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1 processing ability
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > processing ability
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2 processing ability
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > processing ability
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3 processing ability
1) Техника: способность к обработке2) Макаров: способность к переработке (напр. отходов) -
4 processing ability
English-Russian dictionary of terminology cable technology > processing ability
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5 ability
способность; возможность-
abrasive ability
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absorbing ability
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adhesive ability
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cognitive ability
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coking ability
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cooling ability
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course-keeping ability
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cross-linking ability
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curving ability
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dispersive ability
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emissive ability
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emulsifying ability
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external measuring ability
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felting ability
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filter cleaning ability
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flotation ability
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freezing ability
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glass-forming ability
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handling ability
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hauling ability
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heat sink ability
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heat transport ability
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heat-conducting ability
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internal measuring ability
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load-carrying ability
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lubricating ability
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mold-filling ability
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oil-film retaining ability
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oxidizing ability
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parking brake holding ability
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penetration ability
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power handling ability
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power transmission ability
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problem-solving ability
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processing ability
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pulling ability
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range ability
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reducing ability
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reproductive ability
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resolving ability
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road-holding ability
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rolling ability
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running ability
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screw holding ability
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seagoing ability
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sealing ability
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self-cleaning ability
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service brakes stopping ability
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sintering ability
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sludging ability
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solubilizing ability
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speed ability
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stopping ability
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takeoff ability
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tinning ability
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traction-penetration ability
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tractive ability
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turning ability
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weight-carrying ability
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wetting ability -
6 digital image processing technique
методы обработки цифровых изображений
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
digital image processing technique
Techniques employed in the calibration of image data, the correction or reduction of errors occurring during capture or transmission of the data and in various types of image enhancement-operations which increase the ability of the analyst to recognize features of interest. (Source: YOUNG)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > digital image processing technique
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7 visual processing
обработка графических, визуальных и/или видеоданных; визуальное восприятиек этой области относятся различные компьютерные технологии распознавания (опознавания).This information probably will be presented in graphical form, to exploit more fully the large fraction of the human brain devoted to visual processing and the visual system's pattern recognition ability. — Эта информация будет, по-видимому, представляться в графической форме, чтобы наиболее полно использовать большую часть человеческого мозга, отвечающую за визуальное восприятие, и возможности распознавания образов, присущие компьютерной системе визуализации (обработки визуальных данных) см. тж. graphical form, recognition, visual system
Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > visual processing
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8 способность к обработке
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > способность к обработке
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9 способность к обработке
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > способность к обработке
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10 power
1) ((an) ability: A witch has magic power; A cat has the power of seeing in the dark; He no longer has the power to walk.) poder; facultad, capacidad, habilidad2) (strength, force or energy: muscle power; water-power; (also adjective) a power tool (=a tool operated by electricity etc. not by hand).) energía, fuerza3) (authority or control: political groups fighting for power; How much power does the Queen have?; I have him in my power at last) poder4) (a right belonging to eg a person in authority: The police have the power of arrest.) poder; autoridad5) (a person with great authority or influence: He is quite a power in the town.) persona poderosa/influyente, pez gordo6) (a strong and influential country: the Western powers.) potencia7) (the result obtained by multiplying a number by itself a given number of times: 2 × 2 × 2 or 23 is the third power of 2, or 2 to the power of 3.) potencia•- powered- powerful
- powerfully
- powerfulness
- powerless
- powerlessness
- power cut
- failure
- power-driven
- power point
- power station
- be in power
power n1. poder2. energía / potencia / fuerza3. fuerza / electricidadtr['paʊəSMALLr/SMALL]3 (faculty) facultad nombre femenino4 (control, influence, authority) poder nombre masculino; (of country) poderío, poder nombre masculino5 (nation) potencia; (person, group) fuerza8 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL potencia1 propulsar, impulsar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be in power estar en el poderto come to power llegar al poderto do somebody a power of good hacer a alguien mucho biento have somebody in one's power tener a alguien en su poderto rise to power subir al poderto seize/take power tomar el poder, hacerse con el poderpower base zona de influenciapower drill taladradora mecánicapower failure corte nombre masculino del suministro eléctricopower point enchufe nombre masculino, toma de corrientepower saw sierra mecánica, motosierrapower station central nombre femenino eléctricapower steering dirección nombre femenino asistidapower struggle lucha por el podersolar power energía solarthe powers that be las autoridades nombre femenino pluralpower ['paʊər] vt: impulsar, propulsarpower n1) authority: poder m, autoridad fexecutive powers: poderes ejecutivos2) ability: capacidad f, poder m3) : potencia f (política)foreign powers: potencias extranjeras4) strength: fuerza f5) : potencia f (en física y matemáticas)n.• autoridad s.f.• dominación s.f.• efecto s.m.• eminencia s.f.• empuje s.m.• energía (Electricidad) s.f.• facultad s.m.• fuero s.m.• fuerza s.f.• mando s.m.• poder s.m.• poderío s.m.• potencia (Física) s.f.• potestad s.f.v.• accionar v.• impulsar v.'paʊər, 'paʊə(r)
I
1)a) u (control, influence) poder m; ( of country) poderío m, poder mpower OVER somebody/something — poder sobre alguien/algo
to be in power — estar* en or ocupar el poder
balance of power — equilibrio m de fuerzas
to seize power — tomar el poder, hacerse* con el poder
to come to power — llegar* or subir al poder; (before n)
power sharing — compartimiento m del poder
power struggle — lucha f por el poder
b) u c ( official authority) poder mpower to + INF — poder para + inf
power of veto — derecho m de veto
2) ca) ( nation) potencia fb) (person, group)the powers that be — los que mandan, los que detentan el poder
3) ua) (physical strength, force) fuerza fmore power to your elbow — (colloq) bien hecho!
b) (of engine, loudspeaker, transmitter, telescope) potencia fprocessing power — capacidad f de procesamiento
c) (of tradition, love) poder m, fuerza f; ( of argument) fuerza f, lo poderoso or convincente4)a) u (ability, capacity)I did everything in my power — hice todo lo que estaba en mi(s) mano(s), hice todo lo que me era posible
b) ( specific faculty) (often pl)power(s) of concentration — capacidad f or poder m de concentración
mental powers — inteligencia f, facultades fpl mentales
he was at the height of his power(s) — estaba en su mejor momento or en la plenitud de sus facultades
5) ua) (Eng, Phys) potencia f; ( particular source of energy) energía fsolar power — energía solar; (before n)
power brakes — servofrenos mpl
power steering — dirección f asistida
b) ( electricity) electricidad f; (before n)power cable — cable m de energía eléctrica
power lines — cables mpl de alta tensión
power point — (BrE) toma f de corriente, enchufe m, tomacorriente(s) m (AmS)
power tool — herramienta f eléctrica
6) u ( Math) potencia f10 to the power of 4/of 3 — 10 (elevado) a la cuarta potencia/al cubo
7) ( a lot)to do somebody a power of good — hacerle* a alguien mucho bien
II
1.
steam-powered — a or de vapor
2.
vi ( move rapidly) (colloq) (+ adv compl)[paʊǝ(r)]1. N•
to have power over sb — tener poder sobre algn•
to have sb in one's power — tener a algn en su poder•
to have the power of life and death over sb — tener poder para decidir sobre la vida de algn2) (Pol) poder m, poderío m•
to be in power — estar en el poder•
to come to power — subir al poder•
to fall from power — perder el poder•
power to the people! — ¡el pueblo al poder!3) (Mil) (=capability) potencia f, poderío m•
a nation's air/ sea power — la potencia aérea/naval de un país, el poderío aéreo/naval de un país4) (=authority) poder m, autoridad fshe has the power to act — tiene poder or autoridad para actuar
•
it was seen as an abuse of his power — se percibió como un abuso de poder por su parte•
to exceed one's powers — excederse en el ejercicio de sus atribuciones or facultades•
he has full powers to negotiate a solution — goza de plenos poderes para negociar una solución•
that does not fall within my power(s) — eso no es de mi competencia5) (=ability, capacity)•
it is beyond his power to save her — no está dentro de sus posibilidades salvarla, no puede hacer nada para salvarla•
to be at the height of one's powers — estar en plenitud de facultadespurchasing 2.•
to do all or everything in one's power to help sb — hacer todo lo posible por ayudar a algn6) (=mental faculty) facultad f7) (=nation) potencia f•
the Great Powers — las grandes potencias•
one of the great naval powers — una de las grandes potencias navales•
the leaders of the major world powers — los líderes de las principales potencias mundiales8) (=person in authority)•
the powers that be — las autoridades, los que mandan9) (=forcefulness) [of argument] fuerza fthe power of love/thought — el poder del amor/del intelecto
a painting of great power — un cuadro de gran impacto, un cuadro que causa honda impresión
10) [of engine, machine] potencia f, fuerza f ; [of telescope] aumento m ; (=output) rendimiento m•
microwave on full power for one minute — póngalo con el microondas a plena potencia durante un minuto•
the ship returned to port under her own power — el buque volvió al puerto impulsado por sus propios motores11) (=source of energy) energía f ; (=electric power) electricidad f•
they cut off the power — cortaron la corriente12) (Math) potencia f7 to the power (of) 3 — 7 elevado a la 3 a potencia, 7 elevado al cubo
13) * (=a lot of)the new training methods have done their game a power of good — el nuevo método de entrenamiento ha supuesto una notable mejoría en su juego
2.VTa racing car powered by a 4.2 litre engine — un coche de carreras impulsado por un motor de 4,2 litros
- poweredthe electric lighting is powered by a generator — un generador se encarga de alimentar el alumbrado eléctrico
3.CPDpower base N — base f de poder
power breakfast N — desayuno m de negocios
power broker N — (Pol) poder m en la sombra
power cable N — cable m de energía eléctrica
power cut N — (Brit) corte m de luz or de corriente, apagón m
power dressing N — moda f de ejecutivo
power drill N — taladro m eléctrico, taladradora f eléctrica
power failure N — fallo m del suministro eléctrico
power game N — (esp Pol) juego m del poder
power line N — línea f de conducción eléctrica, cable m de alta tensión
power list N — lista f de las personas más influyentes
power lunch N — comida f de negocios
power outage (US) N — = power cut
power pack N — transformador m
(US) = power stationpower plant N — (=generator) grupo m electrógeno
power play N — (Sport) demostración f de fuerza (en el juego ofensivo); (from temporary suspension) superioridad f (en el ataque); (fig) (=use of power) maniobra f de poder, demostración f de fuerza; (=power struggle) lucha f por el poder
power point N — (Brit) (Elec) enchufe m, toma f de corriente
power politics N — política fsing de fuerza
power saw N — motosierra f, sierra f mecánica
power shovel N — excavadora f
power shower N — ducha f de hidromasaje
power station N — central f eléctrica, usina f eléctrica (S. Cone)
power steering N — (Aut) dirección f asistida
power structure N — estructura f del poder
power struggle N — lucha f por el poder
power supply N — suministro m eléctrico
power surge N — (Elec) subida f de tensión
power tool N — herramienta f eléctrica
power trio N — (Mus) trío m eléctrico
power unit N — grupo m electrógeno
power vacuum N — vacío m de poder
power walking N — marcha f
power workers NPL — trabajadores mpl del sector energético
- power up* * *['paʊər, 'paʊə(r)]
I
1)a) u (control, influence) poder m; ( of country) poderío m, poder mpower OVER somebody/something — poder sobre alguien/algo
to be in power — estar* en or ocupar el poder
balance of power — equilibrio m de fuerzas
to seize power — tomar el poder, hacerse* con el poder
to come to power — llegar* or subir al poder; (before n)
power sharing — compartimiento m del poder
power struggle — lucha f por el poder
b) u c ( official authority) poder mpower to + INF — poder para + inf
power of veto — derecho m de veto
2) ca) ( nation) potencia fb) (person, group)the powers that be — los que mandan, los que detentan el poder
3) ua) (physical strength, force) fuerza fmore power to your elbow — (colloq) bien hecho!
b) (of engine, loudspeaker, transmitter, telescope) potencia fprocessing power — capacidad f de procesamiento
c) (of tradition, love) poder m, fuerza f; ( of argument) fuerza f, lo poderoso or convincente4)a) u (ability, capacity)I did everything in my power — hice todo lo que estaba en mi(s) mano(s), hice todo lo que me era posible
b) ( specific faculty) (often pl)power(s) of concentration — capacidad f or poder m de concentración
mental powers — inteligencia f, facultades fpl mentales
he was at the height of his power(s) — estaba en su mejor momento or en la plenitud de sus facultades
5) ua) (Eng, Phys) potencia f; ( particular source of energy) energía fsolar power — energía solar; (before n)
power brakes — servofrenos mpl
power steering — dirección f asistida
b) ( electricity) electricidad f; (before n)power cable — cable m de energía eléctrica
power lines — cables mpl de alta tensión
power point — (BrE) toma f de corriente, enchufe m, tomacorriente(s) m (AmS)
power tool — herramienta f eléctrica
6) u ( Math) potencia f10 to the power of 4/of 3 — 10 (elevado) a la cuarta potencia/al cubo
7) ( a lot)to do somebody a power of good — hacerle* a alguien mucho bien
II
1.
steam-powered — a or de vapor
2.
vi ( move rapidly) (colloq) (+ adv compl) -
11 PA
1) Общая лексика: portable audio, passport agency, персональный ассистент, личный помощник (personal assistant)2) Компьютерная техника: Precision Architecture3) Биология: protective agent4) Медицина: posterior-anterior5) Американизм: Palestinian Authority, Past Action, People Authority, Personal Assassin, Post Apocalyptic, Process The Acronym, Public Address7) Латинский язык: physiotherapy aid8) Военный термин: Performance Accountability, Personal Authority, Physician Assistant, Picatinny Arsenal (СВ), Powered Armor, Precautionary Approach, Probability of Arrival, Processing Activities, Procurement Agency, Procurement Army, Procurement, Army, Product Assurance, Public Affairs, Pulse Amplitude, pack artillery, participating activity, patient, patrol aircraft, pattern analysis, penetration aircraft, permanent appointment, personal affairs, personal assistant, personnel allocation, phased antenna, physician's assistant, pilot's associate, point of aim, port agency, position area, position of assembly, post adjutant, practice ammunition, preavailability, prelaunch area, preliminary acceptance, primary armament, probability of acceptance, procurement appropriations, program account, program administrator, program analyst, program assessment, program authorization, project administration, proper authority, property administrator, proponent agency, protected area, prototype aircraft, provision allowance, purchasing authority, ЭКЛ, электронный ассистент лётчика, электронный консультант лётчика, электронный помощник лётчика9) Техника: page address, paging amplifier, parametric amplifier, particular average, performance analysis, personnel area, phase angle, phosphorus per acre, phthalic anhydride, physiotherapy aid, picric acid, polarizer-analyzer, polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, position approximate, postulated accident, power amplification, preamble, precomputed altitude, preliminary amplifier, present altitude, pressure alarm, primary air, probability of acceptance, process average, processor architecture, procurement authorization, production association, program address, program authority, protected area, protective agent, pseudoatom, pulse amplifier, pulse amplitude, purge alarm10) Шутливое выражение: Palestinian Assassins, Pathetic Australian, Pokey Award11) Химия: Protactinium, Proton Affinity, ПА, Pro Analyse (чистый для анализа)12) Математика: вероятностный автомат (probabilistic automaton)13) Британский английский: личный секретарь (he is my PA)14) Железнодорожный термин: Physicians Assistant15) Юридический термин: Personnel Administration, Polar Angle, Prevention Advocate, Private Action, Public Act16) Бухгалтерия: Pre Approved, Public Administration, personal allowance17) Автомобильный термин: power antenna, pressure air (Honda)18) Биржевой термин: Portfolio Artifact19) Грубое выражение: Pigs Arse, Piss Ant, Pissed Asshole, Pretty Arse, Private Actress20) География: штат Пенсильвания, США (Pennsylvania)21) Кино: Parental Advisory22) Музыка: сценическое звуковое оборудование23) Телевидение: pulse amplifier24) Телекоммуникации: Pointer Adjustment, Preamble (LAN)25) Сокращение: Panama, Paraguay (NATO country code), Pennsylvania (US state), Per Annum, Phased Array, Play Aid, Power of Attorney, Preparing Activity, Press Agent, Press Association, Limited, Private Account, Publishers Association, Punjabi, passenger agent, prearm, price and availability, procurement authorization, purchasing agent, Program Access, Program Attention, particular average loss, posteroanterior, pulmonary artery, Pennsylvania (штат Пенсильвания (США)), Bureau of Public Affairs, Pakistan Army, Pale Ale, Palermo, Sicilia (Italian province), Palestinian Authority, Pali (linguistics), Palo Alto (California), Pan Am (airline), Panama, Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Paniagua y Asociados (Guatemala, consulting agency), Pantothenic Acid, Paper Advance, Para (Brazil), Paraguay, Paralegal, Paralyzed Age (band), Paramedic's Assistant, Parapsychological Association, Inc (Petaluma, California), Parental Advisory, Parents Association, Parliamentary Assistant (Ontario Government), Parti de l'Action (French: Action Party, Morocco), Partial Agreement, Participatory Appraisal, Particle Accelerator, Partido Arnulfista (Arnulfista Party, Panama), Partner Association, Party Animal, Pass Along, Pass-through Applications, Passenger Address, Passenger Announcement (airlines), Pastoral Administrator, Pastoral Assistant, Pathologists' Assistant, Patients Association (UK), Patronato Antialcoho'lico (Guatemala), Paulus Apostolus (Apostol Paul), Pax Americana, Pay Attention, Paying Agent, Payload Accommodations, Payroll Area, Peace Agreement, Peace Arch (US/Canada border), Peano Arithmetics, Peer Advisor, Pending Availability, Pennsylvania (US postal abbreviation), Penny Arcade (comic strip), Pension Adjustment, People's Alliance, People's Association (Singapore), Pepper-Ann (TV show), Perfect Attack (gaming, Dance Dance Revolution), Perfect Attendance, Perforate Artery (Darke Age of Camelot game), Performance Appraisal, Performance Assurance, Performing Activity (CEFMS), Permit Authority, Persistent Asthma, Persisting to an Older Age, Personal Accident (insurance), Personal Adviser, Personal Agent, Personal Alarm, Personal Appearance, Personalausweis (German: identity card), Personnel Action, Perverted Ass, Perverts Anonymous, Philippine Army, Phillips Academy (Andover), Photoinduced Absorption, Physical Abuse/Assault, Physical Affair, Physician's Association, Picatinny Arsenal, Pierce Armor (Age of Kings game), Pilote Automatique (French: Autopilot), Pinkerton Academy (New Hampshire), Planet of the Apes (movie), Planetarion (online game), Planning Authority, Plant Air, Plate Appearance (Baseball), Platinum Aero (band), Playahead (Internet community), Plaza Automotriz (Guatemala car dealer), Plein Air (Quebec), Point A, Point Analysis, Points Against, Poke'mon Aaah! (website), Police Academy, Policy Analyst, Political Affairs (journal of the Communist Party of the United States of America), Political Agent (Pakistan), Polk Audio, Pollution Abatement, Polyacryl, Pooling Administrator, Port Adapter (Cisco), Port Angeles (Washington), Port Authority (of NY and NJ), Porte-Avions (French, aircraft carrier), Position Adaptivity, Position Angle (astronomy), Post-Apocalyptic, Posterior Anterior (radiology), Power Act (gaming), Power Automation, Pre-Arbitrated, Pre-Auditing, Precision Approach (avionics), Precision Attack, Prednisolone Acetate (eye medication; usually followed by %), Preferred Address, Preferred Alternative, Premier Agendas, Inc. (US), Preplaced-Aggregate (concrete), Press Association (British National News Agency), Pressure Alarm, Pressure Altitude, Preventative Action, Prince Albert (Canada), Princess Anne (high school in Virginia Beach, Virginia), Principal Administrator, Prior Authorization (Pharmacy Benefits), Privacy Act, Privacy Advocate, Privatization Agency, Problem Analysis, Process Allocator, Process Analysis, Process Area, Processing Activities, Procurement Aide/Assistant, Producing Ability (breeding), Product Accumulate (linear code), Production Acceptance, Production Agency, Production Assistant, Produktaansprakelijkheid (Dutch: product responsibility), Professional Association, Professional Audio System, Professor's Assistant, Program Account/Allocation, Program Announcement, Program Assistant, Programmatic Agreement (USACE), Programmed Amount (USACE), Programmer/Analyst, Programming Assistant (campus residential officer), Progressa\PAo Aritme'tica, Prohibited Areas, Project Administrator, Project Agreement, Project Analyst, Project Architect, Project Arrangement, Project Audit, Project Authorization, Propionic Acidemia, Prosecution Attorney, Protected Area (conservation), Protective Antigen (microbiology), Protocol Analyzer, Proton Affinity, Proxy Agreement, Prune Agar, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria), Psoriatic Arthritis, Psychoanalysis, Public Accounting, Public Administration, Public Aid (Medicaid), Public Announcement, Public Appearance, Public Assistance, Public Attorney, Public Audio, Publish America (book publisher), Punk Ass, Purchasing Aide/Assistant, Put Away, Putt and Approach (disc golf)26) Университет: Papers Applied, Partial Accreditation, Performing Arts, Psychology Annex27) Физиология: Passive Aggressive, Pernicious Anemia, Physician's Assistant, Posterio Anterior, Postero Anterior, Pulmonary Artery28) Электроника: Power Adaptor, Preamplifier29) Вычислительная техника: Play Aid, Power of Attorney, Precision Architecture, Press Agent, Private Account, Purchasing Agent, printer agent, program address, Precision Architecture (HP)30) Нефть: pressure drop per annulus section, Пильтун-Астохское месторождение, анализ технических характеристик (performance analysis), среднее качество изделий при данном процессе изготовления31) Стоматология: PA mode, photoablative mode, режим фотоабляции, фотоабляция32) Картография: position approximate33) Банковское дело: аудитор (public accountant), присяжный бухгалтер (public accountant)34) Биотехнология: photoactivatable35) Организация производства: provisional acceptance, временная приёмка36) Фирменный знак: Physical Agents, Professional Association37) Экология: preferential adsorption38) СМИ: Performance Audio40) Бурение: Piltun-Astokhskoye41) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Piltun-Astokhskoye field, Plug and abandoned, peak amplitude, plugged and abandoned, procurement assistance, public address42) Менеджмент: product assurance43) Образование: Paranoids Anonymous, Performance Assessment, Phonemic Awareness, Pretty Average, Public Accountant44) Инвестиции: public accountant45) Сетевые технологии: Port Adapter, performance analysis, анализ производительности, анализ рабочих характеристик46) Полимеры: phthalic anhydride, polyacrylate, polyamide, pressure absolute47) Программирование: Printable Ascii48) Автоматика: pressure angle49) Контроль качества: process average51) Сахалин Р: Piltun Astokhskoye, Piltun-Astokhskoye, public address system52) Химическое оружие: Picatinny Arsenal [NJ], Procurement Appropriation, Public affairs, performance analyzer, performance assessment, pinacolyl alcohol, pinacolyn alcohol, preliminary assessment, program analyzer, programmed amount, Public address (system)53) Авиационная медицина: perceptual asymmetry54) Безопасность: Privacy Act55) Нефть и газ: plant air, proportional band calculation value56) Военно-политический термин: Division of Political Affairs57) США: Pennsylvania58) Имена и фамилии: Prince Albert59) Общественная организация: Peace Action, Push America60) Должность: Per Annum, Performance Artist, Personal Accident, Personal Assistant, Personal Author, Physical Aptitude, Production Assistant, Psychological Associate61) Правительство: Palo Alto, California, Punta Arenas62) Федеральное бюро расследований: Privacy Act of 1974 -
12 Pa
1) Общая лексика: portable audio, passport agency, персональный ассистент, личный помощник (personal assistant)2) Компьютерная техника: Precision Architecture3) Биология: protective agent4) Медицина: posterior-anterior5) Американизм: Palestinian Authority, Past Action, People Authority, Personal Assassin, Post Apocalyptic, Process The Acronym, Public Address7) Латинский язык: physiotherapy aid8) Военный термин: Performance Accountability, Personal Authority, Physician Assistant, Picatinny Arsenal (СВ), Powered Armor, Precautionary Approach, Probability of Arrival, Processing Activities, Procurement Agency, Procurement Army, Procurement, Army, Product Assurance, Public Affairs, Pulse Amplitude, pack artillery, participating activity, patient, patrol aircraft, pattern analysis, penetration aircraft, permanent appointment, personal affairs, personal assistant, personnel allocation, phased antenna, physician's assistant, pilot's associate, point of aim, port agency, position area, position of assembly, post adjutant, practice ammunition, preavailability, prelaunch area, preliminary acceptance, primary armament, probability of acceptance, procurement appropriations, program account, program administrator, program analyst, program assessment, program authorization, project administration, proper authority, property administrator, proponent agency, protected area, prototype aircraft, provision allowance, purchasing authority, ЭКЛ, электронный ассистент лётчика, электронный консультант лётчика, электронный помощник лётчика9) Техника: page address, paging amplifier, parametric amplifier, particular average, performance analysis, personnel area, phase angle, phosphorus per acre, phthalic anhydride, physiotherapy aid, picric acid, polarizer-analyzer, polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, position approximate, postulated accident, power amplification, preamble, precomputed altitude, preliminary amplifier, present altitude, pressure alarm, primary air, probability of acceptance, process average, processor architecture, procurement authorization, production association, program address, program authority, protected area, protective agent, pseudoatom, pulse amplifier, pulse amplitude, purge alarm10) Шутливое выражение: Palestinian Assassins, Pathetic Australian, Pokey Award11) Химия: Protactinium, Proton Affinity, ПА, Pro Analyse (чистый для анализа)12) Математика: вероятностный автомат (probabilistic automaton)13) Британский английский: личный секретарь (he is my PA)14) Железнодорожный термин: Physicians Assistant15) Юридический термин: Personnel Administration, Polar Angle, Prevention Advocate, Private Action, Public Act16) Бухгалтерия: Pre Approved, Public Administration, personal allowance17) Автомобильный термин: power antenna, pressure air (Honda)18) Биржевой термин: Portfolio Artifact19) Грубое выражение: Pigs Arse, Piss Ant, Pissed Asshole, Pretty Arse, Private Actress20) География: штат Пенсильвания, США (Pennsylvania)21) Кино: Parental Advisory22) Музыка: сценическое звуковое оборудование23) Телевидение: pulse amplifier24) Телекоммуникации: Pointer Adjustment, Preamble (LAN)25) Сокращение: Panama, Paraguay (NATO country code), Pennsylvania (US state), Per Annum, Phased Array, Play Aid, Power of Attorney, Preparing Activity, Press Agent, Press Association, Limited, Private Account, Publishers Association, Punjabi, passenger agent, prearm, price and availability, procurement authorization, purchasing agent, Program Access, Program Attention, particular average loss, posteroanterior, pulmonary artery, Pennsylvania (штат Пенсильвания (США)), Bureau of Public Affairs, Pakistan Army, Pale Ale, Palermo, Sicilia (Italian province), Palestinian Authority, Pali (linguistics), Palo Alto (California), Pan Am (airline), Panama, Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Paniagua y Asociados (Guatemala, consulting agency), Pantothenic Acid, Paper Advance, Para (Brazil), Paraguay, Paralegal, Paralyzed Age (band), Paramedic's Assistant, Parapsychological Association, Inc (Petaluma, California), Parental Advisory, Parents Association, Parliamentary Assistant (Ontario Government), Parti de l'Action (French: Action Party, Morocco), Partial Agreement, Participatory Appraisal, Particle Accelerator, Partido Arnulfista (Arnulfista Party, Panama), Partner Association, Party Animal, Pass Along, Pass-through Applications, Passenger Address, Passenger Announcement (airlines), Pastoral Administrator, Pastoral Assistant, Pathologists' Assistant, Patients Association (UK), Patronato Antialcoho'lico (Guatemala), Paulus Apostolus (Apostol Paul), Pax Americana, Pay Attention, Paying Agent, Payload Accommodations, Payroll Area, Peace Agreement, Peace Arch (US/Canada border), Peano Arithmetics, Peer Advisor, Pending Availability, Pennsylvania (US postal abbreviation), Penny Arcade (comic strip), Pension Adjustment, People's Alliance, People's Association (Singapore), Pepper-Ann (TV show), Perfect Attack (gaming, Dance Dance Revolution), Perfect Attendance, Perforate Artery (Darke Age of Camelot game), Performance Appraisal, Performance Assurance, Performing Activity (CEFMS), Permit Authority, Persistent Asthma, Persisting to an Older Age, Personal Accident (insurance), Personal Adviser, Personal Agent, Personal Alarm, Personal Appearance, Personalausweis (German: identity card), Personnel Action, Perverted Ass, Perverts Anonymous, Philippine Army, Phillips Academy (Andover), Photoinduced Absorption, Physical Abuse/Assault, Physical Affair, Physician's Association, Picatinny Arsenal, Pierce Armor (Age of Kings game), Pilote Automatique (French: Autopilot), Pinkerton Academy (New Hampshire), Planet of the Apes (movie), Planetarion (online game), Planning Authority, Plant Air, Plate Appearance (Baseball), Platinum Aero (band), Playahead (Internet community), Plaza Automotriz (Guatemala car dealer), Plein Air (Quebec), Point A, Point Analysis, Points Against, Poke'mon Aaah! (website), Police Academy, Policy Analyst, Political Affairs (journal of the Communist Party of the United States of America), Political Agent (Pakistan), Polk Audio, Pollution Abatement, Polyacryl, Pooling Administrator, Port Adapter (Cisco), Port Angeles (Washington), Port Authority (of NY and NJ), Porte-Avions (French, aircraft carrier), Position Adaptivity, Position Angle (astronomy), Post-Apocalyptic, Posterior Anterior (radiology), Power Act (gaming), Power Automation, Pre-Arbitrated, Pre-Auditing, Precision Approach (avionics), Precision Attack, Prednisolone Acetate (eye medication; usually followed by %), Preferred Address, Preferred Alternative, Premier Agendas, Inc. (US), Preplaced-Aggregate (concrete), Press Association (British National News Agency), Pressure Alarm, Pressure Altitude, Preventative Action, Prince Albert (Canada), Princess Anne (high school in Virginia Beach, Virginia), Principal Administrator, Prior Authorization (Pharmacy Benefits), Privacy Act, Privacy Advocate, Privatization Agency, Problem Analysis, Process Allocator, Process Analysis, Process Area, Processing Activities, Procurement Aide/Assistant, Producing Ability (breeding), Product Accumulate (linear code), Production Acceptance, Production Agency, Production Assistant, Produktaansprakelijkheid (Dutch: product responsibility), Professional Association, Professional Audio System, Professor's Assistant, Program Account/Allocation, Program Announcement, Program Assistant, Programmatic Agreement (USACE), Programmed Amount (USACE), Programmer/Analyst, Programming Assistant (campus residential officer), Progressa\PAo Aritme'tica, Prohibited Areas, Project Administrator, Project Agreement, Project Analyst, Project Architect, Project Arrangement, Project Audit, Project Authorization, Propionic Acidemia, Prosecution Attorney, Protected Area (conservation), Protective Antigen (microbiology), Protocol Analyzer, Proton Affinity, Proxy Agreement, Prune Agar, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria), Psoriatic Arthritis, Psychoanalysis, Public Accounting, Public Administration, Public Aid (Medicaid), Public Announcement, Public Appearance, Public Assistance, Public Attorney, Public Audio, Publish America (book publisher), Punk Ass, Purchasing Aide/Assistant, Put Away, Putt and Approach (disc golf)26) Университет: Papers Applied, Partial Accreditation, Performing Arts, Psychology Annex27) Физиология: Passive Aggressive, Pernicious Anemia, Physician's Assistant, Posterio Anterior, Postero Anterior, Pulmonary Artery28) Электроника: Power Adaptor, Preamplifier29) Вычислительная техника: Play Aid, Power of Attorney, Precision Architecture, Press Agent, Private Account, Purchasing Agent, printer agent, program address, Precision Architecture (HP)30) Нефть: pressure drop per annulus section, Пильтун-Астохское месторождение, анализ технических характеристик (performance analysis), среднее качество изделий при данном процессе изготовления31) Стоматология: PA mode, photoablative mode, режим фотоабляции, фотоабляция32) Картография: position approximate33) Банковское дело: аудитор (public accountant), присяжный бухгалтер (public accountant)34) Биотехнология: photoactivatable35) Организация производства: provisional acceptance, временная приёмка36) Фирменный знак: Physical Agents, Professional Association37) Экология: preferential adsorption38) СМИ: Performance Audio40) Бурение: Piltun-Astokhskoye41) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Piltun-Astokhskoye field, Plug and abandoned, peak amplitude, plugged and abandoned, procurement assistance, public address42) Менеджмент: product assurance43) Образование: Paranoids Anonymous, Performance Assessment, Phonemic Awareness, Pretty Average, Public Accountant44) Инвестиции: public accountant45) Сетевые технологии: Port Adapter, performance analysis, анализ производительности, анализ рабочих характеристик46) Полимеры: phthalic anhydride, polyacrylate, polyamide, pressure absolute47) Программирование: Printable Ascii48) Автоматика: pressure angle49) Контроль качества: process average51) Сахалин Р: Piltun Astokhskoye, Piltun-Astokhskoye, public address system52) Химическое оружие: Picatinny Arsenal [NJ], Procurement Appropriation, Public affairs, performance analyzer, performance assessment, pinacolyl alcohol, pinacolyn alcohol, preliminary assessment, program analyzer, programmed amount, Public address (system)53) Авиационная медицина: perceptual asymmetry54) Безопасность: Privacy Act55) Нефть и газ: plant air, proportional band calculation value56) Военно-политический термин: Division of Political Affairs57) США: Pennsylvania58) Имена и фамилии: Prince Albert59) Общественная организация: Peace Action, Push America60) Должность: Per Annum, Performance Artist, Personal Accident, Personal Assistant, Personal Author, Physical Aptitude, Production Assistant, Psychological Associate61) Правительство: Palo Alto, California, Punta Arenas62) Федеральное бюро расследований: Privacy Act of 1974 -
13 pA
1) Общая лексика: portable audio, passport agency, персональный ассистент, личный помощник (personal assistant)2) Компьютерная техника: Precision Architecture3) Биология: protective agent4) Медицина: posterior-anterior5) Американизм: Palestinian Authority, Past Action, People Authority, Personal Assassin, Post Apocalyptic, Process The Acronym, Public Address7) Латинский язык: physiotherapy aid8) Военный термин: Performance Accountability, Personal Authority, Physician Assistant, Picatinny Arsenal (СВ), Powered Armor, Precautionary Approach, Probability of Arrival, Processing Activities, Procurement Agency, Procurement Army, Procurement, Army, Product Assurance, Public Affairs, Pulse Amplitude, pack artillery, participating activity, patient, patrol aircraft, pattern analysis, penetration aircraft, permanent appointment, personal affairs, personal assistant, personnel allocation, phased antenna, physician's assistant, pilot's associate, point of aim, port agency, position area, position of assembly, post adjutant, practice ammunition, preavailability, prelaunch area, preliminary acceptance, primary armament, probability of acceptance, procurement appropriations, program account, program administrator, program analyst, program assessment, program authorization, project administration, proper authority, property administrator, proponent agency, protected area, prototype aircraft, provision allowance, purchasing authority, ЭКЛ, электронный ассистент лётчика, электронный консультант лётчика, электронный помощник лётчика9) Техника: page address, paging amplifier, parametric amplifier, particular average, performance analysis, personnel area, phase angle, phosphorus per acre, phthalic anhydride, physiotherapy aid, picric acid, polarizer-analyzer, polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, position approximate, postulated accident, power amplification, preamble, precomputed altitude, preliminary amplifier, present altitude, pressure alarm, primary air, probability of acceptance, process average, processor architecture, procurement authorization, production association, program address, program authority, protected area, protective agent, pseudoatom, pulse amplifier, pulse amplitude, purge alarm10) Шутливое выражение: Palestinian Assassins, Pathetic Australian, Pokey Award11) Химия: Protactinium, Proton Affinity, ПА, Pro Analyse (чистый для анализа)12) Математика: вероятностный автомат (probabilistic automaton)13) Британский английский: личный секретарь (he is my PA)14) Железнодорожный термин: Physicians Assistant15) Юридический термин: Personnel Administration, Polar Angle, Prevention Advocate, Private Action, Public Act16) Бухгалтерия: Pre Approved, Public Administration, personal allowance17) Автомобильный термин: power antenna, pressure air (Honda)18) Биржевой термин: Portfolio Artifact19) Грубое выражение: Pigs Arse, Piss Ant, Pissed Asshole, Pretty Arse, Private Actress20) География: штат Пенсильвания, США (Pennsylvania)21) Кино: Parental Advisory22) Музыка: сценическое звуковое оборудование23) Телевидение: pulse amplifier24) Телекоммуникации: Pointer Adjustment, Preamble (LAN)25) Сокращение: Panama, Paraguay (NATO country code), Pennsylvania (US state), Per Annum, Phased Array, Play Aid, Power of Attorney, Preparing Activity, Press Agent, Press Association, Limited, Private Account, Publishers Association, Punjabi, passenger agent, prearm, price and availability, procurement authorization, purchasing agent, Program Access, Program Attention, particular average loss, posteroanterior, pulmonary artery, Pennsylvania (штат Пенсильвания (США)), Bureau of Public Affairs, Pakistan Army, Pale Ale, Palermo, Sicilia (Italian province), Palestinian Authority, Pali (linguistics), Palo Alto (California), Pan Am (airline), Panama, Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Paniagua y Asociados (Guatemala, consulting agency), Pantothenic Acid, Paper Advance, Para (Brazil), Paraguay, Paralegal, Paralyzed Age (band), Paramedic's Assistant, Parapsychological Association, Inc (Petaluma, California), Parental Advisory, Parents Association, Parliamentary Assistant (Ontario Government), Parti de l'Action (French: Action Party, Morocco), Partial Agreement, Participatory Appraisal, Particle Accelerator, Partido Arnulfista (Arnulfista Party, Panama), Partner Association, Party Animal, Pass Along, Pass-through Applications, Passenger Address, Passenger Announcement (airlines), Pastoral Administrator, Pastoral Assistant, Pathologists' Assistant, Patients Association (UK), Patronato Antialcoho'lico (Guatemala), Paulus Apostolus (Apostol Paul), Pax Americana, Pay Attention, Paying Agent, Payload Accommodations, Payroll Area, Peace Agreement, Peace Arch (US/Canada border), Peano Arithmetics, Peer Advisor, Pending Availability, Pennsylvania (US postal abbreviation), Penny Arcade (comic strip), Pension Adjustment, People's Alliance, People's Association (Singapore), Pepper-Ann (TV show), Perfect Attack (gaming, Dance Dance Revolution), Perfect Attendance, Perforate Artery (Darke Age of Camelot game), Performance Appraisal, Performance Assurance, Performing Activity (CEFMS), Permit Authority, Persistent Asthma, Persisting to an Older Age, Personal Accident (insurance), Personal Adviser, Personal Agent, Personal Alarm, Personal Appearance, Personalausweis (German: identity card), Personnel Action, Perverted Ass, Perverts Anonymous, Philippine Army, Phillips Academy (Andover), Photoinduced Absorption, Physical Abuse/Assault, Physical Affair, Physician's Association, Picatinny Arsenal, Pierce Armor (Age of Kings game), Pilote Automatique (French: Autopilot), Pinkerton Academy (New Hampshire), Planet of the Apes (movie), Planetarion (online game), Planning Authority, Plant Air, Plate Appearance (Baseball), Platinum Aero (band), Playahead (Internet community), Plaza Automotriz (Guatemala car dealer), Plein Air (Quebec), Point A, Point Analysis, Points Against, Poke'mon Aaah! (website), Police Academy, Policy Analyst, Political Affairs (journal of the Communist Party of the United States of America), Political Agent (Pakistan), Polk Audio, Pollution Abatement, Polyacryl, Pooling Administrator, Port Adapter (Cisco), Port Angeles (Washington), Port Authority (of NY and NJ), Porte-Avions (French, aircraft carrier), Position Adaptivity, Position Angle (astronomy), Post-Apocalyptic, Posterior Anterior (radiology), Power Act (gaming), Power Automation, Pre-Arbitrated, Pre-Auditing, Precision Approach (avionics), Precision Attack, Prednisolone Acetate (eye medication; usually followed by %), Preferred Address, Preferred Alternative, Premier Agendas, Inc. (US), Preplaced-Aggregate (concrete), Press Association (British National News Agency), Pressure Alarm, Pressure Altitude, Preventative Action, Prince Albert (Canada), Princess Anne (high school in Virginia Beach, Virginia), Principal Administrator, Prior Authorization (Pharmacy Benefits), Privacy Act, Privacy Advocate, Privatization Agency, Problem Analysis, Process Allocator, Process Analysis, Process Area, Processing Activities, Procurement Aide/Assistant, Producing Ability (breeding), Product Accumulate (linear code), Production Acceptance, Production Agency, Production Assistant, Produktaansprakelijkheid (Dutch: product responsibility), Professional Association, Professional Audio System, Professor's Assistant, Program Account/Allocation, Program Announcement, Program Assistant, Programmatic Agreement (USACE), Programmed Amount (USACE), Programmer/Analyst, Programming Assistant (campus residential officer), Progressa\PAo Aritme'tica, Prohibited Areas, Project Administrator, Project Agreement, Project Analyst, Project Architect, Project Arrangement, Project Audit, Project Authorization, Propionic Acidemia, Prosecution Attorney, Protected Area (conservation), Protective Antigen (microbiology), Protocol Analyzer, Proton Affinity, Proxy Agreement, Prune Agar, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria), Psoriatic Arthritis, Psychoanalysis, Public Accounting, Public Administration, Public Aid (Medicaid), Public Announcement, Public Appearance, Public Assistance, Public Attorney, Public Audio, Publish America (book publisher), Punk Ass, Purchasing Aide/Assistant, Put Away, Putt and Approach (disc golf)26) Университет: Papers Applied, Partial Accreditation, Performing Arts, Psychology Annex27) Физиология: Passive Aggressive, Pernicious Anemia, Physician's Assistant, Posterio Anterior, Postero Anterior, Pulmonary Artery28) Электроника: Power Adaptor, Preamplifier29) Вычислительная техника: Play Aid, Power of Attorney, Precision Architecture, Press Agent, Private Account, Purchasing Agent, printer agent, program address, Precision Architecture (HP)30) Нефть: pressure drop per annulus section, Пильтун-Астохское месторождение, анализ технических характеристик (performance analysis), среднее качество изделий при данном процессе изготовления31) Стоматология: PA mode, photoablative mode, режим фотоабляции, фотоабляция32) Картография: position approximate33) Банковское дело: аудитор (public accountant), присяжный бухгалтер (public accountant)34) Биотехнология: photoactivatable35) Организация производства: provisional acceptance, временная приёмка36) Фирменный знак: Physical Agents, Professional Association37) Экология: preferential adsorption38) СМИ: Performance Audio40) Бурение: Piltun-Astokhskoye41) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Piltun-Astokhskoye field, Plug and abandoned, peak amplitude, plugged and abandoned, procurement assistance, public address42) Менеджмент: product assurance43) Образование: Paranoids Anonymous, Performance Assessment, Phonemic Awareness, Pretty Average, Public Accountant44) Инвестиции: public accountant45) Сетевые технологии: Port Adapter, performance analysis, анализ производительности, анализ рабочих характеристик46) Полимеры: phthalic anhydride, polyacrylate, polyamide, pressure absolute47) Программирование: Printable Ascii48) Автоматика: pressure angle49) Контроль качества: process average51) Сахалин Р: Piltun Astokhskoye, Piltun-Astokhskoye, public address system52) Химическое оружие: Picatinny Arsenal [NJ], Procurement Appropriation, Public affairs, performance analyzer, performance assessment, pinacolyl alcohol, pinacolyn alcohol, preliminary assessment, program analyzer, programmed amount, Public address (system)53) Авиационная медицина: perceptual asymmetry54) Безопасность: Privacy Act55) Нефть и газ: plant air, proportional band calculation value56) Военно-политический термин: Division of Political Affairs57) США: Pennsylvania58) Имена и фамилии: Prince Albert59) Общественная организация: Peace Action, Push America60) Должность: Per Annum, Performance Artist, Personal Accident, Personal Assistant, Personal Author, Physical Aptitude, Production Assistant, Psychological Associate61) Правительство: Palo Alto, California, Punta Arenas62) Федеральное бюро расследований: Privacy Act of 1974 -
14 pa
1) Общая лексика: portable audio, passport agency, персональный ассистент, личный помощник (personal assistant)2) Компьютерная техника: Precision Architecture3) Биология: protective agent4) Медицина: posterior-anterior5) Американизм: Palestinian Authority, Past Action, People Authority, Personal Assassin, Post Apocalyptic, Process The Acronym, Public Address7) Латинский язык: physiotherapy aid8) Военный термин: Performance Accountability, Personal Authority, Physician Assistant, Picatinny Arsenal (СВ), Powered Armor, Precautionary Approach, Probability of Arrival, Processing Activities, Procurement Agency, Procurement Army, Procurement, Army, Product Assurance, Public Affairs, Pulse Amplitude, pack artillery, participating activity, patient, patrol aircraft, pattern analysis, penetration aircraft, permanent appointment, personal affairs, personal assistant, personnel allocation, phased antenna, physician's assistant, pilot's associate, point of aim, port agency, position area, position of assembly, post adjutant, practice ammunition, preavailability, prelaunch area, preliminary acceptance, primary armament, probability of acceptance, procurement appropriations, program account, program administrator, program analyst, program assessment, program authorization, project administration, proper authority, property administrator, proponent agency, protected area, prototype aircraft, provision allowance, purchasing authority, ЭКЛ, электронный ассистент лётчика, электронный консультант лётчика, электронный помощник лётчика9) Техника: page address, paging amplifier, parametric amplifier, particular average, performance analysis, personnel area, phase angle, phosphorus per acre, phthalic anhydride, physiotherapy aid, picric acid, polarizer-analyzer, polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, position approximate, postulated accident, power amplification, preamble, precomputed altitude, preliminary amplifier, present altitude, pressure alarm, primary air, probability of acceptance, process average, processor architecture, procurement authorization, production association, program address, program authority, protected area, protective agent, pseudoatom, pulse amplifier, pulse amplitude, purge alarm10) Шутливое выражение: Palestinian Assassins, Pathetic Australian, Pokey Award11) Химия: Protactinium, Proton Affinity, ПА, Pro Analyse (чистый для анализа)12) Математика: вероятностный автомат (probabilistic automaton)13) Британский английский: личный секретарь (he is my PA)14) Железнодорожный термин: Physicians Assistant15) Юридический термин: Personnel Administration, Polar Angle, Prevention Advocate, Private Action, Public Act16) Бухгалтерия: Pre Approved, Public Administration, personal allowance17) Автомобильный термин: power antenna, pressure air (Honda)18) Биржевой термин: Portfolio Artifact19) Грубое выражение: Pigs Arse, Piss Ant, Pissed Asshole, Pretty Arse, Private Actress20) География: штат Пенсильвания, США (Pennsylvania)21) Кино: Parental Advisory22) Музыка: сценическое звуковое оборудование23) Телевидение: pulse amplifier24) Телекоммуникации: Pointer Adjustment, Preamble (LAN)25) Сокращение: Panama, Paraguay (NATO country code), Pennsylvania (US state), Per Annum, Phased Array, Play Aid, Power of Attorney, Preparing Activity, Press Agent, Press Association, Limited, Private Account, Publishers Association, Punjabi, passenger agent, prearm, price and availability, procurement authorization, purchasing agent, Program Access, Program Attention, particular average loss, posteroanterior, pulmonary artery, Pennsylvania (штат Пенсильвания (США)), Bureau of Public Affairs, Pakistan Army, Pale Ale, Palermo, Sicilia (Italian province), Palestinian Authority, Pali (linguistics), Palo Alto (California), Pan Am (airline), Panama, Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Paniagua y Asociados (Guatemala, consulting agency), Pantothenic Acid, Paper Advance, Para (Brazil), Paraguay, Paralegal, Paralyzed Age (band), Paramedic's Assistant, Parapsychological Association, Inc (Petaluma, California), Parental Advisory, Parents Association, Parliamentary Assistant (Ontario Government), Parti de l'Action (French: Action Party, Morocco), Partial Agreement, Participatory Appraisal, Particle Accelerator, Partido Arnulfista (Arnulfista Party, Panama), Partner Association, Party Animal, Pass Along, Pass-through Applications, Passenger Address, Passenger Announcement (airlines), Pastoral Administrator, Pastoral Assistant, Pathologists' Assistant, Patients Association (UK), Patronato Antialcoho'lico (Guatemala), Paulus Apostolus (Apostol Paul), Pax Americana, Pay Attention, Paying Agent, Payload Accommodations, Payroll Area, Peace Agreement, Peace Arch (US/Canada border), Peano Arithmetics, Peer Advisor, Pending Availability, Pennsylvania (US postal abbreviation), Penny Arcade (comic strip), Pension Adjustment, People's Alliance, People's Association (Singapore), Pepper-Ann (TV show), Perfect Attack (gaming, Dance Dance Revolution), Perfect Attendance, Perforate Artery (Darke Age of Camelot game), Performance Appraisal, Performance Assurance, Performing Activity (CEFMS), Permit Authority, Persistent Asthma, Persisting to an Older Age, Personal Accident (insurance), Personal Adviser, Personal Agent, Personal Alarm, Personal Appearance, Personalausweis (German: identity card), Personnel Action, Perverted Ass, Perverts Anonymous, Philippine Army, Phillips Academy (Andover), Photoinduced Absorption, Physical Abuse/Assault, Physical Affair, Physician's Association, Picatinny Arsenal, Pierce Armor (Age of Kings game), Pilote Automatique (French: Autopilot), Pinkerton Academy (New Hampshire), Planet of the Apes (movie), Planetarion (online game), Planning Authority, Plant Air, Plate Appearance (Baseball), Platinum Aero (band), Playahead (Internet community), Plaza Automotriz (Guatemala car dealer), Plein Air (Quebec), Point A, Point Analysis, Points Against, Poke'mon Aaah! (website), Police Academy, Policy Analyst, Political Affairs (journal of the Communist Party of the United States of America), Political Agent (Pakistan), Polk Audio, Pollution Abatement, Polyacryl, Pooling Administrator, Port Adapter (Cisco), Port Angeles (Washington), Port Authority (of NY and NJ), Porte-Avions (French, aircraft carrier), Position Adaptivity, Position Angle (astronomy), Post-Apocalyptic, Posterior Anterior (radiology), Power Act (gaming), Power Automation, Pre-Arbitrated, Pre-Auditing, Precision Approach (avionics), Precision Attack, Prednisolone Acetate (eye medication; usually followed by %), Preferred Address, Preferred Alternative, Premier Agendas, Inc. (US), Preplaced-Aggregate (concrete), Press Association (British National News Agency), Pressure Alarm, Pressure Altitude, Preventative Action, Prince Albert (Canada), Princess Anne (high school in Virginia Beach, Virginia), Principal Administrator, Prior Authorization (Pharmacy Benefits), Privacy Act, Privacy Advocate, Privatization Agency, Problem Analysis, Process Allocator, Process Analysis, Process Area, Processing Activities, Procurement Aide/Assistant, Producing Ability (breeding), Product Accumulate (linear code), Production Acceptance, Production Agency, Production Assistant, Produktaansprakelijkheid (Dutch: product responsibility), Professional Association, Professional Audio System, Professor's Assistant, Program Account/Allocation, Program Announcement, Program Assistant, Programmatic Agreement (USACE), Programmed Amount (USACE), Programmer/Analyst, Programming Assistant (campus residential officer), Progressa\PAo Aritme'tica, Prohibited Areas, Project Administrator, Project Agreement, Project Analyst, Project Architect, Project Arrangement, Project Audit, Project Authorization, Propionic Acidemia, Prosecution Attorney, Protected Area (conservation), Protective Antigen (microbiology), Protocol Analyzer, Proton Affinity, Proxy Agreement, Prune Agar, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria), Psoriatic Arthritis, Psychoanalysis, Public Accounting, Public Administration, Public Aid (Medicaid), Public Announcement, Public Appearance, Public Assistance, Public Attorney, Public Audio, Publish America (book publisher), Punk Ass, Purchasing Aide/Assistant, Put Away, Putt and Approach (disc golf)26) Университет: Papers Applied, Partial Accreditation, Performing Arts, Psychology Annex27) Физиология: Passive Aggressive, Pernicious Anemia, Physician's Assistant, Posterio Anterior, Postero Anterior, Pulmonary Artery28) Электроника: Power Adaptor, Preamplifier29) Вычислительная техника: Play Aid, Power of Attorney, Precision Architecture, Press Agent, Private Account, Purchasing Agent, printer agent, program address, Precision Architecture (HP)30) Нефть: pressure drop per annulus section, Пильтун-Астохское месторождение, анализ технических характеристик (performance analysis), среднее качество изделий при данном процессе изготовления31) Стоматология: PA mode, photoablative mode, режим фотоабляции, фотоабляция32) Картография: position approximate33) Банковское дело: аудитор (public accountant), присяжный бухгалтер (public accountant)34) Биотехнология: photoactivatable35) Организация производства: provisional acceptance, временная приёмка36) Фирменный знак: Physical Agents, Professional Association37) Экология: preferential adsorption38) СМИ: Performance Audio40) Бурение: Piltun-Astokhskoye41) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Piltun-Astokhskoye field, Plug and abandoned, peak amplitude, plugged and abandoned, procurement assistance, public address42) Менеджмент: product assurance43) Образование: Paranoids Anonymous, Performance Assessment, Phonemic Awareness, Pretty Average, Public Accountant44) Инвестиции: public accountant45) Сетевые технологии: Port Adapter, performance analysis, анализ производительности, анализ рабочих характеристик46) Полимеры: phthalic anhydride, polyacrylate, polyamide, pressure absolute47) Программирование: Printable Ascii48) Автоматика: pressure angle49) Контроль качества: process average51) Сахалин Р: Piltun Astokhskoye, Piltun-Astokhskoye, public address system52) Химическое оружие: Picatinny Arsenal [NJ], Procurement Appropriation, Public affairs, performance analyzer, performance assessment, pinacolyl alcohol, pinacolyn alcohol, preliminary assessment, program analyzer, programmed amount, Public address (system)53) Авиационная медицина: perceptual asymmetry54) Безопасность: Privacy Act55) Нефть и газ: plant air, proportional band calculation value56) Военно-политический термин: Division of Political Affairs57) США: Pennsylvania58) Имена и фамилии: Prince Albert59) Общественная организация: Peace Action, Push America60) Должность: Per Annum, Performance Artist, Personal Accident, Personal Assistant, Personal Author, Physical Aptitude, Production Assistant, Psychological Associate61) Правительство: Palo Alto, California, Punta Arenas62) Федеральное бюро расследований: Privacy Act of 1974 -
15 competence
['kɒmpɪtəns]1) (ability) competenza f.2) (skill) abilità f., capacità f.we require competence in Spanish, in word processing — richiediamo la conoscenza dello spagnolo, buone capacità di elaborazione testi
* * *noun competenza* * *competence /ˈkɒmpɪtəns/n. [u]5 (lett.) mezzi di sussistenza più che sufficienti.* * *['kɒmpɪtəns]1) (ability) competenza f.2) (skill) abilità f., capacità f.we require competence in Spanish, in word processing — richiediamo la conoscenza dello spagnolo, buone capacità di elaborazione testi
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16 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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17 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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18 APS
1) Компьютерная техника: Active Pixel Sensor, Active Pixel Sensors, Advanced Production System, All Processes Suspended, Application Print Services, Application Protection System, adaptive polarization shaping, Advances Planning and Scheduling, система оптимизационного планирования производства2) Биология: adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate3) Авиация: рейтинг контроля подхода по средствам наблюдения4) Морской термин: (Arrival Pilot Station) Пункт (порт) начала лоцманской проводки5) Медицина: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, антитромбоцитарная иммунная сыворотка6) Спорт: Air Precision Shooting7) Военный термин: ASARS Processing Segment, ASARS-II Processing Segment, Advanced Power System, Afloat Pre-positioning Ship, Air Pictorial Service, Air Planning System, Allied publications, Army Pictorial Service, Army Pilot School, Army Postal Service, Automatic Point And Shoot, Automatic Provisioning System, accessory power supply, active protection system, actual parade state, advanced personnel system, aerial port squadron, airborne pulse search, antenna pointing subsystem, armor-piercing shell, assistant private secretary, automatic programming system, auxiliary power supply, auxiliary propulsion system8) Техника: American Physic Society, accident-prone situation, acoustical protection system, adaptive processor sonar, aft propulsion system, air breathing propulsion system, airborne pulse search radar, ammonium polysulfide, amplifier power supply, angular position sensor, arc-plasma spraying, automatic positioning system, automatic protection switch9) Химия: аммония персульфат (Ammonium PerSulphate), полисульфид аммония (ammonium polysulfide)10) Юридический термин: Adult Protective Services, Attending Physicians Statements11) Автомобильный термин: absolute pressure sensor (GM), atmospheric pressure sensor (Mazda), Acoustic Parking System12) Ветеринария: American Physiological Society13) Оптика: advanced photon source14) Телевидение: automatic program search15) Телекоммуникации: Affordable Portable Services, Automatic Protection Switching (SONET)16) Сокращение: Academy of Political Science, Adaptive Processor System (sonar), Address Program Support Office (Office of Operations Support), Adjustment Processing System, Advanced Fighter Crew Protection System, Advanced Planning System, Advanced Planning and Scheduling, Advanced Propulsion System, Aerial Post Squadron (USAF), Afloat Planning System (USA), Afloat Planning System, Aiming & Pointing System, Aiming and Pointing System (USMC), Aircraft Position Sensor, Aircraft Prepared for Service, American Peace Society, American Peat Society, American Pediatric Society, American Philatelic Society, American Philosophical Society, American Physical Society, American Protestant Society, Artillery Pointing System, Associate of the Pharmaceutical Society, Atomic Power Station, Automatic Pointing System, Auxiliary Power System, Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome, advanced planning/scheduling17) Университет: Academic Program Summary, Applied Problem Solving18) Физиология: Absolutely Precious Skin, Active Positive Symbiosis19) Электроника: Advanced Power Stability, Analog Protection System, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Antennas and Propagation Society20) Вычислительная техника: Application Page Server, Automated Patent System, Automatic Protection Switching, attached processor system, Application Service Provider (WAN), автоматизированная патентная система21) Нефть: abandon platform shutdown22) Иммунология: Advance Photo System23) Банковское дело: средняя доля сбережений в доходе (average propensity to save)24) Транспорт: Active Point System, Airway Planning Standard, Asset Positioning System, Auto Pilot System25) Фирменный знак: Academic Publishing Service, Amateur Pageantry Systems26) Экология: accelerated photosynthetic system27) Реклама: Общество Артура Пейджа28) СМИ: Advanced Photo System, All Programs And Sounds29) Деловая лексика: Administration Planning And Statistics, Advanced Planning Systems, Analytical Planning Scheduling, Approved Program Sequence, Automated Planning And Scheduling, Automated Process Scheduler30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: abandon platform shutdown (Orlan platform)31) Образование: Ability Point Skill32) Инвестиции: average propensity to save33) Сетевые технологии: Aol Password Stealer, Application Provider Services, Asynchronous Port Switch, Asynchronous Protocol Specification, спецификация асинхронного протокола34) Полимеры: American Petroleum Society, average particle size( фракционный состав)35) Общая лексика: auto priming system36) Химическое оружие: Army Planning System37) Безопасность: auto polarity switching38) Расширение файла: Advanced Printing Service (IBM)39) Нефть и газ: Индукционный зонд, Надтепловой каротаж, Accelerated Porosity Sonde40) Электротехника: Arizona Public Service Company (название компании)41) Нанотехнологии: воздушно-плазменное напыление, air plasma spray, air plasma spraying42) Общественная организация: Association For Practical Shooting43) Должность: Agricultural Production Specialist45) Программное обеспечение: Agenda Productivity Suite -
19 APs
1) Компьютерная техника: Active Pixel Sensor, Active Pixel Sensors, Advanced Production System, All Processes Suspended, Application Print Services, Application Protection System, adaptive polarization shaping, Advances Planning and Scheduling, система оптимизационного планирования производства2) Биология: adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate3) Авиация: рейтинг контроля подхода по средствам наблюдения4) Морской термин: (Arrival Pilot Station) Пункт (порт) начала лоцманской проводки5) Медицина: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, антитромбоцитарная иммунная сыворотка6) Спорт: Air Precision Shooting7) Военный термин: ASARS Processing Segment, ASARS-II Processing Segment, Advanced Power System, Afloat Pre-positioning Ship, Air Pictorial Service, Air Planning System, Allied publications, Army Pictorial Service, Army Pilot School, Army Postal Service, Automatic Point And Shoot, Automatic Provisioning System, accessory power supply, active protection system, actual parade state, advanced personnel system, aerial port squadron, airborne pulse search, antenna pointing subsystem, armor-piercing shell, assistant private secretary, automatic programming system, auxiliary power supply, auxiliary propulsion system8) Техника: American Physic Society, accident-prone situation, acoustical protection system, adaptive processor sonar, aft propulsion system, air breathing propulsion system, airborne pulse search radar, ammonium polysulfide, amplifier power supply, angular position sensor, arc-plasma spraying, automatic positioning system, automatic protection switch9) Химия: аммония персульфат (Ammonium PerSulphate), полисульфид аммония (ammonium polysulfide)10) Юридический термин: Adult Protective Services, Attending Physicians Statements11) Автомобильный термин: absolute pressure sensor (GM), atmospheric pressure sensor (Mazda), Acoustic Parking System12) Ветеринария: American Physiological Society13) Оптика: advanced photon source14) Телевидение: automatic program search15) Телекоммуникации: Affordable Portable Services, Automatic Protection Switching (SONET)16) Сокращение: Academy of Political Science, Adaptive Processor System (sonar), Address Program Support Office (Office of Operations Support), Adjustment Processing System, Advanced Fighter Crew Protection System, Advanced Planning System, Advanced Planning and Scheduling, Advanced Propulsion System, Aerial Post Squadron (USAF), Afloat Planning System (USA), Afloat Planning System, Aiming & Pointing System, Aiming and Pointing System (USMC), Aircraft Position Sensor, Aircraft Prepared for Service, American Peace Society, American Peat Society, American Pediatric Society, American Philatelic Society, American Philosophical Society, American Physical Society, American Protestant Society, Artillery Pointing System, Associate of the Pharmaceutical Society, Atomic Power Station, Automatic Pointing System, Auxiliary Power System, Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome, advanced planning/scheduling17) Университет: Academic Program Summary, Applied Problem Solving18) Физиология: Absolutely Precious Skin, Active Positive Symbiosis19) Электроника: Advanced Power Stability, Analog Protection System, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Antennas and Propagation Society20) Вычислительная техника: Application Page Server, Automated Patent System, Automatic Protection Switching, attached processor system, Application Service Provider (WAN), автоматизированная патентная система21) Нефть: abandon platform shutdown22) Иммунология: Advance Photo System23) Банковское дело: средняя доля сбережений в доходе (average propensity to save)24) Транспорт: Active Point System, Airway Planning Standard, Asset Positioning System, Auto Pilot System25) Фирменный знак: Academic Publishing Service, Amateur Pageantry Systems26) Экология: accelerated photosynthetic system27) Реклама: Общество Артура Пейджа28) СМИ: Advanced Photo System, All Programs And Sounds29) Деловая лексика: Administration Planning And Statistics, Advanced Planning Systems, Analytical Planning Scheduling, Approved Program Sequence, Automated Planning And Scheduling, Automated Process Scheduler30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: abandon platform shutdown (Orlan platform)31) Образование: Ability Point Skill32) Инвестиции: average propensity to save33) Сетевые технологии: Aol Password Stealer, Application Provider Services, Asynchronous Port Switch, Asynchronous Protocol Specification, спецификация асинхронного протокола34) Полимеры: American Petroleum Society, average particle size( фракционный состав)35) Общая лексика: auto priming system36) Химическое оружие: Army Planning System37) Безопасность: auto polarity switching38) Расширение файла: Advanced Printing Service (IBM)39) Нефть и газ: Индукционный зонд, Надтепловой каротаж, Accelerated Porosity Sonde40) Электротехника: Arizona Public Service Company (название компании)41) Нанотехнологии: воздушно-плазменное напыление, air plasma spray, air plasma spraying42) Общественная организация: Association For Practical Shooting43) Должность: Agricultural Production Specialist45) Программное обеспечение: Agenda Productivity Suite -
20 ApS
1) Компьютерная техника: Active Pixel Sensor, Active Pixel Sensors, Advanced Production System, All Processes Suspended, Application Print Services, Application Protection System, adaptive polarization shaping, Advances Planning and Scheduling, система оптимизационного планирования производства2) Биология: adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate3) Авиация: рейтинг контроля подхода по средствам наблюдения4) Морской термин: (Arrival Pilot Station) Пункт (порт) начала лоцманской проводки5) Медицина: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, антитромбоцитарная иммунная сыворотка6) Спорт: Air Precision Shooting7) Военный термин: ASARS Processing Segment, ASARS-II Processing Segment, Advanced Power System, Afloat Pre-positioning Ship, Air Pictorial Service, Air Planning System, Allied publications, Army Pictorial Service, Army Pilot School, Army Postal Service, Automatic Point And Shoot, Automatic Provisioning System, accessory power supply, active protection system, actual parade state, advanced personnel system, aerial port squadron, airborne pulse search, antenna pointing subsystem, armor-piercing shell, assistant private secretary, automatic programming system, auxiliary power supply, auxiliary propulsion system8) Техника: American Physic Society, accident-prone situation, acoustical protection system, adaptive processor sonar, aft propulsion system, air breathing propulsion system, airborne pulse search radar, ammonium polysulfide, amplifier power supply, angular position sensor, arc-plasma spraying, automatic positioning system, automatic protection switch9) Химия: аммония персульфат (Ammonium PerSulphate), полисульфид аммония (ammonium polysulfide)10) Юридический термин: Adult Protective Services, Attending Physicians Statements11) Автомобильный термин: absolute pressure sensor (GM), atmospheric pressure sensor (Mazda), Acoustic Parking System12) Ветеринария: American Physiological Society13) Оптика: advanced photon source14) Телевидение: automatic program search15) Телекоммуникации: Affordable Portable Services, Automatic Protection Switching (SONET)16) Сокращение: Academy of Political Science, Adaptive Processor System (sonar), Address Program Support Office (Office of Operations Support), Adjustment Processing System, Advanced Fighter Crew Protection System, Advanced Planning System, Advanced Planning and Scheduling, Advanced Propulsion System, Aerial Post Squadron (USAF), Afloat Planning System (USA), Afloat Planning System, Aiming & Pointing System, Aiming and Pointing System (USMC), Aircraft Position Sensor, Aircraft Prepared for Service, American Peace Society, American Peat Society, American Pediatric Society, American Philatelic Society, American Philosophical Society, American Physical Society, American Protestant Society, Artillery Pointing System, Associate of the Pharmaceutical Society, Atomic Power Station, Automatic Pointing System, Auxiliary Power System, Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome, advanced planning/scheduling17) Университет: Academic Program Summary, Applied Problem Solving18) Физиология: Absolutely Precious Skin, Active Positive Symbiosis19) Электроника: Advanced Power Stability, Analog Protection System, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Antennas and Propagation Society20) Вычислительная техника: Application Page Server, Automated Patent System, Automatic Protection Switching, attached processor system, Application Service Provider (WAN), автоматизированная патентная система21) Нефть: abandon platform shutdown22) Иммунология: Advance Photo System23) Банковское дело: средняя доля сбережений в доходе (average propensity to save)24) Транспорт: Active Point System, Airway Planning Standard, Asset Positioning System, Auto Pilot System25) Фирменный знак: Academic Publishing Service, Amateur Pageantry Systems26) Экология: accelerated photosynthetic system27) Реклама: Общество Артура Пейджа28) СМИ: Advanced Photo System, All Programs And Sounds29) Деловая лексика: Administration Planning And Statistics, Advanced Planning Systems, Analytical Planning Scheduling, Approved Program Sequence, Automated Planning And Scheduling, Automated Process Scheduler30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: abandon platform shutdown (Orlan platform)31) Образование: Ability Point Skill32) Инвестиции: average propensity to save33) Сетевые технологии: Aol Password Stealer, Application Provider Services, Asynchronous Port Switch, Asynchronous Protocol Specification, спецификация асинхронного протокола34) Полимеры: American Petroleum Society, average particle size( фракционный состав)35) Общая лексика: auto priming system36) Химическое оружие: Army Planning System37) Безопасность: auto polarity switching38) Расширение файла: Advanced Printing Service (IBM)39) Нефть и газ: Индукционный зонд, Надтепловой каротаж, Accelerated Porosity Sonde40) Электротехника: Arizona Public Service Company (название компании)41) Нанотехнологии: воздушно-плазменное напыление, air plasma spray, air plasma spraying42) Общественная организация: Association For Practical Shooting43) Должность: Agricultural Production Specialist45) Программное обеспечение: Agenda Productivity Suite
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