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101 dywersj|a
f sgt 1. (akcja, działalność) sabotage U- dywersja polityczna/gospodarcza political/economic sabotage- dywersja ideologiczna subversive activities a. activity- akty dywersji acts of sabotage2. (grupa osób) sabotage unitThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > dywersj|a
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102 nielegalnoś|ć
f sgt illegality, illegitimacy- nielegalność czynu/działania illegality of an act/activity- nielegalność organizacji illegitimacy of an organization- partii politycznej zarzuca się nielegalność the political party is charged with being unlawfulThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > nielegalnoś|ć
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103 p|ole
n 1. (ziemia uprawna) field- pola uprawne farmland U, ploughland U- pole pszenicy/żyta a wheat/rye field- pole ryżowe a rice paddy a. paddy field- orać/uprawiać pole to plough/cultivate a field- pracować na polu a. w polu to work in the fields2. (obszar, teren) field- pole lodowe/firnowe an ice/a firn field- pole wyścigowe a racecourse, a racetrack- pociąg zatrzymał się w szczerym a. głuchym polu the train stopped in the middle of nowhere3. (dziedzina) field, area- działać na polu polityki to be active in the political field- historia mody to wdzięczne pole badań the history of fashion is a rewarding area of research- chętnie podejmiemy współpracę na tym polu we are willing to start cooperation in this field a. area- jego/jej pole zainteresowań his/her field of interest- druga wojna światowa od dawna jest w polu jego zainteresowań World War II has long been in his field of interest, he’s been interested in World War II for a long time- to wykracza poza jego pole zainteresowań this is outside his field (of interest)4. (sposobność) opportunity, chance- pole do popisu a chance to display one’s skills- dać komuś pole do popisu to give sb a chance to display his/her skills- pole działania a. do działania scope for activity- mieć szerokie pole działania a. do działania to have a lot of scope- pole manewru room for manoeuvre, leeway- mieć niewielkie pole manewru to have little room for manoeuvre a. not to have much leeway- nie pozostawiono nam wielkiego pola manewru we were not given much room for manoeuvre a. much leeway- niedopowiedzenia zostawiają pole do domysłów vague hints may give rise to conjecture5. (tło, powierzchnia) surface, field- biały orzeł na czerwonym polu a white eagle on a red background- pole obrazu the surface of a picture- barwne pola na płótnie patches of colour on canvas6. Gry (część boiska) field- dobra gra w polu some good playing in the middle of the field- piłka znowu znalazła się w polu przeciwnika the ball was again in the opponent’s half- drużyny zmieniły pola the teams changed ends7. Gry (w szachach) square- białe/czarne pola white/black squares8. dial. (podwórze) outside adv.- wyjść na pole to go outside- jak jest na polu? what’s it like outside?9. Fiz. field 10. Mat. (surface) area- pole kwadratu/prostokąta/trójkąta the (surface) area of a square/rectangle/triangle11. Komput. field- pole akustyczne Fiz. sound field- pole bitwy a. walki battlefield, battleground, the field of battle- zginąć na polu bitwy to die a. fall in the field, to die a. be killed in battle- pole bramkowe Gry goal area- pole elektromagnetyczne Fiz. electromagnetic field- pole elektryczne Fiz. electric field- pole golfowe Gry golf course, links pl- pole grawitacyjne Fiz. gravitational field, field of gravity- pole karne Gry penalty box a. area- pole leksykalne Jęz. semantic field- pole lodowe ice field- pole magnetyczne Fiz. magnetic field- pole minowe Wojsk. minefield- pole naftowe oilfield- pole namiotowe a. kempingowe campsite, camping site a. ground- pole obiektywu lens field- pole operacyjne Med. operative field a. area- pole rażenia Wojsk. field of fire- pole semantyczne Jęz. semantic field- pole sił Fiz. force field- pole śmierci killing field- pole śniegowe snowfield- pole widzenia Fiz. visual field, field of vision a. view- pole złotonośne Geol. goldfield- mieć wolne pole (do popisu) to have a free hand- zostawić komuś wolne pole (do popisu) to give sb a free hand- pole widzenia view, field of vision- zniknąć (komuś) z pola widzenia to disappear from view- tracić coś z pola widzenia to lose sight of sth- nie tracić czegoś z pola widzenia to keep sth in view, not to lose sight of sth- mieć ograniczone pole widzenia to have a restricted view- autora cechuje bardzo szerokie pole widzenia the author takes a broad view (of the subject)- ustąpić a. oddać komuś pole to give a. lose ground to sbThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > p|ole
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104 sfe|ra
f 1. książk. (zakres, domena) sphere- sfera wpływów the sphere of influence- (czyjaś) sfera działalności sb’s sphere of activity- sfera duchowa/emocjonalna the spiritual/emotional sphere- sfera życia społecznego/politycznego the social/political sphere2. zw. pl książk. (środowisko, warstwa) class, circle- sfery rządzące/dyplomatyczne/wojskowe the ruling/diplomatic/military spheres- sfery kulturalne/towarzyskie/naukowe cultural/social/scientific circles- wyższe sfery high society, upper classes- obracał się w lepszych sferach he mixed with the top drawer pot.3. Astron. firmament, the vault of the sky 4. Geog. zone- sfera podbiegunowa the Arctic zone- sfera wiecznych śniegów the zone of eternal snow5. Mat. sphere, spherical surface- □ sfera armilarna Hist., Astron. armillary sphere- sfera budżetowa Ekon. ≈ the public sector- sfera niebieska Astron. celestial sphereThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > sfe|ra
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105 диверсия диверси·я
1) воен. diversion2) (вредительский акт) sabotage, subversion, subversive activityэкономическая диверсия — act of economic sabotage, economic subversion
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106 сила сил·а
1) (насилие) forceзахватить / овладеть силой — to take by force, to lay violent hands (оп)
применять силу — to apply / to use force
военная сила — military force / power; the sabre перен.
демонстрация силы — demonstration / show of force, show-down of strength, flag-waving exercise
силой оружия — by force of arms / weaponry
воздерживаться от угрозы силой или её применения — to refrain from the threat or use of force
2) (могущество, авторитет) power, strength; (способность влиять) forceюр.
не признавать юридической силы за завоеваниями государства — to render invalid conquest on the part of the stateобщими силами — with joint forces, by joining hands
сила общественного воздействия — power of public / social influence
3) мн. (войска) forcesвоенно-воздушные силы — air forces, winged arm
военно-морские силы — naval forces / formations; Naval Establishment амер.
вооружённые силы — armed / military forces
наращивать вооружённые силы (в каком-л. районе) — to expand military presence, to build up military force
вооружённые силы, оснащённые обычным оружием — conventional operational forces
деятельность вооружённых сил — activities of the forces, force activity
соотношение вооружённых сил — proportions / ratio / relationship of armed forces
соотношение вооружённых сил, оснащённых обычными средствами ведения войны — balance of conventional forces
соотношение вооружённых сил, оснащённых ядерным оружием — balance of nuclear forces
численность вооружённых сил — size / strength of the armed forces
уровень вооружённых сил — forces level, level of (armed) forces
стратегические ракетные силы морского базирования — sea-based / submarine-based strategic missile forces
сухопутные силы — ground / land forces
многосторонние ядерные силы — multinational / multilateral nuclear forces
силы быстрого развёртывания — quick / rapid deployment forces
силы возмездия / для нанесения ответного удара — retaliatory forces
силы передового базирования — forward-based systems, FBS
силы по поддержанию мира — peace-keeping / peace-safeguarding forces
4) мн. (часть общества) forcesантинародные силы — anti-popular / anti-national forces
реакционные силы — reactionary forces, forces of reaction
расстановка сил на международной / мировой арене — correlation of forces on the international arena / world scene
соотношение сил — correlation / proportion / relationship of forces
5) (источник какой-л. деятельности, могущества) forceдвижущая сила — driving / motive force
направляющая / руководящая сила — directing / guiding / leading force
определяющая сила общественного развития — determining / decisive force in social development
принудительная сила — compulsory / coercive power
рабочая сила — manpower; labour
избыточная рабочая сила — redundant manpower, abundant labour
квалифицированная рабочая сила — skilled manpower, experienced labour force
наёмная рабочая сила, занятая в сфере обслуживания — service employees
недостаток / нехватка рабочей силы — shortage of manpower / labour
6) (способность человека к какой-л. деятельности) power, strength, energyпосвятить все силы — to dedicate all (one's) energy (to)
сила воли — strength of will, will-power
7) (интенсивность, напряжённость) force, power, intensity8) (материальное начало) forcesв силу чего-л. — owing to smth., by virtue of smth.
9) юр. (правомочность) force, power, validityбыть в силе (о договоре и т.п.) — to be in effect
вводить в силу (договор, документ и т.п.) — to put in force
вновь входить в силу, обретать силу (о законе и т.п.) — to revive
вступать в силу (о законе, резолюции и т.п.) — to come / to enter into force, to become effective / operative, to take action / effect, to go into operation, to enure
вступить в силу с момента / после подписания (о договоре, соглашении) — to enter into force on / upon signature
вступать в силу с (такого-то числа) — to take effect from the date...
иметь силу (о законе, соглашении и т.п.) — to be effective, to stand good / in force
иметь равную силу — to have equal validity (with)
лишить законной силы — to invalidate, to mullify
не иметь силы (о договоре, документе и т.п.) — to have no force
оставаться в силе (о договоре, документе и т.п.) — to continue / to remain in force, to stand good / in force; (о судебном решении, приговорах и т.п.) to remain in force / valid
потерять / утратить силу (о документе, договоре и т.п.) — to cease to be in force
терять силу — to become invalid, to lapse
имеющий обратную силу — retroactive; ex post facto лат.
обязательная сила (права, договора и т.п.) — binding force
обязательная сила международных договоров — obligatory / hinding force of international treaties
потерять (свою) обязательную силу — to lose (one's) binding force
юридическая сила — legal force, validity
вступающий в силу (2 октября) — effective (2nd October)
вступающий немедленно в силу (о законе, договоре и т.п.) — self-executing
имеющий силу (о договоре, соглашении и т.п.) — in force
имеющий законную силу — authentic, of legal force, executory, effective, in force, effectual, valid in force
не имеющий законной силы — invalid / inoperative
считать не имеющим законной силы (о договорах, соглашениях и т.п.) — to consider null and void
вступление в силу (договора, соглашения и т.п.) — entry into force
условия вступления в силу (договора, соглашения и т.п.) — conditions of entry into force
с момента вступления в силу (о договоре, соглашении и т.п.) — on the entry into force
сила закона — power / force of the law
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107 movimento
[movi'mento]1. sm(gen) Pol, Letteratura movement, (Mus : grado di velocità) tempo, (parte) movement, (fig : animazione) activity, hustle and bustleun movimento di rotazione/rivoluzione — a rotation/revolution
fare un po' di movimento — (esercizio fisico) to take some exercise
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108 международный маркетинг
Эта деятельность сопряжена со следующими препятствиями в процессе маркетинга: язык, тарифы, международный кредит, политические беспорядки и культурные различия. — This activity involves the following obstacles in the marketing process: language, tariffs, international credit, political disturbances and cultural differences.
Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > международный маркетинг
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109 opera
ŏpĕra, ae, f. [opus], service, pains, exertion, work, labor (opus is used mostly of the mechanical activity of work, as that of animals, slaves, and soldiers; opera supposes a free will and desire to serve).I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.omnes, quorum operae, non quorum artes emuntur,
Cic. Off. 1, 42, 150:sine hominum manu atque operā,
id. ib. 2, 4, 14:operam exigere,
id. ib. 1, 13:perdere,
id. de Or. 1, 28, 126:praebere amicis,
id. Brut. 47, 174:in re ponere,
id. Clu. 57, 157:curamque in rebus honestis ponere,
id. Off. 1, 6, 19:et laborem consumere in aliquā re,
to bestow labor and pains on any thing, id. de Or. 1, 55, 234:studiumque in res obscuras conferre,
id. Off. 1, 6, 19:tribuere rei publicae,
id. Div. 2, 2, 7;sumere,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 31, § 69:impendere,
id. ib. 2, 2, 30, §68: polliceri,
Sall. C. 28, 1; 40, 6:insumere,
Liv. 10, 18:dicare alicui,
Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 12: interponere, to bestow, employ, Cic. Div. in. Caecil. 19, 63: ipse dabat purpuram tantum, amici operas, gave their work thereto, i. e. wrought it, id. Verr. 2, 4, 26, § 59:pleraque sunt hominum operis effecta,
id. Off. 2, 3, 12:ibo, atque illam adducam, Quam propter opera est mihi,
on whose behalf I am engaged, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 93:operam navare,
Cic. Fam. 15, 12, 2; Liv. 25, 6, 15.—In partic., a service, rendering of service: Cn. Pupius, qui est in operis ejus societatis, in the service of the society or company, Cic. Fam. 13, 9, 3:II.operae forenses,
id. Fin. 1, 4, 10:P. Terentius, qui operas in portu et scripturā pro magistro dat,
serves as director, id. ib. 13, 65, 11:ferrum istud bonas edet operas,
will do good service, Sen. Prov. 2, 10:musis operas reddere,
to do service to, to serve, Cic. Fam. 16, 10, 2:dare operas alicui,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 11.—Transf.A.Care, attention, exertion bestowed on any thing:1.deditā operā,
seriously, with a purpose, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 29.—So esp. freq.,Operam dare, to bestow care or pains on, to give attention to any thing.—Constr. with dat., with ut or ne ( = studere).(α).With dat.: dant operam simul auspicio augurioque, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 81 Vahl.):(β).dare operam funeri,
to attend, Cic. Att. 15, 1, 1:bellis, Sive foro,
Ov. R. Am. 165:amori,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 58: liberis ( to the begetting of children), Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 3: memoriae alicujus, to attend to what brings a person to mind, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 1:tonsori,
to get shaved, Suet. Aug. 79:alicui,
to attend to one, listen to him, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 52:sermoni,
Cic. Leg. 2, 1, 4:amico,
to serve, Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 17: me huic dedisse operam malam, that I have done him an ill turn, id. Capt. 3, 5, 43.—For dat. the acc. with ad occurs:benigne operam detis ad nostrum gregem,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 21.—With ut and subj.:(γ).da operam, ut valeas,
Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, 5:omnem operam do, ut cognoscam,
Sen. Contr. 4, 24, 15; id. Vit. Beat. 3, 2.—With ne:(δ).dent operam consules, ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat,
Caes. B. C. 1, 5:ego omnem operam dabo, ne pervenire ad me erubescat,
Sen. Polyb. 13, 3:studiose te operam dare, ut ne quid meorum tibi esset ignotum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 11, 1.—With subj. alone: dabo operam, quoad exercitus huc summittatis, etc., Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 21, 6.—(ε).With inf.:2.id scire,
Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 38.—In abl.: operā meā, tuā, etc., through my ( thy, etc.) means, agency, fault:3.fateor Abiisse eum abs te, meā operā atque astutiā,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 21:quid mihi nisi malum vostra opera'st?
id. Ps. 1, 2, 50:non meā operā, neque pol culpā evenit,
Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 31:meā operā, Q. Fabi, Tarentum recepisti,
Cic. Sen. 4, 11.—Unā or eādem operā, in the same manner, at the same time (ante-class.):4.unā operā mihi sunt sodales, quā iste,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 31:eādem operā a praetore sumam syngrapham,
id. ib. 2, 3, 89.—Operā, by experience (ante-class.):5.nam te omnes saevom commemorant... ego contra operā expertus,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 7:id operā expertus sum esse ita,
id. Bacch. 3, 2, 3:magis non factum possum velle quam operā experiar persequi,
id. Capt. 2, 3, 65.—Operae pretium, v. pretium, II. B.—B.Leisure, spare time for any thing (class., but in the phrase operae est, only ante-class. and Livian):C.operae ubi mihi erit, ad te venero,
as soon as I can spare the time, Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 30:si operae illi esset,
if he had time, Liv. 5, 15; 4, 8; 44, 36:dicam, si tibi videam esse operam, aut otium,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 15:operae non est,
id. ib. 5, 2, 77:quos tu operam gravare mihi,
id. Rud. 2, 4, 21: de versibus, quos tibi a me scribi vis, deest mihi quidem opera, I have not time or leisure, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 4, 4.—In concr.1.A day's work or labor (usu. in plur.):2.quaternis operis singula jugera confodere,
Varr. R. R. 1, 18:puerilis una opera,
Col. 11, 2, 44:bubulcorum operae quatuor,
id. 2, 13:operae (filiorum) locari possunt,
Paul. Sent. 5, 1, 1.—A day-laborer, journeyman; also, in gen., a laborer, workman (usu. in plur.):3.ipse dominus dives operis et laboris expers,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 16:plures operas conducere,
Col. 3, 21: nona, a ninth laborer (on his farm), Hor. S. 2, 7, 118; Suet. Oct. 3.—Hence, transf., in a bad sense: operae, hired aiders, abettors, tools, etc. (of political or theatrical parties):mercenariae (corresp. to multitudo conducta),
Cic. Phil. 1, 9, 22; cf.:erat mihi contentio cum operis conductis et ad diripiendam urbem concitatis,
id. Sest. 17, 38:Claudianae,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2; cf. id. Att. 4, 3, 3:theatrales,
parties for the purpose of applauding, theatrical factions, Tac. A. 1, 16:VETERES A SCENA,
Inscr. Grut. 467, 7.—That which is wrought or produced, a work:operae aranearum,
i. e. spiders' webs, Plaut. As. 2, 4, 19:exstabit opera peregrinationis hujus,
Cic. Att. 15, 13, 6. -
110 interest
[ˈɪntrəst] (American) [ˈɪntərɪst]1. noun1) curiosity; attention:إهْتِمامThat newspaper story is bound to arouse interest.
2) a matter, activity etc that is of special concern to one:مَصْلَحَه، إهْتِمامGardening is one of my main interests.
3) money paid in return for borrowing a usually large sum of money:فائِدَه ، رِبا( also adjective) the interest rate.
سَهْم تِجاريHe bought an interest in the night-club.
5) a group of connected businesses which act together to their own advantage:مَجموعَة مَصالِح تِجاريَّهI suspect that the scheme will be opposed by the banking interest (= all the banks acting together).
2. verb1) to arouse the curiosity and attention of; to be of importance or concern to:يُثير إهْتِمامPolitical arguments don't interest me at all.
يُقْنِع أن يَشْتَريCan I interest you in (buying) this dictionary?
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111 intrigue
[ɪnˈtriːg], [ˈɪntriːg]1. nounthe activity of plotting or scheming; a plot or scheme:مُؤامَرَه، مكيدَهHe became president as a result of (a) political intrigue.
2. [ɪnˈtriːg] verb1) to fascinate, arouse the curiosity of or amuse:يَفْتِن، يَسْحَرThe book intrigued me.
2) to plot or scheme.يَتآمَر على، يُدَبِّر مكيدَه -
112 propaganda
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113 Inquisition, Portuguese
Known also as the Holy Office of the Inquisition, Portugal's Inquisition was established in 1536 under King João III and was finally abolished only in 1821. The initial motives for establishing this institution were more political than religious; King João III saw it as an instrument to increase central power and royal control in Portugal. Permission for its foundation was granted by the papacy in Rome, but the Inquisition's judges and officers were appointed by the Portuguese king, not by the papacy. Seven years after its establishment, the Inquisition's first victims were burned at the stake in Évora. Eventually, the Holy Office of the Inquisition became a kind of state within a state, with its own bureaucracy, censors who acted as a "thought police" over the faithful as well as over heretics or dissidents, and police who maintained their own prisons. The period of this infamous institution's greatest power to persecute, prosecute, and execute heretics was during the 16th and 17th centuries. During the administration of the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77), the Inquisition's power was curtailed. By 1821, when it was abolished by reformist governments, the Inquisition no longer had much significance.For centuries, however, the Inquisition generated fear and was able to amass wealth, goods, and property confiscated from victims. In the history of Portuguese politics and culture, the Inquisition has symbolized cruel oppression, the spirit of discrimination, and religious persecution of heretics and minorities, including Jews who were often forcibly converted. It created an era of censorship of intellectual activity, injustice, bigotry, racism, and anti-Semitism, and raised questions about the role and power of the Catholic Church in society and the relationship between the Church and state. Some opponents of the Estado Novo quite justifiably compared the Inquisition's control of free thought and action with that of the Estado Novo in its day. -
114 Pronunciamento
Portuguese word for military coup d'etat, uprising, or insurrection, derived from the verb "to declare, to announce solemnly and publicly." The Spanish word is similar ( pro-nunciamiento). Praetorianism or military insurrectionism became a chronic problem, as well as a political tradition, first in Spain after the army's coup of 1812, followed by an army insurrection in the cause of constitutional monarchy in 1820 in Oporto, Portugal. Both civilian and military conspiracies to use the military to intervene in public affairs, overthrow the current government, and establish a "new" system became common from this time on in Iberian affairs, and such activity was also common in 19th-century Latin America, where Spain and Portugal had former colonies. The Portuguese word for the tendency to have pronunciamentos or golpes is referred to as golpismo. -
115 إرهاب
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116 μυστήριον
μυστήριον, ου, τό ‘secret, secret rite, secret teaching, mystery’ a relig. t.t. (predom. pl.) applied in the Gr-Rom. world mostly to the mysteries w. their secret teachings, relig. and political in nature, concealed within many strange customs and ceremonies. The principal rites remain unknown because of a reluctance in antiquity to divulge them (Trag.+; Hdt. 2, 51, 2; Diod S 1, 29, 3; 3, 63, 2; Socrat., Ep. 27, 3; Cornutus 28 p. 56, 22; 57, 4; Alciphron 3, 26, 1; OGI 331, 54; 528, 13; 721, 2, SIG s. index; Sb 7567, 9 [III A.D.]; PGM 1, 131; 4, 719ff; 2477 τὰ ἱερὰ μ. ἀνθρώποις εἰς γνῶσιν; 5, 110; 12, 331; 13, 128 τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ θεοῦ. Only the perfected gnostic is τῶν μυστηρίων ἀκροατής Hippol., Ref. 5, 8, 29.—OKern, D. griech. Mysterien d. klass. Zeit 1927; WOtto, D. Sinn der eleusin. Myst. ’40; MNilsson, The Dionysiac Mysteries of the Hell. and Rom. Age, ’57; Kl. Pauly III 1533–42; WBurkert, Antike Mysterien ’90). Also LXX and other versions of the OT use the word, as well as En (of the heavenly secret) and numerous pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph. (C. Ap. 2, 189, 266), apolog. (exc. Ar.); it is a loanw. in rabb. Our lit. uses μ. in ref. to the transcendent activity of God and its impact on God’s people.① the unmanifested or private counsel of God, (God’s) secret, the secret thoughts, plans, and dispensations of God (SJCh 78, 9; τὸ μ. τῆς μοναρχίας τῆς κατὰ τὸν θεόν Theoph. Ant. 2, 28 [p. 166, 17]) which are hidden fr. human reason, as well as fr. all other comprehension below the divine level, and await either fulfillment or revelation to those for whom they are intended (the divine Logos as διδάσκαλος θείων μυστηρίων Orig., C. Cels. 3, 62, 9: the constellations as δεῖγμα καὶ τύπον … μεγάλου μυστηρίου Hippol. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 7]; Abraham is τῶν θείων … μέτοχος μυστηρίων Did., Gen. 213, 20).ⓐ In the gospels μ. is found only in one context, where Jesus says to the disciples who have asked for an explanation of the parable(s) ὑμῖν τὸ μυστήριον δέδοται τῆς βασιλείας τ. θεοῦ Mk 4:11; the synopt. parallels have the pl. Mt 13:11 (LCerfaux, NTS 2, ’55/56, 238–49); Lk 8:10.—WWrede, D. Messiasgeh. in den Evv. 1901; HEbeling, D. Messiasgeh. u. d. Botschaft des Mc-Evangelisten ’39; NJohansson, SvTK 16, ’40, 3–38; OPiper, Interpretation 1, ’47, 183–200; RArida, St Vladimar Theol. Qtly 38, ’94, 211–34 (patristic exegesis Mk 4:10–12 par.).ⓑ The Pauline lit. has μ. in 21 places. A secret or mystery, too profound for human ingenuity, is God’s reason for the partial hardening of Israel’s heart Ro 11:25 or the transformation of the surviving Christians at the Parousia 1 Cor 15:51. Even Christ, who was understood by so few, is God’s secret or mystery Col 2:2, hidden ages ago 1:26 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 16 τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ κεκρυμμένον μυστήριον μέχρι τῆσδε τῆς ἡμέρας), but now gloriously revealed among the gentiles vs. 27, to whom the secret of Christ, i.e. his relevance for them, is proclaimed, 4:3 (CMitton, ET 60, ’48/49, 320f). Cp. Ro 16:25; 1 Cor 2:1 (cp. Just., D. 91, 1; 131, 2 al. μ. τοῦ σταυροῦ; 74, 3 τὸ σωτήριον τοῦτο μ., τοῦτʼ ἔστι τὸ πάθος τοῦ χριστοῦ). The pl. is used to denote Christian preaching by the apostles and teachers in the expr. οἰκονόμοι μυστηρίων θεοῦ 1 Cor 4:1 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 23, 104 calls the teachings of Pyth. θεῖα μυστήρια). Not all Christians are capable of understanding all the mysteries. The one who speaks in tongues πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια utters secret truths in the Spirit which the person alone shares w. God, and which others, even Christians, do not understand 1 Cor 14:2. Therefore the possession of all mysteries is a great joy 13:2 (Just., D. 44, 2). And the spirit-filled apostle can say of the highest stage of Christian knowledge, revealed only to the τέλειοι: λαλοῦμεν θεοῦ σοφίαν ἐν μυστηρίῳ we impart the wisdom of God in the form of a mystery (ἐν μυστηρίῳ=in a mysterious manner [Laud. Therap. 11] or =secretly, so that no unauthorized person would learn of it [cp. Cyr. of Scyth. p. 90, 14 ἐν μυστηρίῳ λέγει]) 2:7 (AKlöpper, ZWT 47, 1905, 525–45).—Eph, for which (as well as for Col) μ. is a predominant concept, sees the μ. τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ (sc. θεοῦ) 1:9 or μ. τ. Χριστοῦ 3:4 or μ. τ. εὐαγγελίου 6:19 in acceptance of the gentiles as Christians 3:3ff, 9ff. A unique great mystery is revealed 5:32, where the relation betw. Christ and the Christian community or church is spoken of on the basis of Gen 2:24 (cp. the interpretation of the sun as symbol of God, Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 8], and s. WKnox, St. Paul and the Church of the Gentiles, ’39, 183f; 227f; WBieder, TZ 11, ’55, 329–43).ⓒ In Rv μ. is used in ref. to the mysterious things portrayed there. The whole content of the book appears as τὸ μ. τοῦ θεοῦ 10:7. Also τὸ μ. τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀστέρων 1:20; τὸ μ. τῆς γυναικός 17:7, cp. vs. 5, where in each case μ. may mean allegorical significance (so BEaston, Pastoral Epistles ’47, 215).② that which transcends normal understanding, transcendent/ultimate reality, secret, with focus on Israelite/Christian experience.ⓐ 1 Ti uses μ. as a formula: τὸ μ. τῆς πίστεως is simply faith 3:9. τὸ τ. εὐσεβείας μ. the secret of (our) piety vs. 16.—τὸ μ. τῆς ἀνομίας 2 Th 2:7 s. ἀνομία 1 (Jos., Bell. 1, 470 calls the life of Antipater κακίας μυστήριον because of his baseness practiced in secret. Cp. also SibOr 8, 58 τὰ πλάνης μυστήρια; 56).—PFurfey, CBQ 8, ’46, 179–91.ⓑ in Ign.: the death and resurrection of Jesus as μ. IMg 9:1 (τὸ περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως μ. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 7, 9). The virginity of Mary, her childbearing, and the Lord’s death are called τρία μ. κραυγῆς three mysteries (to be) loudly proclaimed IEph 19:1 (they are mysteries because they go so contrary to human expectation). So also of the annunciation to Mary and her conception GJs 12:2f. The deacons are οἱ διάκονοι μυστηρίων Ἰ. Χρ. ITr 2:3.ⓒ Quite difficult is the saying about the tried and true prophet ποιῶν εἰς μυστήριον κοσμικὸν ἐκκλησίας who acts in accord with the earthly mystery of (God’s) assembly D 11:11. This may refer to celibacy; the prophet lives in such a way as to correspond to the relation betw. Christ and the people of God; cp. Eph 5:32 (so Harnack, TU II 1; 2, 1884, 44ff; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen d. Geistes u. der Geister 1899, 131–38; PDrews, Hdb. z. d. ntl. Apokryphen 1904, 274ff; RKnopf, Hdb. ad loc.—Differently CTaylor, The Teaching of the Twelve Apost. 1886, 82–92; RHarris, The Teaching of the Ap. 1887; FFunk, Patr. Apostol.2 1901 ad loc.; Zahn, Forschungen III 1884, 301).ⓓ μ. occurs oft. in Dg: τὸ τῆς θεοσεβείας μ. the secret of (our) piety 4:6 (what Dg means by μ. is detailed in ch. 5). Likew. of Christian teaching (cp. Ps.-Phocyl. 229 and comments by Horst 260–61) πατρὸς μυστήρια 11:2; cp. vs. 5. Hence the Christian can μυστήρια θεοῦ λαλεῖν 10:7. In contrast to ἀνθρώπινα μ. 7:1. οὗ (sc. τ. θεοῦ) τὰ μυστήρια whose secret counsels 7:2 (the divine will for orderly management of the universe). Of God keeping personal counsel κατεῖχεν ἐν μυστηρίῳ … τὴν σοφὴν αὐτοῦ βουλήν 8:10.—Lghtf., St. Paul’s Ep. to the Col. and Phlm. p. 167ff; JRobinson, St. Paul’s Ep. to the Eph. 1904, 234ff; GWobbermin, Religionsgesch. Studien 1896, 144ff; EHatch, Essays on Bibl. Gk. 1889, 57ff; HvSoden, ZNW 12, 1911, 188ff; TFoster, AJT 19, 1915, 402–15; OCasel, D. Liturgie als Mysterienfeier5 1923; JSchneider, ‘Mysterion’ im NT: StKr 104, ’32, 255–78; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi ’37; KPrümm, ‘Mysterion’ v. Pls bis Orig.: ZKT 61, ’37, 391–425, Biblica 37, ’56, 135–61; RBrown, The Semitic Background of ‘Mystery’ in the NT, ’68; cp. KKuhn, NTS 7, 61, 366 for Qumran parallels to various passages in Eph and Ro; ABöhlig, Mysterion u. Wahrheit, ’68, 3–40; JFruytier, Het woord M. in de catechesen van Cyrillus van Jerusalem, ’50; ANock, Hellenistic Mysteries and Christian Sacraments, Essays on Religion and the Ancient World II, ’72, 790–820; AHarvey, The Use of Mystery Language in the Bible: JTS 31, ’80, 320–36.—DELG s.v. μύω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.
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