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121 Hunter, John
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 14 (registered 13) February 1728 East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, Scotlandd. 16 October 1793 London, England[br]Scottish surgeon and anatomist, pioneer of experimental methods in medicine and surgery.[br]The younger brother of William Hunter (1718–83), who was of great distinction but perhaps of slightly less achievement in similar fields, he owed much of his early experience to his brother; William, after a period at Glasgow University, moved to St George's Hospital, London. In his later teens, John assisted a brother-in-law with cabinet-making. This appears to have contributed to the lifelong mechanical skill which he displayed as a dissector and surgeon. This skill was particularly obvious when, after following William to London in 1748, he held post at a number of London teaching hospitals before moving to St George's in 1756. A short sojourn at Oxford in 1755 appears to have been unfruitful.Despite his deepening involvement in the study of comparative anatomy, facilitated by the purchase of animals from the Tower menagerie and travelling show people, he accepted an appointment as a staff surgeon in the Army in 1760, participating in the expedition to Belle Isle and also serving in Portugal. He returned home with over 300 specimens in 1763 and, until his appointment as Surgeon to St George's in 1768, was heavily involved in the examination of this and other material, as well as in studies of foetal testicular descent, placental circulation, the nature of pus and lymphatic circulation. In 1772 he commenced lecturing on the theory and practice of surgery, and in 1776 he was appointed Surgeon-Extraordinary to George III.He is rightly regarded as the founder of scientific surgery, but his knowledge was derived almost entirely from his own experiments and observations. His contemporaries did not always accept or understand the concepts which led to such aphorisms as, "to perform an operation is to mutilate a patient we cannot cure", and his written comment to his pupil Jenner: "Why think. Why not trie the experiment". His desire to establish the aetiology of gonorrhoea led to him infecting himself, as a result of which he also contracted syphilis. His ensuing account of the characteristics of the disease remains a classic of medicine, although it is likely that the sequelae of the condition brought about his death at a relatively early age. From 1773 he suffered recurrent anginal attacks of such a character that his life "was in the hands of any rascal who chose to annoy and tease him". Indeed, it was following a contradiction at a board meeting at St George's that he died.By 1788, with the death of Percival Pott, he had become unquestionably the leading surgeon in Britain, if not Europe. Elected to the Royal Society in 1767, the extraordinary variety of his collections, investigations and publications, as well as works such as the "Treatise on the natural history of the human teeth" (1771–8), gives testimony to his original approach involving the fundamental and inescapable relation of structure and function in both normal and disease states. The massive growth of his collections led to his acquiring two houses in Golden Square to contain them. It was his desire that after his death his collection be purchased and preserved for the nation. It contained 13,600 specimens and had cost him £70,000. After considerable delay, Par-liament voted inadequate sums for this purpose and the collection was entrusted to the recently rechartered Royal College of Surgeons of England, in whose premises this remarkable monument to the omnivorous and eclectic activities of this outstanding figure in the evolution of medicine and surgery may still be seen. Sadly, some of the collection was lost to bombing during the Second World War. His surviving papers were also extensive, but it is probable that many were destroyed in the early nineteenth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1767. Copley Medal 1787.Bibliography1835–7, Works, ed. J.F.Palmer, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London.MG -
122 give way
1) дaвaть дopoгу; paccтупитьcя, пpoпуcтитьThe crowd gave way, and one by one the prisoners were thrust in (U. Sinclair)2) (to smb. или smth.) уcтупaть, идти нa уcтупки кoму-л. или чeму-л., cдaвaть cвoи пoзиции; уcтупaть мecтo чeму-л., cмeнятьcя чём-л.The Government must not give way to political blackmail from the arms kings (Daily Worker). In the beginning he had been watched with anxiety, perhaps even with misgiving. But soon this gave way to open admiration (A. J. Cronin)3) oткaзaть, иcпopтитьcя, cлoмaтьcя; нaдлoмитьcя, oбpушитьcя, oбвaлитьcя; cдaть (o здopoвьe, нepвax); пoдкocитьcя (o нoгax)', пoмутитьcя (o paccудкe)Something gave way in him, and words came welling up (J. Galsworthy). The uproar was appalling, perilous to the eardrums; one feared there was too much sound for the room to hold - that the wall must give way or the ceiling crack (U. Sinclair). He moved forward and his legs gave way and he fell awkwardly and completely on his side (J. Aldridge). We have to do with one whose mind has given way under continued strain (J. Murdoch)4) (to smth.) дaвaть вoлю чeму-л., пoддaвaтьcя, пpeдaвaтьcя (кaкoму-л. чувcтву); пoтepять caмooблaдaниeNorah. Oh, it's cruel. Miss Pringle. (Trying to console her). My dear, don't give way. I'm sure you'll have no difficulty in finding another situation (W. S. Maugham). You mustn't give way to your feelings like this. You must not cry (Th. Dreiser). George fancied that, if it had not been for the restraining influence of the sweet woman at his side, the young man might have given way to violent language (J. K. Jerome) -
123 мочь I
, смочь be* able;
может ли он пойти туда? (возможно ли это?) can he go there?;
(позволено ли это?) may he go there?;
я не могу прийти сегодня I shall not be able to come today;
можете ли вы это сделать? can you do that?;
если (с) могу if I can, if I am able (to) ;
может быть, быть может perhaps;
не может быть! not really!;
как живёте-можете? how are you?, how are you getting along? -
124 him
pronounihn; as indirect object ihm; reflexively sich; referring to personified things or animals which correspond to German feminines/neuters sie/es; as indirect object ihr/ihmit was him — er war's
him and me — (coll.) er und ich
* * *[hɪm, ɪm]pron persBob, give Paul's toy back to \him now! Bob, gib Paul sofort sein Spielzeug zurück!you have more than \him du hast mehr als erhe took the children with \him er nahm die Kinder mitoh no, not \him again! ach nein, nicht der schon wieder! famis this \him, perhaps? ist er das vielleicht?that's \him all right das ist er in der Tatto \him who is patient come all good things in their own time ( form) dem, der Geduld hat, wird sich alles Gute erfüllenfor \him and her für Sie und Ihn2. (animal, thing, unspecified sex) ihn/sie/es akk, den/die/das fam akk, ihm/ihr dat, dem/der fam datyou have a baby/cat? what do you call \him? du hast ein Baby/eine Katze? wie heißt es/sie?in the depths of \him, he too didn't want to go im tiefsten Inneren wollte er auch nicht gehen5.* * *[hɪm]pers pron1) (dir obj, with prep +acc) ihn; (indir obj, with prep +dat) ihm; (when he is previously mentioned in clause) sich2) (emph) erwho, him? — wer, er?
* * *him [hım; ım]A pers pr1. ihn (akk von academic.ru/33949/he">he1):2. ihm (dat von he1):3. er:she’s younger than him;it’s him, not her er ist es, nicht sieB refl pr sich:he looked about him er sah um sich, er sah sich um* * *pronounihn; as indirect object ihm; reflexively sich; referring to personified things or animals which correspond to German feminines/neuters sie/es; as indirect object ihr/ihmhim and me — (coll.) er und ich
* * *pron.ihm pron. -
125 other
other [ˈʌðər]1. adjective• the other one l'autre mf• the other day/week l'autre jour/semaine2. pronoun• some like flying, others prefer the train les uns aiment prendre l'avion, les autres préfèrent le train3. adverb• other than that, I said nothing à part ça, je n'ai rien dit* * *['ʌðə(r)] 1.1) (what is left, the rest) autre2) (alternative, additional) autre3) ( alternate)4) (different, not the same) autrethe ‘other woman’ — ( mistress) la maîtresse
5) ( opposite) autre6) ( recent)7) ( in lists)2.she will visit Japan, among other places — entre autres, elle ira au Japon
other than prepositional phrase1) ( except)2) ( anything but)3.others — ( as subject) d'autres; ( as object) les autres
somebody ou someone or other — quelqu'un
some book or other — un livre, je ne sais plus lequel
••my other half — (colloq) ma moitié (colloq) f
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126 alliteration
аллитерация (ниже приведены примеры ее использовния в американской журналистике; при переводе эффект может передаваться фразеологизмами - см. пример 1)1. These events... are a captivation of the splendor, spirit and stupidity of quadrennial madness. — В этих событиях, как в капле воды, отражаются обычаи наших периодических президентских кампаний во всей их красе и безумии.
2. The Internet is providing people from Peru to Pennsylvania with access to identical information and entertainment, while consumers from Bangkok to Brussels go to the same shops to purchase the same products from the same multinational corporations.
3...engaging in analysis rather than simple attitude, having core beliefs but not biases, following principles but not prejudices. (And perhaps avoiding a bit better Luce's fondness for alliteration.) (Time, Уолтер Айзексон)
The English annotation is below. (English-Russian) > alliteration
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127 permission
n разрешение (1). Обычная форма обращения за разрешением (согласием) может быть выражена сочетаниями: Could I …, Can I …, May I …, Might I — наиболее вежливая форма. Could I possibly (perhaps) …, Let me …, Is it OK if I …, Would you mind if I …, I was wondering if I could …, I'll take a seat, if I may… (2). Обычная форма предоставления разрешения, которая соответствует русскому пожалуйста: Of course …, By all means …, Yes, do (please) …, I don't see why not …, You can/may. (3). Обычная форма отказа дать разрешение: Sorry …, I'm afraid not. I want it myself …, I'd rather you didn't …, You can't …, You mustn't …. Последние две конструкции соответствуют довольно категоричному русскому нельзя, остальные конструкции используются для вежливого отказа. (4). Разрешение не делать чего-либо передается глаголом needn't (do smth) или (you) don't have to (do…):You needn't (don't have to) get up so early — Вы можете не вставать так рано/Вам незачем вставать так рано.
(5). Русское разрешение (на что-либо) в значении письменного официального документа, дающего право (на что-либо) соответствуют английскому существительному permit:a building permit — разрешение на строительство;
a residence permit — разрешение на проживание, на жительство.
You can't fish here without a permit — Тут нельзя ловить рыбу, не имея на это разрешения.
(6). See may, v. (7). See must, v. -
128 alliteration
•• Не могу отказать себе в удовольствии привести хотя бы пару примеров использования в американской журналистике аллитерации как выразительного средства. В наше торопливое время переводчики чаще всего оставляют его без внимания, а жаль.
•• Особенно богат (может быть, лучше сказать – грешит) аллитерациями журнал Time – традиционно, со времен его основателя Генри Люса. Вот характеристика проходящей раз в четыре года кампании по выборам президента: These events... are a captivation of the splendor, spirit and stupidity of quadrennial madness. Мой учитель Я.И.Рецкер советовал передавать в таких случаях выразительность, прибегая к какому-нибудь красочному фразеологизму. Попробую: В этих событиях, как в капле воды, отражаются обычаи наших периодических президентских кампаний во всей их красе и безумии. Другой пример из того же источника: The Internet [is] providing people from Peru to Pennsylvania with access to identical information and entertainment, while consumers from Bangkok to Brussels go to the same shops to purchase the same products from the same multinational corporations.
•• Подытожу следующей цитатой из статьи главного редактора журнала Уолтера Айзексона:...engaging in analysis rather than simple attitude, having core beliefs but not biases, following principles but not prejudices. (And perhaps avoiding a bit better Luce’s fondness for alliteration.) Айзексон здесь слегка ироничен и самокритичен, а ведь написано неплохо! Как у поэта рифма нередко ведет за собой мысль, так в первом предложении мысль – причем интересная – частично порождена аллитерацией. Переводчику остается лишь в восхищении снять шляпу!
См. также в других словарях:
perhaps — per|haps [ pər hæps ] adverb *** Perhaps can be used in the following ways: as a sentence adverb (making a comment on the whole sentence or clause): Perhaps we ve met before. as an ordinary adverb (before a number): He was perhaps 95. 1. ) used… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
perhaps */*/*/ — UK [pə(r)ˈhæps] / US [pərˈhæps] adverb Summary: Perhaps can be used in the following ways: as a sentence adverb (making a comment on the whole sentence or clause): Perhaps we ve met before. as an ordinary adverb (before a number): He was perhaps… … English dictionary
perhaps — per|haps W1S2 [pəˈhæps, præps US pər , præps] adv [Date: 1400 1500; Origin: per + haps, plural of hap chance (13 20 centuries) ( HAPPY)] 1.) used to say that something may be true, but you are not sure = ↑maybe ▪ Perhaps she s next door. ▪… … Dictionary of contemporary English
perhaps — adverb 1 possibly; maybe: This is perhaps her finest novel yet. | Perhaps she s next door. | Do you think Mark s upset? Perhaps. | perhaps not: Do you think I dare ask him? Perhaps not. 2 used to say that a number is only a guess: The room was… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
perhaps — Paha, pēlā paha, malia, malia paha, ā … paha, mali a, inā paha, mea paha. Rare: ano ai, māki a, malama, āpaha. Perhaps not, a ole paha. ♦ Perhaps so, pēlā paha … English-Hawaiian dictionary
Perhaps Love — is also a song performed jointly by John Denver Plácido Domingo and by John Denver Lene Siel. Infobox Film name = Perhaps Love image size = caption = DVD cover of Perhaps Love director = Peter Chan producer = writer = narrator = starring =… … Wikipedia
Not of This Earth (The Damned album) — Not of This Earth Studio album by The Damned Released 11 November 1995 Recorded 1994 … Wikipedia
perhaps — [[t]pə(r)hæ̱ps, præ̱ps[/t]] ♦ 1) ADV: ADV with cl/group (vagueness) You use perhaps to express uncertainty, for example, when you do not know that something is definitely true, or when you are mentioning something that may possibly happen in the… … English dictionary
Not Afraid — For the Stephanie Smith album, see Not Afraid (album). Not Afraid … Wikipedia
perhaps*/*/*/ — [pəˈhæps] adv 1) used for saying that you are not certain whether something is true I haven t seen them for months – perhaps they ve moved away.[/ex] There were perhaps a dozen women in the audience.[/ex] 2) spoken used when you are making a… … Dictionary for writing and speaking English
Not I — This article is about the play. For the restriction enzyme NotI, see restriction enzyme. Photo of Lisa Dwan, Battersea Arts Centre © Allan Titmuss Not I is a twenty minute dramatic monologue written in 1972 (March 20 to April 1) by Samuel Beckett … Wikipedia
