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1 processing rules
SWIFT согласованные правила или условия, однозначно определяющие, каким образом должны обрабатываться данные, на которые распространяются эти правилаАнгло-русский словарь терминов по депозитарному хранению и клирингу > processing rules
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2 rules-based processing
Вычислительная техника: обработка на базе правилУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > rules-based processing
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3 rules-based processing
English-Russian information technology > rules-based processing
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4 policy processing sequence
The order in which conflicts between policy rules are resolved. Policy rules defined at a lower level of the sequence always override conflicting policy rules at higher levels of the sequence.English-Arabic terms dictionary > policy processing sequence
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5 business logic object: An object that encapsulates the business rules (business-specific application logic) for processing a client request
Общая лексика: объект бизнес-логики: объект, инкапсулирующий бизнес-правила (бизнес-логику конкретного приложения) обработкиУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > business logic object: An object that encapsulates the business rules (business-specific application logic) for processing a client request
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6 business logic object: An object that encapsulates the business rules for processing a client request
Общая лексика: (business-specific application logic) объект бизнес-логики: объект, инкапсулирующий бизнес-правила (бизнес-логику конкретного приложения) обработкиУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > business logic object: An object that encapsulates the business rules for processing a client request
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7 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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8 RPC
1) Биология: reversed phase chromatography2) Американизм: Regional Protection Code3) Спорт: Region Playback Control4) Военный термин: Rapid Positioning Capability, Regional Planning Committee, Regional Preparedness Committee, Regional Reporting Center, Reliability Policy Committee, Remote Procedure Calls, Resources Protection Committee, Royal Pioneer Corps, radar planning chart, radar processing center, recruiting publicity center, reefed parachute canopy, refugee processing center, regional personnel center, registered publications clerk, registered publications custodian, repair parts catalog, report to commander, reporting post, coastal, river patrol craft5) Техника: radiation policy council, radiation protection committee, receiver protection circuit, recording pressure controller, registered protective circuit, remote process cell, remote-position control, reversed-phase partition-column chromatography, rod pattern controller, rotating pancake coil6) Сельское хозяйство: Rice Polishing Concentrate7) Математика: узкое исчисление предикатов (restricted predicate calculus)8) Юридический термин: Rules of Professional Conduct (Court Rules)9) Экономика: Совет Регионального Планирования (Regional Planning Council)10) Автомобильный термин: remote parameter test11) Сокращение: Regional Processing Center (new naming convention, 2005), Remote Procedure Call (Internet), Royal Pioneer Corps (Now RLC (British Army)), РПЦ (республиканский перинатальный центр - republican perinatal centre)12) Физиология: Reports Of Patents Cases13) Вычислительная техника: Region Playback Control (DVD), Remote Procedure Call (Sun, Xerox, OSF, ECMA, RFC 1831)14) Нефть: каталог запасных частей (repair parts catalog), комитет по технической политике в области надёжности (reliability policy committee)15) Радиология: ЦРЗ - центр радиологической защиты (атомная энергетика)16) Биотехнология: retinal progenitor cell17) Транспорт: Regional Preparedness Committee (US)18) Фирменный знак: Root Person And Company19) СМИ: Rich Photorealistic Content20) SAP. route and process chart21) Инвестиции: Reports of Patent, Design and Trademark Cases22) Сетевые технологии: дистанционный вызов процедуры, механизм вызова удалённых процедур, удалённый вызов процедуры23) Полимеры: remote position control24) Программирование: (Remote Procedure Call) сервис вызова удаленных процедур (см. Remote Procedure Call)25) Химическое оружие: Project correspondence to client from Pasadena on RWCDC26) Безопасность: Region Protection Control27) Расширение файла: Remote Procedure Call28) ООН: Regional Protection Control29) Должность: Registered Professional Counselor -
9 rpc
1) Биология: reversed phase chromatography2) Американизм: Regional Protection Code3) Спорт: Region Playback Control4) Военный термин: Rapid Positioning Capability, Regional Planning Committee, Regional Preparedness Committee, Regional Reporting Center, Reliability Policy Committee, Remote Procedure Calls, Resources Protection Committee, Royal Pioneer Corps, radar planning chart, radar processing center, recruiting publicity center, reefed parachute canopy, refugee processing center, regional personnel center, registered publications clerk, registered publications custodian, repair parts catalog, report to commander, reporting post, coastal, river patrol craft5) Техника: radiation policy council, radiation protection committee, receiver protection circuit, recording pressure controller, registered protective circuit, remote process cell, remote-position control, reversed-phase partition-column chromatography, rod pattern controller, rotating pancake coil6) Сельское хозяйство: Rice Polishing Concentrate7) Математика: узкое исчисление предикатов (restricted predicate calculus)8) Юридический термин: Rules of Professional Conduct (Court Rules)9) Экономика: Совет Регионального Планирования (Regional Planning Council)10) Автомобильный термин: remote parameter test11) Сокращение: Regional Processing Center (new naming convention, 2005), Remote Procedure Call (Internet), Royal Pioneer Corps (Now RLC (British Army)), РПЦ (республиканский перинатальный центр - republican perinatal centre)12) Физиология: Reports Of Patents Cases13) Вычислительная техника: Region Playback Control (DVD), Remote Procedure Call (Sun, Xerox, OSF, ECMA, RFC 1831)14) Нефть: каталог запасных частей (repair parts catalog), комитет по технической политике в области надёжности (reliability policy committee)15) Радиология: ЦРЗ - центр радиологической защиты (атомная энергетика)16) Биотехнология: retinal progenitor cell17) Транспорт: Regional Preparedness Committee (US)18) Фирменный знак: Root Person And Company19) СМИ: Rich Photorealistic Content20) SAP. route and process chart21) Инвестиции: Reports of Patent, Design and Trademark Cases22) Сетевые технологии: дистанционный вызов процедуры, механизм вызова удалённых процедур, удалённый вызов процедуры23) Полимеры: remote position control24) Программирование: (Remote Procedure Call) сервис вызова удаленных процедур (см. Remote Procedure Call)25) Химическое оружие: Project correspondence to client from Pasadena on RWCDC26) Безопасность: Region Protection Control27) Расширение файла: Remote Procedure Call28) ООН: Regional Protection Control29) Должность: Registered Professional Counselor -
10 Grammar
I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performancehe implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar
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11 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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12 monitor
automatic data processing• näyttölaite• järjestäjä• varoitinautomatic data processing• valvoa (ATK)• valvonta-automatic data processing• valvontaohjelma (ATK)• valvoa• valvontaohjelma• valvoja• monitori• myötäkuuntelulaite• panssaritykkivene• seurantarata• säädellä• tarkkailulaite• tarkkailu-• tarkkain• tarkkailla• tarkkailija• kuuntelulaite* * *'monitə 1. noun1) (a senior pupil who helps to see that school rules are kept.) seniorioppilas, järjestäjä2) (any of several kinds of instrument etc by means of which something can be constantly checked, especially a small screen in a television studio showing the picture which is being transmitted at any given time: television monitor; computer monitor.) monitori2. verb(to act as, or to use, a monitor; to keep a careful check on: These machines/technicians monitor the results constantly.) valvoa -
13 техника
жен.
1) engineering;
technics мн., technique техника безопасности наука и техника
2) (приемы исполнения) technique овладеть техникой
3) коллект. (оборудование, вооружение) (technical) equipment;
(машины) machinery
4) воен. materiel боевая техникатехник|а - ж.
1. (область человеческой деятельности) engineering technology, industrial arts;
передовая ~ advanced technology;
~ связи communication technologies;
достижения ~и technical achievements, achievements in technology;
область ~и field of technology;
тенденции в развитии ~и trends in technology;
вычислительная ~ computer science;
счётно-вычислительная ~ computer technology;
2. собир. (оборудование) equipment, machinery, plant;
беречь ~у look after machinery;
боевая ~ fighting equipment;
material;
морально устаревшая ~ morally obsolete equipment;
~ новых поколений new generations of equipment;
особо точная ~ high-precision equipment;
разгрузочная ~ unloading facilities;
сложная ~ sophisticated equipment;
внедрение новой ~и и технологии introduction of the latest machinery and technology;
3. (приёмы исполнения) technique(s) ;
~ шахматной игры chess technique;
музыкальная ~ musical technique;
~ работы operational techniques pl. ;
~ обработки processing technique;
~ производства manufacturing technique;
~ работы work/operation technique;
~ руководства management technique;
~ безопасности safety devices, accident prevention;
нормы ~и безопасности safety standard;
правила ~и безопасности factory safety rules;
соблюдать правила ~и безопасности observe safety rules and regulations. -
14 APR
1) Общая лексика: Asian-Pacific Region2) Авиация: Auxiliary Power Reserve3) Медицина: Anatomical Programmable Radiography4) Американизм: Average Prime Rate5) Спорт: Arizona Pylon Racing, Average Penalty Received6) Военный термин: Annual Program Review, Army Public Relations, aerial photographic reconnaissance, agency progress report, air priority rating, airman performance report, annual progress report, armaments planning review, assigned procurement responsibility7) Техника: Army Power Reactor, adjustable rate mortgage, advance production release, advanced passive reactor, alternate-path retry, antenna pattern recorder, antenna position recorder, aromatic petroleum residues, automatic pattern recognition, automatic pressure relief, automatic programming and recording, avalanche photo resistor8) Химия: ammonium perrhenate9) Юридический термин: Admission to Practice Rules (court rules)10) Бухгалтерия: Annual Percentage Rates, Annual Performance Report, Annualized Percentage Rate, Automatic Payment Receipt, ставка процента в годовом исчислении (annualised percentage rate)11) Биржевой термин: annual percentage rate12) Ветеринария: American Pet Registry13) Телекоммуникации: Alarm Processing Remote14) Сокращение: Air Photo Reader (UK), Annual Percentage Rate (as in loan interest), Auto/Auxiliary Power Reserve, Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион (Asia Pacific region)15) Вычислительная техника: Automatic Placement and Routing, Annual Percentage Rate (as in loan interest), Advanced Port Replicator16) Нефть: a trademark for an annular pressure-responsive valve for a DST string, alpha-numeric, ароматические нефтяные остатки, богатые ароматическими соединениями нефтяные остатки (aromatic petroleum residues)17) Банковское дело: процентная ставка в годовом исчислении (annual percentage rate)18) Транспорт: Advisory and Payment Request19) СМИ: Always Playing Roots20) Деловая лексика: Accredited Public Relations, годовая процентная ставка (annual percentage rate)21) Химическое оружие: Air-purifying respirator22) Макаров: acoustic paramagnetic resonance, airborne profile recorder, alphameric, alphanumeric, avalanche photoresistor23) Расширение файла: Alternate Path Retry, Employee performance review (Employee Appraiser), Data (Lotus Approach 97)24) Нефть и газ: (сокр. от) annulus pressure response = управляемый затрубным давлением (о внутрискважинном оборудовании для испытания скважин)25) МИД: Asia-Pacific Region26) NYSE. American Precision Industries, Inc.27) Программное обеспечение: Apache Portable Runtime28) AMEX. Automatic Picture Replacement -
15 Apr
1) Общая лексика: Asian-Pacific Region2) Авиация: Auxiliary Power Reserve3) Медицина: Anatomical Programmable Radiography4) Американизм: Average Prime Rate5) Спорт: Arizona Pylon Racing, Average Penalty Received6) Военный термин: Annual Program Review, Army Public Relations, aerial photographic reconnaissance, agency progress report, air priority rating, airman performance report, annual progress report, armaments planning review, assigned procurement responsibility7) Техника: Army Power Reactor, adjustable rate mortgage, advance production release, advanced passive reactor, alternate-path retry, antenna pattern recorder, antenna position recorder, aromatic petroleum residues, automatic pattern recognition, automatic pressure relief, automatic programming and recording, avalanche photo resistor8) Химия: ammonium perrhenate9) Юридический термин: Admission to Practice Rules (court rules)10) Бухгалтерия: Annual Percentage Rates, Annual Performance Report, Annualized Percentage Rate, Automatic Payment Receipt, ставка процента в годовом исчислении (annualised percentage rate)11) Биржевой термин: annual percentage rate12) Ветеринария: American Pet Registry13) Телекоммуникации: Alarm Processing Remote14) Сокращение: Air Photo Reader (UK), Annual Percentage Rate (as in loan interest), Auto/Auxiliary Power Reserve, Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион (Asia Pacific region)15) Вычислительная техника: Automatic Placement and Routing, Annual Percentage Rate (as in loan interest), Advanced Port Replicator16) Нефть: a trademark for an annular pressure-responsive valve for a DST string, alpha-numeric, ароматические нефтяные остатки, богатые ароматическими соединениями нефтяные остатки (aromatic petroleum residues)17) Банковское дело: процентная ставка в годовом исчислении (annual percentage rate)18) Транспорт: Advisory and Payment Request19) СМИ: Always Playing Roots20) Деловая лексика: Accredited Public Relations, годовая процентная ставка (annual percentage rate)21) Химическое оружие: Air-purifying respirator22) Макаров: acoustic paramagnetic resonance, airborne profile recorder, alphameric, alphanumeric, avalanche photoresistor23) Расширение файла: Alternate Path Retry, Employee performance review (Employee Appraiser), Data (Lotus Approach 97)24) Нефть и газ: (сокр. от) annulus pressure response = управляемый затрубным давлением (о внутрискважинном оборудовании для испытания скважин)25) МИД: Asia-Pacific Region26) NYSE. American Precision Industries, Inc.27) Программное обеспечение: Apache Portable Runtime28) AMEX. Automatic Picture Replacement -
16 SPR
1) Биология: serial-probe recognition2) Медицина: Society of Pediatric Radiology3) Американизм: Secret Periodic Reinvestigation, Strategic Political Reserve4) Военный термин: Salvage Point Recording, Software Portability Review, System Performance Report, System Performance Requirements, solid-propellant pocket, special program requirements, special programs review, special project report, special-purpose radar, special-purpose requirements, strategic petroleum reserve, supplementary progress report, supply performance report, supply refuelling point, support plans and requirements, system program review6) Шутливое выражение: Sun Paul's Room7) Математика: спектральный радиус (spectral radius)8) Общая лексика: strategic petroleum reserve( стратегические запасы топлива в США)9) Железнодорожный термин: Southern Pacific Railroad10) Юридический термин: Superior Court Special Proceedings Rules (Court Rules)11) Сокращение: Seconds per Rotation, Secure Packet Radio, Simplified Practice Recommendation, Small Parcels and Rolls (also IPP), Society for Pediatric Research, Society for Physical Research, Solid-Propellant Rocket, Special Programme Review, sprinkler13) Электроника: Semiconductor Process Representation14) Биотехнология: Surface Plasmon Resonance15) Фирменный знак: Sierra Pacific Resources16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: SakhalinPrirodResourcy, Sakhalinprirodresourcy, Committee of natural resources, RAA, committee of natural resources17) Полимеры: super-processing rubber18) Сахалин Р: SakhPrirodResources, SakhalinPrirodResources19) Химическое оружие: Software Problem Report20) Авиационная медицина: skin potential reflex21) Расширение файла: Sizzler Animation, Special Purpose Register, Spreadsheet, Sprint Document letter, Sprite graphics image, Statistical Pattern Recognition, Supervisory Printer Read, Symmetrical Phase Recording, Generated executable screen file (FoxPro)22) Нефть и газ: sucker rod pump23) Электротехника: silicon power rectifier25) Общая лексика: Structure Property Relationship -
17 SRP
1) Общая лексика: statutory redundancy pay2) Медицина: signal-recognition particle, sustained-release preparation3) Американизм: Scientific Research Permit, Strategic Research Program4) Спорт: Spokane Raceway Park5) Военный термин: SIOP Reconnaissance Plan, Safeguard readiness posture, Soldier Readiness Processing, sealift readiness program, selective reenlistment program, sensor reporting post, ship replacement programme, ship's repair party, standard repair procedures, supply readiness program, system reliability prediction, программа готовности морских перевозок6) Техника: safety rules and practices, small radioactive particle, small rotating plug, soft rock phosphate, sonobuoy referenced position, special review procedure, standard repair procedure, standard review plan, super RADOT program7) Сельское хозяйство: Scaling And Root Planning8) Телекоммуникации: Spatial Reuse Protocol9) Сокращение: Sealift Readiness Program (USA), Security Relevant Portion, Selective Re-enlistment Program (USA), Software Reuse Process, Solicitation Review Panel, Stabilisation Reference Package, Sustained Readiness Program, Short Request Packet10) Университет: Senior Research Project, Student Recruitment And Placement11) Электроника: Spreading Resistance Probe, панель восстановления сигналов (signal recovery panel)12) Вычислительная техника: Software Reuse Program, suggested retail price, Source Routing Protocol (IBM)13) Нефть: sucker rod pump, правила техники безопасности и порядок их выполнения (safety rules and practices), стандартный метод ремонта (standard repair procedure), прогнозирование показателей надёжности системы (system reliability prediction), sucker rod (pump), штанговый насос14) Связь: Specialized Resource Point (IN)15) Биотехнология: Signal recognition particle16) Деловая лексика: Shared-profit Rewards Program, автоматизированная система управления техническим обслуживанием производственного оборудования (Service Requirements Planning), система СРП (Service Requirements Planning)17) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: spill response plan18) Образование: Seating Reference Point19) Сетевые технологии: Server Routing Protocol, source routing protocol20) ЕБРР: Special Restructuring Programme21) Полимеры: styrene-rubber plastics22) Автоматика: step-relative position23) Океанография: Soluble Reactive Phosphorus24) Авиационная медицина: seat reference point25) Макаров: специфические реакционные параметры26) Безопасность: Secure Remote Passphrase, Secure Remote Password27) Расширение файла: Script file28) Электротехника: shunt reactor protection, system restoration plan29) Майкрософт: службы подписи для Office30) Должность: Skills Redevelopment Programme, State Registered Physiotherapist31) NYSE. Sierra Pacific Resources32) НАСА: Software Requirements Planning -
18 Spr
1) Биология: serial-probe recognition2) Медицина: Society of Pediatric Radiology3) Американизм: Secret Periodic Reinvestigation, Strategic Political Reserve4) Военный термин: Salvage Point Recording, Software Portability Review, System Performance Report, System Performance Requirements, solid-propellant pocket, special program requirements, special programs review, special project report, special-purpose radar, special-purpose requirements, strategic petroleum reserve, supplementary progress report, supply performance report, supply refuelling point, support plans and requirements, system program review6) Шутливое выражение: Sun Paul's Room7) Математика: спектральный радиус (spectral radius)8) Общая лексика: strategic petroleum reserve( стратегические запасы топлива в США)9) Железнодорожный термин: Southern Pacific Railroad10) Юридический термин: Superior Court Special Proceedings Rules (Court Rules)11) Сокращение: Seconds per Rotation, Secure Packet Radio, Simplified Practice Recommendation, Small Parcels and Rolls (also IPP), Society for Pediatric Research, Society for Physical Research, Solid-Propellant Rocket, Special Programme Review, sprinkler13) Электроника: Semiconductor Process Representation14) Биотехнология: Surface Plasmon Resonance15) Фирменный знак: Sierra Pacific Resources16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: SakhalinPrirodResourcy, Sakhalinprirodresourcy, Committee of natural resources, RAA, committee of natural resources17) Полимеры: super-processing rubber18) Сахалин Р: SakhPrirodResources, SakhalinPrirodResources19) Химическое оружие: Software Problem Report20) Авиационная медицина: skin potential reflex21) Расширение файла: Sizzler Animation, Special Purpose Register, Spreadsheet, Sprint Document letter, Sprite graphics image, Statistical Pattern Recognition, Supervisory Printer Read, Symmetrical Phase Recording, Generated executable screen file (FoxPro)22) Нефть и газ: sucker rod pump23) Электротехника: silicon power rectifier25) Общая лексика: Structure Property Relationship -
19 apr
1) Общая лексика: Asian-Pacific Region2) Авиация: Auxiliary Power Reserve3) Медицина: Anatomical Programmable Radiography4) Американизм: Average Prime Rate5) Спорт: Arizona Pylon Racing, Average Penalty Received6) Военный термин: Annual Program Review, Army Public Relations, aerial photographic reconnaissance, agency progress report, air priority rating, airman performance report, annual progress report, armaments planning review, assigned procurement responsibility7) Техника: Army Power Reactor, adjustable rate mortgage, advance production release, advanced passive reactor, alternate-path retry, antenna pattern recorder, antenna position recorder, aromatic petroleum residues, automatic pattern recognition, automatic pressure relief, automatic programming and recording, avalanche photo resistor8) Химия: ammonium perrhenate9) Юридический термин: Admission to Practice Rules (court rules)10) Бухгалтерия: Annual Percentage Rates, Annual Performance Report, Annualized Percentage Rate, Automatic Payment Receipt, ставка процента в годовом исчислении (annualised percentage rate)11) Биржевой термин: annual percentage rate12) Ветеринария: American Pet Registry13) Телекоммуникации: Alarm Processing Remote14) Сокращение: Air Photo Reader (UK), Annual Percentage Rate (as in loan interest), Auto/Auxiliary Power Reserve, Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион (Asia Pacific region)15) Вычислительная техника: Automatic Placement and Routing, Annual Percentage Rate (as in loan interest), Advanced Port Replicator16) Нефть: a trademark for an annular pressure-responsive valve for a DST string, alpha-numeric, ароматические нефтяные остатки, богатые ароматическими соединениями нефтяные остатки (aromatic petroleum residues)17) Банковское дело: процентная ставка в годовом исчислении (annual percentage rate)18) Транспорт: Advisory and Payment Request19) СМИ: Always Playing Roots20) Деловая лексика: Accredited Public Relations, годовая процентная ставка (annual percentage rate)21) Химическое оружие: Air-purifying respirator22) Макаров: acoustic paramagnetic resonance, airborne profile recorder, alphameric, alphanumeric, avalanche photoresistor23) Расширение файла: Alternate Path Retry, Employee performance review (Employee Appraiser), Data (Lotus Approach 97)24) Нефть и газ: (сокр. от) annulus pressure response = управляемый затрубным давлением (о внутрискважинном оборудовании для испытания скважин)25) МИД: Asia-Pacific Region26) NYSE. American Precision Industries, Inc.27) Программное обеспечение: Apache Portable Runtime28) AMEX. Automatic Picture Replacement -
20 spr
1) Биология: serial-probe recognition2) Медицина: Society of Pediatric Radiology3) Американизм: Secret Periodic Reinvestigation, Strategic Political Reserve4) Военный термин: Salvage Point Recording, Software Portability Review, System Performance Report, System Performance Requirements, solid-propellant pocket, special program requirements, special programs review, special project report, special-purpose radar, special-purpose requirements, strategic petroleum reserve, supplementary progress report, supply performance report, supply refuelling point, support plans and requirements, system program review6) Шутливое выражение: Sun Paul's Room7) Математика: спектральный радиус (spectral radius)8) Общая лексика: strategic petroleum reserve( стратегические запасы топлива в США)9) Железнодорожный термин: Southern Pacific Railroad10) Юридический термин: Superior Court Special Proceedings Rules (Court Rules)11) Сокращение: Seconds per Rotation, Secure Packet Radio, Simplified Practice Recommendation, Small Parcels and Rolls (also IPP), Society for Pediatric Research, Society for Physical Research, Solid-Propellant Rocket, Special Programme Review, sprinkler13) Электроника: Semiconductor Process Representation14) Биотехнология: Surface Plasmon Resonance15) Фирменный знак: Sierra Pacific Resources16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: SakhalinPrirodResourcy, Sakhalinprirodresourcy, Committee of natural resources, RAA, committee of natural resources17) Полимеры: super-processing rubber18) Сахалин Р: SakhPrirodResources, SakhalinPrirodResources19) Химическое оружие: Software Problem Report20) Авиационная медицина: skin potential reflex21) Расширение файла: Sizzler Animation, Special Purpose Register, Spreadsheet, Sprint Document letter, Sprite graphics image, Statistical Pattern Recognition, Supervisory Printer Read, Symmetrical Phase Recording, Generated executable screen file (FoxPro)22) Нефть и газ: sucker rod pump23) Электротехника: silicon power rectifier25) Общая лексика: Structure Property Relationship
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