, 8; Petr. 107, 13.—

As adj. propr: Candidum Promontorium, in Zeugitana, now C. Bianco, Mel. 1, 7, 2; Plin. 5, 4, 3, § 23.

candĭdus, a, um, adj. [candeo], of a shining, dazzling white, white, clear, bright (opp. niger, a glistening black; while albus is a lustreless white, opp. ater, a lustreless black; cf. Serv. ad Verg. G. 3, 82; lsid. Orig. 12, 1, 51; Doed. Syn. III. p. 193 sq.) (class., and in the poets very freq.; in Cic. rare).

Lit.

In gen.

Of shining objects, bright:

stella splendens candida,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 3:

sidera,

Lucr. 5, 1209:

luna,

Verg. A. 7, 8:

lux clara et candida,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 49; so,

clarā loco luce,

Lucr. 5, 777:

stellae,

Hor. C. 3, 15, 6:

color candidus Saturni,

Plin. 2, 18, 16, § 79:

flamma,

Val. Fl. 8, 247:

Taurus (the constellation),

Verg. G. 1, 217:

dies,

Ov. Tr. 2, 142: aqua, Mart, 6, 42, 19: lacte, Varr. ap. Non. p. 483, 6; cf. id. ib. p. 169, 14.—

Hence, an epithet of the gods or persons transformed to gods:

Cupido,

radiant, Cat. 68, 134:

Liber,

Tib. 3, 6, 1:

Bassareus,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 11 (cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 31):

Daphnis,

Verg. E. 5, 56 Wagn.—

Of birds, animals, etc., white:

anser,

Lucr. 4, 685:

avis,

i. e. the stork, Verg. G. 2, 320; cf. Ov. M. 6, 96:

ales, i. e. cygnus,

Auct. Aetn. 88:

candidior cygnis,

Verg. E. 7, 38:

aries,

id. G. 3, 387:

agnus,

Tib. 2, 5, 38:

equi,

Tac. G. 10.—

Of the dazzling whiteness of snow:

altā nive candidum Soracte,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 1; 3, 25, 10; Ov. H. 16, 250; id. M. 8, 373.—

Of resplendent beauty of person, splendid, fair, beautiful:

Dido,

Verg. A. 5, 571:

Maia,

id. ib. 8, 138 Serv.; cf. Serv. ad Verg. E. 5, 56:

candidus et pulcher puer,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 4:

puella,

Cat. 35, 8; Hor. Epod. 11, 27:

dux,

id. ib. 3, 9:

Lampetie,

Ov. M. 2, 349:

membra,

id. ib. 2, 607:

cutis,

Plin. 2, 78, 80, § 189:

pes,

Hor. C. 4, 1, 27:

umeri,

id. ib. 1, 13, 9:

bracchia,

Prop. 2 (3), 16, 24:

colla,

id. 3 (4), 17, 29:

cervix,

Hor. C. 3, 9, 2:

ora,

Ov. M. 2, 861:

sinus,

Tib. 1, 10, 68:

dentes,

Cat. 39, 1 (cf. candidulus) al.—

Of the hair, hoary, white (more poet. than canus), Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 27:

candidior barba,

Verg. E. 1, 29:

crinis,

Val. Fl. 6, 60; cf.:

inducto candida barba gelu,

Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 22.—

Of trees or plants: pōpulus, the white or silver poplar, Verg. E. 9, 41:

lilia,

id. ib. 6, 708; Prop. 1, 20, 38; Ov. M. 4, 355:

folium nivei ligustri,

id. ib. 13, 789:

piper,

Plin. 12, 7, 14, § 26. —

Of textile fabrics, sails, dress, etc.:

vela,

Cat. 64, 235:

tentoria,

Ov. M. 8, 43:

vestis,

Liv. 9, 40, 9: toga, made brilliant by fulling (cf. Liv. 4, 25, 13;

v. candidatus),

Plin. 7, 34, 34, § 120; cf. Titinn. ap. Non. p. 536, 23.—So Cicero's oration: In Toga Candida, v. the fragments B. and K. vol. xi. p. 20-25; and the commentary of Asconius, Orell. vol. v. 2, p. 82 sq.— Sup.:

candidissimus color,

Vitr. 10, 7; cf. Varr. L. L. 8, § 17 Müll.—

Opp. niger, Lucr. 2, 733; Verg. E. 2, 16; id. G. 3, 387; Plin. 12, 10, 42, § 92.—Prov.:

candida de nigris et de candentibus atra facere,

to make black white, Ov. M. 11, 315; so,

acc. to some: nigrum in candida vertere,

Juv. 3, 30.—

In the neutr. absol.:

ut candido candidius non est adversum,

Quint. 2, 17, 35; and with a gen.:

candidum ovi,

the white of an egg, Plin. 29, 3, 11, § 40 (twice); cf.: album ovi, under album.—

Poet. and causative, of the winds, making clear, cloud-dis-pelling, purifying:

Favonii,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 1. —

Also poet. for candidatus (= albatus), clothed in white:

turba,

Tib. 2, 1, 16:

pompa,

Ov. F. 2, 654; 4, 906:

Roma, i. e. Romani,

Mart. 8, 65, 6.—

Candida sententia = candidi lapilli, Ov. M. 15, 47; v. the pass. in connection, and cf. albus, and calculus, II. D.—

Candidus calculus, v. calculus, II. E.— Subst.: candĭda, ae, f., a game or play exhibited by a candidate for office (late Lat.):

edere candidam,

Ambros. Serm. 81.—

Trop., pure, clear, serene, clean, spotless, etc.

Of the voice, distinct, clear, pure, silver-toned (opp. fuscus), Quint. 11, 3, 15; Plin. 28, 6, 16, § 58; perh. also Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146 (B. and K. with MSS. canorum; cf. Orell. N cr.).—

Of discourse, clear, perspicuous, flowing, artless, unaffected:

elaborant alii in puro et quasi quodam candido genere dicendi,

Cic. Or. 16, 53. candidum et lene et speciosum dicendi genus, Quint. 10, 1, 121; Gell. 16, 19, 1.—And meton. of the orator himself:

Messala nitidus et candidus,

Quint. 10, 1, 113:

dulcis et candidus et fusus Herodotus,

id. 10, 1, 73:

candidissimum quemque et maxime expositum,

id. 2, 5, 19.—

Of purity of mind, character ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose), unblemished, pure, guileless, honest, upright, sincere, fair, candid, frank, open:

judex,

Hor. Ep. 1, 4, 1 (integer, verax, purus, sine fuco, sine fallaciā, Schol. Crucq.):

Maecenas,

id. Epod. 14, 5:

Furnius,

id. S. 1, 10, 86:

animae,

id. ib. 1, 5, 41:

pectore candidus,

Ov. P. 4, 14, 43:

ingenium,

Hor. Epod. 11, 11:

habet avunculum quo nihil verius, nihil simplicius, nihil candidius novi,

Plin. Ep. 2, 9, 4; Vell. 2, 116, 5:

candidissimus omnium magnorum ingeniorum aestimator,

Sen. Suas. 6, 22:

humanitas,

Petr. 129, 11.—

Of conditions of life, cheerful, joyous, happy, fortunate, prosperous, lucky:

convivia,

joyful, Prop. 4 (5), 6, 71:

nox,

id. 2 (3), 15, 1:

omina,

id. 4 (5), 1, 67:

fata,

Tib. 3, 6, 30, Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 34: dies. id. ib. 2, 142:

pax,

Tib. 1, 10, 45:

natalis,

id. 1, 7, 64; Ov. Tr. 5, 5, 14.—Hence, adv.: candĭdē.

Acc. to I., in dazzling white' vestitus, Plaut. Cas. 4, 1, 10.—

Acc. to II., clearly, candidly, sincerely: candide et simpliciter, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 1; Quint. 12, 11, 8; Petr. 107, 13.—

As adj. propr: Candidum Promontorium, in Zeugitana, now C. Bianco, Mel. 1, 7, 2; Plin. 5, 4, 3, § 23.

lī̆quĭdus, a, um (the first syll. usually short; long in Lucr. 1, 349; 3, 427; while in the line id. 4, 1259 it is used both as long and short; v. infra), adj. [liqueo], flowing, fluid, liquid.

Lit.:

aqua bona et liquida,

Cato, R. R. 73:

crassaque conveniant liquidis et liquida crassis,

Lucr. 4, 1259:

liquida moles,

the sea, id. 6, 405:

iter,

a voyage, Prop. 3, 20 (4, 21), 14:

palaestra (because there liquid unguents were used),

Luc. 9, 661:

odores,

liquid unguents, Hor. C. 1, 5, 2: sorores, fountain-nymphs, Ov. M. 1, 704:

venter,

loose, Cels. 2, 8:

alvus,

watery, loose, id. 2, 6.— Subst.: lī̆quĭdum, i, n., a liquid, water:

tibi si sit opus liquidi non amplius urna,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 54:

cum liquido mixtā polentā,

Ov. M. 5, 454.—

Transf., clear, bright, transparent, limpid, pure:

lumen,

Lucr. 5, 281:

fontes,

Verg. E. 2, 59:

ignis,

id. ib. 6, 33:

aër,

id. G. 1, 404:

aether,

id. A. 7, 65; Hor. C. 2, 20, 2:

Baiae,

id. ib. 3, 4, 24:

color,

id. ib. 4, 8, 7:

liquidior lux,

Curt. 7, 11, 22:

liquidissima caeli tempestas,

Lucr. 4, 168:

nox,

Verg. A. 10, 272:

aestas,

id. G. 4, 59: iter, serene way (through the air), id. A. 5, 217.—

Esp. of sounds.

Of the voice: vox, a clear voice or song:

variae volucres liquidis loca vocibus opplent,

Lucr. 2, 146; Verg. G. 1, 410:

cui liquidam pater Vocem cum cithara dedit,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 3:

carmen citharae,

Lucr. 4, 981.—

Liquidae consonantes, the liquids, i. e. the letters l, m, n, r, Prisc. 1, 2, 11; 2, 2, 13: liquidae dictae sunt (litterae) quia liquescunt in metro aliquoties et pereunt, Cledon. p. 1882 P. al.; cf. liquesco, I. B. 2.—

Trop.

Flowing, continuing without interruption:

genus sermonis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 159.—

Clear, calm, serene, peaceful:

tam liquidus est, quam liquida esse tempestas solet,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 64:

animo liquido et tranquillo es,

id. Ep. 5, 1, 36:

liquido's animo,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 3:

mens,

Cat. 63, 46:

somnus,

Val. Fl. 4, 16.—

Unmixed, unadulterated:

ut quicquid inde haurias, purum liquidumque te haurire sentias,

Cic. Caecin. 27, 78:

voluptas liquida puraque,

Lucr. 3, 40; cf.:

voluptas et libera,

Cic. Fin. 1, 18, 58.—

Clear, evident, certain:

auspicium,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 4, 72.—Hence, lī̆quĭdum, i, n., clearness, certainty:

redigere aliquid ad liquidum,

Sen. Ep. 71, 32:

ad liquidum confessumque perducere aliquid,

Quint. 5, 14, 28:

res ad liquidum ratione perducta,

Vell. 1, 16, 1.—Hence, adv., in two forms: lĭquĭdō and lĭquĭdē, clearly.

Lit.:

caelum liquide serenum,

Gell. 2, 21, 2.— Comp.:

liquidius audiunt talpae,

Plin. 10, 69, 88, § 191.—

Clearly, plainly, evidently, certainly:

aliquid liquido audire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 59, § 136; so,

confirmare,

id. ib. 2, 4, 56, §

124: negare,

id. Fam. 11, 27, 7:

si liquido appareat,

Dig. 44, 5, 1:

si liquido constiterit,

ib. 29, 4, 4.—In the form liquide:

consistere,

Gell. 14, 1, 7.— Comp.:

liquidius judicare,

Cic. Fam. 10, 10, 1:

liquidius facere,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 38:

aliquid liquidius absolvere,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 20.— Sup.:

liquidissime atque invictissime defendere,

Aug. Ep. 28 fin.

lī̆quĭdus, a, um (the first syll. usually short; long in Lucr. 1, 349; 3, 427; while in the line id. 4, 1259 it is used both as long and short; v. infra), adj. [liqueo], flowing, fluid, liquid.

Lit.:

aqua bona et liquida,

Cato, R. R. 73:

crassaque conveniant liquidis et liquida crassis,

Lucr. 4, 1259:

liquida moles,

the sea, id. 6, 405:

iter,

a voyage, Prop. 3, 20 (4, 21), 14:

palaestra (because there liquid unguents were used),

Luc. 9, 661:

odores,

liquid unguents, Hor. C. 1, 5, 2: sorores, fountain-nymphs, Ov. M. 1, 704:

venter,

loose, Cels. 2, 8:

alvus,

watery, loose, id. 2, 6.— Subst.: lī̆quĭdum, i, n., a liquid, water:

tibi si sit opus liquidi non amplius urna,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 54:

cum liquido mixtā polentā,

Ov. M. 5, 454.—

Transf., clear, bright, transparent, limpid, pure:

lumen,

Lucr. 5, 281:

fontes,

Verg. E. 2, 59:

ignis,

id. ib. 6, 33:

aër,

id. G. 1, 404:

aether,

id. A. 7, 65; Hor. C. 2, 20, 2:

Baiae,

id. ib. 3, 4, 24:

color,

id. ib. 4, 8, 7:

liquidior lux,

Curt. 7, 11, 22:

liquidissima caeli tempestas,

Lucr. 4, 168:

nox,

Verg. A. 10, 272:

aestas,

id. G. 4, 59: iter, serene way (through the air), id. A. 5, 217.—

Esp. of sounds.

Of the voice: vox, a clear voice or song:

variae volucres liquidis loca vocibus opplent,

Lucr. 2, 146; Verg. G. 1, 410:

cui liquidam pater Vocem cum cithara dedit,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 3:

carmen citharae,

Lucr. 4, 981.—

Liquidae consonantes, the liquids, i. e. the letters l, m, n, r, Prisc. 1, 2, 11; 2, 2, 13: liquidae dictae sunt (litterae) quia liquescunt in metro aliquoties et pereunt, Cledon. p. 1882 P. al.; cf. liquesco, I. B. 2.—

Trop.

Flowing, continuing without interruption:

genus sermonis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 159.—

Clear, calm, serene, peaceful:

tam liquidus est, quam liquida esse tempestas solet,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 64:

animo liquido et tranquillo es,

id. Ep. 5, 1, 36:

liquido's animo,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 3:

mens,

Cat. 63, 46:

somnus,

Val. Fl. 4, 16.—

Unmixed, unadulterated:

ut quicquid inde haurias, purum liquidumque te haurire sentias,

Cic. Caecin. 27, 78:

voluptas liquida puraque,

Lucr. 3, 40; cf.:

voluptas et libera,

Cic. Fin. 1, 18, 58.—

Clear, evident, certain:

auspicium,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 4, 72.—Hence, lī̆quĭdum, i, n., clearness, certainty:

redigere aliquid ad liquidum,

Sen. Ep. 71, 32:

ad liquidum confessumque perducere aliquid,

Quint. 5, 14, 28:

res ad liquidum ratione perducta,

Vell. 1, 16, 1.—Hence, adv., in two forms: lĭquĭdō and lĭquĭdē, clearly.

Lit.:

caelum liquide serenum,

Gell. 2, 21, 2.— Comp.:

liquidius audiunt talpae,

Plin. 10, 69, 88, § 191.—

Clearly, plainly, evidently, certainly:

aliquid liquido audire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 59, § 136; so,

confirmare,

id. ib. 2, 4, 56, §

124: negare,

id. Fam. 11, 27, 7:

si liquido appareat,

Dig. 44, 5, 1:

si liquido constiterit,

ib. 29, 4, 4.—In the form liquide:

consistere,

Gell. 14, 1, 7.— Comp.:

liquidius judicare,

Cic. Fam. 10, 10, 1:

liquidius facere,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 38:

aliquid liquidius absolvere,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 20.— Sup.:

liquidissime atque invictissime defendere,

Aug. Ep. 28 fin.

a. white (hvítt silfr); h. á hár, white-haired.

* * *

adj. [Ulf. hweits = λευκός; A. S. hwít; Engl. white; Hel. huît; O. H. G. hwîz; Germ. weiss; Swed. hvit; Dan. hvid]:—white; hvít skinn, white fur, 4. 24; h. motr, a white cap, Ld. 188; h. skjöldr, a white shield, Fms. x. 347; hit hvíta feldarins, Fbr. 148; hvítt blóm, white blossom, 4. 24; hvítt hold, white flesh (skin), id.; hvít hönd, a white band, Hallfred; h. háls, a white neck, of a lady, Rm.; h. hestr, a white horse, Fms. ix. 527; hvítr á har, white-haired, vi. 130; h. maðr ( fair of hue) ok vænn í andliti, x. 420; hvítan mann ok huglausan, Ld. 232; hvít mörk, white money, of pure silver, opp. to grátt ( grey) silver, B. K. 95; hvítr matr, white meat, i. e. milk, curds, and the like, opp. to flesh, in the eccl. law, K. Þ. K. 126; hvítr dögurðr, a white day meal, Sighvat; hvíta-matr, id, K. Þ. K. 102; mjall-hvítr, fann-h., snjó-h., drift-h., white as driven snow; al-h., white allover.

B. Eccl. use of the word white:

I. at the introduction of Christianity, neophytes in the week after their baptism used to wear white garments, called hvíta-váðir, f. pl. white weeds, as a symbol of baptism cleansing from sin and being a new birth; a neophyte was called hvít-váðungr, m. a ‘ white-weedling,’ one dressed in white weeds, Niðrst. 111: the Sagas contain many touching episodes of neophytes, esp. such as were baptized in old age, and died whilst in the white weeds; þat er sögn flestra manna at Kjartan hafi þann dag görzt handgenginn Ólafi konungi er hann var færðr ór hvíta-váðum ok þeir Bolli báðir, Ld. ch. 40; síðan hafði konungr þá í boði sínu ok veitti þeim ena virðuligustu veizlu meðan þeir vóru í hvítaváðum, ok lét kenna þeim heilög fræði, Fms. i. 230; Glúmr (Víga-Glúm) var biskupaðr í banasótt af Kol biskupi ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Glúm. 397; Bárðr tók sótt litlu síðar enn hann var skírðr ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fms. ii. 153; Ólafr á Haukagili var skírðr ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fs. (Vd.) 77; var Tóki síðan skírðr af hirðbiskupi Ólafs konungs, ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fb. ii. 138; síðan andaðisk Gestr í hvítaváðum, Bárð. (sub fin.) Sweden, but above all Gothland, remained in great part heathen throughout the whole of the 11th century, after the neighbouring countries Denmark and Norway had become Christian, and so we find in Sweden Runic stones referring to Swedes who had died in the white weeds, some abroad and some at home; sem varð dauðr íhvítaváðum í Danmörku, Baut. 435; hann varð dauðr í Danmörku í hvítaváðum, 610; þeir dó í hvítaváðum, 68; sem dó í hvítaváðum, 271; hann varð dauðr í hvítaváðum, 223, 497. Churches when consecrated used to be dressed out with white; var Kjartan at Borg grafinn, þá var kirkja nyvígð ok í hvítaváðum, Ld. 230.

II. the white garments gave rise to new words and phrases amongst the first generation of northern Christians:

1. Hvíta-Kristr, m. ‘ White-Christ,’ was the favourite name of Christ; hafa láti mik heitan Hvíta-Kristr at viti eld, ef…, Sighvat; another poet (Edda 91) uses the word; and in prose, dugi þú mér, Hvíta-Kristr, help thou me, White-Christ! Fs. 101; ok þeir er þann sið hafa taka nafn af þeim Guði er þeir trúa á, ok kallaðr er Hvíta-Kristr ok því heita þeir Kristnir, mér er ok sagt at H. sé svá miskunsamr, at …, Fms. i. 295; en ef ek skal á guð nacquat trúa, hvat er mér þá verra at ek trúa á Hvíta-Krist en á annat guð? Ó. H. 204; Arnljótr svarar, heyrt hefi ek getið Hvíta-Krists, en ekki er mér kunnigt um athöfn hans eða hvar hann ræðr fyrir, 211; en þó trúi ek á Hvíta-Krist, Fb. ii. 137.

2. the great festivals, Yule (see Ld. ch. 40), Easter and Pentecost, but especially the two latter, were the great seasons for christening; in the Roman Catholic church especially Easter, whence in Roman usage the first Sunday after Easter was called Dominica in Albis; but in the northern churches, perhaps owing to the cold weather at Easter time, Pentecost, as the birthday of the church, seems to have been specially appointed for christening and for ordination, see Hungrv. ch. 2, Thom. 318; hence the following week was termed the Holy Week (Helga Vika). Hence; Pentecost derived its name from the white garments, and was called Hvíta-dagar, the White days, i. e. Whitsun-week; frá Páskadegi inum fýrsta skulu vera vikur sjau til Drottins-dags í Hvítadögum; Drottinsdag í Hvítadögum skulu vér halda sem hinn fyrsta Páskadag, K. Þ. K. 102; þváttdag fyrir Hvítadaga = Saturday next before Whitsunday, 126, 128; Páskadag inn fyrsta ok Uppstigningar-dag ok Drottinsdag í Hvítadögum, 112; þá Imbrudaga er um Hvítadaga verða, 120; vóru afteknir tveir dagar í Hvítadögum, Bs. i. 420; um várit á Hvítadögum, Orkn. 438: Hvítadaga-vika, u, f. White-day week = Whitsun-week, K. Þ. K. 126: in sing., þeir kómu at Hvítadegi (= Whitsunday) til Björgynjar, Fms. x. 63, v. 1.: Hvítadaga-helgi, f. the White-day feast, Whitsuntide, Fms. viii. 373, xi. 339, Sturl. iii. 206: Hvítadaga-hríð, a snow storm during the White days, Ann. 1330: Hvít-Drottins-dagr, m. the White Lord’s day, i. e. Whitsunday, the northern Dominica in Albis, Rb. 484, Fms. vii. 156, Bs. i. 62, where it refers to the 20th of May, 1056, on which day Isleif the first bishop of Iceland was consecrated. The name that at last prevailed was Hvíta-sunna, u, f. Whitsun, i. e. White-sun, D. N. ii. 263, 403: Hvítasunni-dagr, m. Whitsuday, Fb. ii. 546, Fms. viii. 63, v. l.: Hvítasunnudags-vika, u, f. Whitsun-week, Fb. ii. 546; Páskaviku, ok Hvítasunnudagsviku, ok þrjár vikur fyrir Jónsvöku, ok svá fyrir Michials-messu, N. G. L. i. 150; hvítasunnudagshátíð, Thom. 318. As the English was the mother-church of that of Norway and Iceland, the Icelandic eccl. phrases are derived from the English language. See Bingham’s Origg. s. vv. White Garments, and Dominica in Albis, where however no reference is given to Icel. writers. In modern Denmark and Norway the old name has been displaced by Pindse, i. e. Pfingsten, derived from the Greek word, whereas in Icel., as in Engl., only the name Hvítasunna is known, ☞ In Denmark the people make a practice of thronging to the woods on Whitsun morning to see the rising of the sun, and returning with green branches in their hands, the trees being just in bud at that season.

C. COMPDS: hvítabjörn, hvítadagar, hvítagnípa, hvítalogn, hvítamatr, Hvítasunna, hvítaváðir, hvítavalr, hvítarmr, hvítbránn, hvítbrúnn, hvítdreki, Hvítdrottinsdagr, hvítfaldaðr, hvítfjaðraðr, hvítflekkóttr, hvítfyrsa, hvítfyssi, hvíthaddaðr, hvíthárr, hvítjarpr, hvítklæddr, hvítmelingar, hvítröndóttr, hvítskeggjaðr, hvítskinn, hvítváðungr.

II. as pr. names, Hvítr, Engl. White, Dan. Hvid, Landn.; esp. as a surname, Hvíti, the White, Óláfr Hvíti, Þorsteinn Hvíti, Landn.: Hvít-beinn, m. White-hone, a nickname, Landn.; as also Hvíta-skáld, Hvíta-ský, Hvíta-leðr, Hvíta-kollr, Landn.: in local names, Hvíta-býr, Whitby; Hvíta-nes, Hvíta-dalr, Landn.; Hvít-á, the White-water, a name of several Icel. rivers flowing from glaciers, Hvítár-vellir, Hvítár-síða, Landn.; Hvítramanna-land, White-men’s-land, old name of the southern part of the present United States, Landn.

m. (fr. 1. ku + māra, mṚ ? « easily dying» ;

* * *

образу́ющееся в результа́те реа́кции вещество́ определя́ется … — the resultant substance is determined …

проходи́ть че́рез вещество́ — traverse the material

абсорби́руемое вещество́ — absorbate

абсорби́рующее вещество́ — absorbent

агглютини́рующее вещество́ — agglutinating matter

адсорби́руемое вещество́ — adsorbate

адсорби́рующее вещество́ — adsorbent

активи́рованное вещество́ — activated material

активи́рующее вещество́ — activating agent

акти́вное вещество́ — active substance, active matter

акти́вное, опти́чески вещество́ — optically active substance

акти́вное, эмити́рующее вещество́ — active emitting material

а́льфа-(радио)акти́вное вещество́ — alpha-(radio)active substance

амо́рфное вещество́ — amorphous substance

амфоте́рное вещество́ — amphoteric substance

анизотро́пное вещество́ — anisotropic substance

антипе́нное вещество́ — anti-foam (agent), anti-foam substance

бе́та-(радио)акти́вное вещество́ — beta-(radio)active substance

бу́ферное вещество́ — buffer

взве́шенное вещество́ — suspended matter

взрывоопа́сное вещество́ — explosive material

взрывча́тое вещество́ — explosive, blasting agent

закла́дывать взры́вчатое вещество́ в сква́жину — load a charge in a drill-hole

заряжа́ть взры́вчатое вещество́ в сква́жину — charge a drill-hole with an explosive

осуществля́ть забо́йку взры́вчатого вещества́ — stem [confine, tamp] an explosive

предохрани́тельность взры́вчатого вещества́ по пы́ли, га́зу и т. п. — safety of an explosive in dusty, gaseous mines, etc.

взры́вчатое, бриза́нтное вещество́ — high explosive

взры́вчатое, водонапо́лненное вещество́ — explosive slurry

взры́вчатое, детони́рующее вещество́ — detonating explosive

взры́вчатое вещество́ для го́рных рабо́т — mining explosive

взры́вчатое, иниции́рующее вещество́ — priming explosive

взры́вчатое, металлизи́рованное вещество́ — metallized blasting agent

взры́вчатое, пласти́чное вещество́ — gelatin explosive

взры́вчатое, порошкообра́зное вещество́ — blasting powder

взры́вчатое, предохрани́тельное вещество́ — permissible explosive

взры́вчатое, сыпу́чее вещество́ — free flowing explosive

взры́вчатое, эквивале́нтное вещество́ — equal-strength explosive

вкусово́е вещество́ — flavouring agent

водоумягча́ющее вещество́ — water softener

возбужда́ющее вещество́ — stimulant

вспе́нивающее вещество́ — ( пенообразователь) foaming agent; ( во флотации) frothing agent, frother

вспу́чивающее вещество́ — bloating agent

вулканизи́рующее вещество́ — vulcanizing agent

вы́рожденное вещество́ — degenerate matter

высокомолекуля́рное вещество́ — high-molecular [macromolecular] substance

высокорадиоакти́вное вещество́ — highly radioactive [“hot”] material

вя́жущее вещество́ — binder, binding material

вя́жущее, асфа́льтовое вещество́ — asphalt cement

вя́жущее, гли́нистое вещество́ — clay binder

газообра́зное вещество́ — gaseous substance

га́мма-(радио)акти́вное вещество́ — gamma-(radio)active substance

гольево́е вещество́ кож. — hide substance, hide matter

горю́чее вещество́ — combustible

дегидрати́рующее вещество́ — dehydrating agent, dehydrator, dehydrant

дезинфекцио́нное вещество́ — disinfectant agent

де́лящееся вещество́ — fissible [fissionable] material, fissible [fissionable] substance

де́лящееся, поро́говое вещество́ — threshold fissible [fissionable] material

диамагни́тное вещество́ — diamagnetic material

дисперги́рующее вещество́ — continuous phase (e. g., in colloids)

диспе́рсное вещество́ — disperse(d) material; disperse phase (e. g., in colloids)

дубя́щее вещество́ — tanning agent

е́дкое вещество́ — caustic substance

загрязня́ющее вещество́ — contaminant

жи́дкое вещество́ — liquid substance

жирово́е вещество́ — fatty matter

замедля́ющее вещество́

1. кфт. restrainer

2. яд. физ. moderating [stopping] material, moderator

звё́здное вещество́ — stellar matter, stellar material

изомо́рфное вещество́ — isomorphous substance

изотро́пное вещество́ — isotropic substance

инкрусти́рующее вещество́ — incrusting matter

иноро́дное вещество́ — foreign matter, foreign material

иссле́дуемое вещество́ — investigated material, material under investigation

истира́ющее вещество́ — abrasive

исхо́дное вещество́ — source [parent] material; пласт. starting material

канцероге́нное вещество́ — carcinogenic [cancer-producing] substance

капилля́рно-акти́вное вещество́ — capillary active substance

кле́йкое вещество́ — adhesive (substance)

кле́ящее вещество́ — sizing agent

ко́жевое вещество́ — leather substance

конденси́рованное вещество́ — condensed (solid or liquid) substance

консерви́рующее вещество́ — preservative agent

конта́ктное вещество́ — contact agent

кра́сящее вещество́ — colouring matter

кра́сящее, приро́дное вещество́ — natural dye-stuff

кристалли́ческое вещество́ — crystalline substance, crystalline matter

вещество́ ла́зера, акти́вное — laser material, laser medium

вещество́ ла́зера, рабо́чее — working laser material, working laser medium

леги́рующее вещество́ — doping material

лету́чее вещество́ — volatile matter

лу́нное вещество́ — lunar material

люминесце́нтное вещество́ — luminescent material

магни́тно-мя́гкое вещество́ — magnetically soft material

магни́тно-твё́рдое вещество́ — magnetically hard material

вещество́ ма́зера, акти́вное — maser material, maser medium

вещество́ ма́зера, рабо́чее — working maser material, working maser medium

мати́рующее вещество́ — mat substance

межволоко́нное вещество́ — interfibrillary substance

межгалакти́ческое вещество́ — intergalactic material, intergalactic matter

межзвё́здное вещество́ — interstellar material, interstellar matter

межплане́тное вещество́ — interplanetary material, interplanetary matter

метео́рное вещество́ — meteoric material, meteoric matter

минера́льное вещество́ — mineral substance

мо́ющее вещество́ — detergent, cleansing agent

намагни́ченное вещество́ — magnetized material

недубя́щее вещество́ — non-tanning substance

нейтрализу́ющее вещество́ — neutralizer

неомыля́емое вещество́ — unsaponifiable matter

неоргани́ческое вещество́ — inorganic matter

нераствори́мое вещество́ — insoluble matter

обеднё́нное вещество́ — depleted material

обезво́живающее вещество́ — dehydrating agent

обезжи́ривающее вещество́ — degreasing agent

обесцве́чивающее вещество́ — discolouring agent

обогащё́нное вещество́ — enriched material

огнеопа́сное вещество́ — брит. inflammable; амер. flammable

огнесто́йкое вещество́ — fire-proof agent

одноро́дное вещество́ — homogeneous substance

окисля́ющее вещество́ — oxidizing agent, oxidizer, oxidant

окра́шивающее вещество́ — colouring agent

омыля́емое вещество́ — saponifiable matter

органи́ческое вещество́ — organic matter

осажда́ющее вещество́ — precipitating [flocculating] agent, precipitant

осно́вное вещество́ — base material

осуша́ющее вещество́ — drying agent, desiccant

отбе́ливающее вещество́ — bleaching agent, bleacher

отбе́ливающее, опти́ческое вещество́ — optical bleaching agent

отвержда́ющее вещество́ — hardener

отоща́ющее вещество́ — thinning agent

отрабо́тавшее вещество́ — depleted material

отравля́ющее вещество́ — toxic agent

отравля́ющее, сто́йкое вещество́ — persistent toxic agent

отража́ющее вещество́ — reflecting material

охлажда́ющее вещество́ — coolant, cooling agent

очища́ющее вещество́ — purifier

парамагни́тное вещество́ — paramagnetic material

паху́чее вещество́ — odorous material

пенообразу́ющее вещество́ ( во флотации) — frothing agent, frother

первонача́льное вещество́ — source [parent] material

пита́тельное вещество́ — nutrient (substance)

плёнкообразу́ющее вещество́ — film-forming substance, film-forming material

плёнкообразу́ющее, натура́льное вещество́ — natural film-forming substance

плёнкообразу́ющее, непревраща́емое вещество́ — untrasformable film-forming substance

плёнкообразу́ющее, превраща́емое вещество́ — transformable film-forming substance

плёнкообразу́ющее, синтети́ческое вещество́ — synthetic film-forming substance

плёнкообразу́ющее, термопласти́чное вещество́ — thermoplastic film-forming substance

плёнкообразу́ющее, термореакти́вное вещество́ — thermosetting film-forming substance

пове́рхностно-акти́вное вещество́ — surface-active substance, surfactant

пове́рхностно-акти́вное, анионоакти́вное вещество́ — anionic surfactant

пове́рхностно-акти́вное, катионоакти́вное вещество́ — cationic surfactant

пове́рхностно-акти́вное, мылоподо́бное вещество́ — soap-like surfactant

пове́рхностно-акти́вное, неионоге́нное вещество́ — non-ionic surfactant

пове́рхностно-неакти́вное вещество́ — surface-inactive substance

поликристалли́ческое вещество́ — polycrystalline material

полуколло́идное вещество́ — semi-colloidal product

поля́рное вещество́ — polar substance

порообразу́ющее вещество́ — pore-forming material

посторо́ннее вещество́ — foreign matter, foreign material, extraneous agent

преломля́ющее вещество́ — refracting material

припы́ливающее вещество́ метал. — powder, dust, parting medium

прозра́чное вещество́ — transparent material

пропи́тывающее вещество́ — impregnant

пропи́тывающее вещество́ для прида́ния влагопро́чности — wet-strengthening impregnant

просве́чивающееся вещество́ — translucent material

просто́е вещество́ — elementary substance

противовуали́рующее вещество́ кфт. — anti-fogging agent

противогни́лостное вещество́ — anti-rot substance

противокоррозио́нное вещество́ — corrosion inhibitor

противоосажда́ющее вещество́ — anti-settling agent

рабо́чее вещество́ — working medium, working substance

радиоакти́вное вещество́ — radioactive substance, radioactive material

разбавля́ющее вещество́ — diluent

разжижа́ющее вещество́ (напр. для красок, лаков) — thinning agent

разъеда́ющее вещество́ — corrosive substance

распада́ющееся вещество́ — decaying substance

рассе́ивающее вещество́ — scattering substance, scattering material

растворё́нное вещество́ — solute

раствори́мое вещество́ — soluble substance

растворя́ющее вещество́ — solvent

расти́тельное вещество́ — vegetable substance

расщепля́емое вещество́ — fissionable material

реаги́рующее вещество́ — reacting agent, reactant

самовоспламеня́ющееся вещество́ — self-igniting substance

сверхпроводя́щее вещество́ — superconductive material

связу́ющее вещество́ — binder, binding material

сгуща́ющее вещество́ — thickener

сенсибилизи́рующее вещество́ — sensitizer

скле́ивающее вещество́ — adhesive

сма́зочное вещество́ — lubricant

сма́зочное, полужи́дкое вещество́ — paste lubricant

сма́чивающее вещество́ — wetting agent

со́лнечное вещество́ — solar material, solar matter

сорби́рующее вещество́ — sorbent

сохраня́ющее вещество́ кфт. — preservative

стабилизи́рующее вещество́ — stabilizing substance

сухо́е вещество́ — dry substance

су́шащее вещество́ — drying agent

твё́рдое вещество́ — solid (matter), solid substance

термосенсибилизи́рующее вещество́ — thermal-sensitizing agent

тормозя́щее вещество́ яд. физ. — stopping substance

увлажня́ющее вещество́ — moistening agent

ускоря́ющее вещество́ — accelerator

ферромагни́тное вещество́ — ferromagnetic material

фикси́рующее вещество́ — fixing agent

флюоресци́рующее вещество́ — fluorescent substance, fluorescent material

фосфоресци́рующее вещество́ — phosphorescent substance, phosphorescent material

хелати́рующее вещество́ — chelating agent

цветосдвига́ющее вещество́ — colour shifter

цементи́рующее вещество́

1. ( скрепляющее) cement, bond

2. метал. carbonizer

чи́стое вещество́ — pure [individual] substance

экстраги́руемое вещество́ — extractable (substance)

экстракти́вное вещество́ — extractive (substance)

эмити́рующее вещество́ — emitting material

этало́нное вещество́ — reference substance

- grupa/krążenie/zakażenie krwi blood type/circulation/poisoning

- badanie krwi a blood test

- krew żylna/tętnicza venous/arterial blood

- białe/czerwone ciałka krwi pot. white/red blood cells

- ciśnienie krwi blood pressure

- zmierzyć komuś ciśnienie krwi to take a. measure sb’s blood pressure

- pobrać krew to take a blood sample

- mieć pobieraną krew to have a blood sample taken

- oddać krew to give blood

- zatamować krew to stop a. staunch the bleeding

- umrzeć z upływu krwi to die from blood loss a. loss of blood

- broczyć krwią książk. to bleed profusely

- ociekać a. spływać krwią to be dripping a. streaming with blood

- stłuc kolano do krwi to bang one’s knee and cut it

- skaleczyć się do krwi to cut oneself

- krew tryska/sączy się z rany blood is spurting/oozing from the wound

- leci mi krew I’m bleeding

- leci mi krew z nosa/ręki my nose/hand is bleeding

- twarz nabiegła mu krwią the blood rushed to his face

- krew odpłynęła a. uciekła jej z twarzy the colour left her face

- rzeki/strumienie krwi przen. rivers/streams of blood przen.

- dokonać czegoś bez rozlewu krwi to achieve sth without bloodshed

- doszło do rozlewu a. przelewu krwi it came to bloodshed

- przelać krew za ojczyznę to shed blood for one’s country przen.

- przelewać niewinną krew przen. to spill a. shed innocent blood przen.

- pławić się we krwi przen. to wallow in blood przen.

- mieć krew na rękach a. mieć ręce splamione krwią przen. to have blood on one’s hands przen.

- walczyć do pierwszej krwi to fight to the first blood

- walczyć do ostatniej kropli krwi przen. to fight to the last breath a. last drop of blood przen.

- znów polała się krew blood was spilled a. shed again

- miasto tonęło we krwi a. spłynęło krwią przen. the streets (of the town) ran with blood przen.

- miał w sobie irlandzką krew he had Irish blood in him

- w jego żyłach płynie kozacka krew he has Cossack blood flowing through a. in his veins

- klacz czystej krwi arabskiej a pure-bred Arabian a. Arab mare

- czystej krwi Rosjanin a full-blooded Russian

- (o) krwi mieszanej [osoba] of mixed blood; [zwierzę] mixed breed

- świeża krew fresh a. new blood

- potrzeba nam w firmie świeżej krwi the company needs (some) new a. fresh blood

- krew Chrystusowa the blood of Christ

- węzły a. więzy krwi blood ties, ties of blood

- postać z krwi i kości a full-blooded a. larger-than-life character

- człowiek z krwi i kości a flesh and blood person

- aktor/policjant z krwi i kości an actor/a policeman to the core a. through and through

- krew z mlekiem peaches and cream

- mieć gorącą krew to be hot-tempered

- mieć coś we krwi to have sth in one’s blood

- napsuć komuś krwi to get on sb’s nerves

- narobić złej krwi to cause bad blood

- pić czyjąś krew to sponge off sb

- wejść komuś w krew to become second nature to sb

- zachować zimną krew to remain cool a. cool, calm, and collected; to keep a cool head

- zabić kogoś z zimną krwią to kill sb in cold blood, to cold-bloodedly kill sb

- krew się we mnie burzy a. krew mnie zalewa, kiedy... it makes my blood boil a. it gets my blood up when...

- krew w nim zawrzała it made his blood boil

- krwi bym dla niego utoczył I’d lay down my life for him

- ścinać komuś krew w żyłach to make sb’s blood run cold

- mrożący krew w żyłach blood-curdling, blood-chilling

- to mi idzie jak krew z nosa pot. it’s a real slog a. uphill struggle

- krew nie woda przysł. (o temperamencie) sometimes our passions get the better of us; (o pokrewieństwie) blood is thicker than water przysł.

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Synthetic materials

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Leaving school at the age of 16, Hyatt spent ten years in the printing trade, demonstrating meanwhile a talent for invention. The offer of a prize of $10,000 for finding a substitute for ivory billiard balls stimulated Hyatt to experiment with various materials. After many failures, he arrived at a composition of paper flock, shellac and collodion, which was widely adopted. Noting the "skin" left after evaporating collodion, he continued his experiments, using nitrocellulose as a base for plastic materials, yet he remained largely ignorant of both chemistry and the dangers of this explosive substance. Independently of Parkes in England, he found that a mixture of nitrocellulose, camphor and a little alcohol could, by heating, be made soft enough to mould but became hard at room temperature. Hyatt's first patent for the material, celluloid, was dated 12 July 1870 (US pat. 105338) and was followed by many others for making domestic and decorative articles of celluloid, replacing more expensive natural materials. Manufacture began at Albany in the winter of 1872–3. In 1881 Hyatt and his brother Isiah Smith floated the Hyatt Pure Water Company. By introducing purifying coagulants into flowing water, they avoided the expense and delay of allowing the water to settle in large tanks before filtration. Many towns and paper and woollen mills adopted the new process, and in 1891 it was introduced into Europe. During 1891–2, Hyatt devised a widely used type of roller bearing. Later inventions included a sugar-cane mill, a multistitch sewing machine and a mill for the cold rolling and straightening of steel shafts. It was characteristic of Hyatt's varied inventions that they achieved improved results at less expense.

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