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present+perfect

  • 81 past

    [pɑːst] 1. сущ.
    1) прошлое; прошедшее

    checkered past амер. / chequered past брит. — пёстрое, богатое прошлое

    dark / murky past — тёмное, мрачное прошлое

    It is now a thing of the past. — Это дело прошлое.

    Syn:
    2) обычно the past; лингв. прошедшее время
    Gram:
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past continuous[/ref]
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past participle[/ref]
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past perfect[/ref]
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past perfect continuous[/ref]
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past perfect continuous and Past perfect[/ref]
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past simple[/ref]
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past simple and Past perfect[/ref]
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past simple and Present perfect[/ref]
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past tense form[/ref]
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Past time[/ref]
    2. прил.
    1) прошлый, минувший; былой; истёкший, прошедший
    Syn:
    2) лингв.; сокр. - p прошедший
    3. нареч.

    He swept past. — Он пронёсся мимо.

    4. предл.
    1)
    б) за, по ту сторону
    2) за, после

    He is past seventy. — Ему за семьдесят.

    3) свыше, сверх; за пределами ( достижимого)

    He is past cure. — Он неизлечим.

    It is past endurance. — Это невыносимо.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > past

  • 82 Adverbial clause of time

    1) Придаточное предложение, обозначающее время действия. Отвечает на вопросы When? How long? (когда? как долго?). Вводится союзами when, after, as... (подробнее о союзах и о различиях в их употреблении см. Time conjunctions). Если придаточное предложение находится перед главным, оно обычно выделяется запятой.

    They'd lived next door to us when I was a little lad, so I knew them all right. — Они были нашими соседями в то время, когда я был мальцом, так что я хорошо их знал.

    The whole book seemed to him to contain the story of his own life, written before he had lived it. — Ему казалось, что в этой книге содержится история его собственной жизни, написанная раньше, чем он ее прожил.

    As long as I continue to be what I am, I may have as many pretended friends as I please. — Пока я продолжаю быть тем, кто я есть, у меня может быть столько так называемых друзей, сколько я захочу.

    а) В придаточных времени, относящихся к будущему, после союзов after, as soon as, as long as, before, by the time (that), until/till, when вместо форм будущего времени используются формы настоящего:

    There's no safety for anyone until he is under lock and key ( а не * until he will be under lock and key). — Никто не будет в полной безопасности, пока этого человека не запрут на замок.

    I will be home as soon as deal is completed ( а не * as soon as deal will be completed). — Я вернусь домой, как только с этим делом будет покончено.

    б) После союза once в придаточном со значением будущего времени обычно используется настоящее совершенное (Present perfect).

    Once we have decorated the house, we can move in. — Как только мы закончим отделку дома, можно будет туда переехать.

    в) Если придаточное времени вводится союзом since, то глагол в главном предложении употребляется обычно в настоящем или прошедшем совершенном (Present perfect или Past perfect).

    And now, Sir Henry, has anything else of interest happened to you since you have been in London? — Итак, сэр Генри, произошло ли с Вами что-нибудь еще интересное с тех пор, как Вы приехали в Лондон?

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > Adverbial clause of time

  • 83 Usage note : have

    When used as an auxiliary in present perfect, future perfect and past perfect tenses, have is normally translated by avoir:
    I have seen
    = j’ai vu
    I had seen
    = j’avais vu
    However, some verbs in French, especially verbs of movement and change of state (e.g. aller, venir, descendre, mourir), take être rather than avoir in these tenses:
    he has left
    = il est parti
    In this case, remember the past participle agrees with the subject of the verb:
    she has gone
    = elle est allée
    Reflexive verbs (e.g. se lever, se coucher) always conjugate with être:
    she has fainted
    = elle s’est évanouie
    For translations of time expressions using for or since (he has been in London for six months, he has been in London since June), see the entries for and since.
    For translations of time expressions using just (I have just finished my essay, he has just gone), see the entry just1.
    to have to meaning must is translated by either devoir or the impersonal construction il faut que + subjunctive:
    I have to leave now
    = il faut que je parte maintenant or je dois partir maintenant
    In negative sentences, not to have to is generally translated by ne pas être obligé de e.g.
    you don’t have to go
    = tu n’es pas obligé d’y aller
    For examples and particular usages see the entry have.
    When have is used as a straightforward transitive verb meaning possess, have (or have got) can generally be translated by avoir, e.g.
    I have (got) a car
    = j’ai une voiture
    she has a good memory
    = elle a une bonne mémoire
    they have (got) problems
    = ils ont des problèmes
    For examples and particular usages see entry ; see also got.
    have is also used with certain noun objects where the whole expression is equivalent to a verb:
    to have dinner = to dine
    to have a try = to try
    to have a walk = to walk
    In such cases the phrase is very often translated by the equivalent verb in French (dîner, essayer, se promener). For translations consult the appropriate noun entry (dinner, try, walk).
    had is used in English at the beginning of a clause to replace an expression with if. Such expressions are generally translated by si + past perfect tense, e.g.
    had I taken the train, this would never have happened
    = si j’avais pris le train, ce ne serait jamais arrivé
    had there been a fire, we would all have been killed
    = s’il y avait eu un incendie, nous serions tous morts
    For examples of the above and all other uses of have see the entry.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : have

  • 84 Adverbial clause of purpose

    1) Придаточное предложение со значением цели. Отвечает на вопросы What for? For what purpose? (зачем? с какой целью?). Вводится союзами so that, in order that, lest, for fear (that).

    He slept with the key under his pillow so that no one could steal it. — Он спал, держа ключ под подушкой, так чтобы никто не мог его украсть.

    а) Если глагол в главном предложении употреблен в настоящем или будущем времени (Present simple, Present perfect или в одном из времен Future), то за союзами in order that, so that обычно следуют may / can / will. Возможно также и употребление настоящего времени. Союз so that более употребителен в разговорной речи, чем союз in order that.

    Look at me as you talk, so that I may see your eyes. — Смотри на меня, когда говоришь, чтобы я мог видеть твои глаза.

    б) Если в главном предложении используются формы прошедшего времени ( Past simple, Past continuous или Past perfect), то в придаточном предложении, вводимом союзом in order that или so that употребляются could, should, might или would.

    A carpenter came to fix the bed so that it would be on a level with the window. — Пришел плотник установить кровать так, чтобы она была на уровне окна.

    в) После союза lest обычно употребляется конструкция should + inf или форма сослагательного наклонения (Subjunctive).

    That stern old man had sent his son away and hidden him from the world lest some scandal should come to light. — Этот безжалостный старик отослал прочь своего сына и спрятал его ото всех, чтобы избежать скандала.

    I avoided mentioning the subject lest he be offended. — Я старался не затрагивать эту тему, чтобы не обидеть его.

    г) В придаточном предложении с союзом for fear that обычно употребляется конструкция с глаголом might, однако в разговорной речи то же самое значение чаще выражается с помощью придаточного, вводимого союзом in case, в сочетании с прошедшим временем глагола.

    I bought the car at once for fear that he might change his mind. (= in case he changed his mind). — Я сразу же купил машину, а то как бы он не передумал.

    Довольно часто цель выражается не полноценным придаточным предложением, присоединенным союзом, а инфинитивным оборотом (см. Infinitive clause). Такие конструкции проще, они более употребительны в разговорной речи. Инфинитивный оборот присоединяется

    I leant again so as to look directly down into the shadowy pit. — Я снова наклонился, чтобы заглянуть в плохо освещенную впадину.

    б) либо непосредственно:

    I went to live in France to study French. — Я поехал во Францию изучать французский язык.

    Более естественно при отрицании звучат конструкции с инфинитивным оборотом (см. Infinitive clause), оформленные выражениями so as not to, in order not to.

    Let's try some other way, so as not to go through there. — Давай пойдем как-нибудь по-другому, чтобы не проходить там.

    •

    — Союз so that, вводящий придаточные цели и следствия см. so that

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > Adverbial clause of purpose

  • 85 get

    [get]
    v
    1) получать, доставать
    - get money
    - get permission
    - get smth back
    - get a ticket
    - get a book from the shelf
    3) добираться, доезжать, достигать, попадать, доходить

    The room is locked and we can't get in. — комната закрыты, и мы не можем войти.

    4) иметь, обладать (только в форме Present Perfect)

    I've got no pare time. — У меня нет свободного времени.

    5) (глагол-связка) делаться, становиться
    6) быть обязанным, быть должным (в форме Present Perfect)

    I got my hair cut. — Я постригся. /Меня постригли.

    I must get a new coat made. — Мне надо сшить новое пальто.

    You'll get your feel wet. — Вы промочите ноги.

    Don't cross the bridge before you get to it. — ◊ Не говори "гоп", пока не перепрыгнешь. /Придет время, прорастет и семя.

    To get one's fingers burnt. — ◊ Обжечься на чем-либо.

    •
    USAGE:
    (1.) Значения многозначного глагола to get разграничиваются разными конструкциями: to get smth - доставать, получать; to get somewhere - добираться куда-либо; to have got smth - иметь что-либо/обладать чем-либо; to get + Adj - становиться: to get cold (dark) - становится холодно (темно)/холодать (темнеть); to get + Past Participle - стать, превратиться: to get arrested - быть арестованным, to get damaged - испортиться; to get smth done - иметь что-либо сделанным (другим человеком): to get one's hair cut - постричься. (2.) Глагол to get 1. обычно не употребляется в форме Passive. В этих случаях русский глагол "доставать" передается глаголом to obtain: Maps can be obtained at the Tourist office. Карты можно достать/получить в туристическом бюро. (3.) For get 4.; See become, v (4.) For get 4.; See confuse, v

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > get

  • 86 me

    me [mi:]
       a. (direct) (unstressed) me ; (before vowel or silent "h") m' ; (stressed) moi
    • you don't like jazz? Me, I love it (inf) tu n'aimes pas le jazz ? Moi, j'adore
       b. (indirect) me, moi ; (before vowel or silent "h") m'
    2. noun
    * * *
    Note: When used as a direct or indirect object pronoun me is translated by me (or m' before a vowel): she knows me = elle me connaît; he loves me = il m'aime
    Note that the object pronoun normally comes before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle of the verb agrees with the direct object pronoun: he's seen me (female speaker) = il m'a vue
    In imperatives the translation for both the direct and the indirect object pronoun is moi and comes after the verb: kiss me! = embrasse-moi!; give it to me! = donne-le-moi! (note the hyphens)
    After prepositions and the verb to be the translation is moi: she did it for me = elle l'a fait pour moi; it's me = c'est moi
     I [miː, mɪ]
    pronoun me; (before vowel) m'

    poor little me — (colloq) pauvre de moi

    II [miː]
    noun Music mi m

    English-French dictionary > me

  • 87 us

    us [ʌs]
    • let's go! allons-y !
    • both of us tous (or toutes) les deux
    * * *
    [ʌs, əs]
    Note: The direct or indirect object pronoun us is always translated by nous: she knows us = elle nous connaît. Note that both the direct and the indirect object pronouns come before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object pronoun: he's seen us ( masculine or mixed gender object) il nous a vus; ( feminine object) il nous a vues
    In imperatives nous comes after the verb: tell us! = dis-nous!; give it to us or give us it = donne-le-nous (note the hyphens)
    After the verb to be and after prepositions the translation is also nous: it's us = c'est nous
    For expressions with let us or let's see the entry let
    pronoun nous

    both of us — tous/toutes les deux

    every single one of us — chacun/-e d'entre nous

    some of us — quelques uns/unes d'entre nous

    give us a hand, will you? — (colloq) tu peux me donner un coup de main s'il te plaît?

    give us a look! — (colloq) fais voir!

    English-French dictionary > us

  • 88 recently

    adv недавно, на днях (1). Русским на днях, недавно могут соответствовать разные слова и обороты в зависимости от периода времени, который обозначают русские на днях, недавно. На днях — в значении до недавнего времени, в недалеком прошлом, еще связанным с настоящим моментом речи, обозначается recently:

    as recently as last week — еще на прошлой неделе.

    Глагол в подобных случаях часто стоит в форме Present Perfect:

    We have lived here quite recently! — Мы еще совсем недавно здесь жили!

    На днях — относительно прошлого выражается оборотом the other day:

    I saw him the other day, three days ago, to be exact — Я его недавно видел, точнее, три дня тому назад;

    в этом случае глагол стоит в форме Past Indefinite. На днях — относительно будущего обозначается словосочетанием one of these days:

    We'll go there one of these days, probably on Sunday — Мы на днях туда поедем, возможно, в воскресенье.

    (2). Recently обычно стоит перед основным глаголом если он используется в форме Perfect, но в конце предложения, если глагол-сказуемое используется в форме Indefinite. (3). See lately, adv.

    English-Russian word troubles > recently

  • 89 Past simple

    а) Утвердительные формы:

    I worked

    They saved the money.

    При построении общего вопроса используется вспомогательный глагол do в прошедшем времени ( did), который ставится перед подлежащим (Subject) предложения. Смысловой глагол при этом употребляется в своей основной форме (Basic verb form).

    Did you meet her?

    Did he work then?

    в) Отрицательные формы:
    Отрицательные предложения образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в прошедшем времени ( did), за которым следуют отрицательная частица not/ n't. Смысловой глагол при этом употребляется в своей основной форме Basic verb form.

    I didn't say that.

    He didn't even look at me.

    Past simple употребляется при описании действия или положения дел, имевшего место в некоторый определенный момент или некоторый период времени в прошлом. При этом обычно не является важным, как долго разворачивалось действие или событие. Существенно, что событие произошло в прошлом и не имеет связи с настоящим. Past simple часто используется в сочетании с такими обозначениями времени как yesterday, in 1956, last year, last week, on Sunday, at seven o'clock и т.д. В принципе, указание на определенный момент или отрезок времени не является обязательным, если из предшествующего контекста ясно, когда имело место событие.

    They arrived at the airport at 5 o'clock. — Они прибыли в аэропорт в 5 часов.

    When I was a child I played tennis — Когда я был ребенком, я играл в теннис.

    I got up at 7 o'clock, washed myself and had breakfast — Я встал в 7 часов, умылся и позавтракал.

    3) Употребление Past simple для обозначения нереального будущего и настоящего времен
    Past simple употребляют в условных придаточных предложениях при описании воображаемой ситуации, которая могла бы иметь место в настоящем или будущем.
    Об употреблении Past simple при обозначении нереального будущего и настоящего времен - см. также Condition: type 2, Condition: mixed type.

    If I had a cat, I would play with it every day — Если бы у меня была кошка, я бы играл с ней каждый день.

    •

    — Прошедшее совершенное время в сравнении с простым прошедшим временем см. Past simple and Past perfect

    — Настоящее совершенное время в сравнении с простым прошедшим временем см. Past simple and Present perfect

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > Past simple

  • 90 recently

    ['riːs(ə)ntlɪ]
    adv
    недавно, на днях, в последнее время

    I saw him quite recently. — Я видел его на днях/совсем недавно.

    CHOICE OF WORDS:
    (1.) Русским "на днях", "недавно" могут соответствовать разные слова и обороты в зависимости от периода времени, который обозначают русские слова "на днях", "недавно". "На днях" - в значении "до недавнего времени, в недалеком прошлом, еще связанным с настоящим моментом речи" - обозначается recently: as recently as last week еще на прошлой неделе. Глагол в подобных случаях часто стоит в форме Present Perfect: We have lived here quite recently! Мы еще совсем недавно здесь жили! На днях - относительно прошлого выражается оборотом the other day: I saw him the other day, three days ago, to be exact. Я его недавно видел, точнее, три дня тому назад. В этом случае глагол стоит в форме Past Indefinite. На днях - относительно будущего обозначается словосочетанием one of these days: We'll go there one of these days, probably on Sunday. Мы на днях туда поедем, возможно, в воскресенье. (2.) Recently обычно стоит перед основным глаголом, если он используется в форме Perfect, но в конце предложения, если глагол-сказуемое используется в форме Indefinite. (3.) See lately, adv

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > recently

  • 91 me

    I.
    me n Mus mi m.
    II.
    me,
    ❢ When used as a direct or indirect object pronoun me is translated by me (or m' before a vowel): she knows me = elle me connaît ; he loves me = il m'aime. Note that the object pronoun normally comes before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle of the verb agrees with the direct object pronoun: he's seen me (female speaker) = il m'a vue. In imperatives the translation for both the direct and the indirect object pronoun is moi and comes after the verb: kiss me! = embrasse-moi! ; give it to me! = donne-le-moi! (note the hyphens). After prepositions and the verb to be the translation is moi: she did it for me = elle l'a fait pour moi ; it's me = c'est moi. For particular expressions see below. pron me, ( before vowel) m' ; it's for me c'est pour moi ; poor little me ○ pauvre de moi ; what would you do if you were me? qu'est-ce que tu ferais à ma place? ; dear me ○ !, deary me ○ ! ça alors!

    Big English-French dictionary > me

  • 92 us

    us,
    ❢ The direct or indirect object pronoun us is always translated by nous: she knows us = elle nous connaît. Note that both the direct and the indirect object pronouns come before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object pronoun: he's seen us ( masculine or mixed gender object) il nous a vus ; ( feminine object) il nous a vues.
    In imperatives nous comes after the verb: tell us! = dis-nous! ; give it to us or give us it = donne-le-nous (note the hyphens). After the verb to be and after prepositions the translation is also nous: it's us = c'est nous. For expressions with let us or let's see the entry let. For particular usages see the entry below. pron nous ; both of us tous/toutes les deux ; both of us like Balzac nous aimons Balzac tous/toutes les deux ; ( more informally) on aime Balzac tous/toutes les deux ; every single one of us chacun/-e d'entre nous ; people like us des gens comme nous ; some of us quelques-uns/-unes d'entre nous ; she's one of us elle est des nôtres ; give us a hand, will you ○ ? tu peux me donner un coup de main s'il te plaît? ; oh give us a break ○ ! fiche-moi la paix ○ ! ; give us a look ○ ! fais voir!

    Big English-French dictionary > us

  • 93 Usage note : that

    In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; that is translated by ce + masculine singular noun ( ce monsieur), cet + masculine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ ( cet homme) and cette + feminine singular noun ( cette femme) ; those is translated by ces.
    Note, however, that the above translations are also used for the English this (plural these). So when it is necessary to insist on that as opposed to another or others of the same sort, the adverbial tag -là is added to the noun:
    I prefer THAT version
    = je préfère cette version-là
    For particular usages, see the entry that.
    As a pronoun meaning that one, those ones
    In French, pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are referring to. So that is translated by celui-là for a masculine noun, celle-là for a feminine noun and those is translated by ceux-là for a masculine noun and celles-là for a feminine noun:
    I think I like that one (dress) best
    = je crois que je préfère celle-là
    For other uses of that, those as pronouns (e.g. who’s that?) and for adverbial use (e.g. that much, that many) there is no straightforward translation, so see the entry that for examples of usage.
    When used as a relative pronoun, that is translated by qui when it is the subject of the verb and by que when it is the object:
    the man that stole the car
    = l’homme qui a volé la voiture
    the film that I saw
    = le film que j’ai vu
    Remember that in the present perfect and past perfect tenses, the past participle will agree
    with the noun to which que as object refers:
    the apples that I bought
    = les pommes que j’ai achetées
    When that is used as a relative pronoun with a preposition, it is translated by lequel when standing for a masculine singular noun, by laquelle when standing for a feminine singular noun, by lesquels when standing for a masculine plural noun and by lesquelles when standing for a feminine plural noun:
    the chair that I was sitting on
    = la chaise sur laquelle j’étais assise
    the children that I bought the books for
    = les enfants pour lesquels j’ai acheté les livres
    Remember that in cases where the English preposition used would normally be translated by à in French (e.g. to, at), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles:
    the girls that I was talking to
    = les filles auxquelles je parlais
    Similarly, where the English preposition used would normally be translated by de in French (e.g. of, from), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be dont in all cases:
    the Frenchman that I received a letter from
    = le Français dont j’ai reçu une lettre
    When used as a conjunction, that can almost always be translated by que (qu’ before a vowel or mute ‘h’):
    she said that she would do it
    = elle a dit qu’elle le ferait
    In certain verbal constructions, que is followed by a subjunctive in French. If you are in doubt about the construction to use, consult the appropriate verb entry. For particular usages see the entry that.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : that

  • 94 Usage note : them

    When used as a direct object pronoun, referring to people, animals or things, them is translated by les:
    I know them
    = je les connais
    Note that the object pronoun normally
    comes before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object pronoun:
    He’s seen them
    ( them being masculine or of mixed gender)
    = il les a vus
    ( them being all feminine gender)
    = il les a vues
    In imperatives, the direct object pronoun is translated by les and comes after the verb:
    catch them!
    = attrape-les! (note the hyphen)
    When used as an indirect object pronoun, them is translated by leur:
    I gave them it or I gave it to them
    = je le leur ai donné
    In imperatives, the indirect object pronoun is translated by leur and comes after the verb:
    phone them!
    = téléphone-leur! (note the hyphen)
    After prepositions and the verb to be, the translation is eux for masculine or mixed gender and elles for feminine gender:
    he did it for them
    = il l’a fait pour eux or pour elles
    it’s them
    = ce sont eux or ce sont elles
    For particular usages see the entry them.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : them

  • 95 Usage note : which

    In questions
    When which is used as a pronoun in questions it is translated by lequel, laquelle, lesquels or lesquelles according to the gender and number of the noun it is referring to:
    there are three peaches, which do you want?
    = il y a trois pêches, laquelle veux-tu?
    ‘Lucy’s borrowed three of your books’ ‘which did she take?’
    = ‘Lucy t’a emprunté trois livres’ ‘lesquels a-t-elle pris?’
    The exception to this is when which is followed by a superlative adjective, when the translation is quel, quelle, quels or quelles:
    which is the biggest (apple)?
    = quelle est la plus grande?
    which are the least expensive (books)?
    = quels sont les moins chers?
    In relative clauses as subject or object
    When which is used as a relative pronoun as the subject of a verb, it is translated by qui:
    the book which is on the table
    = le livre qui est sur la table
    the books which are on the table
    = les livres qui sont sur la table
    When which is the object of a verb it is translated by que (qu’ before a vowel or mute ‘h’):
    the book which Tina is reading
    = le livre que lit Tina
    Note the inversion of subject and verb ; this is the case where the subject is a noun but not where the subject is a pronoun:
    the book which I am reading
    = le livre que je lis
    In compound tenses such as the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the noun que is referring to:
    the books which I gave you
    = les livres que je t’ai donnés
    the dresses which she bought yesterday
    = les robes qu’elle a achetées hier
    In relative clauses after a preposition
    Here the translation is lequel, laquelle, lesquels or lesquelles according to the gender and number of the noun referred to:
    the road by which we came or the road which we came by
    = la route par laquelle nous sommes venus
    the expressions for which we have translations
    = les expressions pour lesquelles nous avons une traduction
    Remember that if the preposition would normally be translated by à in French (to, at etc.), the preposition + which is translated by auquel, à laquelle, auxquels or auxquelles:
    the addresses to which we sent letters
    = les adresses auxquelles nous avons envoyé des lettres
    With prepositions normally translated by de (of, from etc.) the translation of the preposition which becomes dont:
    a blue book, the title of which I’ve forgotten
    = un livre bleu dont j’ai oublié le titre
    However, if de is part of a prepositional group, as for example in the case of près de meaning near, the translation becomes duquel, de laquelle, desquels or desquelles:
    the village near which they live
    = le village près duquel ils habitent
    the houses near which she was waiting
    = les maisons près desquelles elle attendait
    The translation duquel etc. is also used where a preposition + noun precedes of which:
    a hill at the top of which there is a house
    = une colline au sommet de laquelle il y a une maison
    As a determiner
    In questions
    When which is used as a determiner in questions it is translated by quel, quelle, quels or quelles according to the gender and number of the noun that follows:
    which car is yours?
    = quelle voiture est la vôtre?
    which books did he borrow?
    = quels livres a-t-il empruntés?
    Note that in the second example the object precedes the verb so that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the object.
    For translations of which as a determiner in relative clauses see B2 in the entry which.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : which

  • 96 Usage note : you

    In English you is used to address everybody, whereas French has two forms: tu and vous. The usual word to use when you are speaking to anyone you do not know very well is vous. This is sometimes called the polite form and is used for the subject, object, indirect object and emphatic pronoun:
    would you like some coffee?
    = voulez-vous du café?
    can I help you?
    = est-ce que je peux vous aider?
    what can I do for you?
    = qu’est-ce que je peux faire pour vous?
    The more informal pronoun tu is used between close friends and family members, within groups of children and young people, by adults when talking to children and always when talking to animals ; tu is the subject form, the direct and indirect object form is te (t’ before a vowel) and the form for emphatic use or use after a preposition is toi:
    would you like some coffee?
    = veux-tu du café?
    can I help you?
    = est-ce que je peux t’aider?
    there’s a letter for you
    = il y a une lettre pour toi
    As a general rule, when talking to a French person use vous, wait to see how they address you and follow suit. It is safer to wait for the French person to suggest using tu. The suggestion will usually be phrased as on se tutoie? or on peut se tutoyer?
    Note that tu is only a singular pronoun and vous is the plural form of tu.
    Remember that in French the object and indirect object pronouns are always placed before the verb:
    she knows you
    = elle vous connaît or elle te connaît
    In compound tenses like the present perfect and the past perfect, the past participle agrees in number and gender with the direct object:
    I saw you on Saturday
    (to one male: polite form)
    = je vous ai vu samedi
    (to one female: polite form)
    = je vous ai vue samedi
    (to one male: informal form)
    = je t’ai vu samedi
    (to one female: informal form)
    = je t’ai vue samedi
    (to two or more people, male or mixed)
    = je vous ai vus samedi
    (to two or more females)
    = je vous ai vues samedi
    When you is used impersonally as the more informal form of one, it is translated by on for the subject form and by vous or te for the object form, depending on whether the comment is being made amongst friends or in a more formal context:
    you can do as you like here
    = on peut faire ce qu’on veut ici
    these mushrooms can make you ill
    = ces champignons peuvent vous rendre malade or ces champignons peuvent te rendre malade
    you could easily lose your bag here
    = on pourrait facilement perdre son sac ici
    Note that your used with on is translated by son/sa/ses according to the gender and number of the noun that follows.
    For verb forms with vous, tu and on see the French verb tables.
    For particular usages see the entry you.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : you

  • 97 's

    z после гласных и звонких согласных, после глухих согласных гл.;
    сокр.;
    разг.
    1) = is в форме Present Continuous, в функции глагола-связки в сложном сказуемом или в обороте there is he's (= he is) going to London one of these days ≈ он на днях едет в Лондон she's (= she is) gone ≈ она ушла it's (= it is) time to get up ≈ пора вставать there's (= there is) no use ≈ не стоит
    2) = has в форме Present Perfect she's (= she has) taken it ≈ она взяла это
    3) = us в сочетании let us let's (= let us) have a look ≈ давайте посмотрим
    4) = does в вопр. предл. what's (= what does) he say about it? ≈ что он говорит по этому поводу?
    (разговорное) (сокр. от God's) в некоторых ругательствах: 'swounds

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > 's

  • 98 's

    's [z после гласных и звонких согласных, s после глухих согласных]
    сокр. разг.

    he's (= he is) going to London one of these days он на днях е́дет в Ло́ндон

    ;

    she's (= she is) gone она́ ушла́

    ;

    it's (= it is) time to get up пора́ встава́ть

    ;

    there's (= there is) no use не сто́ит

    she's (= she has) taken it она́ взяла́ э́то

    let's (= let us) have a look дава́йте посмо́трим

    4) = does в вопр. предл.:

    what's (= what does) he say about it? что он говори́т по э́тому по́воду?

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > 's

  • 99 's

    [s] ( после гласных и звонких согласных); [z] ( после глухих согласных)
    гл.; сокр.; разг.
    1) = is в форме Present Continuous, в функции глагола-связки в сложном сказуемом или в обороте there is

    he's (= he is) going to London one of these days — он на днях едет в Лондон

    she's (= she is) gone — она ушла

    it's (= it is) time to get up — пора вставать

    there's (= there is) no use — не стоит

    2) = has в форме Present Perfect

    she's (= she has) taken it — она взяла это

    let's (= let us) have a look — давайте посмотрим

    what's (= what does) he say about it? — что он говорит по этому поводу?

    Англо-русский современный словарь > 's

  • 100 `s

    разг. сокращённая форма
    1) has в форме Present Perfect: he`s done it = he has done it он сделал это;

    2) is в форме Continuous или глагола-связки в сложном сказуемом: he`s going to Leningrad tonight = he is going to Leningrad tonight он едет в Ленинград сегодня вечером, it`s time to go to school = it is time to go to school пора идти в школу;

    3) us форма косв. п. личного мест. we мы: let`s speak English = let us speak English давайте говорить по-английски

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > `s

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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  • present perfect — noun a perfective tense used to express action completed in the present I have finished is an example of the present perfect • Syn: ↑present perfect tense • Hypernyms: ↑perfective, ↑perfective tense, ↑perfect, ↑perfect tense * …   Useful english dictionary

  • present perfect — ADJ: ADJ n In grammar, the present perfect tenses of a verb are the ones used to talk about things which happened before the time you are speaking or writing but are relevant to the present situation, or things that began in the past and are… …   English dictionary

  • present perfect — pres′ent per′fect adj. 1) gram. of, pertaining to, or being a verb tense or form indicating that the action or state expressed by the verb was completed prior to the present or that it extends up to or has results continuing up to the present,… …   From formal English to slang

  • present perfect — adjective Date: 1887 of, relating to, or constituting a verb tense that is formed in English with have and that expresses action or state completed at the time of speaking • present perfect noun …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • present perfect, the — noun LINGUISTICS in English, a verb tense that expresses an action that was completed at some time in the past, or that started in the past and continues. The tense is formed by combining the present tense of have and the past participle of a… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • Present perfect tense — The present perfect tense is a perfect tense used to express action that has been completed with respect to the present. (The word perfect in its name refers to the idea of completion of being now finished rather than to perfection in the sense… …   Wikipedia

  • Present Perfect Continuous — Die Englische Grammatik ist die Grammatik der englischen Sprache. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Satzbau 2 Wortarten 2.1 Substantive (Nouns) 2.1.1 Numerus 2.1.2 Genera …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Present Perfect Progressive — Die Englische Grammatik ist die Grammatik der englischen Sprache. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Satzbau 2 Wortarten 2.1 Substantive (Nouns) 2.1.1 Numerus 2.1.2 Genera …   Deutsch Wikipedia

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