-
1 promotion
1. HRthe award to an employee of a job at a higher grade, usually offering greater responsibility and more money2. Mktg -
2 sales promotion
Mktgactivities, usually short-term, designed to attract attention to a particular product and to increase its sales using advertising and publicity. Sales promotion usually runs in conjunction with an advertising campaign that offers free samples or money-off coupons. During the period of a sales promotion, the product may be offered at a reduced price and the campaign may be supported by additional telephone or door-todoor selling or by competitions. -
3 self-liquidating promotion
Mktga sales promotion in which the cost of the campaign is covered by the incremental revenue generated by the promotionThe ultimate business dictionary > self-liquidating promotion
-
4 sales promotion agency
Mktgan organization that specializes in planning, creating, and implementing sales promotion activities -
5 personality promotion
Mktga method of promoting a product or service by fronting the campaign with a famous person. For example, the pop singer Britney Spears is employed to promote a variety of products. -
6 tailormade promotion
Mktga promotional campaign that is customized for a particular customer -
7 merchandising
Mktg1. the process of increasing the market share of a product in retail outlets using display, stocking, and sales promotion techniques2. the promotion and display of goods associated with a particular brand, movie, or celebrity. Merchandising based on a specific movie, for example, may significantly add to its total revenues through appropriate licensing opportunities. Merchandising may include clothing, toys, food products, or music and often extends well beyond the core business of the producer of the original product. -
8 Eanes, Antonio Ramalho
(1935-)Career army officer who played an important part in the Armed Forces Movement that organized the Revolution of 25 April 1974, a key figure in the defeat of a leftist military coup in 25 November 1975, and president of the republic during two terms. Eanes was born near Castelo Branco and entered the army school in 1953, at age 18. After promotion to lieutenant in 1957, he served for a period in Portuguese India. He served several tours in Portugal's African wars including Mozambique (1961-64 and 1966-68), Guinea (1969-71), and Angola (January 1974 until 25 April 1974). He participated in the Armed Forces Movement's conspiracy to topple the Estado Novo and later held important posts when the military governed Portugal during the period 1974-75. One key post was as head of the Portuguese Radio and Television system, an important position in the revolution's intense war of words and debates. In the failed leftist coup attempt on 25 November 1975, Eanes, now promoted to lieutenant colonel, played a pivotal role in the triumph of the moderate military party. In December 1975, he was named army chief of staff. General Ramalho Eanes was twice elected and served two full terms as president of the republic, in 1976-81 and 1981-86. In the 1976 presidential elections, Eanes received about 61 percent of the vote and in that of December 1980, 56.4 percent. -
9 Foreign policy
The guiding principle of Portuguese foreign policy since the founding of the monarchy in the 12th century has been the maintenance of Portugal's status first as an independent kingdom and, later, as a sovereign nation-state. For the first 800 years of its existence, Portuguese foreign policy and diplomacy sought to maintain the independence of the Portuguese monarchy, especially in relationship to the larger and more powerful Spanish monarchy. During this period, the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, which began with a treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the kings of Portugal and England in 1386 (the Treaty of Windsor) and continued with the Methuen Treaty in 1703, sought to use England ( Great Britain after 1707) as a counterweight to its landward neighbor, Spain.As three invasions of Portugal by Napoleon's armies during the first decade of the 19th century proved, however, Spain was not the only threat to Portugal's independence and security. Portugal's ally, Britain, provided a counterweight also to a threatening France on more than one occasion between 1790 and 1830. During the 19th century, Portugal's foreign policy became largely subordinate to that of her oldest ally, Britain, and standard Portuguese histories describe Portugal's situation as that of a "protectorate" of Britain. In two key aspects during this time of international weakness and internal turmoil, Portugal's foreign policy was under great pressure from her ally, world power Britain: responses to European conflicts and to the situation of Portugal's scattered, largely impoverished overseas empire. Portugal's efforts to retain massive, resource-rich Brazil in her empire failed by 1822, when Brazil declared its independence. Britain's policy of favoring greater trade and commerce opportunities in an autonomous Brazil was at odds with Portugal's desperate efforts to hold Brazil.Following the loss of Brazil and a renewed interest in empire in tropical Africa, Portugal sought to regain a more independent initiative in her foreign policy and, especially after 1875, overseas imperial questions dominated foreign policy concerns. From this juncture, through the first Republic (1910-26) and during the Estado Novo, a primary purpose of Portuguese foreign policy was to maintain Portuguese India, Macau, and its colonies in Africa: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau. Under the direction of the dictator, Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, further efforts were made to reclaim a measure of independence of foreign policy, despite the tradition of British dominance. Salazar recognized the importance of an Atlantic orientation of the country's foreign policy. As Herbert Pell, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1937-41), observed in a June 1939 report to the U.S. Department of State, Portugal's leaders understood that Portugal must side with "that nation which dominates the Atlantic."During the 1930s, greater efforts were made in Lisbon in economic, financial, and foreign policy initiatives to assert a greater measure of flexibility in her dependence on ally Britain. German economic interests made inroads in an economy whose infrastructure in transportation, communication, and commerce had long been dominated by British commerce and investors. Portugal's foreign policy during World War II was challenged as both Allied and Axis powers tested the viability of Portugal's official policy of neutrality, qualified by a customary bow to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, who served as minister of foreign affairs, as well as prime minister, during 1936-45, sought to sell his version of neutrality to both sides in the war and to do so in a way that would benefit Portugal's still weak economy and finance. Portugal's status as a neutral was keenly tested in several cases, including Portugal's agreeing to lease military bases to Britain and the United States in the Azores Islands and in the wolfram (tungsten ore) question. Portugal's foreign policy experienced severe pressures from the Allies in both cases, and Salazar made it clear to his British and American counterparts that Portugal sought to claim the right to make independent choices in policy, despite Portugal's military and economic weakness. In tense diplomatic negotiations with the Allies over Portugal's wolfram exports to Germany as of 1944, Salazar grew disheartened and briefly considered resigning over the wolfram question. Foreign policy pressure on this question diminished quickly on 6 June 1944, as Salazar decreed that wolfram mining, sales, and exports to both sides would cease for the remainder of the war. After the United States joined the Allies in the war and pursued an Atlantic strategy, Portugal discovered that her relationship with the dominant ally in the emerging United Nations was changing and that the U.S. would replace Britain as the key Atlantic ally during succeeding decades. Beginning in 1943-44, and continuing to 1949, when Portugal became, with the United States, a founding member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Luso-American relations assumed center stage in her foreign policy.During the Cold War, Portuguese foreign policy was aligned with that of the United States and its allies in Western Europe. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the focus of Portuguese foreign policy shifted away from defending and maintaining the African colonies toward integration with Europe. Since Portugal became a member of the European Economic Community in 1986, and this evolved into the European Union (EU), all Portuguese governments have sought to align Portugal's foreign policy with that of the EU in general and to be more independent of the United States. Since 1986, Portugal's bilateral commercial and diplomatic relations with Britain, France, and Spain have strengthened, especially those with Spain, which are more open and mutually beneficial than at any other time in history.Within the EU, Portugal has sought to play a role in the promotion of democracy and human rights, while maintaining its security ties to NATO. Currently, a Portuguese politician, José Manuel Durão Barroso, is president of the Commission of the EU, and Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007. -
10 Gomes da Costa, Manuel de Oliveira
(1863-1929)Marshal of the Portuguese Army, commander of Portugal's forces in Flanders in World War I, and leader of the military coup that overthrew the First Republic in May 1926. Trained at the Military College, Gomes da Costa rose from the rank of private to general during the period 1883-1917. His career began with important colonial service in Portuguese India and Mozambique in suppressing insurgencies in the 1890s. He served with Mousinho de Albuquerque in the Gaza campaigns (1896-97), in Mozambique, and later in Angola and São Tomé. His most notable service was in Portugal's intervention in World War I as he helped organize the first brigade and commanded the first division of Portugal's Expeditionary Corps (CEP), which entered combat on the western front in May 1917. For his role in the battle of Lys, in April 1918, when German forces badly mauled the Portuguese sector, Gomes da Costa was decorated by Portugal with the Tower and Sword medal. During the latter part of the First Republic, he was dispatched to the colonies on missions to divert him from domestic politics, since he had joined the Reformist Party (PR).As the most senior and best-known career army officer, Gomes da Costa was invited by former CEP comrades to join in military conspiracies to overthrow the democrat-dominated First Republic. On 28 May 1926, in Braga, he launched the military coup with the pronouncement "To Arms, Portugal!" The general's famous name and forceful personality gave the military movement the necessary prestige and won public opinion's confidence for the political moment. Gomes da Costa, however, was not suited for political maneuvering and administrative efficiency and, on 9 July 1926, he was dismissed as minister of war by other generals, including future president Óscar Carmona, and then exiled to the Azores. For political effect and as a consolation prize to the leader whose individual daring had helped create the abertura (opening) that allowed the coup to succeed, the military dictatorship honored Gomes da Costa, even in exile, with promotion to marshal of the army. In ill health on his return from the isolated Azores in late 1927, he died less than two years later in Lisbon. There is a statue of Gomes da Costa in a square in Braga, designed by Barata Feyo, which honors the general of the Twenty- eighth of May coup d'etat.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Gomes da Costa, Manuel de Oliveira
-
11 advertising
Mktgthe promotion of goods, services, or ideas, through paid announcements. Advertising aims to persuade or inform the general public and can be used to induce purchase, increase brand awareness, or enhance product differentiation. An advertisement has two main components: the message and the medium by which it is transmitted. Advertising forms just one part of an organization’s total marketing strategy. -
12 affirmative action
HRpreferential treatment, usually through a quota system, to prevent, or correct, discriminatory employment practices, particularly relating to recruitment and promotion. The term is widely used in the United States, whereas in the United Kingdom, positive discrimination is the preferred term. -
13 age discrimination
HRunfavorable treatment in employment based on prejudice in relation to a person’s age. While age discrimination affects people at all stages of their working lives, difficulties experienced in selection, development, and promotion can be particularly acute at the two extremes of the age spectrum. Countries such as Australia and the United States have passed legislation to make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of age. -
14 ageism
HRunfavorable treatment in employment based on prejudice in relation to a person’s age. While age discrimination affects people at all stages of their working lives, difficulties experienced in selection, development, and promotion can be particularly acute at the two extremes of the age spectrum. Countries such as Australia and the United States have passed legislation to make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of age. -
15 assessment center
HRa process whereby a group of participants undertakes a series of job-related exercises under observation, so that skills, competencies, and character traits can be assessed. Specially trained assessors evaluate each participant against predetermined criteria. Various methods of assessment may be used, including interviews, psychometric tests, group discussions, group problem solving exercises, individual jobsimulated tasks, and role-plays. Assessment centers are used in selection for recruitment and promotion, and in training and development, and aim to provide an organization with an assessment process that is consistent, free of prejudice, and fair. -
16 B2B marketing
E-comthe planning, promotion, and distribution of goods or services for use by businesses rather than individual consumers -
17 below-the-line
1. Mktgrelating to the proportion of marketing expenditure allocated to nonadvertising activities such as public relations, sales promotion, printing, presentations, sponsorship, and sales force support2. Finused to describe entries in a company’s profit and loss account that show how the profit is distributed, or where the funds to finance the loss originate.3. Finin macroeconomics, used to describe a country’s capital transactions. -
18 black economic empowerment
(S. Africa) Gen Mgtthe promotion of black ownership and control of South Africa’s economic assetsThe ultimate business dictionary > black economic empowerment
-
19 BOGOF
Mktgbuy one get one free, a sales promotion technique in which consumers are offered two products for the price of one -
20 bonus offer
Mktga sales promotion technique offering consumers an additional amount of product for the basic price
См. также в других словарях:
promotion — [ prɔmosjɔ̃ ] n. f. • 1350; bas lat. promotio, de promovere 1 ♦ Accession, nomination (d une ou plusieurs personnes) à un grade, une dignité, un emploi supérieur. ⇒ avancement. Bénéficier d une promotion. Avoir une promotion. Arroser, fêter sa… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Promotion — may mean:*Promotion (rank) *Promotion (marketing) **Promotional campaign **Promotion (entertainment) *Promotion (academic) *Promotion (chess) *Promotion (linguistics) *Promotion and relegation, in league sports *Professional wrestling promotion * … Wikipedia
Promotion — (spätlateinisch promotio ‚Beförderung‘, ‚Erhebung‘) steht für Verleihen des Doktorgrades, siehe Promotion (Doktor) Verleihen der Ritterwürde, siehe Ritter eine Art der Typumwandlung bei einigen Programmiersprachen, siehe Promotion (Typumwandlung) … Deutsch Wikipedia
Promotion — Sf Verleihung der Doktorwürde erw. fach. (17. Jh.) Entlehnung. Entlehnt aus l. prōmōtio ( ōnis) Beförderung (zu Ehrenstellen) , zu l. prōmovēre vorwärts bewegen, fortschieben , zu l. movēre bewegen und l. prō . In der Bedeutung Absatzförderung… … Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen sprache
promotion — Promotion. s. f. Elevation à une dignité. Depuis sa promotion au Cardinalat. le Pape a fait une promotion de douze Cardinaux. Ce Cardinal est de la promotion d un tel Pape. le Roy a fait une promotion de Chevaliers. promotion aux Ordres sacrez … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
promotion — pro*mo tion (pr[ o]*m[=o] sh[u^]n), n. [L. promotio: cf. F. promotion.] The act of promoting, advancing, or encouraging; the act of exalting in rank or honor; also, the condition of being advanced, encouraged, or exalted in honor; preferment.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
promotion — /prə məʊʃn/, it. /pro mɔʃɔn/ s. ingl. [dal fr. promotion, dal lat. tardo promotio onis, der. di promovēre promuovere ], usato in ital. al femm. (comm.) [insieme delle attività volte a incrementare la vendita di un prodotto] ▶◀ [➨ promozione (3)] … Enciclopedia Italiana
promotion — early 15c., advancement, from O.Fr. promotion (14c.), from L. promotionem, noun of action from pp. stem of promovere (see PROMOTE (Cf. promote)). Meaning advertising, publicity first recorded 1925. Promotional relating to advertising first… … Etymology dictionary
Promotion — Promotion: Die Bezeichnung für die »Verleihung, Erlangung der Doktorwürde« ist eine gelehrte Entlehnung des 17. Jh.s aus spätlat. promotio »Beförderung (zu Ehrenstellen)«. Dies gehört zu lat. pro movere »vorwärts bewegen; befördern; (reflexiv:)… … Das Herkunftswörterbuch
promotion — [n1] higher position in organization advance, advancement, advocacy, aggrandizement, backing, betterment, boost, break, breakthrough, buildup, bump, elevation, encouragement, ennoblement, exaltation, favoring, furtherance, go ahead*, hike, honor … New thesaurus
Promotion — (v. lat. Promotio), Beförderung, s. u. Promoviren; P. per saltum, Überspringung eines geistlichen Grades; Promōtor, Beförderer; P. fidei, so v.w. Advocatus diaboli; Promotoriales, Beförderungsschreiben … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
