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21 ideal
1) идеал, предел совершенства || идеальный2) матем. идеал3) мысленный, нереальный, воображаемый•- absolutely unramified ideal - completely simple ideal - disjunctive ideal - invertible ideal - strongly primary ideal - strongly ramified ideal - zero ideal -
22 operation
1) действие2) операция3) оперирование4) процесс, ход5) работа, функционирование6) срабатывание7) управление8) эксплуатация•- hereditarily recursive operationoperation under VFR — авиац. визуальное самолётовождение
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23 point
1) точка2) балл, очко3) деление (шкалы); румб; лимб4) заострение, остриё, острый конец || заострять, затачивать5) полигр. пункт ( единица измерения в типографской системе мер)6) пост, пункт, место7) мыс8) наконечник9) предмет11) указывать•about a point — мат. в окрестности точки
point at infinity — мат. несобственный элемент, бесконечно удалённая точка
point covers a line — т. граф. вершина покрывает ребро
point in infinity — мат. точка в бесконечности
winding number of curve with respect to point — мат. порядок кривой относительно точки (число оборотов вектора, соединяющего данную точку с точкой кривой при обходе кривой)
right two points — мор. на два румба вправо
with a point as a center — мат. с центром в точке…
- bisecting point of a segment - conditionally stable point - division point - essentially singular point - general point - generic point - horizontal control point - infinitely remote point point - material point - minimal fixed point - negatively stable point - nonessential singular point - optimum point - piercing point of a line - point of greatest concentration - positively normal point - positively stable point - right singular point - single mass point - strongly recurrent point - strongly singular point - triply rational point - uniplanar double point - unstable nodal point - upper significance pointwith respect to point — мат. относительно точки
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24 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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25 cohomology
1) верхний
2) верхняя гомология
3) когомология
4) когомологический ∙ absolute cohomology group ≈ абсолютная когомологическая группа adjusted cohomology sequence ≈ усовершенствованная когомологическая последовательность cohomology [contrahomology] suspension ≈ когомологическая надстройка cohomology of uniform spaces ≈ когомология равномерных пространств curvature cohomology class ≈ когомологический класс direct cohomology group ≈ прямая группа когомологий extraordinary cohomology theor ≈ экстраординарная теория когомологий flat cohomology ring ≈ кольцо бемольных когомологий infinite dimensional cohomology ≈ бесконечномерная когомология integral cohomology class ≈ целочисленный класс когомологий motive cohomology functor ≈ функтор мотивных когомологий partially exact cohomology ≈ частично точная когомология rational cohomology class ≈ рациональный класс когомологий relative cohomology group ≈ группа относительных когомологий transgressive cohomology class ≈ трансгрессив-ный когомологический класс unitary cohomology class ≈ унитарный класс когомологий weak cohomology group ≈ группа слабых когомологий - algebraic cohomology - cellular cohomology - cohomology algebra - cohomology class - cohomology diagram - cohomology dimension - cohomology functor - cohomology group - cohomology invariant - cohomology manifold - cohomology object - cohomology obstruction - cohomology of algebras - cohomology operation - cohomology operator - cohomology representation - cohomology ring - cohomology sequence - cohomology set - cohomology space - cohomology sphere - cohomology structure - cohomology theor - cohomology transgression - commutative cohomology - continuous cohomology - cubic cohomology - differential cohomology - equivariant cohomology - etale cohomology - extraordinary cohomology - filtrated cohomology - flat cohomology - group cohomology - local cohomology - noncommutative cohomology - p-adic cohomology - primitive cohomology - rational cohomology - relative cohomology - singular cohomology - smooth cohomology - spectral cohomology - square-integrable cohomology - standard cohomology - trivial cohomology - two-stage cohomology - vector cohomology - weak cohomology (математика) когомологияБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > cohomology
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26 unity
1) единица
2) единство
3) единение
– component of unity
– constituent of unity
– root of unity
– set to unity
– Sylvester's law of unity
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27 operation
Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > operation
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28 type
1) типа) класс; категория; родб) группа; вид2) модель; образец || быть моделью; служить образцом3) вчт символ ( определённого типа) || служить символом4) литера5) шрифт7) печатать (напр. на пишущей машине); набирать (напр. текст); вводить (напр. данные)8) распечатывать (напр. файл); выводить (напр. данные)•- type of entity
- abstract data type
- acoustical type of lattice vibration
- algebraic data type
- application-oriented data type
- body type
- built-in type
- condensed type
- conductivity type
- constructed data type
- creator type
- data type
- derived type
- digitized type
- display type
- emission type
- encapsulated type
- enumerated type
- expanded type
- fundamental type
- generic type
- immutable reference type
- integral type
- large resource data type
- memory type
- MIME type
- mode type
- Moon type
- mutable reference type
- optical type of lattice vibration
- ordinal type
- parametrized type
- portable user type
- predefined type
- preferred types
- primary type
- primitive type
- private type
- reference type
- resource type
- restricted type
- rotated type
- scalar data type
- set type
- small resource data type
- spectral type
- sum of product type
- user-defined type
- vector data type
- wraparound type -
29 level
1) уровень2) степень3) выравнивать4) нивелир || нивелировать•- acceptance quality levelto level up — устанавливать точно в одной плоскости; выравнивать
- adapt level
- airborne noise level
- approximate safe level
- A-weighted sound level
- black level
- blanking level
- bottom level
- capacity level
- circular level
- commanded speed level
- confidence level
- constraint level
- control level
- control program level
- correct wear level
- crane datum level
- dead level
- decibel level
- default level
- economic quality level
- encoding level
- failure rate level
- fiduciary level
- floor level
- frame level
- gray level
- high level
- information coding level
- interface level
- interference level
- inventory level
- laser power level
- level of accuracy
- level of competency
- level of detail desired
- level of detail
- level of equipment use
- level of indenture
- level of performance
- level of protection
- level of supply
- level of the profile section
- low level
- machinist level
- managerial level
- manning level
- mezzanine level
- noise exposure level
- noise level
- power-monitoring level
- precision level
- predetermined level
- preset level
- primitive level
- production level
- profile section level
- quality level
- reference level
- reorder level
- restock level
- right-angle level
- scrap level
- set level
- severity level
- sharpening level
- sound level
- sound pressure level
- spirit level
- target level
- threshold level
- top level
- utilization level
- vibration level
- vibrational level
- water level
- white level
- zero levelEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > level
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30 operator
•- AND operator
- assembler operator
- averaging operator
- binary operator
- Boolean operator
- complementary operator
- composite operator
- computer operator
- console operator
- constraint operator
- decremental operator
- differentiation operator
- dyadic operator
- except operator
- exponentiating operator
- font operator
- high-level operator
- human operator
- implied operator
- incremental operator
- infix operator
- logical operator
- long operator
- machine operator
- masking operator
- mathematical operator
- membership operator
- monadic operator
- neighborhood operator
- OR operator
- postfix operator
- prefix operator
- primitive operator
- relational operator
- retarded operator
- sequential operator
- set operator
- spatial operator
- stream-merge operator
- string operator
- string-valued operator
- suffix operator
- terminal operator
- times operator
- transition operator
- unitary operator
- variable-binding operatorEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > operator
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31 function
I = FUNC1) функцияв программировании - специальный вид подпрограмм, выполняющих некоторое вычисление и отличающихся тем, что они возвращают в точку вызова результат (return value), присваиваемый имени функции. Поэтому функции, как правило, используются в выражениях. Функция состоит из четырёх частей: типа возвращаемого результата (return type) (он же тип функции), имени функции (function name), списка параметров (parameter list) и тела функции (function body). Функции бывают встроенные (predefined function), библиотечные (library function) и пользовательские (custom function).The chief advantage of a function is that it can be treated as a "black box" that takes a set of known inputs and produces a corresponding output. — Главное преимущество функции в том, что она может рассматриваться как чёрный ящик, принимающий набор известных входных данных и выдающий соответствующий им результат.
Syn:см. тж. built-in function, expression, function body, function call, function declaration, function definition, function editor, function header, function name, function overloading, function procedure, function prototype, function reference, function scope, function signature, function template, in-line function, intrinsic function, logical function, mathematical function, member function, objective function, one-way function, polymorphic function, primitive, procedure, pseudorandom function, recursive function, routine, standard function, string function, subroutine, system function, threshold function, undocumented function, value function, variadic function, virtual function, voidнапример, программы и/или устройствасм. тж. feature3) (см. тж. function unit) - функциональный блок (модуль, узел, элемент, компонент)аппаратный, программный или аппаратно-программный блок, составная часть более крупной системысм. тж. analog function4) функционирование, работоспособность5) [функциональная] зависимость6) глаг. функционировать, действовать, работать
II = library routineАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > function
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32 simulation
1) имитация, моделирование, имитационное моделирование; не реком. симуляцияпредставление выборочных поведенческих характеристик одной физической или абстрактной системы при помощи другой системы, например программная имитация поведения физического механизма, процесса, объекта или живого существа. Предусматривает построение компьютерной модели имитируемой системы - набора программных объектов, представляющих предположительно важные атрибуты физической системы, в сочетании с правилами и ограничениями, контролирующими их допустимые значения. Имитационное моделирование есть выполнение такой программной модели и регистрация данных, описывающих её поведение во времени. Есть два основных вида имитационного моделирования - непрерывное (или моделирование непрерывных процессов, continuous simulation) и дискретное (discrete simulation). При непрерывном моделировании, например траектории ракеты, значения всех переменных вычисляются с регулярными временными интервалами, а при дискретном - только в моменты некоторых существенных событий, например при нажатии кнопки пользователем.Непрерывное моделирование базируется обычно на методах анализа конечных элементов (см. finite element analysis) или конечных разностей (см. finite difference algorithm), а дискретное - на методах Монте-Карло (см. Monte Carlo algorithm). Программы моделирования могут работать в пакетном или интерактивном режимах. Имитационное моделирование широко используется в науке и технике, например, в полётных тренажёрах для обучения пилотов, а также в компьютерных играх. Различают также моделирование во временной области (time-domain simulation) и моделирование в частотной области (frequency-domain simulation).Примеры: Computational physicists attempt to solve scientific problems through simulation. - Физики-компьютерщики пытаются решать научные задачи при помощи моделирования.Simulation is often seen as the solution to all problems, but in fact there are many problems that cannot be effectively addressed by simulation, because it predicts system performance for only a single set of input conditions. - Моделирование часто считают решением любых задач, однако в действительности существует много задач, для которых моделирование неэффективно, поскольку оно позволяет получить результат только для одного набора входных условийAnt:см. тж. computer simulation, functional simulation, hardware-in-the-loop simulation, hybrid simulation, logic simulation, numerical simulation, physics simulation, simulation language, simulation model, system model, simulation performance, simulation primitive, simulation time-step, simulation tool, up-front simulation, visual simulation2) имитационныйАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > simulation
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33 parataxis
[pærə'tæksɪs]сущ.; лингв.паратаксис (тип синтаксической связи грамматически равноценных языковых единиц, осуществляемой без помощи союзов или с помощью сочинительных союзов)A good instance of primitive parataxis, two clauses being merely set side by side. — Хороший пример примитивного паратаксиса: два предложения просто соположены друг с другом.
Ant: -
34 society
[sə'saɪətɪ]сущ.1) обществоHe maintains Islam must adapt to modern society. — Он утверждает, что ислам должен приспосабливаться к современному обществу.
advanced society — современное, передовое общество
affluent society — богатое общество, общество изобилия
3) свет, светское обществоThe couple quickly became a fixture of society pages. — Пара быстро стала постоянным объектом светской хроники.
4) общество, объединение, организацияto establish / found / set up a society — основать, создать, учредить организацию
- friendly societyto disband / dissolve a society — распускать организацию
- honour society
- humane society
- learned society
- literary society
- medical society
- musical society - secret societySyn:5) биол. сообщество -
35 test
[test] 1. сущ.1) проверка, испытание; тестdifficult / demanding test — трудное испытание
exhaustive / extensive / thorough tests — всесторонние, тщательные исследования
to administer / conduct / give a test — проводить испытание
He was put to test. — Его подвергли испытанию.
- service testOur product will stand the test of time. — Наша разработка выдержит испытание временем.
- test run2)а) проверочная, контрольная работа; тестto draw up / make up / set a test — брит. составлять контрольную, тест
to bear / pass the test — выдержать испытание
Out of a total of 2,600 pupils only 920 passed the test. — Из общего числа в 2600 учеников испытание выдержали только 920.
- multiple-choice testShe had sold her bike, taken a driving test and bought a car. — Она продала свой велосипед, сдала экзамен на права и купила себе машину.
- proficiency testб) психол. тест- aptitude test
- free-association test
- intelligence test
- lie-detector test
- personality test
- psychological test3) мерило; критерийIt is a commonplace fact that holidays are a major test of any relationship. — Общеизвестно, что отпуска являются серьёзным испытанием отношений на прочность.
The test of any civilized society is how it treats its minorities. — Мерилом цивилизованности любого общества является то, как в нём относятся к меньшинствам.
Syn:4) мед.; хим. исследование, анализ; проверкаblood test — анализ крови, исследование крови
to carry out / conduct / do / run a test — проводить, делать анализ
They conducted a series of tests on me at the health center. — В медицинском центре у меня взяли анализы.
- diagnostic test - litmus testThe family doctor ordered numerous, expensive medical tests, which revealed no physical problem. — Семейный врач велел сделать массу дорогостоящих медицинских анализов, которые ничего не дали.
- Papanicolaou test
- Pap test
- patch test
- paternity test
- saliva test
- skin test
- tuberculin test
- visual test5) хим. реактив2. гл.Put one half of this lead into a test. — Положите половину имеющегося здесь свинца в пробирную чашку.
1)а) подвергать испытанию, проверкеto test smb.'s eyesight — проверять чьё-л. зрение
to test the apparatus — спорт. опробовать снаряд
б) подвергаться испытанию, проходить теств) амер. показать в результате испытания, дать результат; обнаруживать определённые свойства в результате испытанийThe eyesight of different peoples may test the same, yet some primitive peoples seem to white explorers to see as if they were using binoculars. — Хотя зрение у разных народов может на поверку оказаться одинаковым, белым исследователям кажется, что одни примитивные народы видят во сто крат лучше, чем другие.
2)а) = test out тестировать; проверять с помощью тестовI have tested the water in all the wells. — Я проверил воду во всех колодцах.
The model must be tested out before we put the product on sale. — Образец должен быть протестирован до того, как мы запустим продукт в производство.
Working in the new school gave him a chance to test out some of the latest ideas in education. — Работа в новой школе предоставила ему возможность проверить на практике некоторые новейшие идеи в сфере образования.
б) экзаменовать3) проверять, убеждатьсяSyn:try 2., put to the proof4)а) хим. подвергать действию реактива; брать пробу•Syn:assay 2.3. прил.испытательный, пробный, контрольный, проверочный -
36 arithmetic
1) арифметика || арифметический2) арифметические действия, арифметические операции• -
37 closure
1) замыкание2) закрытие; закрывание; запирание3) преграда; ограждение4) затвор; перегородка5) строит. неполномерный кирпич7) метал. заделка лётки8) герметизация9) крышка; уплотнение11) геод. невязка•domain of closure — физ. замыкающий домен
theory of closure — матем. теория замыканий
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38 covering
1) крышка2) покрытие; нанесение покрытия3) оболочка; чехол; футляр4) обёртка; обложка5) накрытие; покров6) покрывало; одеяло7) убежище, укрытие9) облицовка; настил10) горн. покрывающие породы, кровля11) горн. наносы12) крыша здания13) накрывающий; покрывающий; охватывающий14) обёрточный•covering by forests — т. граф. покрытие лесами
covering with spheres — геом. покрытие шарами
degree of covering — матем. степень накрытия
multiplicity of covering — матем. кратность покрытия
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39 equality
1) равенство, одинаковость2) паритет, равноправие• -
40 formula
1) рецепт2) формула || формульный3) формулировка•- arithmetically valid formula - back interpolation formula - computational formula - computing formula - corrector formula - formally decidable formula - formally refutable formula - formula of finite increments - geometrically valid formula - homomorphically stable formula - identically false formula - identically true formula - intuitionistically valid formula - logically valid formula - maximum likelihood formula - modally valid formula - monotonically increasing formula - numeralwise expressible formula - numeralwise representable formula - positively valid formula - primitively recursive formula - reciprocity formula - secondarily valid formula - square stable formula - universally valid formulato follow the formula — подчиняться [следовать] формуле; описываться формулой
См. также в других словарях:
Primitive Baptist — Primitive Baptists (also known as Old School Baptists) are a group of Baptists that have a historical connection to the missionary / anti missionary controversy that divided Baptists of America in the early part of the 19th century. Those… … Wikipedia
Primitive — Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive church. Our… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Primitive axes of coordinate — Primitive Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Primitive chord — Primitive Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Primitive circle — Primitive Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Primitive colors — Primitive Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Primitive Fathers — Primitive Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Primitive groove — Primitive Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Primitive plane — Primitive Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Primitive rocks — Primitive Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Primitive sheath — Primitive Prim i*tive, a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See {Prime}, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English