per-arō

pĕr-ăro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

Lit., to plough through; to traverse the sea:

pontum,

Sen. Med. 650.—

Transf.

To furrow:

rugis anilibus ora,

Ov. M. 14, 96; Sid. Ep. 3, 13.—

To furrow or scratch over, to injure:

cerebrum crebra vibice peraratum,

Sid. Ep. 3, 13.—

To scratch letters with the style on a waxen tablet, to write:

talia perarans manus,

Ov. M. 9, 563:

litteram,

id. A. A. 1, 455; cf. id. Tr. 3, 7, 1:

peraratae tabellae,

id. Am. 1, 11, 7:

perarare carmina auro,

Stat. S. 4, 5, 24.

arma, ōrum, n. ( gen. plur. armūm, Pac. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155; Att. ap. Non. p. 495, 23, considered by Cic. in the connection armūm judicium as less correct than armorum) [cf. ARÔ, arariskô = to fit; arthron = joint; harmos = armus = joint, shoulder; artaô = artio, arto = to fit, to fit in closely; artios = fit, exact; artus = close, narrow; ars (artis) = the craft of fitting things; artifex, artificium; Goth. arms = O. H. Germ. aram = Engl. arm; Sanscr. ar = to hit upon, attain; aram = fit, fast; īrmas = arm. Curt.].

Lit.

1.. What is fitted to the body for its protection, defensive armor, as the shield, coat of mail, helmet, etc.:

tot milia armorum, detracta corporibus hostium,

Liv. 45, 39:

induere arma,

id. 30, 31:

arma his imperata, galea, clipeum, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere,

id. 1, 43:

pictis et auro caelatis refulgens armis,

id. 7, 10. —

Specifically, a shield:

at Lausum socii exanimem super arma ferebant,

on a shield, Verg. A. 10, 841:

caelestia arma, quae ancilia appellantur,

Liv. 1, 20 (v. ancile); id. 8, 30; 1, 37; cf. Verg. A. 1, 119 Heyne; Tac. G. 11 Rup.; Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 43:

Aeneas se collegit in arma,

gathered himself under his shield, Verg. A. 12, 491.—Hence, in a more extended sense,

Implements of war, arms, both of defence and offence (but of the latter only those which are used in close contest, such as the sword, axe, club; in distinction from tela, which are used in contest at a distance; hence, arma and tela are often contrasted; v. the foll., and cf. Bremi and Dähne ad Nep. Dat. 11, 3): arma rigent, horrescunt tela, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4; id. ap. Non. p. 469, 26:

arma alia ad tegendum, alia ad nocendum,

Cic. Caec. 21:

armis condicione positis aut defetigatione abjectis aut victoriā detractis,

id. Fam. 6, 2:

illum dicis cum armis aureis, Quoius etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 16:

ibi Simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60:

arma antiqua manus, ungues dentesque fuerunt Et lapides, et item, silvarum fragmina, ramei,

Lucr. 5, 1283; so,

Mutum et turpe pecus (i. e. primeval man), glandem et cubilia propter Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis, quae post fabricaverat usus,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 100 sqq.:

capere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Phil. 4, 3, 7; id. Rab. Perd. 6 and 7:

sumere,

id. Planc. 36, 88 Wund.; id. Tusc. 2, 24, 58; Vulg. Gen. 27, 3; ib. 3 Reg. 22, 30:

accipere, ib. Judith, 14, 2: adprehendere,

ib. Psa. 34, 2:

resumere,

Suet. Calig. 48:

aptare,

Liv. 5, 49:

induere,

id. 30, 31; Ov. M. 14, 798; id. F. 1, 521; Verg. A. 11, 83; Luc. 1, 126:

accingi armis,

Verg. A. 6, 184, and Vulg. Jud. 18, 11:

armis instructus,

ib. Deut. 1, 41; ib. 1 Par. 12, 13:

concitare ad arma,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

descendere ad arma,

id. ib. 7, 33:

vocare ad arma,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

vocare in arma,

Verg. A. 9, 22:

ferre contra aliquem,

Vell. 2, 56:

decernere armis,

Cic. Att. 7, 3:

armis cum hoste certare,

id. Off. 3, 22, 87; so,

saevis armis,

Verg. A. 12, 890:

dimicare armis cum aliquo,

Nep. Milt. 1, 2:

esse in armis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Suet. Caes. 69:

ponere, abicere,

Cic. Fam. 6, 2:

relinquere,

Liv. 2, 10:

tradere,

Nep. Ham. 1, 5; Suet. Vit. 10:

amittere,

Verg. A. 1, 474:

proicere,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 5, 43;

7, 44: deripere militibus,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 19:

dirimere,

Luc. 1, 104 et saep.—Hence, arma virosque, per arma, per viros, etc., Liv. 8, 25; 8, 30 al.; v. Burm. ad Verg. A. 1, 1, and cf. Liv. 9, 24:

tela et arma: armorum atque telorum portationes,

Sall. C. 42, 2; Liv. 1, 25; Col. 12, 3; Tac. G. 29 and 33:

armis et castris, prov. (like remis velisque, viris equisque),

with vigor, with might and main, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84.—

Trop., means of protection, defence, weapons:

tenere semper arma (sc. eloquentiae), quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis, vel, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 8, 32:

prudentiae,

id. ib. 1, 38, 172:

senectutis,

id. Lael. 4. 9:

tectus Vulcaniis armis, id est fortitudine,

id. Tusc. 2, 14, 33:

eloquentiae,

Quint. 5, 12, 21:

facundiae,

id. 2, 16, 10:

justitiae,

Vulg. Rom. 6, 13; ib. 2 Cor. 6, 7:

arma lucis,

ib. Rom. 13, 12:

horriferum contra Borean ovis arma ministret, i. e. lanas,

Ov. M. 15, 471:

haec mihi Stertinius arma (i. e. praecepta) dedit,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 297; cf. id. Ep. 1, 16, 67:

arma militiae nostrae non carnalia sunt,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 10, 4.

War (once in opp. to pax, v. infra):

silent leges inter arma,

Cic. Mil. 4, 10; id. Att. 7, 3, 5:

arma civilia,

civil war, id. Fam. 2, 16, and Tac. A. 1, 9:

civilia arma,

id. Agr. 16; id. G. 37 (otherwise, bella civilia, Cic. Off. 1, 25, 86, and Tac. Agr. 13):

ab externis armis otium erat,

Liv. 3, 14; 9, 1; 3, 69 Drak.; 9, 32; 42, 2; Tac. H. 2, 1 al.:

a Rubro Mari arma conatus sit inferre Italiae,

Nep. Hann. 2, 1 (for which more freq. bellum inferre alicui, v. infero):

ad horrida promptior arma,

Ov. M. 1, 126:

qui fera nuntiet arma,

id. ib. 5, 4;

14, 479: compositis venerantur armis,

Hor. C. 4, 14, 52. So the beginning of the Æneid: Arma virumque cano; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 7:

melius visum Gallos novam gentem pace potius cognosci quam armis,

Liv. 5, 35 fin.; cf.:

cedant arma togae,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76.—Also for battle, contest:

in arma feror,

Verg. A. 2, 337; so id. ib. 2, 655.—

(Abstr. for concr.) The warriors themselves, soldiers, troops:

nulla usquam apparuerunt arma,

Liv. 41, 12:

nostro supplicio liberemus Romana arma, i. e. Romanum exercitum,

id. 9, 9; 21, 26:

Hispanias armis non ita redundare,

Tac. H. 2, 32:

expertem frustra belli et neutra arma secutum,

neither party, Ov. M. 5, 91: auxiliaria arma, auxiliaries, auxiliary troops = auxiliares (v. auxiliaris, I.), id. ib. 6, 424; cf. id. ib. 14, 528.—

Transf., poet. (like hoplon and entea in Gr.), implements, instruments, tools, utensils, in gen. Of implements for grinding and baking:

Cerealia arma,

the arms of Ceres, Verg. A. 1, 177 (cf. Hom. Od. 7, 232: entea daitos). —Of implements of agriculture, Ov. M. 11, 35:

dicendum est, quae sint duris agrestibus arma, Quīs sine nec potuere seri nec surgere messes,

Verg. G. 1, 160.—Of the equipments, tackle of a ship ( mast, sails, rudder, etc.):

colligere arma jubet validisque incumbere remis,

Verg. A. 5, 15; 6, 353.—Hence used by Ovid for wings:

haec umeris arma parata suis, A. A. 2, 50 (cf. in the foll. verse: his patria est adeunda carinis).—And so of other instruments,

Mart. 14, 36.

ărātĭo, ōnis, f. [aro].

A ploughing, and in gen. the cultivation of the ground, agriculture:

iteratio arationis peracta esse debet, si, etc.,

Col. 11, 2, 64:

aratione per transversum iterata,

Plin. 18, 20, 49, § 180:

ut quaestuosa mercatura, fructuosa aratio dicitur,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 31, 86.—

Meton. (abstr. for concr.), ploughed land, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 47 (cf. aratiuncula):

(calsa) nascitur in arationibus,

Plin. 27, 8, 36, § 58.— Esp., in Roman financial lang., the public farms or plots of land farmed out for a tenth of the produce (cf. arator, I. B.), Cic. Phil. 2, 39 fin.; id. Verr. 2, 3, 98.

armus, i, m., = harmos [arô; v. arma inct. ], pr., a joining together; the shoulder where it is fitted to the shoulder-blade, the fore quarter (opp. suffrago), and, with few exceptions, of the shoulder of an animal, while umerus designates that of men.

Lit.: solus homo bipes: uni juguli, umeri;

ceteris armi,

Plin. 11, 43, 98, § 243:

digiti (Hippomenae in leonem mutati) curvantur in ungues: Ex umeris armi fiunt, Ov M. 10, 700.—So, elephantis,

Plin. 11, 40, 95, § 233:

leonis,

id. 11, 39, 94, § 229:

pantherae,

id. 8, 17, 23, § 62 et saep.: leporis, Hor S. 2, 4, 44;

2, 8, 89: equi,

id. ib. 1, 6, 106:

arietis,

Vulg. Num. 6, 19; ib. Exod. 29, 27.—Of men:

latos huic hasta per armos Acta,

Verg. A. 11, 644;

Paul. ex Fest. s. v. armita, p. 4 Müll.—And of the arms of men,

Luc. 9, 831.—

In a more extended sense, the whole side of an animal:

spumantis equi fodere calcaribus armos,

Verg. A. 6, 881; cf. Hor. S. 1, 6, 106.

arvus, a, um, adj. [for aruus from aro].

That has been ploughed, but not yet sown, ploughed, arable:

ager, arvus et arationes ab arando,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 39 Müll.:

arvum, quod aratum nec dum satum est,

id. R. R. 1, 29; Paul. ex Fest. p. 25 Müll.:

aut arvus est ager aut consitus aut pascuus aut florens,

Isid. Orig. 15, 13:

Non arvus hic, sed pascuus est ager,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 47:

agri arvi et arbusti et pascui lati atque uberes,

Cic. Rep. 5, 2, 3.—Hence,

Subst.

arva, ae, f. (sc. terra), an arable field, cornfield; only twice, ante - class., Naev. ap. Non. p. 192, 30; Pac. ib.—

arvum, i, n. (sc. solum), an arable field, cultivated land, a field, ploughed land, glebe (cf. Doed. Syn. III. p. 8;

class.): nec scibat ferro molirier arva,

Lucr. 5, 934; 1, 314:

sol lumine conserit arva,

id. 2, 211; cf. id. 2, 1162; Ov. M. 1, 598; 11, 33; Verg. G. 2, 263 et saep.:

ex arvo aeque magno,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2:

prata et arva et pecudum greges diliguntur isto modo, quod fructus ex eis capiuntur,

Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 122:

arva non afferent cibum,

Vulg. Hab. 3, 17:

Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo student,

Sall. J. 90, 1:

ne perconteris, fundus meus, optime Quincti, Arvo pascat erum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 2 (i. e. frugibus:

arvum autem ab arando dictum est, Crucq.): arva per annos mutant, et superest ager,

Tac. G. 26; Suet. Ner. 31; id. Dom. 7.—

Meton.

A region, country:

Aspicis en praesens, quali jaceamus in arvo,

Ov. P. 4, 7, 3.—

Poet., in gen., fields, plains, regions: arva putria, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 181 Müll.:

genus humanum multo fuit in arvis durius,

Lucr. 5, 925; 2, 1154:

nec pisces (queunt) vivere in arvis,

id. 3, 785:

Circaea arva,

Ov. M. 14, 348:

Peneïa,

id. ib. 12, 209; so id. ib. 15, 52; 15, 276; 11, 62; 11, 196; Verg. A. 5, 703 et saep.:

pomosa,

Prop. 5, 7, 81:

quā tumidus rigat arva Nilus,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 48; id. Epod. 16, 54; so,

arva deserti,

Vulg. Jer. 23, 10:

arva pacis,

ib. ib. 25, 37.—Hence also,

For pascuum, pasture-ground:

Arvaque mugitu sancite bovaria longo: Nobile erit Romae pascua vestra forum,

i. e. the Forum Boarium at Rome, Prop. 5, 9, 19.—

Arva Neptunia, for the sea, Verg. A. 8, 695 (cf. id. ib. 6, 724: campi liquentes). —

Land, a shore, coast:

jamque arva tenebant (angues),

Verg. A. 2, 209.

arvus, a, um, adj. [for aruus from aro].

That has been ploughed, but not yet sown, ploughed, arable:

ager, arvus et arationes ab arando,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 39 Müll.:

arvum, quod aratum nec dum satum est,

id. R. R. 1, 29; Paul. ex Fest. p. 25 Müll.:

aut arvus est ager aut consitus aut pascuus aut florens,

Isid. Orig. 15, 13:

Non arvus hic, sed pascuus est ager,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 47:

agri arvi et arbusti et pascui lati atque uberes,

Cic. Rep. 5, 2, 3.—Hence,

Subst.

arva, ae, f. (sc. terra), an arable field, cornfield; only twice, ante - class., Naev. ap. Non. p. 192, 30; Pac. ib.—

arvum, i, n. (sc. solum), an arable field, cultivated land, a field, ploughed land, glebe (cf. Doed. Syn. III. p. 8;

class.): nec scibat ferro molirier arva,

Lucr. 5, 934; 1, 314:

sol lumine conserit arva,

id. 2, 211; cf. id. 2, 1162; Ov. M. 1, 598; 11, 33; Verg. G. 2, 263 et saep.:

ex arvo aeque magno,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2:

prata et arva et pecudum greges diliguntur isto modo, quod fructus ex eis capiuntur,

Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 122:

arva non afferent cibum,

Vulg. Hab. 3, 17:

Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo student,

Sall. J. 90, 1:

ne perconteris, fundus meus, optime Quincti, Arvo pascat erum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 2 (i. e. frugibus:

arvum autem ab arando dictum est, Crucq.): arva per annos mutant, et superest ager,

Tac. G. 26; Suet. Ner. 31; id. Dom. 7.—

Meton.

A region, country:

Aspicis en praesens, quali jaceamus in arvo,

Ov. P. 4, 7, 3.—

Poet., in gen., fields, plains, regions: arva putria, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 181 Müll.:

genus humanum multo fuit in arvis durius,

Lucr. 5, 925; 2, 1154:

nec pisces (queunt) vivere in arvis,

id. 3, 785:

Circaea arva,

Ov. M. 14, 348:

Peneïa,

id. ib. 12, 209; so id. ib. 15, 52; 15, 276; 11, 62; 11, 196; Verg. A. 5, 703 et saep.:

pomosa,

Prop. 5, 7, 81:

quā tumidus rigat arva Nilus,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 48; id. Epod. 16, 54; so,

arva deserti,

Vulg. Jer. 23, 10:

arva pacis,

ib. ib. 25, 37.—Hence also,

For pascuum, pasture-ground:

Arvaque mugitu sancite bovaria longo: Nobile erit Romae pascua vestra forum,

i. e. the Forum Boarium at Rome, Prop. 5, 9, 19.—

Arva Neptunia, for the sea, Verg. A. 8, 695 (cf. id. ib. 6, 724: campi liquentes). —

Land, a shore, coast:

jamque arva tenebant (angues),

Verg. A. 2, 209.