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1 presbyter
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2 presbyter
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3 presbyter
elder/presbyter (in Christian Church); priest -
4 presbyter
n. presbyter -
5 Presbyter
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6 Presbyter, Theophilus
See: Theophilus Presbyter -
7 Theophilus Presbyter
[br]fl. late eleventh/early twelfth century[br]German author of the most detailed medieval treatise relating to technology.[br]The little that is known of Theophilus is what can be inferred from his great work, De diversis artibus. He was a Benedictine monk and priest living in north-west Germany, probably near an important art centre. He was an educated man, conversant with scholastic philosophy and at the same time a skilled, practising craftsman. Even his identity is obscure: Theophilus is a pseudonym, possibly for Roger of Helmarshausen, for the little that is known of both is in agreement.Evidence in De diversis suggests that it was probably composed during 1110 to 1140. White (see Further Reading) goes on to suggest late 1122 or early 1123, on the grounds that Theophilus only learned of St Bernard of Clairvaulx's diatribe against lavish church ornamentation during the writing of the work, for it is only in the preface to Book 3 that Theophilus seeks to justify his craft. St Bernard's Apologia can be dated late 1122. No other medieval work on art combines the comprehensive range, orderly presentation and attention to detail as does De diversis. It has been described as an encyclopedia of medieval skills and crafts. It also offers the best and often the only description of medieval technology, including the first direct reference to papermaking in the West, the earliest medieval account of bell-founding and the most complete account of organ building. Many metallurgical techniques are described in detail, such as the making of a crucible furnace and bloomery hearth.The treatise is divided into three books, the first on the materials and art of painting, the second on glassmaking, including stained glass, glass vessels and the blown-cylinder method for flat glass, and the final and longest book on metalwork, including working in iron, copper, gold and silver for church use, such as chalices and censers. The main texts are no mere compilations, but reveal the firsthand knowledge that can only be gained by a skilled craftsman. The prefaces to each book present perhaps the only medieval expression of an artist's ideals and how he sees his art in relation to the general scheme of things. For Theophilus, his art is a gift from God and every skill an act of praise and piety. Theophilus is thus an indispensable source for medieval crafts and technology, but there are indications that the work was also well known at the time of its composition and afterwards.[br]BibliographyThe Wolfenbuttel and Vienna manuscripts of De diversis are the earliest, both dating from the first half of the twelfth century, while the British Library copy, in an early thirteenth-century hand, is the most complete. Two incomplete copies from the thirteenth century held at Cambridge and Leipzig offer help in arriving at a definitive edition.There are several references to De diversis in sixteenth-century printed works, such as Cornelius Agrippa (1530) and Josias Simmler (1585). The earliest printed edition ofDe diversis was prepared by G.H.Lessing in 1781 with the title, much used since, Diversarium artium schedula.There are two good recent editions: Theophilus: De diversis artibus. The Various Arts, 1964, trans. with introd. by C.R.Dodwell, London: Thomas Nelson, and On Diverse Arts. The Treatise of Theophilus, 1963, trans. with introd. and notes by J.G.Harthorne and C.S.Smith, Chicago University Press.Further ReadingLynn White, 1962, "Theophilus redivivus", Technology and Culture 5:224–33 (a comparative review of Theophilus (op. cit.) and On Diverse Arts (op. cit.)).LRD -
8 Atherina presbyter
ENG sand-smeltNLD koornaarvis, [korenaarvis, Noorse spiering, schrapper]GER AhrenfischFRA pretre -
9 anggota dewan gereja
presbyter -
10 crkveni starešina
• presbyter -
11 prezviter
• presbyter -
12 пресвитер
Русско-английский глоссарий христианской лексики > пресвитер
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13 presbiter
presbyter -
14 пресвитер
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15 пресвитер
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16 Ältester
presbyter* * *Ạ̈l|tes|te(r) ['ɛltəstə]mf decl as adjoldest; (Sohn, Tochter auch) eldest; (ECCL) elder* * *Äl·tes·te(r)[ˈɛltəstə, -tɐ]f(m) dekl wie adj the oldestich glaube, mit 35 sind wir hier die \Ältestern I think that, at 35, we're the oldest here▪ die \Ältestern REL, HIST the elders pl -
17 ältester
presbyter* * *Ạ̈l|tes|te(r) ['ɛltəstə]mf decl as adjoldest; (Sohn, Tochter auch) eldest; (ECCL) elder* * *äl·tes·te(r, s)[ˈɛltəstə, -tɐ, -təs] -
18 svećenik
• presbyter; priest -
19 пресвитер
Синонимический ряд:священник (сущ.) батюшка; иерей; поп; священник -
20 презвитер
рел. presbyter; priest* * *презвѝтер,м., -и църк. presbyter; priest.* * *presbyter* * *рел. presbyter; priest
См. также в других словарях:
Presbyter — in the New Testament refers to a leader in local Christian congregations, then a synonym of episkopos (which has now come to mean bishop ). In modern usage, it is distinct from bishop and synonymous with priest , pastor , elder , or minister in… … Wikipedia
Presbyter — Pres by*ter, n. [L. an elder, fr. Gr. ?. See {Priest}.] [1913 Webster] 1. An elder in the early Christian church. See 2d Citation under {Bishop}, n., 1. [1913 Webster] 2. (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) One ordained to the second order in the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
presbyter — (n.) elder of the Christian church, 1590s, from L.L. presbyter, from Gk. presbyteros (see PRESBYTERIAN (Cf. Presbyterian)) … Etymology dictionary
Presbyter — (v. gr., Ältester), Benennung eines christlichen Kirchenbeamten, welcher in den verschiedenen Zeiten u. Kirchen auch einen verschiedenen Wirkungskreis hatte. Das Amt ging unmittelbar von der jüdischen Synagogalverfassung auf die älteste… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Presbyter — (griech., »Älteste«), Benennung der Vorsteher der christlichen Gemeinde. Nach dem Vorbilde der jüdischen Synagogalverfassung wurden zunächst in den palästinischen Gemeinden Älteste (s. d.) mit einer gewissen Autorität betraut. In… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Presbyter — Presbyter, griech., Aeltester, wurde in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten manchmal der Bischof genannt, zumal gelegentlich selbst Apostel sich mit diesem Namen bezeichnet hatten; im eigentlichen Sinne aber waren P. die Gehilfen des Bischofs,… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Presbyter — ↑ Priester … Das Herkunftswörterbuch
presbyter — [prez′bi tər, pres′bi tər] n. [LL(Ec), an elder: see PRIEST] 1. in the early Christian church and in the Presbyterian Church, an elder 2. in the Episcopal Church, a priest … English World dictionary
PRESBYTER — I. PRESBYTER Hebr. Zeken, i. e. Senior, nomen titulusque eminentioribus olim, adeoque Praefectis Iuridicis Israelitarum, iam per intervallum Legis dationem in Sinai antevertens, tribui solitus et quidem his inprimis, uti vidimus supra, voce Iudex … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
Presbyter — Ein Presbyter (von griechisch πρεσβύτερος „Älterer“) ist der Inhaber eines kirchlichen Leitungsamtes. Im Folgenden wird der Begriff „Ältester“ verwandt. Andere Bezeichnungen sind, je nach Kirche: Kirchengemeinderat, Gemeindekirchenrat oder… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Presbyter — Prẹs|by|ter 〈m. 3〉 1. 〈kath. Kirche〉 1.1 〈urspr.〉 Gemeindeältester 1.2 〈später〉 Priester 2. 〈evang. reformierte Kirche〉 Mitglied des Presbyteriums [<grch. presbyteros „älter, der Ältere“; → Priester] * * * Prẹs|by|ter, der; s, [kirchenlat.… … Universal-Lexikon