object+function

δύνᾰμις [ῠ], ἡ, gen. εως, [dialect] Ion. ιος, [dialect] Ion. dat. δυνάμι: ([etym.] δύναμαι):—

A power, might, in Hom., esp. of bodily strength,

εἴ μοι δ. γε παρείη Od. 2.62

, cf. Il.8.294;

οἵη ἐμὴ δ. καὶ χεῖρες Od.20.237

;

ἡ δ. τῶν νέων Antipho 4.3.2

, etc.: generally, strength, power, ability to do anything, πὰρ δύναμιν beyond one's strength, Il.13.787; in Prose,

παρὰ δ. τολμηταί Th.1.70

, etc.;

ὑπὲρ δ. D.18.193

; opp. κατὰ δ. as far as lies in one, Hdt.3.142, etc. (

κὰδ δ. Hes.Op. 336

);

εἰς δύναμιν Cratin. 172

, Pl.R. 458e, etc.;

πρὸς τὴν δ. Id.Phdr. 231a

.

2 outward power, influence, authority, A.Pers. 174 (anap.), Ag. 779 (lyr.);

καταπαύσαντα τὴν Κύρου δ. Hdt.1.90

;

δυνάμει προὔχοντες Th.7.21

, etc.; ἐν δ. εἶναι, γενέσθαι, X.HG4.4.5, D.13.29.

3 force for war, forces,

δ. ἀνδρῶν Hdt.5.100

, cf. Pl.Mx. 240d, Plb.1.41.2, LXX Ge.21.22, OGI139.8 (ii B. C.); μετὰ δυνάμεων ἱκανῶν Wilcken Chr.10 (ii B. C.), etc.;

δ. καὶ πεζὴ καὶ ἱππικὴ καὶ ναυτική X.An.1.3.12

; πέντε δυνάμεσι πεφρουρημένον, of the five projecting rows of sarissae in the phalanx, Ascl.Tact.5.2,al.

4 a power, quantity,

χρημάτων δ. Hdt.7.9

.ά.

5 means,

κατὰ δύναμιν Arist.EE 1243b12

; opp. παρὰ δ., 2 Ep.Cor.8.3;

κατὰ δ. τῶν ὑπαρχόντων BGU1051.17

(Aug.).

II power, faculty, capacity,

αἱ ἀμφὶ τὸ σῶμα δ. Hp.VM14

;

αἱ τοῦ σώματος δυνάμεις Pl.Tht. 185e

;

ἡ τῆς ὄψεως δ. Id.R. 532a

;

ἡ τῶν λεγόντων δ. D.22.11

: c. gen. rei, capacity for,

τῶν ἔργων Arist.Pol. 1309a35

;

τοῦ λέγειν Id.Rh. 1362b22

; τοῦ λόγου, τῶν λόγων, Men.578, Alex.94;

δ. στρατηγική Plb.1.84.6

;

δ. ἐν πραγματείᾳ Id.2.56.5

;

δ. συνθετική D.H.Comp.2

: abs., any natural capacity or faculty, that may be improved and may be used for good or ill, Arist.Top. 126a37, cf. MM 1183b28.

2 elementary force, such as heat, cold, etc., Hp.VM16, Arist.PA 646a14; ἡ τοῦ θερμοῦ δ.ib. 650a5;

θερμαντικὴ δ. Epicur.Fr.60

, cf. Polystr.p.23 W.

b property, quality,

ἰδίην δύναμιν καὶ φύσιν ἔχειν Hp.VM13

, cf. Nat.Hom.5, Vict.1.10; esp. of the natural properties of plants, etc., αἱ δ. τῶν φυομένων, τῶν σπερμάτων, X.Cyr.8.8.14, Thphr.HP8.11.1; productive power,

τῆς γῆς Id.Oec.16.4

;

μετάλλων Id.Vect.4.1

: generally, function, faculty, δύναμις φυσική, ζωική, ψυχική, Gal.10.635; περὶ φυσικῶν δ., title of work by Galen.

c in pl., agencies, ὑπάρχειν ἐν τῇ φύσει τὰς τοιαύτας δυνάμεις (sc. the gods) Polystr.p.10 W.

d function, meaning, of part in whole, Id.p.17 W.

e in Music, function, value, of a note in the scale,

δ. ἐστι τάξις φθόγγου ἐν συστήματι Cleonid.Harm.14

, cf. Aristox.Harm.p.69M.; μέση κατὰ δύναμιν, opp. κατὰ θέσιν, Ptol. Harm.2.5.

3 faculty, art, or craft, Pl.R. 532d, Arist.Metaph. 1018a30, EN 1094a10, Arr.Epict.1.1.1; δ. σκεπτική the doctrine of the Sceptics, S.E.M.7.1.

4 a medicine, Timostr.7, etc.;

δ. ἁπλαῖ Hp.Decent.9

, Aret.CD1.4, etc.;

δ. πολυφάρμακοι Plu.2.403c

, Gal.13.365: in pl., collection of formulae or prescriptions, Orib.10.33.

b action of medicines, περὶ τῆς ἁπλῶν φαρμάκων δ., title of work by Galen; also, potency, δυνάμει θερμά, ψυχρά, Id.1.672, al.

5 magically potent substance or object, PMag.Leid.V.8.12: in pl., magical powers, Hld.4.7.

III force or meaning of a word, Lys.10.7, Pl. Cra. 394b, Diog.Oen.12, Phld.Sign.31, etc.

b phonetic value of sounds or letters, Plb.10.47.8, D.H.Comp.12, Luc.Jud.Voc.5, etc.

2 worth or value of money, Th.6.46,2.97, Plu.Lyc.9, Sol. 15.

IV capability of existing or acting, potentiality, opp. actuality ([etym.] ἐνέργεια), Arist.Metaph. 1047b31, 1051a5, etc.: hence δυνάμει as Adv., virtually,

ὕστερον ὂν τῇ τάξει, πρότερον τῇ δυνάμει.. ἐστί D.3.15

; opp. ἐνεργείᾳ, Arist.APo. 86a28, al.; opp. ἐντελεχείᾳ, Id.Ph. 193b8, al.

V Math., power,

κατὰ μεταφορὰν ἡ ἐν γεωμετρίᾳ λέγεται δ. Id.Metaph. 1019b33

; usu. second power, square, κατὰ δύναμιν in square, Pl.Ti. 54b, cf. Theol.Ar.11, etc.: chiefly in dat., [εὐθεῖα] δυνάμει ἴση a line the square on which is equal to an area, ἡ BA ἐλάσσων ἐστὶν ἢ διπλασίων δυνάμει τῆς AK the square on BA is less than double of the square on AK, Archim.Sph.Cyl.2.9: εὐθεῖαι δ. σύμμετροι commensurable in square, Euc.10Def.2; ἡ δυνάμει δεκάς the series 12 + 22... + 102, Theol.Ar.64.

b square number, Pl.Ti. 32a.

c square of an unknown quantity (x2), Dioph.Def.2, al.

2 square root of a number which is not a perfect square, surd, opp. μῆκος, Pl. Tht. 147d.

3 product of two numbers, ἡ ἀμφοῖν (sc. τριάδος καὶ δυάδος)

δ. ἑξάς Ph.1.3

, cf. Iamb.in Nic.p.108 P.; δυνάμει in product, Hero Metr.1.15, Theol.Ar.33.

VI concrete, powers, esp. of divine beings,

αἱ δ. τῶν οὐρανῶν LXX Is.34.4

, cf. 1 Ep.Pet.3.22, al., Ph.1.587, Corp.Herm.1.26, Porph.Abst.2.34: sg., Act.Ap.8.10, PMag.Par.1.1275; πολυώνυμος δ., of God, Secund.Sent.3.

VII manifestation of divine power, miracle, Ev.Matt.11.21, al., Buresch Aus Lydien 113, etc.

διακονέω (s. two next entries) impf. διηκόνουν; fut. διακονήσω; 1 aor. διηκόνησα; pf. inf. δεδιηκονηκέναι (AssMos Fgm. k, Denis p. 67); aor. pass. διηκονήθην, for augm. s. B-D-F §69, 4; W-S. §12, 6; Mlt-H. 192 (Soph., Hdt. et al.; rare in ins, pap; never in LXX, but in Philo, Joseph.) gener. to render service in a variety of ways either at someone’s behest or voluntarily and freq. with suggestion of movement.

① to function as an intermediary, act as go-between/agent, be at one’s service w. intermediary function either expressed or implied (lead tablet Sb 4947, 2 διακόνησόν μοι; in lover’s petition ‘serve as intermediary [medium] for me’ PWarr 21, 4; 8; Lucian, Cont. 1 of Hermes as messenger for Zeus; Theophr. Char. 2, 9 fetch things; Just., D. 79, 2; cp. the role of Repentance JosAs 15:7) w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing οὐχ ἑαυτοῖς ὑμῖν δὲ διηκόνουν αὐτά they were not acting as agents in their own behalf but for yours in the things 1 Pt 1:12 (for a service consisting in the delivery of a message cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 298). For a similar contrast, and with suggestion of an intermediary’s mission: οὐκ ἦλθεν διακονηθῆναι ἀλλὰ διακονῆσαι came not to be served, but to serve Mt 20:28; Mk 10:45 (i.e. the Human One [Son of Man] came to carry out an assignment not to benefit himself but others [by giving his life in ransom]; cp. Mt 4:11; par. Mk 1:13 [service rendered by divine messengers]). Of Jesus carrying out his mission [ἀ]νῆλθε[ν δια]κονῶν AcPl BMM verso 13f.— Phlm 13 suggests that Onesimus can be used by Paul on assignment in behalf of the gospel. πορεύομαι … διακονῶν τοῖς ἁγίοις on an errand to God’s people (REB) Ro 15:25 (s. 3).—Of delivery of an object: χάρις διακονουμένη ὑφʼ ἡμῶν gift that we are transmitting (a ref. to the collection for whose delivery they have accepted responsibility) 2 Cor 8:19; cp. vs. 20. In imagery, ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ διακονηθεῖσα ὑφʼ ἡμῶν a letter of Christ, delivered by us 2 Cor 3:3 (WBaird, Letters of Recommendation: JBL 80, ’61, 190).

② to perform obligations, without focus on intermediary function

ⓐ of unspecified services perform duties, render assistance, serve τινί someone (Demosth. 9, 43; UPZ 18, 23 [163 B.C.]; δαίμοσι δ. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 51, 38) Mt 8:15; Mk 1:31; Lk 4:39; GJs 6:3; διακονοῦσαι αὐτῷ being at his service Mt 27:55; cp. Mk 15:41. διακόνει μοι serve me Hs 8, 4, 1, cp. 2; J 12:26; Ac 19:22. Also εἰς ἑαυτοὺς αὐτὸ δ. serve one another w. it 1 Pt 4:10. W. acc. of thing ὅσα διηκόνησεν what services he rendered 2 Ti 1:18; cp. Hs 2:10. Abs. (POxy 275, 10 [I A.D.]) 1 Pt 4:11. Pass. (Jos., Ant. 10, 242); ἁπλῶς δ. complete a service in simplicity of heart Hm 2:6.

ⓑ of attention at meals wait on someone (τινί) at table (Menand., Fgm. 272; Pyrgion [Hellenistic times]: 467 Fgm. 1 Jac. [a communal meal in Crete]; Diod S 4, 36, 2; 5, 28, 4; Philo, Vi. Cont. 70; TestJob 12:1 al.; Jos., Ant. 11, 163; 166) Lk 12:37; 17:8. Abs. 10:40; J 12:2; GJs 6:3. In imagery ὡς ὁ διακονῶν waiter Lk 22:26f.

③ to meet an immediate need, help w. dat. (Iren. 1, pr. 3 [Harv. I 7, 1]) πότε οὐ διηκονήσαμέν σοι; when did we not help you? Mt 25:44 (but s. 4, Collins). ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων helped to support them w. their means Lk 8:3 (KTorjesen, When Women Were Priests ’93, 53ff); the saints Ro 15:25 (JO’Rourke, CBQ 29, ’67, 116–18; but s. 1); Hb 6:10.

④ to carry out official duties, minister, in cultic context (of holy service at the altar Jos., Ant. 3, 155; cp. PGM 36, 304 and 335 παρὰ θεοῖς δ.) of διάκονοι 1 Ti 3:10; καλῶς δ. vs. 13. ἀγνῶς καὶ σεμνῶς Hv 3, 5, 1. Opp. κακῶς Hs 9, 26, 2. Collins (s. below) p. 65 argues for placement of Mt 25:44 in this classification: those consigned to perdition plead their total dedication to the Lord’s interests.

⑤ Ac 6:2 poses a special problem: care for, take care of w. dat. of thing τραπέζαις look after tables can be understood of serving food at tables (cp. βούλομαι … διακονῆσαι τοῖς πτωχοῖς σήμερον ἐν τῇ σῇ τραπέζῃ TestJob 12:1), but it is improbable that some widows would be deprived of food at a communal meal. The term διακονία vs. 1 more probably refers to administrative responsibility (s. διακονία 5), one of whose aspects is concern for widows without specifying the kind of assistance that is allotted. Vs. 2 may contain wordplay involving the phrase τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ, w. λόγος designating a ledger entry, in which case τράπεζα, which is also a banker’s term (s. L-S-J-M s.v. II), may here denote accounts (s. τράπεζα 1c).—WBrandt, Dienst u. Dienen im NT ’31; ESchweizer, D. Leben des Herrn in d. Gemeinde u. ihren Diensten ’46; PBoulton, Διακονέω and Its Cognates in the 4 Gospels: TU 73, ’59, 415–22. JCollins, Diakonia ’90.—DELG s.v. διάκονος. M-M. TW.

σκεῦος, ους, τό (Aristoph., Thu.+)

① a material object used to meet some need in an occupation or other responsibility, gener. thing, object used for any purpose at all (e.g. a table: Diod S 17, 66, 5) Mk 11:16 (PCasey, CBQ 59, ’97, 306–32). σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον or ἐκ ξύλου Rv 18:12ab. Pl. (Diod S 13, 12, 6) Dg 2:2–4. Of all one has (Jos., Vi. 68; 69) τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ his property Lk 17:31.—Mt 12:29; Mk 3:27 (both in allusion to Is 49:24f).—By an added statement or via the context σκ. can become an object of a certain specific kind: τὰ σκεύη τῆς λειτουργίας the equipment used in cultic service Hb 9:21 (ParJer 3:9; 11:18; cp. Jos., Bell. 6, 389 τὰ πρὸς τὰς ἱερουργίας σκεύη). Also τὰ ἅγια σκεύη Ox 840, 14; 21; 29f (Jos., Bell. 2, 321; cp. Plut., Mor. 812b σκεῦος ἱερόν; Philo, Mos. 2, 94; Just., D. 52, 3 σκεύη ἱερά). τὸ σκεῦος Ac 27:17 seems to be the kedge or driving-anchor (Breusing 17ff; Blass and Haenchen ad loc.; Voigt [s. σκευή]. Differently HBalmer, Die Romfahrt des Ap. Pls 1905, 355ff. See FBrannigan, TGl 25, ’33, 182–84; PEdg 6 [=Sb 6712], 10 [258 B.C.] ἄνευ τῶν ἀναγκαίων σκευῶν πλεῖν τὰ πλοῖα. Pl. also X., Oec. 8, 11f; ; TestJob 18:7 and elsewh. of ship’s gear; Arrian, Peripl. 5, 2 τὰ σκεύη τὰ ναυτικά. Eng. tr. have ‘gear’, ‘sails’). Ac 10:11, 16; 11:5 represent a transitional stage on the way to 2.

② a container of any kind, vessel, jar, dish, etc. (Aristoph., Thesm. 402; X., Mem. 1, 7, 5; Aelian, VH 12, 8; Herodian 6, 7, 7; LXX; Jos., Bell. 7, 106; 8, 89; PsSol 17:38; TestNapth 2:2; JosAs; Just., A I, 9, 2 ἐξ ἀτίμων … σκευῶν) Lk 8:16; J 19:29; 2 Ti 2:20 (four kinds as Plut., Caes. 730 [48, 7]). τὸ κενὸν σκεῦος Hm 11:13. ποιεῖν σκ. make a vessel 2 Cl 8:2. τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικά Rv 2:27 (s. κεραμικός). σκ. εἰς τιμήν or εἰς ἀτιμίαν (s. τιμή 2b) Ro 9:21; 2 Ti 2:21 (a fig. sense makes itself felt in the latter pass.).

③ a human being exercising a function, instrument, vessel fig. ext. of 1 or 2 (Polyb. 13, 5, 7 Δαμοκλῆς ὑπηρετικὸν ἦν ς.) for Christ Paul is a σκεῦος ἐκλογῆς a chosen instrument Ac 9:15.—Of the body, in which the Spirit dwells (cp. TestNapht 8:6 ὁ διάβολος οἰκειοῦται αὐτὸν ὡς ἴδιον σκεῦος; ApcMos 16 γενοῦ μοι σκεῦος; and the magical prayer in FPradel, Griech. u. südital. Gebete1907, p. 9, 11f ἐξορκίζω σε ἐξελθεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ σκεύους τούτου) Hm 5, 1, 2. Christ’s body as τὸ σκ. τοῦ πνεύματος the vessel of the Spirit B 7:3; 11:9; cp. τὸ καλὸν σκεῦος 21:8 (of the human body, as ApcSed 11:5 [p. 134, 17 Ja.] ὦ χεῖρες … διʼ ἃς τὸ σκεῦος τρέφεται; cp. 10 [ln. 25 Ja.]; 11 [ln. 27 Ja.]). On the human body as ὀστράκινα σκεύη 2 Cor 4:7, s. ὀστράκινος. Those who are lost are σκεύη ὁργῆς Ro 9:22 (cp. Jer 27:25.—CDodd, JTS 5, ’54, 247f: instruments of judgment; sim. AHanson, JTS 32, ’81, 433–43), those who are saved σκ. ἐλέους vs. 23.—1 Pt 3:7 woman is called ἀσθενέστερον σκεῦος (ἀσθενής 2a). τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος 1 Th 4:4 from antiquity has been interpreted to mean one’s own body (Theodoret, Calvin, Milligan, Schlatter, MDibelius; RKnox, transl. ’44; CCD transl. ’41, mg.; NRSV) or one’s own wife (Theodore of Mopsuestia, Schmiedel, vDobschütz, Frame, Oepke; WVogel, ThBl 13, ’34, 83–85; RSV et al.). The former interpr. is supported by passages cited at the beg. of this section 3, and the latter is in accord w. rabb. usage (Billerb. III 632f. S. also κτάομαι 1). Also probable for 1 Th 4:4 is ‘penis’ (so Antistius [I A.D.] in Anthol. Plan. 4, 243; Aelian, NA 17, 11; cp. the euphemistic Lat. ‘vasa’ in this sense: Plautus, Poenulus. 863; s. MPoole, Synopsis Criticorum Ali. Sacrae Script., rev. ed.1694, V col. 908; on sim. usage at Qumran s. TElgvin, NTS 43, ’97, 604–19; NAB [1970] renders guarding his member [difft. rev. ed. of NAB, 1986]. Cp. KDonfried, NTS 31, ’85, 342). In such case κτᾶσθαι must mean someth. like ‘gain control of’, etc.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἐπί prep. w. gen., dat., or acc.; s. the lit. on ἀνά, beg. (Hom.+). The basic idea is ‘upon’ (opp. ὑπό) Kühner-G. I 495; s. also Rob 600–605. (In the foll. classifications case use is presented seriatim; in earlier editions of this lexicon all sections, except 13, 17, and 18 [of time], were included under the general rubric ‘Place’.)

① marker of location or surface, answering the question ‘where?’ on, upon, near

ⓐ w. gen., marking a position on a surface ἐ. (τῆς) γῆς on (the) earth (cp. En 9:1; 98:1; ἐ. γῆς 25:6; PsSol 17:2) Mt 6:10, 19; 9:6; 23:9; Mk 6:47 al. (Ar. 12, 1; Just., A I, 54, 7 al.). ἐ. τῆς θαλάσσης on the sea (cp. Job 9:8; Dio Chrys. 10 [11], 129 βαδίζειν ἐ. τῆς θαλ.; Lucian, Philops. 13 βαδίζειν ἐφʼ ὕδατος, VH 2, 4; Artem. 3, 16 ἐ. τ. θαλάσσης περιπατεῖν; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 15 p. 5, 26ff relying on the testimony of Hesiod: Orion was given a gift [δωρεά] by the gods καὶ ἐ. κυμάτων πορεύεσθαι καὶ ἐ. τῆς γῆς) Mt 14:26; Mk 6:48f; J 6:19 (w. acc. P⁷⁵; s. 4bβ below). ἐ. τῶν νεφελῶν on the clouds Mt 24:30; 26:64 (Da 7:13; cp. Philo, Praem. 8). ἐ. κλίνης 9:2; Lk 17:34. ἐ. τοῦ δώματος on the roof vs. 31; Mt 24:17; 10:27 foll. by pl. W. verbs: κάθημαι ἐ. τινος sit on someth. (Job 2:8; ἐ. τοῦ ἅρματος GrBar 6:2; cp. JosAs 27:1 ἐ. τοῦ ὀχήματος καθεζόμενος; Just., D. 90, 5 ἐ. λίθου καθεζόμενος) Mt 24:3; 27:19; Ac 8:28; Rv 6:16; 9:17 (the same prep. used in Rv w. κάθημαι and dat. s. bα below, and w. acc. cα). ἑστηκέναι ἐ. τινος stand on someth. Ac 21:40; Rv 10:5, 8 (Just., D. 86, 2 ἐστηρίχθαι). With parts of the body: ἐ. χειρῶν αἴρειν carry on (i.e. in/with) their hands Mt 4:6; Lk 4:11 (both Ps 90:12). ἐ. κεφαλῆς on the head (Hdt. 5, 12, 4) J 20:7; 1 Cor 11:10; Rv 12:1. ἐ. τοῦ μετώπου Rv 7:3; 9:4. ἐ. γυμνοῦ on the naked body Mk 14:51. Cp. use of ἐπί w. καθίζω and gen., and ἐπί w. κάθημαι and acc. Mt 19:28.—In a gener. and fig. sense Ac 21:23.

ⓑ w. dat., gener. suggesting contiguity on, in, above.

α. answering the question ‘where?’ (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Just., D. 105, 5 ἐ. τῷ σταυρῷ; Tat., 9:1 ἐ. τοῖς ὄρεσι; Ath. 20, 1 ἐ. τῷ μετώπῳ; Mel., P. 19, 131 ἐ. σάκκῳ καὶ σποδῷ) ἐ. πίνακι on a platter Mt 14:8, 11; Mk 6:25, 28. ἀνακλῖναι ἐ. τῷ χλωρῷ χόρτῳ on the green grass 6:39. ἐ. τοῖς κραβάττοις vs. 55. ἐπέκειτο ἐπʼ αὐτῷ lay on it (or before it) J 11:38. καθήμενος ἐ. τῷ θρόνῳ Rv 4:9 (cp. gen. w. καθ. 1a above, and acc. cα below) 5:13; 7:10 and oft. ἐφʼ ἵπποις λευκοῖς on white horses 19:14. ἐ. σανίσιν on planks Ac 27:44. ἐ. τῇ στοᾷ in the colonnade 3:11. τὰ ἐ. τοῖς οὐρανοῖς what is above (or in) the heavens Eph 1:10. ἐπʼ αὐτῷ above him, at his head Lk 23:38 (=Mt 27:37 ἐπάνω τ. κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ).

β. answering the question ‘whither?’ on, upon (Hom. et al.) w. verbs that indicate a direction: οἰκοδομεῖν ἐ. τινι build upon someth. Mt 16:18. ἐποικοδομεῖν Eph 2:20. ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπίβλημα ἐ. ἱματίῳ παλαιῷ put a patch on an old garment Mt 9:16. ἐπιπίπτειν ἐ. τινι Ac 8:16. ἐκάθισεν ἐ. τῷ θρόνῳ he sat down on the throne GJs 11:1. λίθον ἐπʼ αὐτῇ βαλέτω J 8:7 v.l. (cp. 12a below).

ⓒ w. acc., answering the question ‘where?’ (Hom. et al.; LXX; JosAs 29:2 φορῶν ἐ. τὸν μηρὸν αὐτοῦ ῥομφαίαν; Just., D. 53, 1 ζυγὸν ἐ. αὐχένα μὴ ἔχων)

α. on, over someth. καθεύδειν ἐ. τι sleep on someth. Mk 4:38. καθῆσθαι ἐ. τι sit on someth. Mt 19:28 (in the same vs. καθίζω w. gen., s. a above) J 12:15; Rv 4:4; 6:2; 11:16 al.; cp. Lk 21:35b; κεῖσθαι ἐ. τι lie upon someth. 2 Cor 3:15. κατακεῖσθαι Lk 5:25. ἑστηκέναι ἐ. τὸν αἰγιαλόν stand on the shore Mt 13:2; cp. Rv 14:1. ἑστῶτας ἐ. τὴν θάλασσαν standing beside the sea 15:2. ἔστη ἐ. τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ παιδίου (the star) remained stationary over the head of the child GJs 21:3. σκηνοῦν ἐ. τινα spread a tent over someone Rv 7:15. ἐ. τὴν δεξιάν at the right hand 5:1. λίθος ἐ. λίθον stone upon stone Mt 24:2.

β. ἐ. τὸ αὐτό at the same place, together (Ps.-X., Respublica Athen. [The Old Oligarch] 2, 2; Pla., Rep. 329a; SIG 736, 66 [92 B.C.]. In pap=‘in all’: PTebt 14, 20 [114 B.C.]; PFay 102, 6.—2 Km 2:13; En 100:2) εἶναι ἐ. τὸ αὐτό be together Lk 17:35; Ac 1:15; 2:1, 44. In 1 Cor 7:5 it is a euphemistic expr. for sexual union. κατοικεῖν ἐ. τὸ αὐτό live in the same place (Dt 25:5) Hm 5, 1, 4. Also w. verbs of motion (Sus 14 Theod.) συνέρχεσθαι ἐ. τὸ αὐτό come together to the same place 1 Cor 11:20; 14:23; cp. B 4:10 (Just., A I, 67, 3 συνέλευσις γίνεται). συνάγεσθαι (Phlegon of Tralles [Hadr.]: 257 Fgm. 36 III 9 Jac.; PsSol 2:2; TestJob 28:5 Jos., Bell. 2, 346) Mt 22:34; Ac 4:26 (Ps 2:2); 1 Cl 34:7. ἐ. τὸ αὐτὸ μίγνυσθαι be mixed together Hm 10, 3, 3. προσετίθει ἐ. τὸ αὐτό added to their number Ac 2:47.

γ. at, by, near someone or someth. καθῆσθαι ἐ. τὸ τελώνιον sit at the tax-office Mt 9:9 (ἐ. τὰς ὡραίας πύλας GrBar prol. 2); Mk 2:14. ἑστηκέναι ἐ. τὴν θύραν stand at the door Rv 3:20. σὺ ἔστης ἐ. τὸ θυσιαστήριον you are standing (ἕστηκας deStrycker) as priest at the altar GJs 8:2. ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς among you 2 Th 1:10; cp. Ac 1:21.—Of pers., over whom someth. is done ὀνομάζειν τὸ ὄνομα Ἰησοῦ ἐ. τινα speak the name of Jesus over someone Ac 19:13. ἐπικαλεῖν τὸ ὄνομά τινος ἐ. τινα=to claim someone for one’s own (Jer 14:9; 2 Ch 7:14; 2 Macc 8:15) Ac 15:17 (Am 9:12); Js 2:7; Hs 8, 6, 4. προσεύχεσθαι ἐ. τινα pray over someone Js 5:14.

② marker of presence or occurrence near an object or area, at, near

ⓐ w. gen., of immediate proximity to things at, near (Hdt. 7, 115; X., An. 4, 3, 28 al.; LXX, Just.) ἐ. τ. θυρῶν at the gates (Plut., C. Gracch. 841 [14, 3]; PRyl 127, 8f [29 A.D.] κοιμωμένου μου ἐ. τῆς θύρας; 1 Macc 1:55; Just., D. 111, 4) Ac 5:23 (s. b below for dat. in 5:9). ἐ. τῆς θαλάσσης near the sea (Polyb. 1, 44, 4; Ex 14:2; Dt 1:40; 1 Macc 14:34) J 21:1. ἐ. τῆς ὁδοῦ by the road Mt 21:19. ἐσθίειν ἐ. τῆς πραπέζης τινός eat at someone’s table Lk 22:30 (cp. POxy 99, 14 [55 A.D.] τράπεζα, ἐφʼ ἧς Σαραπίων καὶ μέτοχοι; Da 11:27 LXX ἐ. μιᾶς τραπέζης). ἐ. τοῦ (τῆς) βάτου at the thornbush = in the passage about the thornbush (i.e. Ex 3:1ff) Mk 12:26; Lk 20:37.

ⓑ with dat., of immediate proximity at, near by (Hom.+) ἦν ἔτι ἐ. τῷ τόπῳ ὅπου was still at the place, where J 11:30 v.l. (for ἐν; cp. Just., D. 402). ἐ. τῇ θύρᾳ (ἐ. θύραις) at the door (Hom. et al.; Wsd 19:17; Jos., Ant. 17, 90; Just., D. 32, 3) Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29; Ac 5:9 (s. a above). ἐ. τοῖς πυλῶσιν Rv 21:12. ἐ. τῇ πηγῇ J 4:6 (Jos., Ant. 5, 58 ἐ. τινι πηγῇ; Just., A I, 64, 1 ἐ. ταῖς … πηγαῖς). ἐ. τῇ προβατικῇ (sc. πύλῃ) near the sheepgate 5:2; cp. Ac 3:10. ἐ. τῷ ποταμῷ near the river (since Il. 7, 133; Jos., Ant. 4, 176 ἐ. τ. Ἰορδάνῳ) Rv 9:14.—Of pers. (Diod S 14, 113, 6; Just., A I, 40, 7) ἐφʼ ὑμῖν among you 2 Cor 7:7; cp. Ac 28:14 v.l.

③ marker of involvement in an official proceeding, before, w. gen., of pers., esp. in the language of lawsuits (Pla., Leg. 12, 943d; Isaeus 5, 1 al.; UPZ 71, 15; 16 [152 B.C.]; POxy 38, 11; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 382, 23=BGU 909, 23; Jos., Vi. 258; Just., A II, 1, 1 ἐ. Οὐρβίκου). ἐ. τοῦ ἡγεμόνος in the governor’s presence Mt 28:14. ἐ. ἡγεμόνων καὶ βασιλέων Mk 13:9. ἐ. σου before you (the procurator) Ac 23:30. ἐ. Τερτούλλου Phlm subscr. v.l.; στάντος μου ἐ. τοῦ συνεδρίου Ac 24:20 (cp. Diod S 11, 55, 4 ἐ. τοῦ κοινοῦ συνεδρίου τ. Ἑλλήνων). γυναικὸς … διαβληθείσης ἐ. τοῦ κυρίου Papias (2:17). κρίνεσθαι ἐ. τῶν ἀδίκων go to law before the unrighteous 1 Cor 6:1. κριθήσεται ἐφʼ ὑμῶν before your tribunal D 11:11. μαρτυρεῖν ἐ. Ποντίου Πιλάτου testify before Pontius Pilate 1 Ti 6:13 (s. μαρτυρέω 1c). ἐ. τοῦ βήματος (POxy 37 I, 3 [49 A.D.]) ἑστὼς ἐ. τοῦ βήματος Καίσαρός εἰμι I am standing before Caesar’s tribunal Ac 25:10 (Appian says Prooem. c. 15 §62 of himself: δίκαις ἐν Ῥώμῃ συναγορεύσας ἐ. τῶν βασιλέων=I acted as attorney in lawsuits in Rome before the emperors).—Gener. in someone’s presence (Appian, Syr. 61 §324 ἐφʼ ὑμῶν=in your presence) ἐ. Τίτου before Titus 2 Cor 7:14. Cp.10 below.

④ marker of movement to or contact w. a goal, toward, in direction of, on

ⓐ w. gen., marking contact with the goal that is reached, answering the question ‘whither?’ toward, on, at w. verbs of motion (Appian, Iber. 98 §427 ἀπέπλευσεν ἐπʼ οἴκου=he sailed [toward] home; PGM 4, 2468f ἀναβὰς ἐ. δώματος; JosAs 27:1 ἀνέδραμε … ἐ. πέτρας; Jos., Ant. 4, 91 ἔφευγον ἐ. τ. πόλεων; Tat. 33:3 Εὐρώπην ἐ. τοῦ ταύρου καθιδρύσαντος) βάλλειν τὸν σπόρον ἐ. τῆς γῆς Mk 4:26; also σπείρειν vs. 31. πίπτειν (Wsd 18:23; TestAbr A 3 p. 80, 11 [Stone p. 8]; JosAs 9:1) 9:20; 14:35. καθιέναι Ac 10:11. τιθέναι (Sir 17:4) Lk 8:16; J 19:19; Ac 5:15. ἔρχεσθαι Hb 6:7; Rv 3:10; γίνεσθαι ἐ. reach, be at J 6:21. γενόμενος ἐ. τοῦ τόπου when he reached the place Lk 22:40. καθίζειν take one’s seat ἐ. θρόνου (JosAs 7:1 al.) Mt 19:28 (s. 1a end); 23:2; 25:31; J 19:13 (ἐ. βήματος of Pilate as Jos., Bell. 2, 172; of Jesus Just., A I, 35, 6). κρεμαννύναι ἐ. ξύλου hang on a tree (i.e. cross) (Gen 40:19; cp. Just., D. 86, 6 σταυρωθῆναι ἐ. τοῦ ξύλου) Ac 5:30; 10:39; cp. Gal 3:13 (Dt 21:23).

ⓑ w. acc.

α. specifying direction (En 24:2 ἐ. νότον ‘southward’ of position of the mountain) of motion that takes a particular direction, to, toward ἐκτείνας τ. χεῖρα ἐ. τοὺς μαθητάς Mt 12:49; cp. Lk 22:53 (JosAs 12:8). πορεύεσθαι ἐ. τὸ ἀπολωλός go after the one that is lost 15:4. ἐ. τὴν ῏Ασσον in the direction of Assos Ac 20:13. ἐπιστρέφειν ἐ. τι turn to someth. 2 Pt 2:22 (cp. Pr 26:11; En 99:5). ὡς ἐ. λῃστήν as if against a robber Mt 26:55; Mk 14:48; Lk 22:52.

β. from one point to another across, over w. motion implied (Hom.+; LXX) περιπατεῖν, ἐλθεῖν ἐ. τ. θάλασσαν or ἐ. τ. ὕδατα Mt 14:25, 28f; J 6:19 P⁷⁵. Of spreading across the land (PsSol 17:10): famine Ac 7:11; 11:28; darkness Mt 27:45; Lk 23:44. ἐ. σταδίους δώδεκα χιλιάδων across twelve thousand stades Rv 21:16 v.l. (Polyaenus 5, 44, 4 ἐ. στάδια δέκα); ἐ. πλεῖον further (1 Esdr 2:24; 2 Macc 10:27) Ac 4:17.

γ. of goal attained (Hom. et al.; LXX) on, upon someone or someth. πέσατε ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς Lk 23:30 (Hos 10:8). ἔπεσεν ἐ. τὰ πετρώδη Mt 13:5; cp. Lk 13:4. ἔρχεσθαι ἐ. τινα come upon someone Mt 3:16; also καταβαίνειν fr. above J 1:33; cp. Rv 16:21. ἀναβαίνειν (Jos., Ant. 13, 138; Just., A II, 12, 7) Lk 5:19. ἐπιβαίνειν Mt 21:5 (Zech 9:9).—Ac 2:3; 9:4 al.; διασωθῆναι ἐ. τ. γῆν be brought safely to the land 27:44; cp. vs. 43; Lk 8:27. ἐ. τὸ πλοῖον to the ship Ac 20:13. ἀναπεσεῖν ἐ. τὴν γῆν lie down or sit down on the ground Mt 15:35. ἔρριψεν αὐτὸν χαμαὶ ἐ. τὸν σάκκον he threw himself down on the sackcloth GJs 13:1. τιθέναι τι ἐ. τι put someth. on someth. (JosAs 16:11) Mt 5:15; Lk 11:33; Mk 8:25 v.l.; likew. ἐπιτιθέναι (JosAs 29:5) Mt 23:4; Mk 8:25; Lk 15:5; J 9:6, 15; Ac 15:10. ἐπιβάλλειν τ. χεῖρας ἐ. τινα (Gen 22:12 al.) Mt 26:50; Lk 21:12; Ac 5:18. Mainly after verbs of placing, laying, putting, bringing, etc. on, to: ἀναβιβάζω, ἀναφέρω, βάλλω, γράφω, δίδωμι, ἐγγίζω, ἐπιβιβάζω, ἐπιγράφω, ἐποικοδομέω, ἐπιρ(ρ)ίπτω, θεμελιόω, ἵστημι, κατάγω, οἰκοδομέω, σωρεύω; s. these entries. Sim. βρέχειν ἐ. τινα cause rain to fall upon someone Mt 5:45 (cp. PsSol 17:18); also τ. ἥλιον ἀνατέλλειν ἐ. τινα cause the sun to rise so that its rays fall upon someone *ibid. τύπτειν τινὰ ἐ. τὴν σιαγόνα strike on the cheek Lk 6:29. πίπτειν ἐ. (τὸ) πρόσωπον (Jdth 14:6) on the face Mt 17:6; 26:39; Lk 5:12; 17:16; 1 Cor 14:25; Rv 7:11.—To, upon w. acc. of thing πορεύεσθαι ἐ. τὴν ὁδόν go to the road Ac 8:26; cp. 9:11. ἐ. τὰς διεξόδους Mt 22:9. ἵνα μὴ πνέῃ ἄνεμος ἐ. πᾶν δένδρον so that no wind should blow upon any tree Rv 7:1.

δ. of closeness to someth. or someone to, up to, in the neighborhood of, on ἐ. τὸ μνημεῖον up to the tomb Mk 16:2; Lk 24:1 v.l., 22, 24; cp. ἐ. τὸ μνῆμα Mk 16:2 v.l.; Lk 24:1. ἔρχεσθαι ἐ. τι ὕδωρ come to some water Ac 8:36. ἐ. τὴν πύλην τὴν σιδηρᾶν to the iron gate 12:10. καταβαίνειν ἐ. τὴν θάλασσαν go down to the sea J 6:16. ἐ. τὸν Ἰορδάνην Mt 3:13 (Just., D. 88, 3 al.). ἀναπίπτειν ἐ. τὸ στῆθος he leaned back on (Jesus’) breast J 13:25; 21:20. πίπτειν ἐ. τοὺς πόδας fall at (someone’s) feet Ac 10:25 (JosAs 14:10 ἔπεσεν ἐ πρόσωπον ἐ. τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ). ἐ. τ. ἀκάνθας among the thorns Mt 13:7.—W. acc. of pers. to someone ἐ. τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐλθόντες they came to Jesus J 19:33; cp. Mt 27:27; Mk 5:21.

ε. in imagery of goal or objective to, toward (Just., A II, 7, 6 ἐπʼ ἀμφότερα τρέπεσθαι) ἐπιστρέφειν, ἐπιστρέφεσθαι ἐ. τινα turn to (Dt 30:10; 31:20 al.; Ar. 2, 1 ἔλθωμεν καὶ ἐ. τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος ‘let us now turn to …’; Just., D. 56, 11 ἐ. τὰς γραφὰς ἐπανελθών) Lk 1:17; Ac 9:35; 11:21; 14:15; 26:20; Gal 4:9; 1 Pt 2:25.

⑤ marker of manner, corresponding to an adv., w. dat. (Aeschyl., Suppl. 628 ἐπʼ ἀληθείᾳ; UPZ 162 VI, 3 [117 B.C.] κακοτρόπως καὶ ἐ. ῥαδιουργίᾳ; POxy 237 VI, 21 ἐ. τῇ τῶν ἀνθρ. σωτηρίᾳ; ἐφʼ ὁράσει En 14:8; Just., A I, 9, 3 ἐφʼ ὕβρει; 55, 7 ἐ. τούτῳ τῷ σχήματι ‘in this form’; Tat. 17, 1 ἐπʼ ἀκριβείᾳ; Ath. 33, 2 ἐφʼ ἑνὶ γάμῳ) ὁ σπείρων ἐπʼ εὐλογίαις (in contrast to ὁ σπείρων φειδομένως one who sows sparingly) one who sows in blessing (i.e. generously) 2 Cor 9:6. ἐπʼ εὐλογίαις θερίζειν reap generously ibid.

⑥ marker of basis for a state of being, action, or result, on, w. dat. (Hom. et al.)

ⓐ ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ ζῆν live on bread Mt 4:4; Lk 4:4 (both Dt 8:3. cp. Ps.-Pla., Alcib. 1, 105c; Plut., Mor. 526d; Alciphron 3, 7, 5; SibOr 4, 154). ἐ. τῷ ῥήματί σου depending on your word Lk 5:5. οὐ συνῆκαν ἐ. τοῖς ἄρτοις they did not arrive at an understanding (of it) (by reflecting) on (the miracle of) the loaves Mk 6:52 (cp. Demosth. 18, 121 τί σαυτὸν οὐκ ἐλλεβορίζεις ἐ. τούτοις [sc. λόγοις];=why do you not come to an understanding concerning these words?). ἐ. τῇ πίστει on the basis of faith Ac 3:16; Phil 3:9. ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι on the basis of hope, supporting itself on hope Ac 2:26 (? s. ἐλπίς 1bα); Ro 4:18; 8:20; 1 Cor 9:10; Tit 1:2.—Ac 26:6 ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι gives the basis of the trial at law, as does ἐ. εὐεργεσίᾳ 4:9. ἀπολύειν τ. γυναῖκα ἐ. πορνείᾳ Mt 19:9 (cp. Dio Chrys. 26 [43], 10 ἀπολύειν ἐπʼ ἀργυρίῳ; Ath. 2, 3 κρίνεσθαι … μὴ ἐ. τῷ ὀνόματι, ἐ. δὲ τῷ ἀδικήματι). γυναικὸς ἐ. πόλλαις ἁμαρτίαις διαβληθείσης Papias (2:17). On the basis of the testimony of two witnesses (cp. Appian, Iber. 79 §343 ἤλεγχον ἐ. μάρτυσι) Hb 10:28 (Dt 17:6); sim. use of ἐ. τινί on the basis of someth.: 8:6; 9:10, 15 (here it may also be taken in the temporal sense; s. 18 below), 17. ἁμαρτάνειν ἐ. τῷ ὁμοιώματι τ. παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ Ro 5:14 (ὁμοίωμα 1). δαπανᾶν ἐ. τινι pay the expenses for someone Ac 21:24. ἀρκεῖσθαι ἐ. τινι be content w. someth. 3J 10.

ⓑ w. verbs of believing, hoping, trusting: πεποιθέναι (Wsd 3:9; Sus 35; 1 Macc 10:71; 2 Macc 7:40 and oft.) Lk 11:22; 18:9; 2 Cor 1:9; Hb 2:13 (2 Km 22:3). πιστεύειν Lk 24:25; Ro 9:33; 10:11; 1 Pt 2:6 (the last three Is 28:16). ἐλπίζειν (2 Macc 2:18; Sir 34:7) Ro 15:12 (Is 11:10); 1 Ti 4:10; 6:17; cp. 1J 3:3. παρρησιάζεσθαι Ac 14:3.

ⓒ after verbs which express feelings, opinions, etc.: at, because of, from, with (Hom. et al.) διαταράσσεσθαι Lk 1:29. ἐκθαυμάζειν Mk 12:17. ἐκπλήσσεσθαι Mt 7:28; Mk 1:22; Lk 4:32; Ac 13:12. ἐξίστασθαι (Jdth 11:16; Wsd 5:2 al.) Lk 2:47. ἐπαισχύνεσθαι (Is 1:29) Ro 6:21. εὐφραίνεσθαι (Sir 16:1; 18:32; 1 Macc 11:44) Rv 18:20. θαμβεῖσθαι Mk 10:24; cp. Lk 5:9; Ac 3:10. θαυμάζειν (Lev 26:32; Jdth 10:7 al.; Jos., Ant. 10, 277) Mk 12:17 v.l. μακροθυμεῖν (Sir 18:11; 29:8; 35:19) Mt 18:26, 29; Lk 18:7; Js 5:7. μετανοεῖν (Plut., Ag. 803 [19, 5]; Ps.-Lucian, Salt. 84; Prayer of Manasseh [=Odes 12] 7; Just., A I, 61, 10; D. 95, 3 al.) 2 Cor 12:21. ὀδυνᾶσθαι (cp. Tob 6:15) Ac 20:38. ὀργίζεσθαι Rv 12:17. σπλαγχνίζεσθαι Mt 14:14; Lk 7:13. συλλυπεῖσθαι Mk 3:5. στυγνάζειν 10:22. χαίρειν (PEleph 13, 3; Jos., Ant. 1, 294; Tob 13:15; Bar 4:33; JosAs 4:2; Ar. 15, 7) Mt 18:13; Lk 1:14; 13:17; Ro 16:19 al. χαρὰν καὶ παράκλησιν ἔχειν Phlm 7. χαρὰ ἔσται Lk 15:7; cp. vs. 10 (Jos., Ant. 6, 116 ἡ ἐ. τῇ νίκῃ χαρά). Also w. verbs that denote aroused feelings παραζηλοῦν and παροργίζειν make jealous and angry at Ro 10:19 (Dt 32:21). παρακαλεῖν 1 Th 3:7a (cp. Just., D. 78:8 παράκλησιν ἐχουσῶν ἐ.), as well as those verbs that denote an expression of the emotions ἀγαλλιᾶσθαι (cp. Tob 13:15; Ps 69:5) Lk 1:47; Hs 8, 1, 18; 9, 24, 2. καυχᾶσθαι (Diod S 16, 70; Sir 30:2) Ro 5:2. κοπετὸν ποιεῖν (cp. 3 Macc 4:3) Ac 8:2. ὀλολύζειν Js 5:1. αἰνεῖν (cp. X., An. 3, 1, 45 al.) Lk 2:20. δοξάζειν (Polyb. 6, 53, 10; cp. Diod S 17, 21, 4 δόξα ἐ. ἀνδρείᾳ=fame because of bravery) Ac 4:21; 2 Cor 9:13. εὐχαριστεῖν give thanks for someth. (s. εὐχαριστέω 2; UPZ 59, 10 [168 B.C.] ἐ. τῷ ἐρρῶσθαί σε τ. θεοῖς εὐχαρίστουν) 1 Cor 1:4; cp. 2 Cor 9:15; 1 Th 3:9.—ἐφʼ ᾧ = ἐπὶ τούτῳ ὅτι for this reason that, because (Diod S 19, 98; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 112 §520; Ael. Aristid. 53 p. 640 D.; Synes., Ep. 73 p. 221c; Damasc., Vi. Isid. 154; Syntipas p. 12, 9; 127, 8; Thomas Mag. ἐφʼ ᾧ ἀντὶ τοῦ διότι; cp. W-S. §24, 5b and 12f. S. WKümmel, D. Bild des Menschen im NT ’48, 36–40) Ro 5:12 (SLyonnet, Biblica 36, ’55, 436–56 [denies a causal sense here]. On the probability of commercial idiom s. FDanker, FGingrich Festschr. ’72, 104f, also Ro 5:12, Sin under Law: NTS 14, ’68, 424–39; against him SPorter, TynBull 41, ’90, 3–30, also NTS 39, ’93, 321–33; difft. JFitzmyer, Anchor Bible Comm.: Romans, ad loc. ‘w. the result that all have sinned’); 2 Cor 5:4; Phil 3:12; for, indeed 4:10.

⑦ marker of addition to what is already in existence, to, in addition to. W. dat. (Hom. et al.; PEleph 5, 17 [284/283 B.C.] μηνὸς Τῦβι τρίτῃ ἐπʼ εἰκάδι; Tob 2:14; Sir 3:27; 5:5) προσέθηκεν τοῦτο ἐ. πᾶσιν he added this to everything else Lk 3:20 (cp. Lucian, Luct. [On Funerals], 24). ἐ. τ. παρακλήσει ἡμῶν in addition to our comfort 2 Cor 7:13. λύπη ἐ. λύπῃ grief upon grief Phil 2:27 v.l. (cp. Soph., Oed. C. 544, also Polyb. 1, 57, 1 πληγὴ ἐ. πληγῇ; Plut., Mor. 123f; Polyaenus 5, 52 ἐ. φόνῳ φόνον; Quint. Smyrn. 5, 602 ἐ. πένθει πένθος=sorrow upon sorrow; Sir 26:15). ἐ. τῇ σῇ εὐχαριστίᾳ to your prayer of thanks 1 Cor 14:16. So perh. also Hb 8:1. ἐ. πᾶσι τούτοις to all these Col 3:14; Lk 16:26 v.l. (X., Mem. 1, 2, 25 al.; Sir 37:15; cp. 1 Macc 10:42; Just., D. 133, 1 ἐ. τούτοις πᾶσι).—W. acc.: addition to someth. of the same kind Mt 6:27; Lk 12:25; Rv 22:18a. λύπην ἐ. λύπην sorrow upon sorrow Phil 2:27 (cp. Is 28:10, 13; Ezk 7:26; Ps 68:28).

⑧ marker of perspective, in consideration of, in regard to, on the basis of, concerning, about, w. gen. (Antig. Car. 164 ἐ. τῶν οἴνων ἀλλοιοῦσθαι; 4 Macc. 2:9 ἐ. τῶν ἑτέρων … ἔστιν ἐπιγνῶναι τοῦτο, ὅτι …; Ath. 29, 2 τὰ ἐ. τῆς μανίας πάθη) ἐ. δύο ἢ τριῶν μαρτύρων on the evidence of two or three witnesses 1 Ti 5:19 (cp. TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 22ff. [Stone p. 32]). Sim. in the expr. ἐ. στόματος δύο μαρτύρων (Dt 19:15) Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1. ἐπʼ αὐτῆς on the basis of it Hb 7:11. ἐπʼ ἀληθείας based on truth = in accordance w. truth, truly (Demosth. 18, 17 ἐπʼ ἀληθείας οὐδεμιᾶς εἰρημένα; POxy 255, 16 [48 A.D.]; Da 2:8; Tob 8:7; En 104:11) Mk 12:14, 32; Lk 4:25; 20:21; Ac 4:27. ἐφʼ ἑαυτοῦ based on himself = to or by himself (X., An. 2, 4, 10; Demosth. 18, 224 ἐκρίνετο ἐφʼ ἑαυτοῦ; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verb. 16 ἐ. σεαυτοῦ. Cp. Kühner-G. I 498e) 2 Cor 10:7.—To introduce the object which is to be discussed or acted upon λέγειν ἐ. τινος speak of, about someth. (Pla., Charm., 155d, Leg. 2, 662d; Isocr. 6, 41; Aelian, VH 1, 30; Jer 35:8; EpArist 162; 170; Ath. 5:1 ἐ. τοῦ νοητοῦ … δογματίζειν) Gal 3:16. Do someth. on, in the case of (cp. 1 Esdr 1:22) σημεῖα ποιεῖν ἐ. τῶν ἀσθενούντων work miracles on the sick J 6:2.—On B 13:6 s. τίθημι 1bζ.—In ref. to someth. (Aristot., Pol. 1280a, 17; 4 Macc 12:5 τῶν ἐ. τῆς βασιλείας … πραγμάτων; Just., A I, 5, 1 ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ‘in our case’, D. 131, 4; Ath. 15, 3 ἐ. τῆς ὕλης καὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ‘as respects God and matter, so …’) ἐ. τινων δεῖ ἐγκρατεύεσθαι in certain matters one must practice self-control Hm 8:1. οὔτε … οἴδασι τὸν ἐ. τοῦ πυροῦ σπόρον nor do they comprehend (the figurative sense of) the sowing of wheat AcPlCor 2:26 (cp. 1 Cor 15:36f).

⑨ marker of power, authority, control of or over someone or someth., over

ⓐ w. gen. (Hdt. 5, 109 al.; Mitt-Wilck. I/1, 124, 1=BGU 1120, 1 [5 B.C.] πρωτάρχῳ ἐ. τοῦ κριτηρίου; 287, 1; LXX; AscIs 2:5 τοῦ ἐ. τῶν πραγματε[ι] ῶν=Denis p. 109) βασιλεύειν ἐ. τινος (Judg 9:8, 10; 1 Km 8:7) Rv 5:10. ἔχειν βασιλείαν ἐ. τῶν βασιλέων 17:18. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐ. τινος have power over someone 20:6. διδόναι ἐξουσίαν ἐ. τινος 2:26. καθιστάναι τινὰ ἐ. τινος set someone over, put someone in charge, of someth. or someone (Pla., Rep. 5, 460b; Demosth. 18, 118; Gen 39:4f; 1 Macc 6:14; 10:37; 2 Macc 12:20 al.; EpArist 281; τεταγμένος En 20:5) Mt 24:45; Lk 12:42; Ac 6:3. εἶναι ἐ. τινος (Synes., Ep. 79 p. 224d; Tob 1:22; Jdth 14:13; 1 Macc 10:69) ὸ̔ς ἦν ἐ. πάσης τῆς γάζης αὐτῆς who was in charge of all her treasure 8:27. Of God ὁ ὢν ἐ. πάντων (Apollonius of Tyana [I A.D.] in Eus., PE 4, 13) Ro 9:5; cp. Eph 4:6. ὁ ἐ. τινος w. ὤν to be supplied (Demosth. 18, 247 al.; Diod S 13, 47, 6; Plut., Pyrrh. 385 [5, 7], Aemil. Paul. 267 [23, 6]; PTebt 5, 88 [118 B.C.] ὁ ἐ. τ. προσόδων; 1 Macc 6:28; 2 Macc 3:7; 3 Macc 6:30 al.; EpArist 110; 174) ὁ ἐ. τοῦ κοιτῶνος the chamberlain Ac 12:20.

ⓑ w dat. (X., Cyr. 1, 2, 5; 2, 4, 25 al., An. 4, 1, 13; Demosth. 19, 113; Aeschines 2, 73; Esth 8:12e; Just., A II, 5, 2 ἀγγέλοις οὓς ἐ. τούτοις ἔταξε; cp. Ath. 24, 3; Ath. 6, 4 τὸν ἐ. τῇ κινήσει τοῦ σώματος λόγον) Mt 24:47; Lk 12:44.

ⓒ w. acc. (X., Hell. 3, 4, 20 al.; Dionys. Byz. §56 θεῷ ἐ. πάντα δύναμις; LXX; PsSol 17:3, 32) βασιλεύειν ἐ. τινα rule over someone (Gen 37:8; Judg 9:15 B al.) Lk 1:33; 19:14, 27; Ro 5:14. καθιστάναι τινὰ ἐ. τινα set someone over someone (X., Cyr. 4, 5, 58) κριτὴν ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς as judge over you Lk 12:14; ἡγούμενον ἐπʼ Αἴγυπτον Ac 7:10; cp. Hb 2:7 v.l. (Ps 8:7); 3:6; 10:21. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐ. τι Rv 16:9. ἐξουσίαν διδόναι ἐ. τι (Sir 33:20) Lk 9:1; 10:19; Rv 6:8; cp. 22:14. φυλάσσειν φυλακὰς ἐ. τι Lk 2:8 (cp. En 100:5). ὑπεραίρεσθαι ἐ. τινα exalt oneself above someone 2 Th 2:4 (cp. Da 11:36); but here the mng. against is also poss. (s. 12b below). πιστὸς ἐ. τι faithful over someth. Mt 25:21, 23.

⑩ marker of legal proceeding, before, w. acc. in the lang. of the law-courts ἐ. ἡγεμόνας καὶ βασιλεῖς ἄγεσθαι be brought before governors and kings Mt 10:18; cp. Lk 21:12 (cp. BGU 22, 36 [114 A.D.] ἀξιῶ ἀκθῆναι [=ἀχθῆναι] τ. ἐνκαλουμένους ἐ. σὲ πρὸς δέουσαν ἐπέξοδον; Just., A II, 2, 12 ἐ. Οὔρβικον). ὑπάγεις ἐπʼ ἄρχοντα you are going before the magistrate Lk 12:58; cp. Ac 16:19. ἤγαγον αὐτὸν ἐ. τὸν Πιλᾶτον Lk 23:1. ἐ. τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς Ac 9:21. ἐ. Καίσαρα πορεύεσθαι come before the emperor 25:12. ἐ. τὰς συναγωγάς Lk 12:11. ἐ. τὸ βῆμα Ac 18:12. Cp. 3 above. Here the focus is on transfer to the judiciary.

⑪ marker of purpose, goal, result, to, for, w. acc. (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 2, 3 Jac. ἐ. κατοικίαν) ἐ. τὸ βάπτισμα for baptism=to have themselves baptized Mt 3:7 (cp. Just., A I, 61, 10 ἐ. τὸ λουτρόν; D. 56, 1 ἐ. τὴν … κρίσιν πεμφθεῖσι). ἐ. τὴν θεωρίαν ταύτην for (i.e. to see) this sight Lk 23:48 (sim. Hom. et al.; POxy 294, 18 [22 A.D.]; LXX; Tat. 23, 2 ἐ. τὴν θέαν). ἐ. τὸ συμφέρον to (our) advantage Hb 12:10 (cp. Tat. 6, 1; 34, 2 οὐκ ἐ. τι χρήσιμον ‘to no purpose’). ἐ. σφαγήν Ac 8:32 (Is 53:7); cp. Mt 22:5; ἐ. τ. τελειότητα Hb 6:1. ἐ. τοῦτο for this (X., An. 2, 5, 22; Jos., Ant. 12, 23) Lk 4:43. ἐφʼ ὅ; for what (reason)? Mt 26:50 v.l. (s. ὅς 1bα and 1iβ). Cp. 16.

⑫ marker of hostile opposition, against

ⓐ w. dat. (Hom. et al.; 2 Macc 13:19; Sir 28:23 v.l.; fig. Ath. 22, 7 τοὺς ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς λόγους ‘counter-evidence’) Lk 12:52f (s. use of acc. b below); Ac 11:19. Cp. J 8:7 v.l. (1bβ above).

ⓑ w. acc. (Hdt. 1, 71; X., Hell. 3, 4, 20 al.; Jos., Ant. 13, 331; LXX; En; TestJud 3:1 al.; JosAs 19:2; Just., D. 103, 7; Tat. 36, 2) ὥρμησαν ἐ. αὐτόν Ac 7:57. ἔρχεσθαι Lk 14:31. ἐπαναστήσονται τέκνα ἐ. γονεῖς Mt 10:21; Mk 13:12; cp. ἔθνος ἐ. ἔθνος Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8. ἐφʼ ἑαυτόν divided against himself Mt 12:26; Mk 3:24f, 26; Lk 11:17f; cp. J 13:18 (s. Ps 40:10); Ac 4:27; 13:50 al.—Lk 12:53 (4 times; the first and third occurrences w. the acc. are prob. influenced by usage in Mic 7:6; the use of the dat. Lk 12:52f [s. a above] w. a verb expressing a circumstance is in accord with older Gk. [Il. et al.], which prefers the acc. with verbs of motion in ref. to hostility). Cp. 15.

⑬ marker of number or measure, w. acc. (Hdt. et. al.; LXX; GrBar 3:6) ἐ. τρίς (CIG 1122, 9; PHolm α18) three times Ac 10:16; 11:10. So also ἐ. πολύ more than once Hm 4, 1, 8. ἐ. πολύ (also written ἐπιπολύ) in a different sense to a great extent, carefully (Hdt., Thu. et al.; Lucian, D. Deor. 6, 2; 25, 2; 3 Macc 5:17; Jos., Ant. 17, 107) B 4:1. ἐ. πλεῖον to a greater extent, further (Hdt., Thu. et al.; Diod S 11, 60, 5 al.; prob. 2 Macc 12:36; TestGad 7:2; Ar. 4, 3; Ath. 7, 1 ἐ. το πλεῖστον) 2 Ti 3:9; 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:4). ἐ. τὸ χεῖρον 2 Ti 3:13. ἐφʼ ὅσον to the degree that, in so far as (Diod S 1, 93, 2; Maximus Tyr. 11, 3c ἐφʼ ὅσον δύναται; Hierocles 14 p. 451) Mt 25:40, 45; B 4:11; 17:1; Ro 11:13.

⑭ marker indicating the one to whom, for whom, or about whom someth. is done, to, on, about

ⓐ w. dat. πράσσειν τι ἐ. τινι do someth. to someone Ac 5:35 (thus Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 15 §51; cp. δρᾶν τι ἐ. τινι Hdt. 3, 14; Aelian, NA 11, 11); about γεγραμμένα ἐπʼ αὐτῷ J 12:16 (cp. Hdt. 1, 66). προφητεύειν ἐ. τινι Rv 10:11. μαρτυρεῖν bear witness about Hb 11:4; Rv 22:16. ἐ. σοὶ … φανερώσει κύριος τὸ λύτρον the Lord will reveal the salvation to you GJs 7:2.

ⓑ w. acc.

α. ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν γεγόνει τὸ σημεῖον the man on whom the miracle had been performed Ac 4:22 (cp. Just., D. 128, 1 κρίσεως γεγενημένης ἐ. Σόδομα). ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν λέγεται ταῦτα the one about whom this was said Hb 7:13 (cp. ἐ. πόρρω οὖσαν [γενεὰν] ἐγὼ λαλῶ En 1:2). γέγραπται ἐπʼ αὐτόν Mk 9:12f; cp. Ro 4:9; 1 Ti 1:18; βάλλειν κλῆρον ἐ. τι for someth. Mk 15:24; J 19:24 (Ps 21:19). ἀνέβη ὁ κλῆρος ἐ. Συμεών the lot came up in favor of Simeon GJs 24:4.

β. of powers, conditions, etc., which come upon someone or under whose influence someone is: on, upon, to, over ἐγένετο ῥῆμα θεοῦ ἐ. Ἰωάννην the word of God came to John Lk 3:2 (cp. Jer 1:1). Of divine blessings (cp. En 1:8; ParJer 5:28) Mt 10:13; 12:28; Lk 10:6; 11:20; cp. 10:9; Ac 10:10. ἵνα ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπʼ ἐμὲ ἡ δύναμις τ. Χριστοῦ that the power of Christ may rest upon me 2 Cor 12:9. χάρις θεοῦ ἦν ἐπʼ αὐτό Lk 2:40. Various verbs are used in ref. to the Holy Spirit, either in pass. or act. role, in connection w. ἐ. τινα: ἐκχεῖν Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f); cp. 10:45; Tit 3:6. ἀποστέλλειν (ἐξαποστέλλειν v.l.) Lk 24:49. ἐπέρχεσθαι 1:35; Ac 1:8 (Just., D. 87, 3; cp. ἔρχεσθαι A I, 33, 6; D. 49, 7 ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἠλίου ἐ. τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐλθεῖν). ἐπιπίπτειν 10:44. καταβαίνειν Lk 3:22; J 1:33. τίθεσθαι Mt 12:18 (cp. Is 42:1). Also εἶναι Lk 2:25. μένειν J 1:32f. ἀναπαύεσθαι 1 Pt 4:14. Of unpleasant or startling experiences Lk 1:12, 65; 4:36; Ac 13:11; 19:17; Rv 11:11.—Lk 19:43; 21:35, cp. vs. 34; J 18:4; Eph 5:6; cp. Rv 3:3.—Ro 2:2, 9; 15:3 (Ps 68:10). Of the blood of the righteous, that comes over or upon the murderers Mt 23:35; 27:25; Ac 5:28. Of care, which one casts on someone else 1 Pt 5:7 (Ps 54:23).

⑮ marker of feelings directed toward someone, in, on, for, toward, w. acc., after words that express belief, trust, hope: πιστεύειν ἐ. τινα, w. acc. (Wsd 12:2; Just., D. 16:4 al.) Ac 9:42; 11:17; 16:31; 22:19; Ro 4:24. πίστις Hb 6:1. πεποιθέναι (Is 58:14) Mt 27:43; 2 Th 3:4; 2 Cor 2:3. ἐλπίζειν (1 Ch 5:20; 2 Ch 13:18 al.; PsSol 9:10; 17:3; Just., D. 16:4 al.) 1 Pt 1:13; 1 Ti 5:5. After words that characterize an emotion or its expression: for κόπτεσθαι (Zech 12:10) Rv 1:7; 18:9. κλαίειν Lk 23:28; Rv 18:9 (cp. JosAs 15:9 χαρήσεται ἐ. σέ). σπλαγχνίζεσθαι Mt 15:32; Mk 8:2; 9:22; Hm 4, 3, 5; Hs 9, 24, 2. χρηστός toward Lk 6:35. χρηστότης Ro 11:22; Eph 2:7; cp. Ro 9:23. Esp. also if the feelings or their expressions are of a hostile nature: toward, against (cp. λοιδορεῖν Just., D. 137, 2) ἀποτομία Ro 11:22. μαρτύριον Lk 9:5. μάρτυς ἐ. τ. ἐμὴν ψυχήν a witness against my soul (cp. Dssm., LO 258; 355 [LAE 304; 417]) 2 Cor 1:23. ἀσχημονεῖν 1 Cor 7:36. μοιχᾶσθαι Mk 10:11. τολμᾶν 2 Cor 10:2 (En 7:4). βρύχειν τ. ὀδόντας Ac 7:54. Cp. 12.

⑯ marker of object or purpose, with dat. in ref. to someth. (Hom., Thu. et al.; SIG 888, 5 ἐ. τῇ τῶν ἀνθρ. σωτηρίᾳ; PTebt 44, 6 [114 B.C.] ὄντος μου ἐ. θεραπείᾳ ἐν τῷ Ἰσιείω; LXX; TestJob 3:5 ὁ ἐ. τῇ σωτηρίᾳ τῆς ἐμῆς ψυχῆς ἐλθών; Jos., Ant. 5, 101; Just., A I, 29, 1 ἐ. παίδων ἀναστροφῇ; D. 91, 4 ἐ. σωτηρίᾳ τῶν πιστευόντων) καλείν τινα ἐ. τινι call someone for someth. Gal 5:13 (on ἐπʼ ἐλευθερίᾳ cp. Demosth. 23, 124; [59], 32); ἐ. ἀκαθαρσίᾳ for impurity, i.e. so that we should be impure 1 Th 4:7. κτισθέντες ἐ. ἔργοις ἀγαθοῖς for good deeds Eph 2:10. λογομαχεῖν ἐ. καταστροφῇ τῶν ἀκουόντων for the ruin of those who hear 2 Ti 2:14 (cp. Eur., Hipp. 511; X., Mem. 2, 3, 19 ἐ. βλάβη; Hdt. 1, 68 ἐ. κακῷ ἀνθρώπου; Polyb. 27, 7, 13 and PGM 4, 2440 ἐπʼ ἀγαθῷ=‘for good’). Cp. 11.

⑰ marker in idiom of authorization, w. dat.: the formula ἐ. τῷ ὀνοματί τινος, in the name of someone, used w. many verbs (Just., D. 39, 6 w. γίνεσθαι, otherw. ἐ. ὀνόματος, e.g. A I, 61, 13; w. διὰ τοῦ ὀ. and in oaths κατὰ τοῦ ὀ. A II, 6, 6, D. 30, 3; 85, 2.—Ath. 23, 1 ἐ. ὀνόματι εἰδώλων.—ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι LXX; JosAs 9:1), focuses on the authorizing function of the one named in the gen. (cp. WHeitmüller [‘Im Namen Jesu’ 1903, 13ff], ‘in connection with, or by the use of, i.e. naming, or calling out, or calling upon the name’ [88]): βαπτίζειν Ac 2:38. δέχεσθαί τινα Mt 18:5; Mk 9:37; Lk 9:48. διδάσκειν Ac 4:18; 5:28. δύναμιν ποιεῖν Mk 9:39. ἐκβάλλειν δαιμόνια Lk 9:49 v.l. ἔρχεσθαι Mt 24:5; Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8. κηρύσσειν 24:47. λαλεῖν Ac 4:17; 5:40. Semantically divergent from the preceding, but formulaically analogous, is καλεῖν τινα ἐ. τῷ ὀν. τινος name someone after someone (2 Esdr 17:63) Lk 1:59.—ὄνομα 1dγג.—M-M.

⑱ marker of temporal associations, in the time of, at, on, for

ⓐ w. gen., time within which an event or condition takes place (Hom.+) in the time of, under (kings or other rulers): in the time of Elisha Lk 4:27 (cp. Just., D. 46, 6 ἐ. Ἠλίου). ἐ. τῆς μετοικεσίας at the time of the exile Mt 1:11. Under=during the rule or administration of (Hes., Op. 111; Hdt. 6, 98 al.; OGI 90, 15; PAmh 43, 2 [173 B.C.]; UPZ 162 V, 5 [117 B.C.]; 1 Esdr 2:12; 1 Macc 13:42; 2 Macc 15:22; Jos., Ant. 12, 156 ἐ. ἀρχιερέως Ὀ.) ἐ. Ἀβιαθὰρ ἀρχιερέως under, in the time of, Abiathar the high priest Mk 2:26. ἐ. ἀρχιερέως Ἅννα καὶ Καιάφα Lk 3:2. ἐ. Κλαυδίου Ac 11:28 (Just., A I, 26, 2). ἐ. τῶν πατέρων in the time of the fathers 1 Cl 23:3. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν in the last days (Gen 49:1; Num 24:14; Mi 4:1; Jer 37:24; Da 10:14) 2 Pt 3:3; Hs 9, 12, 3; cp. Hb 1:2. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτου τοῦ χρόνου in the last time Jd 18. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων at the end of the times/ages 1 Pt 1:20. ἐ. τῶν προσευχῶν μου when I pray, in my prayers (cp. PTebt 58, 31 [111 B.C.] ἐ. τ. διαλόγου, ‘in the discussion’; 4 Macc 15:19 ἐ. τ. βασάνων ‘during the tortures’; Sir 37:29; 3 Macc 5:40; Demetr.: 722, Fgm. 1, 14 Jac. ἐ. τοῦ ἀρίστου; Synes., Ep. 121 p. 258c ἐ. τῶν κοινῶν ἱερῶν) Ro 1:10; Eph 1:16; 1 Th 1:2; Phlm 4.

ⓑ w. dat., time at or during which (Hom. et al.; PTebt 5, 66 [118 B.C.]; PAmh 157; LXX; Just., A I, 13, 3 ἐ. χρόνοις Τίερίου) at, in, at the time of, during: ἐ. τοῖς νῦν χρόνοις in these present times 2 Cl 19:4. ἐ. τῇ πρώτῃ διαθήκῃ at the time of the first covenant Hb 9:15. ἐ. συντελείᾳ τ. αἰώνων at the close of the age 9:26 (Tat. 13, 1 ἐ. ς. τοῦ κόσμου; cp. Sir 22:10 and PLond III, 954, 18 p. 154 [260 A.D.] ἐ. τέλει τ. χρόνου; POxy 275, 20 [66 A.D.] ἐ. συνκλεισμῷ τ. χρόνου; En 27:3 ἐπʼ ἐσχάτοις αἰώσιν). ἐ. τῇ θυσίᾳ at the time of, together with, the sacrifice Phil 2:17. ἐ. πάσῃ τῇ μνείᾳ ὑμῶν at every remembrance of you Phil 1:3. ἐ. παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν during your wrath, i.e. while you are angry Eph 4:26. ἐ. πάσῃ τῇ ἀνάγκῃ in all (our) distress 1 Th 3:7b. ἐ. πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει 2 Cor 1:4. ἐ. τούτῳ in the meanwhile J 4:27 (Lucian, Dial. Deor. 17, 2, cp. Philops. 14 p. 41; Syntipas p. 76, 2 ἐφʼ ἡμέραις ἑπτα; 74, 6).

ⓒ w. acc.

α. answering the question ‘when?’ on: ἐ. τὴν αὔριον (Sb 6011, 14 [I B.C.]; PRyl 441 ἐ. τὴν ἐπαύριον) (on) the next day Lk 10:35; Ac 4:5. ἐ. τὴν ὥραν τ. προσευχῆς at the hour of prayer 3:1 (Polyaenus 8, 17 ἐ. ὥραν ὡρισμένην).

β. answering the qu. ‘how long?’ for, over a period of (Hom. et al.; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 170, 8=BGU 1058, 9 [13 B.C.]; POxy 275, 9; 15 ἐ. τὸν ὅλον χρόνον; PTebt 381, 19 ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν χρόνον περίεστιν ἡ μήτηρ; LXX; En 106:15; TestJob 30:2 ἐ. ὥρας τρεῖς; TestJud 3:4; TestGad 5:11; Jos., Ant. 11, 2; Just., D. 142, 1 ἐ. ποσόν ‘for awhile’) ἐ. ἔτη τρία for three years (Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 2, 1 Jac.) Lk 4:25. ἐ. τρεῖς ἡμέρας for three days (Diod S 13, 19, 2; Arrian, Anab. 4, 9, 4; GDI 4706, 119 [Thera] ἐπʼ ἀμέρας τρεῖς) GPt 8:30 al. ἐ. ἡμέρας πλείους over a period of many days (Jos., Ant. 4, 277) Ac 13:31.—16:18 (ἐ. πολλὰς ἡμέρας as Appian, Liby. 29 §124; cp. Diod S 3, 16, 4); 17:2; 19:8, 10, 34; 27:20; Hb 11:30. ἐ. χρόνον for a while (cp. Il. 2, 299; Hdt. 9, 22, 1; Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1257; Jos., Vi. 2) Lk 18:4. ἐ. πλείονα χρόνον (Diod S 3, 16, 6; Hero Alex. I p. 344, 17) Ac 18:20. ἐφʼ ὅσον χρόνον as long as Ro 7:1; 1 Cor 7:39; Gal 4:1. Also ἐφʼ ὅσον as long as Mt 9:15; 2 Pt 1:13 (for other mngs. of ἐφʼ ὅσον s. above under 13). ἐφʼ ἱκανόν (sc. χρόνον) for a considerable time (EpArist 109) Ac 20:11. ἐ. χρόνον ἱκανόν Qua. ἐ. πολύ for a long time, throughout a long period of time (Thu. 1, 7; 1, 18, 1; 2, 16, 1 al.; Appian, Liby. 5 §21; Arrian, Cyneg. 23, 1; Lucian, Toxar. 20; Wsd 18:20; Sir 49:13; JosAs 19:3; Jos., Vi. 66: Just., A I, 65, 3) Ac 28:6. ἐ. πλεῖον the same (schol. on Pind., N. 7, 56b; PLille 3, 16 [III B.C.]; Jdth 13:1; Sir prol. l. 7; Jos., Ant. 18, 150) Ac 20:9; any longer (Lucian, D. Deor. 5, 3; Appian, Hann. 54 §227; 3 Macc 5:8; Wsd 8:12; Ath. 12, 3) Ac 24:4; 1 Cl 55:1.

   1) Concepts Promote Cognitive Economy

   From a psychological perspective, concepts are mental representations of classes (e.g., one's beliefs about the class of dogs or tables), and their most salient function is to promote cognitive economy.... By partitioning the world into classes, we decrease the amount of information we must perceive, learn, remember, communicate, and reason about. Thus, if we had no concepts, we would have to refer to each individual entity by its own name; every different table, for example, would be denoted by a different word. The mental lexicon required would be so enormous that communication as we know it might be impossible. Other mental functions might collapse under the sheer number of entities we would have to keep track of.

   Another important function of concepts is that they enable us to go beyond the information given.... When we come across an object, say a wolf, we have direct knowledge only of its appearance. It is essential that we go beyond appearances and bring to bear other knowledge that we have, such as our belief that wolves can bite and inflict severe injury. Concepts are our means of linking perceptual and nonperceptual information. We use a perceptual description of the creature in front of us to access the concept wolf and then use our nonperceptual beliefs to direct our behavior, that is, run. Concepts, then, are recognition devices; they serve as entry points into our knowledge stores and provide us with expectations that we can use to guide our actions.

   A third important function of concepts is that they can be combined to form complex concepts and thoughts. Stoves and burn are two simple concepts; Stoves can burn is a full-fledged thought. Presumably our understanding of this thought, and of complex concepts in general, is based on our understanding of the constituent concepts. (Smith, 1988, pp. 19-20)

   2) The Nature of Concepts

   The concept may be a butterfly. It may be a person he has known. It may be an animal, a city, a type of action, or a quality. Each concept calls for a name. These names are wanted for what may be a noun or a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Concepts of this type have been formed gradually over the years from childhood on. Each time a thing is seen or heard or experienced, the individual has a perception of it. A part of that perception comes from his own concomitant interpretation. Each successive perception forms and probably alters the permanent concept. And words are acquired gradually, also, and deposited somehow in the treasure-house of word memory.... Words are often acquired simultaneously with the concepts.... A little boy may first see a butterfly fluttering from flower to flower in a meadow. Later he sees them on the wing or in pictures, many times. On each occasion he adds to his conception of butterfly.

   It becomes a generalization from many particulars. He builds up a concept of a butterfly which he can remember and summon at will, although when he comes to manhood, perhaps, he can recollect none of the particular butterflies of past experience.

   The same is true of the sequence of sound that makes up a melody. He remembers it after he has forgotten each of the many times he heard or perhaps sang or played it. The same is true of colours. He acquires, quite quickly, the concept of lavender, although all the objects of which he saw the colour have faded beyond the frontier of voluntary recall. The same is true of the generalization he forms of an acquaintance. Later on he can summon his concept of the individual without recalling their many meetings. (Penfield, 1959, pp. 228-229)

1) General subject: aim, challenge, concern, end, exercise, exercitation, object, problem, proposition, puzzle, task, the milk in the cocoa-nut, theme, goal

2) Military: assignment, business, (сложная) challenge, charge, commitment, function, program, role, tactical functionбоевая, target, (частная) task, work

3) Engineering: mission, objective, undertaking

4) Mathematics: job, matter, point, question, topic

5) Railway term: scheme

6) Metallurgy: threading, tracking (полосы)

7) Jargon: gool, pitch, show

8) Information technology: task (программный модуль)

9) Oil: tsk

10) Geophysics: purpose

11) Business: duty, stint

12) Production: Make-or-Buy Problem (MOB)

13) American English: Mission or task or challenge

14) Programming: concurrent object, activity, concurrent component (в ООП)

15) Automation: issue

16) Quality control: (боевая) mission

17) leg.N.P. terms of reference (e.g., of a committee which is appointed by a larger deliberative body and to which a certain question or questions are referred for consideration; parliamentary practice)

18) Aviation medicine: criterion task, low demand task

19) Makarov: example (учебная), plan, problem (учебная), task (совокупность действий)

20) Taboo: ball-breaker (и т.п.), bitch

1) General subject: administration (лекарств), allocation, allotment, appropriation (на определённую цель), assignation, assignment, assinging, billet, designation, destination, duty, function, intention, mission, nomination (на должность), prescription, purpose, terminus, use, order, role, focus

2) Medicine: (терапии) institution

3) Military: appointment (на должность), assignment (на должность, на службу), designating (на должность), designation (на должность), detail, placement, reassignment, reassignment (на новую должность), referral

4) Engineering: dedication, service, functionality, application

5) Professional term: nominee

6) Mathematics: assigning, scope

7) Railway term: calling

8) Law: attachment, imposition (в законе, приговоре), infliction, naming (на должность)

9) Economy: application (прибора и т.п.), assignment (на должность), fix, intended use (Денис), (платежа) reference, setting (цен), work assignment

10) Accounting: assignment (напр. срока), setting (напр. цен)

11) Diplomatic term: appointment (на должность, пост)

12) Abbreviation: appt

13) Information technology: map, mapping

14) Astronautics: application

15) Advertising: intent

16) Patents: object matter

17) EBRD: appointment

18) Robots: functionality

19) leg.N.P. appointment (e.g., of an officer or functionary), task

20) General subject: function (заголовок раздела в главе 10 Заводской инструкции)

21) Labor law: installment (на должность)

22) Makarov: fixation, goal, purpose (прибора), set, terminus (pl. termini), upset

23) Logistics: identity

24) Pharmacy: (лекарственных средств) therapeutic indications

1. \С-350 кому -чему (какую) (subj: human to have done sth. that benefits s.o. or sth., is useful to s.o. or sth.: X сослужил службу Y-y - X did (rendered, occasioned) Y a service

2. сослужить свою службу ( subj: concr or collect) (of an object) to fulfill its function, (of a group, organization etc) to fulfill its mission ( usu. with the implication that the object or group in question has exhausted its usefulness)

X сослужил свою службу — X has served its purpose

3. usu. сослужить какую ( usu. хорошую, неплохую, плохую, недобрую etc) службу кому-чему ( subj: usu. concr or abstr) to have had a certain (a positive, a harmful etc) effect on s.o. or sth.: X сослужил Y-y хорошую службу — X was (really) helpful to Y

X сослужил Y-y плохую службу — X did Y a disservice

• СОСЛУЖИТЬ СЛУЖБУ

[VP]

=====

1. сослужить службу кому - чему (какую) [subj: human]

⇒ to have done sth. that benefits s.o. or sth., is useful to s.o. or sth.:

- X сослужил службу Y-y ≈ X did (rendered, occasioned) Y a service;

- X did person Y a favor;

- X did person Y a good turn.

     ♦ [Мурзавецкая:] Как по-твоему, кому ты должен служить: мне или ей? [Чугунов:] Никому, кроме вас, благодетельница. [Мурзавецкая:] Вот и сослужи своей благодетельнице службу великую, избавь её от заботы! Ведь иссушил меня племянничек-то. [Чугунов:] Ничего-с, можно-с, не извольте беспокоиться (Островский 5). [М.:] In your opinion, whom ought you to serve, me or her? [Ch.:] No one but you, my benefactress. [M.:] Then do your benefactress a great service, save her from anxiety. You know my nephew has been a vexation to me. [Ch.:] Don't worry; it can be done. Please don't be uneasy (5a).

     ♦ Если бы отделённый Фёдор Лепендин болел дольше, то, может быть, он и сослужил бы ещё какую-нибудь службу науке (Федин 1). If Private Lependin had been ill longer he might perhaps have occasioned still further service to science (1a).

2. сослужить свою службу [subj: concr or collect]

⇒ (of an object) to fulfill its function, (of a group, organization etc) to fulfill its mission (usu. with the implication that the object or group in question has exhausted its usefulness):

- X сослужил свою службу≈ X has served its purpose;

- X has done its job.

     ♦ [authors usage] Этот аппарат уже отслужил свою службу и больше в таком виде ему [Сталину] не нужен, ему нужен другой аппарат... (Рыбаков 2). This organization had served its purpose and had no further use in its present form; he [Stalin] needed a new one. (2a).

3. usu. сослужить какую (usu. хорошую, неплохую, плохую, недобрую etc) службу кому-чему [subj: usu. concr or abstr]

⇒ to have had a certain (a positive, a harmful etc) effect on s.o. or sth.:

- X сослужил Y-y хорошую службу≈ X was (really) helpful to Y;

- X stood Y in good stead;

|| X сослужил Y-y плохую службу≈ X did Y a disservice;

- X did Y harm;

- [in limited contexts] X did Y more harm than good.

     ♦ Даже легкий намек на знакомство [с Мятлевым] мог сослужить ей [Лавинии] дурную службу... (Окуджава 2). Even the slightest hint that they [Myatlev and Lavinia] might be acquainted could do her a disservice (2a)

गुणः [गुण्-अच्]

1 A quality (good or bad); सुगुण, दुर्गुण; यदङ्गनारूपसरूपतायाः कञ्चिद्गुणं भेदकमिच्छतीभिः Śi.3.42.

-2 (a) A good quality, merit, virtue, excellence; कतमे ते गुणाः Māl.1; वसन्ति हि प्रेम्णि गुणा न वस्तुनि Ki.8.37; R.1.9,22; साधुत्वे तस्य को गुणः Pt.4.18. (b) Eminence.

-3 Use, advantage, good (with instr. usually), Pt. 5.; कः स्थानलाभे गुणः 2.21; H.1.49; Mu.1.15.

-4 Effect, result, efficacy, good result; संभावनागुणमवेहि तमीश्वराणाम् Ś.7.4; गुणमहतां महते गुणाय योगः Ki.1.25;6. 7.

-5 (a) A single thread or string. (b) Thread, string, rope, cord, मेखलागुणैः Ku.4.8;5.1; तृणैर्गुणत्व- मापन्नैर्वध्यन्ते मत्तदन्तिनः H.1.32; यतः परेषां गुणग्रहीतासि Bv.1. 9 (where गुण also means 'a merit').

-6 The bow- string; गुणकृत्ये धनुषो नियोजिता Ku.4.15,29; कनकपिङ्गतडिद्- गुणसंयुतम् R.9.54.

-7 The string of a musical instrument; कलवल्लकीगुणस्वानमानम् Śi.4.57.

-8 A sinew.

-9 A quali- ty, attribute, property in general; यादृग्गुणेन भर्त्रा स्त्री संयुज्येत यथाविधि Ms.9.22.

-1 A quality, characte- ristic or property of all substances, one of the seven categories of padārthas of the Vaiśeṣikas, (the number of these properties is 24).

-11 An ingredient or constituent of nature, any one of the three proper- ties belonging to all created things; (these are स्त्व, रजस् and तमस्); गुणत्रयविभागाय Ku.2.4; सत्त्वं रजस्तम इति गुणाः प्रकृतिसंभवाः Bg.14.5; R.3.27.

-12 A wick, cotton thread; नृपदीपो धनस्नेहं प्रजाभ्यः संहरन्नपि । अन्तर- स्थैर्गुणैः शुभ्रैर्लक्ष्यते नैव केनचित् ॥ Pt.1.221.

-13 An object of sense, (these are five रूप, रस, गन्ध, स्पर्श, and शब्द); गुणैर्गुणान्स भुञ्जान आत्मप्रद्योतितैः प्रभुः Bhāg.11.3.5.

-14 Repetition, multiplication, denoting 'folds' or 'times', usually at the end of comp. after numerals; आहारो द्विगुणः स्त्रीणां बुद्धिस्तासां चतुर्गुणा । ष़ड्गुणो व्यवसायश्च कामश्चाष्टगुणः स्मृतः ॥ Chāṇ.78; so त्रिणुण; शतगुणीभवति becomes a hundred-fold, अध्यर्धगुणमाहुर्यं बले शौर्ये च केशव Mb.11.2.1.

-15 A secondary element, a subordinate part (opp. मुख्य); न च गुणानुग्रहार्थं प्रधानस्यावृत्तिर्युक्ता ŚB. on MS.12.1.4.

-16 Excess, abundance, superfluity; पराङ्मुखवधं कृत्वा को$त्र प्राप्तस्त्वया गुणः Rām.4.17.16.

-17 An adjective, a word subordinate to another in a sentence.

-18 The substitution of ए, ओ, अर् and अल् for इ, उ, ऋ (short or long) and लृ, or the vowels अ, ए, ओ and अर् and अल्.

-19 (In Rhet.) Quality considered as an inherent property of a Rasa or sentiment. Mammaṭa thus defines गुण. --ये रहस्याङ्गिनो धर्माः शौर्यादय इवात्मनः । उत्कर्ष- हेतवस्ते स्युरचलस्थितयो गुणाः ॥ K. P.8. (Some writers on rhetoric, such as Vāmana, Jagannātha Paṇḍita, Daṇḍin and others, consider Guṇas to be properties both of शब्द and अर्थ, and mention ten varieties under each head. Mammaṭa, however, recognises only three, and, after discussing and criticizing the views of others, says: माधुर्यौजःप्रसादाख्यास्त्रयस्ते न पुनर्दश K. P.8); Ki.17.6.

-2 (In gram. and Mīm.) Property considered as the meaning of a class of words; e. g. grammarians recognise four kinds of the meaning of words; जाति, गुण, किया and द्रव्य, and give गौः, शुक्लः, चलः and डित्थः as in- stances to illustrate these meanings.

-21 (In politics) A proper course of action, an expedient. (The expedi- ents to be used by a king in foreign politics are six:-- 1 सन्धि peace or alliance; 2 विग्रह war; 3 यान march or expedition; 4 स्थान or आसन halt; 5 संश्रय seeking shelter; 6 द्वैध or द्वैधीभाव duplicity; सन्धिर्ना विग्रहो यानमासनं द्वैधमाश्रयः Ak.) see Y.1.346; Ms.7.16; Śi.2.26; R.8.21.

-22 The number 'three' (derived from the three qualities).

-23 The chord of an arc (in geom.).

-24 An organ of sense.

-25 A subordinate dish; Ms. 3.226,233.

-26 A cook.

-27 An epithet of Bhīma as in युधिष्टिरो$पि गुणप्रियः Vas.

-28 Leaving, abandonment.

-29 A multiplier, coefficient (in math.)

-3 Division, subdivision, species, kind.

-31 The peculiar property of letters which are pronounced with external utter- ance (बाह्यप्रयत्न); they are eleven.

-Comp. -अग्ऱ्यम् a principal quality; ˚वर्तिन्; स्वमूर्तिभेदेन गुणाग्ऱ्यवर्तिना पतिः प्रजानामिव सर्गमात्मनः R.3.27.

-अगुणः merit and demerit Ms.3.22;9.331; अनपेक्ष्य गुणागुणौ जनः स्वरुचिं निश्चयतो$नु- धावति Si.16.44.

-अतीत a. freed from all properties, being beyond them; सर्वारम्भपरित्यागी गुणातीतः स उच्यते Bg.14.25. (

-तः) the Supreme Being.

-अधिष्ठानकम् the region of the breast where the girdle is fastened.

-अनुबन्धित्वम् connection or association with virtues; गुणा गुणानुबन्धित्वात्तस्य सप्रसवा इव R.1.22.

-अनुरागः love or appreciation of the good qualities of others; गुणा- नुरागादिव सख्यमीयिवान्न बाधते$स्य त्रिगणः परस्परम् Ki.1.11.

-अनुरोधः conformity or suitableness to good qualities.

-अन्तरम् a different (higher) quality; गुणान्तरं व्रजति शिल्पमाधातुः M.1.6.

-अन्वित, -उपपन्न, -युक्त, -संपन्न a. endowed with good qualities, meritorious, worthy, good, excellent.

-अपवादः, -निन्दा disparagement, detraction.

-अभिधानम् A subsidiary injunction; द्रव्योपदेशाद्वा गुणा- भिधानं स्यात् M.8.4.5.

-आकरः 1 'a mine of merits', one endowed with all virtues; सृजति तावदशेषगुणाकरं पुरुषरत्न- मलङ्करणं मुवः Bh.2.92.

-2 N. of Śiva.

-आढ्य a. rich in virtues.

-आत्मन् a. having qualities.

-आधारः 'a receptacle of virtues', a virtuous or meritorious person.

-आश्रय a. virtuous, excellent.

-ईश्वरः 1 the Supreme Being.

-2 the Chitrakūṭa mountain.

-उत्कर्षः excellence of merit, possession of superior qualities.

-उत्कीर्तनम् panegyric, eulogium.

-उत्कृष्ट a. superior in merit; Ms.8.73.

-उपेत a. endowed with good qualities; पुत्रमेवङ्गुणोपेतं चक्रवर्तिनमाप्नुहि Ś.1.12.

-ओघः, -घम् su- perior or abundant merits.

-कथनम् extolling, praising.

-2 a condition or state of mind of the hero of a drama to which he is reduced by Cupid.

-कर्तृत्वम् the state of an agent of properties; गुणकर्तृत्वे$पि तथा कर्तेव भवत्युदासीनः Sāṅ. K.2.

-कर्मन् n.

1 an unessential or secondary action.

-2 (in gram.) the secondary or less immediate (i. e. indirect) object of an action; e. g. in the example नेता$श्वस्य स्रुघ्नं स्रुघ्नस्य वा, स्रुघ्नम् is a गुणकर्मन्.

˚विभाग a. distinguishing an action and an attribute.

-कल्पना f. imputing a figurative meaning, one of the modes of interpreting a sentence. According to it an expression may be understood as conveying not what is actually expressed by it but the quality or qualities thereof. e. g. सिंहो देवदत्तः means प्रसह्यकरी देवदत्तः; ŚB. on MS.1.2.1.

-काण्डः a series of subsidiary (details); एवमेक उत्कृष्यमाणः सर्वं गुणकाण्डमुत्कर्षति ŚB. on MS.5. 1.24.

-कार a. productive of good qualities, profit- able, salutary.

(-रः) 1 a cook who prepares side- dishes or any secondary articles of food.

-2 an epithet of Bhīma.

-3 (in math.) the multiplier.

-कीर्तनम्, -श्लाघा, -स्तुतिः f. praise, extolling.

-कृत्यम् the function of a bow-string; गुणकृत्ये धनुषो नियोजिता Ku.4.15.

-गणः a number or series of good qualities; Bhāg.5.3.11.

-गानम् singing of merits, panegyric, praise.

-गृध्नु a.

1 desiring good qualities; ये चान्ये गुणगृध्नवः Bhāg.3.14.2.

-2 possessing enviable or good qualities.

-गृह्य a. appreciating or admiring merits (wherever they may be), attached to merits; appreciative; ननु वक्तृविशेषनिःस्पृहा गुणगृह्या वचने विपश्चितः Ki.2.5.

-गौरी a woman chaste by virtuous conduct; अनृतगिरं गुणगौरि मा कृथा माम् Śi.

-ग्रहणम् appreciating merits.

-ग्रहीतृ, -ग्राहक, -ग्राहिन् a. appreciating the merits (of others); श्रीहर्षो निपुणः कविः परिषदप्येषा गुणग्राहिणी Ratn.1.4; Śi.2.82; Bv.1.9.

-ग्रामः a collection of virtues or merits; गुरुतरगुणग्रामांभोजस्फुटोज्ज्वलचन्द्रिका Bh.3.116; गणयति गुणग्रामम् Gīt.2; Bv.1.13.

-घातिन् a. detractor, envious, censorious.

-ज्ञ a. knowing how to admire or appreciate merits, appreciative; भगवति कमलालये भृशमगुणज्ञासि Mu.2; गुणा गुणज्ञेषु गुणा भवन्ति H. Pr.47.

-त्रयम्, -त्रितयम् the three constituent proper- ties of nature; i. e. सत्त्व, रजस् and तमस्. ˚आभासः life.

-दोषौ (du.) virtue and vice; ˚कथा; Pt.2.67.

-धर्मः the virtue or duty incidental to the possession of certain qualities.

-निधिः a store of virtues.

-पदी a woman having feet as thin as cords.

-पूगम् great merits; भवद्गुणपूगपूरितम् (श्रवणम्) Śi.9.64.

-प्रकर्षः excellence of merits, great merit; गुणप्रकर्षादुडुपेन शम्भोरलङ्- घ्यमुल्लङ्घितमुत्तमाङ्गम् Mk.4.23.

-भावः being subsidiary to something else; परार्थता हि गुणभावः । ŚB. on MS.4.3.1.

-भोक्तृ a. perceiving the properties of things; निर्गुणं गुणभोक्तृ च Bg.13.14.

-महत् a superior quality.

-मुष्टिः f. a particular method of stringing the bow; cf. पताका वज्रमुष्टिश्च सिंहकर्णस्तथैव च । मत्सरी काकतुण्डी च योजनीया यथा- क्रमम् ॥ Dhanur.84.

-रागः delighting in the merits of others; गुणरागगतां तस्य रूपिणीमिव दुर्गतिम् Ks.2.51.

-राशिः an epithet of Śiva

-लक्षणम् mark or indication of an internal property.

-लयनिका, -लयनी a tent.

-लुब्ध a.

1 desirous of merits.

-2 attached to merits.

-वचनम्, -वाचकः a word which connotes an attribute or quality, an adjective, or substantive used attributively; as श्वेत in श्वेतो$श्वः.

-वादः 1 pointing out good merits.

-2 a statement in a secondary sense; गुणवादस्तु MS. 1.2.1 (Śabara explains this as: गौण एष वादो भवति यत् सम्बन्धिनि स्तोतव्ये सम्बन्ध्यन्तरं स्तूयते । ŚB. on ibid.).

-3 a statement contradictory to other arguments; Madhu- sūdana.

-विवेचना discrimination in appreciating the merits of others, a just sense of merit.

-विशेषाः external organs, mind and spiritual ignorance; परस्पर- विलक्षणा गुणविशेषाः (बाह्येन्द्रियमनो$हङ्काराश्च) Sāṅ. K.36.

-षः a different property.

-वृक्षः, -वृक्षकः a mast or a post to which a ship or boat is fastened.

-वृत्तिः f.

1 a secondary or unessential condition or relation (opp. मुख्यवृत्ति).

-2 the character or style of merits.

-वैशेष्यम् pre-eminence of merit; अन्योन्यगुणवैशेष्यान्न किंचिदतिरिच्यते Ms.9.296.

-शब्दः an adjective.

-संख्यानम् 'enumeration of the three essential qualities', a term applied to the Sāṅkhya (including the Yoga) system of philosophy; ज्ञानं कर्म च कर्ता च त्रिधैव गुणभेदतः प्रोच्यते गुणसंख्याने Bg.18.19.

-संगः 1 association with qualities or merits.

-2 attach- ment to objects of sense or worldly pleasures.

-संग्रहः a collection of merits or properties; कथं गुणज्ञो विरमेद्विना पशुं श्रीर्यत्प्रवव्रे गुणसंग्रहेच्छया Bhāg.4.2.26.

-संपद् f. ex- cellence or richness of merits, great merit, perfection; गुणसंपदा समधिगम्य Ki.5.24.

-सागरः 1 'an ocean of merit, a very meritorious man.

-2 an epithet of Brahmā.

-हीन a.

1 void of merit', meritless; काममामरणात्तिष्ठेद्- गृहे कन्यर्तुमत्यपि । न चैवैनां प्रयच्छेत्तु गुणहीनाय कर्हिचित् Ms.9. 89.

-2 poor (as food).

प्राणः 1 Breath, respiration.

-2 The breath of life, vitality, life, vital air, principle of life (usually pl. in this sense, the Prāṇas being five; प्राण, अपान, समान, व्यान and उदान); प्राणैरुपक्रोशमलीमसैर्वा R.2.53;12.54; (हृदि प्राणो गुदे$पानः समानो नाभिसंस्थितः । उदानः कण्ठदेशस्थो व्यानः सर्वशरीरगः ॥).

-3 The first of the five life-winds or vital airs (which has its seat in the lungs); अपाने जुह्वति प्राणं प्राणे$पानं तथापरे । प्राणापानगती रुद्ध्वा प्राणायाम- परायणाः ॥ Bg.4.29.

-4 Wind, air inhaled.

-5 Energy, vigour, strength, power; as in प्राणसार q. v.; युद्धातिथ्यं प्रदास्यामि यथाप्राणं निशाचर Rām.3.5.28; Bhāg.8.2.29; सर्वप्राणप्रवणमघवन्मुक्तमाहत्य वक्षः Mv.1.45.

-6 The spirit or soul (opp. शरीर).

-7 The Supreme Spirit; इमानि भूतानि प्राणमेवाभिसंविशन्ति Bṛi. Up.1.11.5.

-8 An organ of sense; स्पृष्ट्वैतानशुचिर्नित्यमद्भिः प्राणानुपस्पृशेत् । गात्राणि चैव सर्वाणि नाभिं पाणितलेन तु ॥ Ms.4.143; मरीचिमिश्रा ऋषयः प्राणेभ्यो$हं च जज्ञिरे Bhāg.1.6.31.

-9 Any person or thing as dear and necessary as life, a beloved person or object; कोशः कोशवतः प्राणाः प्राणाः प्राणा न भूपतेः H.2.9; अर्थपतेर्विमर्दको बहिश्चराः प्राणाः Dk.

-1 The life or essence of poetry, poetical talent or genius; inspiration.

-11 Aspiration; as in महाप्राण or अल्पप्राण q. v.

-12 Digestion.

-13 A breath as a measure of time.

-14 Gum-myrrh.

-15 Life, living (जीवन); दैवं च दैवसंयुक्तं प्राणश्च प्राणदश्च ह । अपेक्षापूर्वकरणादशुभानां शुभं फलम् ॥ Mb.12.36.14.

-16 Food (अन्न); अनस्तिकानां भूतानां प्राणदाः पितरश्च ये Mb.12.12.4.

-17 N. of Brahmā, Viṣṇu and other gods.

-Comp. -अतिपातः killing a living being, taking away life.

-अत्ययः loss of life.

-अधिक a.

1 dearer than life.

-2 superior in strength or vigour.

-अधिनाथः a husband.

-अधिपः the soul.

-अन्तः death; capital punishment; अब्राह्मणः संग्रहणे प्राणान्तं दण्डमर्हति Ms.8.359.

-अन्तिक a.

1 fatal, mortal.

-2 lasting to the end of life, ending with life.

-3 dangerous.

-4 capital (as a sentence); अज्ञानात् वारुणीं पीत्वा संस्कारेणैव शुद्ध्यति । मतिपूर्वमनिर्देश्यं प्राणान्तिकमिति स्थितिः ॥ Ms. 11.146. (

-कम्) murder.

-अपहारिन् a. fatal, destructive to life.

-अपानम्, -नौ air inhaled and exhaled; प्राणापाना- न्तरे देवी वाग्वै नित्यं प्रतिष्ठिता Mañjūṣā.

-अयनम् an organ of sense; (सुप्तिमूर्च्छोपतापेषु प्राणायनविघाततः । नेहते$हमिति ज्ञानं मृत्युप्रज्वारयोरपि ॥ Bhāg.4.29.72.

-आघातः destruction of life, killing a living being; प्राणाघातान्निवृत्तिः Bh.3.63.

-आचार्यः a physician to a king.

-आत्मन् m. the vital or animal soul.

-आद a. fatal, mortal, causing death.

-आबाधः injury to life; प्राणाबाधयुक्तास्वापत्सु Kau. A.1.8.

-आयामः restraining or suspending the breath during the mental recitation of the names or attributes of a deity.

-आहुतिः f. an oblation to the five Prāṇas.

-ईशः, -ईश्वरः 1 a lover, husband; नीचैः शंस हृदि स्थितो हि ननु मे प्राणेश्वरः श्रोष्यति Amaru.67; बाला लोलविलोचना शिव शिव प्राणेशमालोकते Bv.2.57.

-2 wind.

-ईशा, -ईश्वरी a wife, beloved, mistress.

-उत्क्रमणम्, -उत्सर्गः departure of the soul, death.

-उपहारः food.

-कर a. refreshing or reviving the spirits; सद्यो मांसं नवान्नं च बाला स्त्री क्षीरभोजनम् । क्षीर- मुष्णोदकं चैव सद्यः प्राणकराणि षट् ॥ Chāṇakya.

-कर्मन् n. Vital function.

-कृच्छ्रम्, -बाधा peril of life, a danger to life.

-ग्रहः the nose.

-घातक a. destructive to life.

-घोषः the sound from the ears when the fingers are put therein; छिद्रप्रतीतिश्छायायां प्राणघोषानुपश्रुतिः Bhāg.1.42.29.

-घ्नः a. fatal, life-destroying.

-चयः increase of strength.

-छिद् a.

1 murderous.

-2 destructive.

-छेदः murder.

-त्यागः 1 suicide; वरं प्राणत्यागो न च पिशुनवाक्येष्वभिरुचिः H.1.

-2 death.

-द a. life-giving.

(-दम्) 1 water.

-2 blood.

(-दः) 1 Viṣṇu.

-2 Brahmā.

-3 Terminalia Tomentosa (Mar. ऐन).

-दा Terminalia Chebula (Mar. हिरडा).

-दक्षिणा gift of life; प्राणदक्षिणां दा 'to grant one his life'.

-दण्डः capital punishment.

-दयितः a husband.

-दातृ a. 'life-giver', saviour, deliverer.

-दानम् 1 resigning life.

-2 the gift of life, saving one's life.

-दुरोदरम्, -द्यूतम् fighting for life.

-दृह् a. Sustaining or prolonging the breath.

-द्रोहः an attempt upon any body's life.

-धार a. living, animate. (

-रः) a living being.

-धारणम् 1 maintenance or support of life.

-2 vitality.

-3 a means of supporting life.

-नाथः 1 a lover, husband.

-2 an epithet of Yama.

-निग्रहः restraint of breath, checking the breath.

-पतिः 1 a lover, husband.

-2 the soul; बुद्धिं समाच्छाद्य च मे समान्युरुद्भूयते प्राणपतिः शरीरे Mb.3. 269.4.

-3 a physician.

-पत्नी the voice.

-परिक्रयः staking one's life.

-परिक्षीण a. one whose life is drawing to a close.

-परिग्रहः possession of life, life, existence.

-प्रद, -दायक, -दायिन् a. restoring or saving life.

-प्रयाणम् departure of life, death.

-प्रियः 'as dear as life', a lover, husband.

-भक्ष a. feeding on air only.

-भास्वत् m. the ocean.

-भृत् a. possessed of life, living, animate, sentient. (-m.) a living being; अन्तर्गतं प्राणभृतां हि वेद R.2.43.

-2 N. of Viṣṇu.

-मोक्षणम् 1 departure of life, death.

-2 suicide.

-यमः = प्राणायाम q. v.

-यात्रा 1 support of life; maintenance, livelihood; पिण्डपात- मात्रप्राणयात्रां भगवतीम् Māl.1.

-2 the act of breathing.

-यात्रिक requisite for subsistence; प्राणयात्रिकमात्रः स्यात् Ms.6.57.

-योनिः 1 the Supreme Being.

-2 wind. (-f.) the source of life.

-रन्ध्रम् 1 the mouth.

-2 a nostril.

-रोधः 1 suppressing the breath.

-2 danger to life.

-वल्लभा a mistress, wife.

-विद्या the science of breath or vital airs.

-विनाशः, -विप्लवः loss of life, death.

-वियोगः separation of the soul from the body, death.

-वृत्तिः f. a vital function.

-व्ययः cost or sacri- fice of life.

-शरीरः the Supreme Being; स क्रतुं कुर्वीत मनोमयः प्राणशरीरः Ch. Up.

-संयमः suspension of breath.

-संशयः, -संकटम्, -संदेहः risk or danger to life, peril of life, a very great peril.

-संहिता a manner of reciting the Vedic text.

-सद्मन् n. the body.

-सम a. as dear as life. (

-मः) a husband, lover. (

-मा) a wife; नूनं प्राणसमावियोगविधुरः स्तम्बेरमस्ताम्यति Māl.9.33.

-सार a. 'having life as the essence', full of strength and vigour, muscular; गिरिचर इव नागः प्राणसारं (गात्रं) विभर्ति Ś.2.4.

-हर, -हारिन् a. causing death, taking away life, fatal; पुरो मम प्राणहरो भविष्यसि Gīt.7.

-2 capital.

-हारक a. fatal. (

-कम्) a kind of deadly poison.

शब्दः [शब्द्-घञ्]

1 Sound (the object of the sense of hearing and property of आकाश); अथात्मनः शब्दगुणं गुणज्ञः पदं विमानेन विगाहमानः R.13.1.

-2 Sound, note (of birds; men &c.), noise in general; विश्वासोपगमादभिन्नगतयः शब्दं सहन्ते मृगाः Ś.1.14; स शब्दस्तुमुलो$भवत् Bg.1.13; Ś.3.1; Ms.4.31; Ku.1.45.

-3 The sound of a musical instrument; वाद्यशब्दः Pt.2; Ku.1.45.

-4 A word, sound, significant word (for def. &c. see Mbh. in- troduction); एकः शब्दः सम्यगधीतः सम्यक् प्रयुक्तः स्वर्गे लोके कामधुग्भवति; so शब्दार्थौ.

-5 A declinable word, a noun, substantive.

-6 A title, an epithet; यस्यार्थुक्तं गिरिराज- शब्दं कुर्वन्ति बालव्यजनैश्चमर्यः Ku.1.13; Ś.2.15; नृपेण चक्रे युवराजशब्दभाक् R.3.35;2.53,64;3.49;5.22;18.42; V.1.1.

-7 The name, mere name as in शब्दपति q. v.

-3 Verbal authority (regarded by the Naiyāyikas as a Pramāṇa.

-9 Grammar; Dk.1.1.

-1 Fame; लब्धशब्देन कौसल्ये कुमारेण धनुष्मता Rām.2.63.11; स्वर्गाय शब्दं दिवमात्महेतोर्धर्मार्थमात्मंस्थितिमाचकाङ्क्ष Bu. Ch.2.53; (cf. also 'शब्दो$क्षरे यशोगीत्योः' -हैमः).

-11 The sacred syllable ओम्.

-12 A technical term.

-Comp. -अक्षरम् the sacred syllable ओम् uttered aloud.

-अतीत a. beyond the power or reach of words, indescribable.

-अधिष्ठानम् the ear.

-अध्याहारः supplying a word (to complete an ellipsis).

-अनुकृतिः onomatopœia.

-अनुरूप a. proportionate or corresponding to the sound; शब्दानुरूपेण पराक्रमेण भवि- तव्यम् Pt.1.

-अनुशासनम् the science of words; i. e. grammar.

-अर्थः the meaning of a word. (

-र्थौ dual) a word and its meaning; अदोषौ शब्दार्थौ K.P.1; न त्वयं शब्दार्थः, व्यामोहादेषा प्रतीतिः ŚB. on MS.4.1.14.

-अलं- कारः a figure of speech depending for its charmingness on sound or words and disappearing as soon as the words which constitute the figure are replaced by others of the same meaning (opp. अर्थालंकार); e. g.; see K. P. 9.

-आख्येय a. to be communicated in words; शब्दाख्येयं यदपि किल ते यः सखीनां पुरस्तात् Me.15. (

-यम्) an oral or verbal communication.

-आडम्बरः bombast, verbosity, high-sounding or grandiloquent words.

-आदि a. begin- ning with शब्द (as the objects of sense); शब्दादीन् विषयान् भोक्तुं चरितुं दुश्चरं तपः R.1.25.

-इन्द्रियम् the ear.

-कार a. sounding, sonorous.

-कोशः a lexicon, dictionary.

-ग a.

1 perceiving sounds.

-2 uttering sounds.

-गत a. inherent or residing in a word.

-गतिः music, song.

-गुण a. having sound for its quality; अथात्मनः शब्दगुणं गुणज्ञः R.13.1.

-गोचरः the aim or object of speech.

-ग्रहः 1 catching the sound.

-2 the ear.

-ग्रामः the range or reach of sound.

-चातुर्यम् cleverness of style, eloquence.

-चित्रम् one of the two subdivisions of the last (अवर or अधम) class of poetry (wherein the charm lies in the use of words which please the ear simply by their sound; see the example given under the word चित्र).

-चोरः 'a word-thief', a plagiarist.

-तन्मात्रम् the subtle element of sound.

-नेतृ m. N. of Pāṇini.

-पतिः a lord in name only, nominal lord; ननु शब्दपतिः क्षितरेहं त्वयि मे भावनिबन्धना रतिः R.8.52.

-पातिन् a. hitting an invisible mark the sound of which is only heard, tra- cing a sound; शब्दपातिनमिषुं विससर्ज R.9.73.

-प्रमाणम् verbal or oral evidence.

-बोधः knowledge derived from verbal testimony.

-ब्रह्मन् n.

1 the Vedas; शब्द- ब्रह्मणि निष्णातः परं ब्रह्माधिगच्छति Maitra. Up.6.22.

-2 spiritual knowledge consisting in words, knowledge of the Supreme Sprit or the Spirit itself; शब्दब्रह्मणस्तादृशं विवर्तमितिहासम् U.2;7.2.

-3 a property of words called स्फोट q. v.

-भाव्यत्वम् the state of becoming known through scriptural word only; कर्मणः शब्दभाव्य- त्वात्... Ms.7.1.9. (on which Śabara writes अथेह कर्मणः शब्दभाव्यत्वम् । नान्यतः शक्यमेतज्ज्ञातुं कस्यापूर्वस्य धर्मा इति ॥

-भिद् f. perversion of words.

-भेदिन् a. hitting a mark merely by its sound. (-m.)

1 an epithet of Arjuna.

-2 the anus.

-3 a kind of arrow.

-योनिः f. a root, radical word.

-लक्षण a. what is determined by the sacred word; इह शब्दलक्षणे कर्मणि यथाशब्दार्थं प्रवृत्तिः ŚB. on Ms.11.1.26.

-वारिधिः a vocabulary.

-विद्या, -शास्त्रम् the science of words; i. e. grammar; अनन्तपारं किल शब्द- शास्त्रम् Pt.1; Śi.2.112;14.24.

-विरोधः opposition of words (in a sentence).

-विशेषः a variety of sound.

-विशेषणम् (in gram.) an adjective, adjectival word.

-वृत्तिः f.

1 the function of a word (in Rhet.).

-2 the power of a word (to convey sense), indicative power (लक्षणा); अदृष्टार्थाच्छब्दवृत्तिर्लघीयसी ŚB. on MS.11.1.48.

-वेधिन् a. hitting an invisible mark the sound of which is only heard; see शब्दपातिन्; अभ्याससाध्यं निखिलं मत्वा संतमसे व्यधात् । इषुपातानभूद्येन शब्दवेधविशारदः ॥ Bm.1.632. (-m.)

1 a kind of arrow.

-2 an archer.

-3 a warrior who pierces his enemies by mere sounds; Rām.2.63.11.

-4 an epithet of king Daśaratha.

-5 an epithet of Arjuna.

-वेध्य a. to be shot at without being seen; एवं मयाप्यविज्ञातं शब्दवेध्यमिदं फलम् Rām.2.63.13.

-वैलक्ष्यण्यम् verbal difference.

-शक्तिः f. the force or expressive power of a word; signification of a word; see शक्ति.

-शासनम् 1 a rule of grammar.

-2 the science of gram- mar.

-शुद्धिः f.

1 purity of words.

-2 the correct use of words.

-श्लेषः a play or pun upon words, a verbal equivoque; (it differs from अर्थश्लेष in-as-much as the pun dissappears as soon as the words which constitute it are replaced by others of the same signification, whereas in अर्थश्लेष the pun remains unchanged; शब्दपरि- वृत्तिसहत्मर्थश्लेषः.)

-संग्रहः a vocabulary, lexicon.

-संज्ञा (in gram.) a technical term; P.I.1.68.

-साधन, -साह a. See शब्दवेधिन्; ततो$स्त्रं शब्दसाहं वै त्वरमाणो महारणे Mb.3.22. 5.

-सौष्ठवम् elegance of words, a graceful or elegant style.

-सौकर्यम् ease of expression.

-स्मृतिः f. philology.

-हीनम् the use of a word in a form or meaning not sanctioned by standard authors.

n. (fr. sam-artha) sameness of aim orﾠ object orﾠ meaning orﾠ signification, belonging orﾠ agreeing together (in aim, object etc.), adequacy, accordance, fitness, suitableness Pat. Hariv. Suṡr. etc.;

cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.

In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:

qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,

id. ib. prol. 125:

cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,

Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:

semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,

id. Mil. 21, 55:

quibuscum essem libenter,

id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:

cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,

id. Sull. 3, 7:

si cenas hodie mecum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:

vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

errare malo cum Platone, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:

qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—

In an expression of displeasure:

in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—

In a designation of time with which some action concurs:

egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,

cum primo luci,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:

cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:

cum primā luce,

id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:

cum primo lumine solis,

Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:

pariter cum ortu solis,

Sall. J. 106, 5:

pariter cum occasu solis,

id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:

cum sole reliquit,

Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:

mane cum luci simul,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:

simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,

id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,

Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—

In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:

cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

cum magno provinciae periculo,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

cum summo probro,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:

cum summā tuā dignitate,

Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:

cum bonā alite,

Cat. 61, 19:

ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,

amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:

hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:

orare cum lacrimis coepere,

Liv. 5, 30, 5:

si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,

cum curā,

Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:

cum summo studio,

Sall. C. 51, 38:

cum quanto studio periculoque,

Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:

cum multā venustate et omni sale,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:

summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:

maximo cum clamore involant,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:

cum clamore,

Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:

cum clamore ac tumultu,

id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:

Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,

id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:

illud cum pace agemus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:

cum bonā pace,

Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:

cum bonā gratiā,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

cum bonā veniā,

Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:

cum veniā,

Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:

cum virtute vivere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:

cum judicio,

Quint. 10, 1, 8:

cum firmā memoriā,

id. 5, 10, 54:

legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,

Suet. Calig. 16:

spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,

Liv. 4, 20, 3.—

Attributively, with subst.:

et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,

Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,

id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—

Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).

Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,

cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,

id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:

sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—

With ut:

Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,

Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:

cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,

Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —

With ne:

obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,

Col. 5, 1, 4:

cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,

Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:

cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,

id. 2, 17.—

Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:

cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:

agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,

Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,

cum superis,

Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—

Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:

ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,

ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,

cum octavo, cum decimo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

cum centesimo,

Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:

cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,

id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—

With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:

cum linguā lingere,

Cat. 98, 3:

cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),

Verg. A. 9, 816:

cum vino et oleo ungere,

Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:

terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.

In partic.

Completing the meaning of verbs.

With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:

ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,

Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:

(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,

id. 1, 9, 16:

interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,

id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:

quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?

id. Clu. 31, 86:

hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,

id. Off. 3, 3, 13:

foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,

id. ib. 3, 31, 111:

capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,

Liv. 1, 52, 4:

cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

id. 3, 58, 4:

stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,

id. 8, 34, 1:

conjurasse cum Pausaniā,

Curt. 7, 1, 6:

Autronium secum facere,

Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—

Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:

cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,

Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:

quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 15, 46:

nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,

id. ib. 1, 17, 51:

cum civibus vivere,

id. ib. 1, 34, 124:

cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,

id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,

Liv. 1, 45, 2:

partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,

Cic. Clu. 7, 21:

cum Baebio communicare,

id. ib. 16, 47; cf.

of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,

Liv. 1, 58, 4:

duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,

id. 2, 10, 5.—

Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:

cum aliquo agere,

to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:

cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,

Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:

si par est agere cum civibus,

Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:

si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,

Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:

tecum enim mihi res est,

id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:

uni tibi et cum singulis res est,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

pacem cum Sabinis facere,

Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—

Of deliberation and discussion:

haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,

Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:

tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,

Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—

Of strife, difference, etc.:

quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!

Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:

neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,

id. ib. 2, 4, 11:

cum stomacheretur cum Metello,

id. Or. 2, 66, 267:

manu cum hoste confligere,

id. Off. 1, 23, 81:

utilia cum honestis pugnare,

id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:

cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,

id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:

cum Auruncis bellum inire,

id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:

cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,

id. 2, 40, 14:

inimicitias cum Africano gerere,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:

cum Scipione dissentire,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:

cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,

Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—

Of comparison:

nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:

conferam Sullamne cum Junio,

id. Clu. 34, 94:

(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,

id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—

Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:

hominem sine re, sine fide,

Cic. Cael. 32, 78):

a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 149:

cadus cum vino,

id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:

olla cum aquā,

Cato, R. R. 156:

arcula cum ornamentis,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:

fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,

Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:

onerariae naves cum commeatu,

Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:

cum servili schemā,

Plaut. Am. prol. 117;

so of clothing,

id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:

ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;

so of weapons,

id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:

inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:

vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,

holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:

simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §

109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,

Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:

cum quinque pedibus natus,

id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.

Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,

Liv. 9, 44, 14:

te Romam venisse cum febri,

Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:

ex eis qui cum imperio sint,

id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:

cum imperio aut magistratu,

Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—

With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;

v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,

Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:

quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:

Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,

Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—

In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.

Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:

quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),

Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:

his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,

Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:

adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,

id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—

Before et... et, connecting two substt.:

cum et diurno et nocturno metu,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.

In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—

It designates,

A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—

The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.

Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].

Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.

In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.

The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.

Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.

With principal predicate in pres.:

nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,

Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:

facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:

cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,

Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:

cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,

id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:

quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,

Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—

With principal predicate in fut. (rare):

ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—

With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):

haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:

qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,

Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:

(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),

Verg. G. 3, 457:

nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,

Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—

With logical perf. indic.

With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:

gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,

id. Div. 2, 70, 145:

cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:

cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,

Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:

(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,

Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:

quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,

Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—

With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—

With two logical perff. (rare):

cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:

quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —

With fut.

With principal predicate in fut.:

ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:

etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—

With principal predicate in pres.:

in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,

Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—

With fut. perf.

With principal predicate in pres.:

quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,

Cic. Att. 1, 7:

nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,

Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—

With principal predicate in fut. indic.:

cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,

Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:

cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?

Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:

qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,

Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—

With principal predicate in fut. imper.:

cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—

With two fut. perff.:

cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,

Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—

In partic.

In definitions with pres, indic.:

humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,

Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:

purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —

Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:

qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,

id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:

etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,

Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:

cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—

Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:

sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,

Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—

With subj. referring to indefinite time.

With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).

With pres. subj.:

acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:

quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:

difficile est tacere cum doleas,

Cic. Sull. 10, 31:

etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,

id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—

With perf. subj.:

difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:

quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,

id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—

In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—

In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):

saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—

When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—

If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:

caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,

Cato, R. R. 28:

quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—

Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:

formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,

Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:

quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,

id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:

si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).

Cum with pres. indic.

Principal predicate in pres.:

certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:

potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:

equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,

Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:

quod cum ita est,

if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:

quodsi ita est,

Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,

often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:

nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,

Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:

quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —

With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):

Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:

sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?

id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—

Cum with logical perf. indic.

Principal predicate in pres.:

ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,

after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—

With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):

at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),

Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—

With fut.

With principal predicate in fut.:

quom videbis tum scies,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:

sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,

Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—

With principal predicate in fut. perf.:

cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,

Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—

With principal predicate in imper. fut.:

mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—

With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—

In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—

With fut. perf.

With principal predicate in fut.:

mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:

cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—

With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):

quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:

cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—

With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,

Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:

oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—

With subj. in definite time.

Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—

Sometimes by attraction:

curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:

non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?

Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —

In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.

In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.

With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:

portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,

Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:

quom testamento patris partisset bona,

Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:

quom venisset,

Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):

audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,

Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:

haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,

id. ib. 1, 35, 160:

cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,

id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:

Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,

id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:

eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,

Caes. B. G. 5, 18:

Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,

Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —

With pluperf. indic.

Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:

idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:

Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—

If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—

If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:

nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,

id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—

If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.

With pluperf. indic.

With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:

cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:

(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:

cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,

Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—

With principal predicate in perf. indic.:

Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,

Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—

With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:

cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,

Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—

In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.

When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):

Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),

Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—

Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:

(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:

cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,

id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—

When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:

qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—

For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.

In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:

quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;

where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,

Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:

cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:

cum te Puteolis prosequerer,

id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;

also,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).

Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).

The clause expressing a momentary action:

posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,

id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:

non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,

Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:

in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,

Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:

per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,

id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:

cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:

tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,

Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;

6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;

9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,

Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:

accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,

Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:

jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:

Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:

ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:

effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,

Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:

tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,

Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—

If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):

in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:

ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:

nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:

non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,

Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—

With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:

ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—

With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:

ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:

me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,

Cic. Brut. 89, 303:

itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:

haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,

Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,

Liv. 42, 5, 8:

Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,

Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—

With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.

The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:

set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:

haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 43, 161:

eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:

cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,

Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:

cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,

Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;

45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,

Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:

beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?

Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:

bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,

Dig. 28, 18, § 1:

pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—

The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):

cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—

The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].

Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.

Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:

eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:

alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?

Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):

qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:

qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:

res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,

id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:

Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):

Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,

id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:

non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,

id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:

etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):

cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,

Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:

hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,

Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):

desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:

sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?

id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:

num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,

fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,

id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:

cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,

equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,

id. Brut. 8, 293:

cum censebam,

id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:

cum dicebam,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:

cum ponebas,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:

res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,

id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;

sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,

Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:

cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,

id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:

tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—

The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:

antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,

id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:

Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:

Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,

Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:

cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,

Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:

cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,

Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—

If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:

tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:

cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,

Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:

Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,

Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:

ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),

Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,

according to class. usage,

Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;

contrary to class. usage,

Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —

In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:

nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:

ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,

Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:

nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?

id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):

similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),

id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:

nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,

id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:

casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,

Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:

Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,

Liv. 29, 31, 1:

cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,

id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:

cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,

id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):

cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,

id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:

cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,

id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:

tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),

Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):

cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,

Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—

If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter

In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:

res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:

quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?

Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:

o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;

44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),

Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):

cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,

Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:

cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,

id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:

cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,

id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—

With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):

magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,

Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,

Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):

cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,

Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),

id. Sull. 17, 49:

tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),

id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:

quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),

Nep. Cim. 3, 1:

sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,

Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:

quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:

consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,

Cic. Sest. 28, 61:

haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:

Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,

id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:

itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,

Liv. 1, 13, 6:

Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,

id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):

cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,

Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;

so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),

id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:

Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),

Liv. 42, 40, 8:

Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,

Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:

Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,

Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:

proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):

ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,

Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:

cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

cum lux appropinquaret,

id. Tull. 9, 21:

cum dies instaret,

id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:

cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,

Liv. 28, 10, 1:

cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,

id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:

cum ea dies venit,

Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:

cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:

L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,

id. Brut. 68, 241:

cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,

Liv. 40, 42, 10:

cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,

id. 8, 33, 4:

haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,

id. 1, 50, 7;

so with cum maxime,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):

Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),

Cic. Sest. 63, 132:

Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),

Nep. Reg. 3, 2:

impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,

Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:

cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 57:

cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,

Liv. 6, 1, 6:

cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,

id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—

In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:

illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,

Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:

cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,

Liv. 4, 3, 1:

cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,

id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:

cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,

id. Quint. 16, 53):

ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:

cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:

sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,

Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:

cum secum reputavit,

Tac. A. 15, 54.

In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.

The predicate in present:

amice facis Quom me laudas,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:

bene facitis cum venitis,

Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:

quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—

With fut. (rare):

cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,

Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—

With fut. perf. (rare):

quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—

With perf.:

fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:

loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—

With histor. pres.:

Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,

Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—

With imperf.:

cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,

Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—

Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;

very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,

Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—

With pluperf. (very rare):

exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,

Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—

Pluperf. and imperf.:

quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,

Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—

Imperf. subj. (post-class.):

tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,

Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—

Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:

illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,

which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.

In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.

Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.

The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.

With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:

jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—

With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,

Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—

With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:

fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:

fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,

id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):

fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),

Liv. 7, 32, 13.—

With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:

quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,

Varr. R. R. 3, 1:

ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,

Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—

Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.

With pres. or fut. indic.:

incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:

longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,

id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—

With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:

atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,

Cic. Lig. 7, 20:

memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,

id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:

illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),

Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;

Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),

Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:

patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),

Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—

With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:

accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:

numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?

id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:

haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:

eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,

while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—

Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:

Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:

omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,

id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):

posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—

The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.

With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.

With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):

hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,

that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:

anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,

Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—

With ordinals:

vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,

Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—

With diu:

jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—

Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:

quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,

Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —

With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:

permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,

Liv. 9, 33, 3.—

With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:

dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:

unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,

Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—

The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.

With cardinals.

Time in acc. (ante-class.):

annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—

With nom.:

nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,

Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—

With diu or dudum:

nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,

Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—

Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:

omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —

In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.

Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.

Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,

Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—

Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—

Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:

dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,

Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—

Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.

Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:

non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:

jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—

Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,

Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:

vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—

Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—

Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—

Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—

Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—

Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—

Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—

With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):

quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,

Cic. Brut. 36, 138:

jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,

Verg. G. 3, 422.—

In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).

When, on an occasion, on which, etc.

With perf. indic.:

Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,

Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—

With imperf. indic.:

num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—

Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):

nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,

Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—

Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—

So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:

sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,

Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—

Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).

With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:

fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,

cum nihilo magis,

Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—

With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—

Cum interea (interim).

Adverbial (rare).

Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—

Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:

simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:

cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,

Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—

Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,

To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:

anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,

Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—

To the inverted clauses (4.):

tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,

Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—

To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:

post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,

Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.

In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.

After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).

Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.

With indic.:

nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:

conspectum est cum obiit,

Liv. 5, 25, 3.—

With subj.:

is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,

Cic. Sest. 59, 126:

vidi... Cum tu terga dares,

Ov. M. 13, 224.—

After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:

L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—

After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):

memini quom... haud audebat,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

memini cum mihi desipere videbare,

Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:

memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,

Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—

After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).

Verbs of thanking:

habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:

tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—

Of congratulation:

quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—

Of rejoicing and grieving:

quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:

cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,

Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—

Dependent on optative sentences:

di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.

Elliptical usages (without predicate).

Cum maxime.

With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:

etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?

Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,

By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:

nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,

Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:

quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,

Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,

Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—

Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):

foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,

at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:

cum tardissime,

id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:

cum longissime,

Suet. Tib. 38.

For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.

Causal, since, because, as.

Anteclass., chiefly with indic.

With pres. indic.:

hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,

because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:

edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,

since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—

With perf. indic.:

praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—

With subj.

By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—

Independent of such construction:

jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;

Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,

id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.

Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.

Class. and post-class., always with subj.

With pres. subj.:

cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,

Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,

id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:

quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,

id. Clu. 44, 123:

quod cum ita sit, etc.,

id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—

With perf. subj.:

cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—

With imperf. subj.

Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:

vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,

Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:

cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,

Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—

Denoting cause without time:

cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,

Cic. Clu. 26, 70:

quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—

With pluperf. subj.:

Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 22.

With adverbs of emphasis.

Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:

quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?

Cic. Arch. 5, 10:

cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,

id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:

cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,

id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—

Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:

nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,

Cic. Lael. 8, 28:

numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,

id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:

omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,

Curt. 4, 1, 29.—

Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:

me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,

Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.

Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.

Ante-class., chiefly,

With indic.:

hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—

By construction of principal predicate:

tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?

Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—

Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):

eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.

Class. and post-class., always with subj.

With pres. subj.:

cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:

et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?

Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—

With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:

indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?

Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—

With imperf. subj.:

ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,

Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:

hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,

id. Clu. 48, 135:

eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —

With pluperf. subj.:

Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,

Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.

Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.

Ante-class., mostly with indic.

Indic.:

qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—

With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).

Class. and post-class., always with subj.

Pres. subj.:

testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,

Cic. Brut. 7, 26:

nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,

Liv. 21, 31, 11.—

Imperf. subj.:

ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,

Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:

non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,

quae cum ita essent... tamen,

although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—

With pluperf. subj.:

cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,

Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:

patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,

id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.

In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.

With imperf. subj.:

quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?

Cic. Brut. 55, 194:

etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?

id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—

With pluperf. subj.:

quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:

mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,

id. Balb. 6, 16.

cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.

In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:

qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,

id. ib. prol. 125:

cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,

Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:

semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,

id. Mil. 21, 55:

quibuscum essem libenter,

id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:

cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,

id. Sull. 3, 7:

si cenas hodie mecum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:

vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

errare malo cum Platone, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:

qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—

In an expression of displeasure:

in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—

In a designation of time with which some action concurs:

egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,

cum primo luci,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:

cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:

cum primā luce,

id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:

cum primo lumine solis,

Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:

pariter cum ortu solis,

Sall. J. 106, 5:

pariter cum occasu solis,

id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:

cum sole reliquit,

Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:

mane cum luci simul,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:

simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,

id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,

Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—

In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:

cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

cum magno provinciae periculo,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

cum summo probro,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:

cum summā tuā dignitate,

Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:

cum bonā alite,

Cat. 61, 19:

ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,

amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:

hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:

orare cum lacrimis coepere,

Liv. 5, 30, 5:

si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,

cum curā,

Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:

cum summo studio,

Sall. C. 51, 38:

cum quanto studio periculoque,

Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:

cum multā venustate et omni sale,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:

summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:

maximo cum clamore involant,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:

cum clamore,

Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:

cum clamore ac tumultu,

id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:

Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,

id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:

illud cum pace agemus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:

cum bonā pace,

Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:

cum bonā gratiā,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

cum bonā veniā,

Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:

cum veniā,

Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:

cum virtute vivere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:

cum judicio,

Quint. 10, 1, 8:

cum firmā memoriā,

id. 5, 10, 54:

legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,

Suet. Calig. 16:

spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,

Liv. 4, 20, 3.—

Attributively, with subst.:

et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,

Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,

id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—

Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).

Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,

cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,

id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:

sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—

With ut:

Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,

Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:

cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,

Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —

With ne:

obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,

Col. 5, 1, 4:

cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,

Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:

cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,

id. 2, 17.—

Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:

cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:

agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,

Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,

cum superis,

Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—

Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:

ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,

ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,

cum octavo, cum decimo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

cum centesimo,

Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:

cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,

id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—

With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:

cum linguā lingere,

Cat. 98, 3:

cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),

Verg. A. 9, 816:

cum vino et oleo ungere,

Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:

terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.

In partic.

Completing the meaning of verbs.

With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:

ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,

Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:

(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,

id. 1, 9, 16:

interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,

id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:

quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?

id. Clu. 31, 86:

hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,

id. Off. 3, 3, 13:

foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,

id. ib. 3, 31, 111:

capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,

Liv. 1, 52, 4:

cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

id. 3, 58, 4:

stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,

id. 8, 34, 1:

conjurasse cum Pausaniā,

Curt. 7, 1, 6:

Autronium secum facere,

Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—

Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:

cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,

Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:

quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 15, 46:

nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,

id. ib. 1, 17, 51:

cum civibus vivere,

id. ib. 1, 34, 124:

cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,

id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,

Liv. 1, 45, 2:

partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,

Cic. Clu. 7, 21:

cum Baebio communicare,

id. ib. 16, 47; cf.

of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,

Liv. 1, 58, 4:

duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,

id. 2, 10, 5.—

Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:

cum aliquo agere,

to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:

cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,

Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:

si par est agere cum civibus,

Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:

si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,

Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:

tecum enim mihi res est,

id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:

uni tibi et cum singulis res est,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

pacem cum Sabinis facere,

Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—

Of deliberation and discussion:

haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,

Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:

tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,

Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—

Of strife, difference, etc.:

quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!

Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:

neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,

id. ib. 2, 4, 11:

cum stomacheretur cum Metello,

id. Or. 2, 66, 267:

manu cum hoste confligere,

id. Off. 1, 23, 81:

utilia cum honestis pugnare,

id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:

cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,

id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:

cum Auruncis bellum inire,

id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:

cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,

id. 2, 40, 14:

inimicitias cum Africano gerere,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:

cum Scipione dissentire,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:

cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,

Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—

Of comparison:

nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:

conferam Sullamne cum Junio,

id. Clu. 34, 94:

(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,

id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—

Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:

hominem sine re, sine fide,

Cic. Cael. 32, 78):

a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 149:

cadus cum vino,

id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:

olla cum aquā,

Cato, R. R. 156:

arcula cum ornamentis,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:

fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,

Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:

onerariae naves cum commeatu,

Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:

cum servili schemā,

Plaut. Am. prol. 117;

so of clothing,

id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:

ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;

so of weapons,

id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:

inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:

vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,

holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:

simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §

109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,

Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:

cum quinque pedibus natus,

id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.

Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,

Liv. 9, 44, 14:

te Romam venisse cum febri,

Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:

ex eis qui cum imperio sint,

id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:

cum imperio aut magistratu,

Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—

With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;

v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,

Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:

quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:

Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,

Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—

In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.

Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:

quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),

Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:

his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,

Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:

adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,

id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—

Before et... et, connecting two substt.:

cum et diurno et nocturno metu,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.

In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—

It designates,

A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—

The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.

Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].

Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.

In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.

The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.

Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.

With principal predicate in pres.:

nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,

Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:

facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:

cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,

Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:

cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,

id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:

quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,

Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—

With principal predicate in fut. (rare):

ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—

With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):

haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:

qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,

Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:

(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),

Verg. G. 3, 457:

nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,

Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—

With logical perf. indic.

With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:

gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,

id. Div. 2, 70, 145:

cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:

cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,

Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:

(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,

Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:

quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,

Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—

With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—

With two logical perff. (rare):

cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:

quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —

With fut.

With principal predicate in fut.:

ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:

etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—

With principal predicate in pres.:

in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,

Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—

With fut. perf.

With principal predicate in pres.:

quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,

Cic. Att. 1, 7:

nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,

Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—

With principal predicate in fut. indic.:

cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,

Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:

cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?

Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:

qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,

Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—

With principal predicate in fut. imper.:

cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—

With two fut. perff.:

cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,

Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—

In partic.

In definitions with pres, indic.:

humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,

Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:

purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —

Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:

qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,

id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:

etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,

Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:

cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—

Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:

sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,

Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—

With subj. referring to indefinite time.

With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).

With pres. subj.:

acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:

quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:

difficile est tacere cum doleas,

Cic. Sull. 10, 31:

etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,

id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—

With perf. subj.:

difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:

quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,

id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—

In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—

In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):

saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—

When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—

If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:

caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,

Cato, R. R. 28:

quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—

Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:

formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,

Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:

quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,

id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:

si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).

Cum with pres. indic.

Principal predicate in pres.:

certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:

potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:

equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,

Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:

quod cum ita est,

if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:

quodsi ita est,

Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,

often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:

nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,

Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:

quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —

With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):

Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:

sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?

id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—

Cum with logical perf. indic.

Principal predicate in pres.:

ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,

after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—

With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):

at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),

Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—