new-slaughtered

1) General subject: fresh drawn, new (о молоке), fresh, fresh-drawn (о молоке)

2) Gastronomy: steamed

3) Food industry: new-slaughtered, slaughterwarm

4) Makarov: fresh-dressed (о птице)

1 to smash (físicamente) (romper).

2 to shatter, to devastate (emocionalmente) (person).

3 to tear apart, to destroy, to shatter, to break down into pieces.

Eso rompe huesos That breaks bones.

* * *

Conjugation model [ REALIZAR], like realizar

► verbo transitivo

1 (romper) to destroy, shatter, wreck; (despedazar) to tear to pieces, tear to shreds

■ la explosión destrozó el puente the explosion wrecked the bridge

2 figurado (gastar) to wear out

■ destroza los zapatos she wears her shoes out

3 figurado (estropear) to ruin, spoil; (corazón) to break

■ destrozó sus sueños she shattered his dreams

4 figurado (causar daño moral) to crush, shatter, devastate

* * *

1. VT

1) (=romper) [+ cristal, cerámica] to smash; [+ edificio] to destroy; [+ ropa, zapatos] to ruin; [+ nervios] to shatter

2) (=dejar abatido a) [+ persona] to shatter; [+ corazón] to break; [+ ejército, enemigo] to crush

3) (=arruinar) [+ persona, vida] to ruin

destrozarse

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) (romper, deteriorar) to break

b) <felicidad/armonía> to destroy, shatter; < corazón> to break; < matrimonio> to ruin, destroy

destrozarse v pron (refl)

a) ( romperse)

b) <estómago/hígado> to ruin

* * *

= shatter, batter, vandalise [vandalize, -USA], wreak + devastation, smash, pull apart, ravage, go out + the window, tear + apart, mangle, dismember, shred, slaughter, blow away, wreck, rip through, pull + Nombre + to bits, wipe + the floor with, rubbish, blight, chew up.

Ex. Her feeling of well-being was soon rudely shattered.

Ex. But the early cylinder machines worked less accurately than the platens, tending to slur the impression and batter the type.

Ex. This article argues in favour of the term 'conservator' rather than 'restorer' of books as the former does not conjure up a picture of the Victorian artisan vandalising documents with irreversible treatments simply for effect.

Ex. This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.

Ex. The library was badly vandalised and the intruders overturned 10 large bookcases, tore paintings down, emptied catalogues, and smashed intercoms, chairs, tables and windows.

Ex. If solutions are not found to meet this challenge, users' hunger for multimedia could pull the Internet apart.

Ex. The rigours of the climate and the effects of war and political unrest have ravaged this country's cultural heritage.

Ex. The lack of centralisation means that good management goes out the window and everything gets sloppier.

Ex. He is a stickler for detail and can tear apart a budget or a balance sheet faster than anyone.

Ex. In places the waters had swept container lorries loaded with goods yards off the road where they now lay twisted and mangled and almost unrecognizable as vehicles.

Ex. Books can seldom be disbound for the benefit of bibliographers (although it is worth remembering that they sometimes have to be rebound, when they are completely dismembered), but we can now see through printing ink by means of betaradiography.

Ex. If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' 'blown away,' or ' shredded'.

Ex. These small small but very sharp flakes were used by hunters to slaughter animals.

Ex. If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' ' blown away,' or 'shredded'.

Ex. They had made a secret deal with Otto Reich to wreck Cuba's economy.

Ex. Storms in this part of the world are common and the people didn't seem to bat an eyelid at the prospect of a 135km wind ripping through their town.

Ex. Microscopists think very little about plucking an innocent and unsuspecting insect from the garden, killing it, and pulling it to bits for study under a microscope.

Ex. One by one, he wiped the floor with opponents who had spoken in the debate -- with a ferocious blend of rant, rhetoric and rumbustious counterattack.

Ex. The theory of Scandinavian racial purity cherished by Hitler and the Nazis has been rubbished by new scientific research.

Ex. The global outbreak of swine flu has spread fear through the travel sector, blighting any green shoots of recovery from the financial crisis.

Ex. Cattle ranches are chewing up the Amazon rainforest.

----

* destrozar completamente = blow + Nombre + to bits.

* destrozarse = come + undone, go to + rack and ruin, come apart at + the seams, fall apart at + the seams, go to + ruin.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) (romper, deteriorar) to break

b) <felicidad/armonía> to destroy, shatter; < corazón> to break; < matrimonio> to ruin, destroy

destrozarse v pron (refl)

a) ( romperse)

b) <estómago/hígado> to ruin

* * *

* * *

destrozar [A4 ]

1 (romper, deteriorar) to break

la bomba destrozó varios edificios the bomb destroyed o wrecked several buildings

no hagas eso que vas a destrozar los zapatos don't do that, you'll ruin your shoes

2 ‹felicidad/armonía› to destroy, shatter; ‹corazón› to break; ‹matrimonio› to ruin, destroy

me está destrozando los nervios she's making me a nervous wreck

la muerte de su marido la destrozó she was devastated o shattered by her husband's death

(romperse): se cayó al suelo y se destrozó it fell to the ground and smashed

se me han destrozado los zapatos my shoes are ruined o have fallen to pieces

2 ( refl) ‹estómago/hígado› to ruin

te vas a destrozar los pies usando esos zapatos you're going to ruin o damage your feet wearing those shoes

* * *

a) (romper, deteriorar) ‹ zapatos› to ruin;

b) ‹felicidad/matrimonio/vida› to wreck, destroy;

◊ tiene los nervios destrozados he's a nervous wreck

a) ( romperse) [ zapatos] to be ruined;

b) ‹estómago/hígado› to ruin

* * *

♦ vt

1. [físicamente] [romper] to smash;

el terremoto destrozó la ciudad the earthquake destroyed the city;

vas a destrozar o [m5] destrozarte los zapatos de tanto usarlos you'll ruin your shoes, wearing them so much

2. [emocionalmente] [persona] to shatter, to devastate;

el divorcio la ha destrozado she was devastated by the divorce;

ese ruido le destroza los nervios a cualquiera that noise is enough to drive anyone up the wall;

destrozó a su oponente en el debate he destroyed his opponent in the debate

♦ See also the pronominal verb destrozarse

* * *

1 destroy

2 emocio- nalmente shatter, devastate

* * *

destrozar {21} vt

1) : to smash, to shatter

2) : to destroy, to wreck

♦ See also the reflexive verb destrozarse

* * *

destrozar vb

1. (en general) to destroy / to wreck

2. (hacer trozos) to smash

destrozarle el corazón a alguien to break somebody's heart [pt. broke; pp. broken]

1. Blumen, Milch, Obst etc.: fresh; Ei: auch new-laid; frisch bleiben oder sich frisch halten stay fresh; frisch halten keep fresh; frisch vom Fass straight from the barrel

2. (neu) fresh, new; (sauber) clean (auch Blatt Papier); Spur: fresh; frischer Schnee fresh ( oder new) snow

3. (ausgeruht) Pferde, Truppen: fresh; sich noch ganz / wieder frisch fühlen still feel quite fresh / feel refreshed; frisch und munter wide awake; mit frischer Kraft refreshed, with renewed strength; sich frisch machen freshen up

4. (Ggs. verblasst) Erinnerung, Farben etc.: fresh; Farbe: auch bright; noch in frischer Erinnerung fresh in my etc. mind

5. (erfrischend) Luft, Wasser, Wind: fresh; an die frische Luft gehen go out into the fresh air; frische Luft schnappen umg. get a breath of fresh air; fig. Luft, Wind

6. (kühl) cool; stärker: chilly; es ist ziemlich frisch geworden it’s gone quite chilly

7. (kräftig) Brise, Wind: fresh; frischer werden freshen

8. fig. (lebensfroh) full of life; (aufgeweckt) bright; (lebhaft) lively

1. freshly, newly, recently; frisch gebacken Brot etc.: fresh from the oven; fig. Ehemann, Ehepaar etc.: newly-wed; fig. Lehrer etc.: fledgeling, newly-qualified; frisch gekocht freshly cooked; frisch geputzt Schuhe, Fußboden: just cleaned; das Bett frisch beziehen put clean sheets on the bed, change the sheets; frisch geschnitten Blumen etc.: freshly cut, fresh-cut; frisch gereinigt straight from the dry cleaners; frisch gelegt Ei: new-laid; frisch gestrichen newly painted; frisch gestrichen! Schild: wet paint; frisch gewaschen clean, just washed; Person: (nice and) clean; frisch rasiert clean-shaven; frisch verheiratet newlywed

2. (erneut) again; noch einmal frisch anfangen start again from scratch

3. (direkt) straight ( von der Universität etc. from university etc.); sie sind frisch aus dem Urlaub zurück they’ve just got back from holiday (Am. vacation)

4. (Ggs. zögerlich): frisch ans Werk! let’s get straight down to it; immer frisch drauflos! come on, look lively!; frisch gewagt ist halb gewonnen Sprichw. nothing ventured, nothing gained

* * *

(kühl) cool; chilly;

(neu) fresh; new

* * *

1. adj

1) fresh; Wäsche, Kleidung clean; (= feucht) Farbe, Fleck wet

2) (= munter) Wesen, Art bright, cheery; Erzählung, Farbe cheerful; (= gesund) Aussehen, Gesichtsfarbe fresh; Mädchen fresh-looking

3) (= kühl) cool, chilly; Luft, Wind auch fresh

2. adv

1) (= neu) freshly

2)

* * *

1) (recent; fresh: hot news.) hot

2) (unused: a clean sheet of paper.) clean

3) (newly; recently: freshly gathered plums; freshly arrived.) freshly

4) (newly made, gathered, arrived etc: fresh fruit (= fruit that is not tinned, frozen etc); fresh flowers.) fresh

5) ((of people etc) healthy; not tired: You are looking very fresh this morning.) fresh

6) ((of weather etc) cool; refreshing: a fresh breeze; fresh air.) fresh

7) (tasting fresh and pleasant: young, sweet vegetables.) sweet

* * *

I. adj

1. (noch nicht alt) fresh

\frische Brötchen fresh[ly baked] rolls

\frisches Obst fresh[-picked] fruit

\frisch bedruckt TYPO freshly printed, hot off the press

2. (neu, rein) Handtuch, Wäsche fresh, clean

ein \frisches Blatt Papier a new [or blank] sheet [of paper]

sich akk \frisch machen to freshen up

3. (noch nicht getrocknet) Farbe wet

4. (gesund) Hautfarbe fresh, healthy

\frisch und munter sein (fam) to be [as] fresh as a daisy

5. (unverbraucht) Luft fresh

mit \frischen Kräften with fresh [or renewed] strength [or vigour] [or AM -or

6. (gerade erst entstanden) Fleck, Wunde fresh

die Erinnerung ist noch \frisch the memory is still fresh in my mind

7. (kühl) Brise, Wind fresh, cool; s.a. Luft

II. adv

1. (gerade erst, neu) freshly

die Betten \frisch beziehen to change the beds, to make the beds with fresh sheets

\frisch gebacken freshly-baked

\frisch gefallener Schnee freshly [or newly] fallen snow

\frisch geschlachtet freshly slaughtered; Geflügel freshly killed

\frisch gestrichen newly painted

„\frisch gestrichen!“ “wet paint”

\frisch gewaschene Hände clean hands

ein \frisch gewaschenes Hemd a clean [or freshly washed [or laundered]] shirt

Bier \frisch vom Fass beer on tap, beer [straight] from the barrel

2. (immer weiter)

immer \frisch drauflos! keep at it!, don't hold back!

▶ \frisch gewagt ist halb gewonnen (prov) a good start is half the battle prov

* * *

1) fresh; new-laid < egg>; fresh, clean < linen>; clean < underwear>; wet < paint>

2) (munter) fresh

adverbial freshly

* * *

A. adj

1. Blumen, Milch, Obst etc: fresh; Ei: auch new-laid;

frisch bleiben oder

sich frisch halten stay fresh;

frisch halten keep fresh;

frisch vom Fass straight from the barrel

2. (neu) fresh, new; (sauber) clean (auch Blatt Papier); Spur: fresh;

frischer Schnee fresh ( oder new) snow

3. (ausgeruht) Pferde, Truppen: fresh;

sich noch ganz/wieder frisch fühlen still feel quite fresh/feel refreshed;

frisch und munter wide awake;

mit frischer Kraft refreshed, with renewed strength;

sich frisch machen freshen up

4. (Ggs verblasst) Erinnerung, Farben etc: fresh; Farbe: auch bright;

noch in frischer Erinnerung fresh in my etc mind

5. (erfrischend) Luft, Wasser, Wind: fresh;

an die frische Luft gehen go out into the fresh air;

frische Luft schnappen umg get a breath of fresh air; fig → Luft, Wind

6. (kühl) cool; stärker: chilly;

es ist ziemlich frisch geworden it’s gone quite chilly

7. (kräftig) Brise, Wind: fresh;

frischer werden freshen

8. fig (lebensfroh) full of life; (aufgeweckt) bright; (lebhaft) lively

B. adv

1. freshly, newly, recently;

frisch gebacken Brot etc: fresh from the oven;

frisch gekocht freshly cooked;

frisch geputzt Schuhe, Fußboden: just cleaned;

das Bett frisch beziehen put clean sheets on the bed, change the sheets;

frisch geschnitten Blumen etc: freshly cut, fresh-cut;

frisch gereinigt straight from the dry cleaners;

frisch gelegt Ei: new-laid;

frisch gestrichen newly painted;

frisch gestrichen! Schild: wet paint;

frisch gewaschen clean, just washed; Person: (nice and) clean;

frisch rasiert clean-shaven;

frisch verheiratet newlywed

2. (erneut) again;

noch einmal frisch anfangen start again from scratch

3. (direkt) straight (

von der Universität etc from university etc);

sie sind frisch aus dem Urlaub zurück they’ve just got back from holiday (US vacation)

4. (Ggs zögerlich):

frisch ans Werk! let’s get straight down to it;

immer frisch drauflos! come on, look lively!;

frisch gewagt ist halb gewonnen sprichw nothing ventured, nothing gained

* * *

1) fresh; new-laid < egg>; fresh, clean < linen>; clean < underwear>; wet < paint>

2) (munter) fresh

adverbial freshly

* * *

cool adj.

dewy adj.

fresh adj.

recent adj. adv.

freshly adv.

1 slaughter (masacre).

2 slaughtering (del cerdo). (peninsular Spanish)

3 killing, bloodbath, bloodshed, butchery.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) slaughter

2 (del cerdo) pig killing

3 (carne) pork products plural

* * *

* * *

1) [en batalla] slaughter, killing; (Agr) slaughtering; (=temporada) slaughtering season; (fig) slaughter, massacre

2) Caribe (=matadero) slaughterhouse; And (=tienda) butcher's, butcher's shop; CAm (=mercado) meat market

* * *

femenino ( acción de matar) killing, slaughter; (de res, cerdo) slaughter

* * *

= massacre, slaughter, slaughtering, killing, mass murder, bloodshed, carnage, butchery, mass killing, kill, slaying.

Ex. Encounters between indigenous and colonizing peoples are described as massacres when the indigenous people won and BATTLES when the colonists won.

Ex. Attention has focussed on the marketing of dangerous substances, safety standards for the slaughter of meat and poultry, and control of dangerous cosmetics.

Ex. These programmes cover red meat slaughterhouses, ware potatoes, liquid milk processing, horticulture, cereals, fisheries, and pigmeat slaughtering and processing.

Ex. This article reports on the coverage by the New York Times of the killing of a hostage victim during a highjack.

Ex. Some authors concluded that mass murder was analogous to 'femicide'.

Ex. The author deals with the vexed issue of copyright passing from the bloodshed provoked by St. Columba's unauthorized copying of a neighbour's book of Psalms in the Sixth century, through the invention of royalties for glassblowers during the Renaissance to Microsoft's problems with free software.

Ex. This new horror genre uses humor in the midst of violent gore & carnage.

Ex. They charge the West, which has chosen to look the other way, with complicity in the butchery.

Ex. By way of background, Mr. Pateman also denies that the Khmer Rouge committed mass killings in Cambodia.

Ex. Early rise as your try and catch the predators after their nightly kill.

Ex. A mobster believed to be the head of an organized crime clan involved in the slaying of six people has been arrested this morning.

----

* autor de una matanza = mass murderer.

* matanza indiscriminada = killing spree, shooting spree, shooting rampage.

* * *

femenino ( acción de matar) killing, slaughter; (de res, cerdo) slaughter

* * *

* * *

A (acción de matar) killing, slaughter; (de una res, un cerdo) slaughter

la matanza se hace cada año en noviembre the animals are slaughtered in November each year

la matanza de ciudadanos inocentes the slaughter o killing of innocent citizens

B ( Esp) (embutidos) pork products (pl)

* * *

◊ la matanza de gente inocente the mass killing of innocent people

* * *

matanza nf

1. [masacre] slaughter

2. [de cerdo] [acción] slaughtering

3. Esp [de cerdo] [productos] = pork products from a farm-slaughtered pig

* * *

f de animales slaughter; de gente slaughter, massacre

* * *

matanza nf

masacre: slaughter, butchering

* * *

matanza n slaughter

to destroy.

El temblor destruyó la pared The quake destroyed the wall.

Sus trucos destruyeron a María His tricks destroyed Mary.

* * *

Conjugation model [ HUIR], like link=huir huir

► verbo transitivo

1 to destroy

2 figurado to destroy, ruin, wreck

■ han destruido sus esperanzas they've shattered her hopes

* * *

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ objeto, edificio] to destroy

2) (=estropear) [+ amistad, matrimonio, armonía] to wreck, destroy; [+ argumento, teoría] to demolish; [+ esperanza] to dash, shatter; [+ proyecto, plan] to wreck, ruin

destruirse

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <documentos/pruebas> to destroy; < ciudad> to destroy; < medio ambiente> to damage

b) ( echar por tierra) < reputación> to ruin; < plan> to wreck; < esperanzas> to dash, shatter

* * *

= demolish, destroy, knock out, scupper, wipe out, trash, pull apart, sweep away, knock down, rack [wrack], wreak + destruction, destruct, shred, wreck, decimate, lay + waste to, wash out, run down, break down, blow up, rubbish, stomp + Nombre + out, smash.

Ex. Having just demolished enumerative classification to some extent in the previous section, it is reasonable to ask how effective menu-based information retrieval systems might be.

Ex. I am frequently taken to task as someone who would try to destroy the integrity of certain catalogs on the West Coast.

Ex. Two years ago Hurricane Hugo nearly knocked out Charleston.

Ex. This arrangement could definitely help solve the librarian's problems, unless unexpected events scupper it.

Ex. Strong economic forces, inflation and an over-strong pound wiped out any noticeable benefits of EEC membership to industry.

Ex. At the same time, the author takes issue with the view that the great libraries of America are being ' trashed' by the rush towards technology.

Ex. If solutions are not found to meet this challenge, users' hunger for multimedia could pull the Internet apart.

Ex. Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.

Ex. Your note attempts to knock down an assertion not made.

Ex. Both countries that have been wracked for the last ten years by violent civil wars.

Ex. The author laments the demise of the paper card catalogue as a 'paroxysm of shortsightedness and antiintellectualism' on the part of over zealous librarians, wreaking destruction in a class with the burning of the library at Alexandria.

Ex. That means that the abstractions of scientific knowledge reduce the reality and even destruct it.

Ex. If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' 'blown away,' or ' shredded'.

Ex. They had made a secret deal with Otto Reich to wreck Cuba's economy.

Ex. Insect pests decimate a significant proportion of the world's food supply and transmit a number of deadly human diseases.

Ex. The mutilation of periodicals is laying waste to vital and expensive periodical collections in all kinds of library across the USA, and it seems to strike academic libraries with particular virulence.

Ex. Some sections of road washed out by flood waters.

Ex. It really is time we stopped kow-towing to every Tom, Dick and Harry who runs down our industry.

Ex. It describes our experience in combatting mould which grew as a result of high humidity and temperatures when the air conditioning system broke down for several days after several days of rain.

Ex. The article 'The library has blown up!' relates the short circuit in the main electrical circuit board of Porstmouth Public Library caused by electricians who were carrying out routine work.

Ex. The theory of Scandinavian racial purity cherished by Hitler and the Nazis has been rubbished by new scientific research.

Ex. Like I said, no wonder racism won't die, it takes BOTH sides to stomp it out, not just one!.

Ex. The library was badly vandalised and the intruders overturned 10 large bookcases, tore paintings down, emptied catalogues, and smashed intercoms, chairs, tables and windows.

----

* chocar destruyendo = smash into.

* destruir completamente = blow + Nombre + to bits.

* destruir la esperanza = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.

* destruir un mito = explode + myth.

* fuego + destruir = fire + destroy.

* fuego + destruir por completo = fire + gut.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <documentos/pruebas> to destroy; < ciudad> to destroy; < medio ambiente> to damage

b) ( echar por tierra) < reputación> to ruin; < plan> to wreck; < esperanzas> to dash, shatter

* * *

* * *

destruir [ I20 ]

1 ‹documentos/pruebas› to destroy; ‹ciudad› to destroy

productos que destruyen el medio ambiente products that damage the environment

2 (echar por tierra) ‹reputación› to ruin; ‹plan› to ruin, wreck; ‹esperanzas› to dash, shatter

los problemas económicos destruyeron su matrimonio financial problems wrecked o ruined their marriage

la droga está destruyendo muchas vidas drugs are wrecking o ruining o destroying the lives of many people

* * *

a) ‹documentos/pruebas› to destroy;

b) ( echar por tierra) ‹ reputación› to ruin;

* * *

♦ vt

1. [destrozar] to destroy

2. [desbaratar] [argumento] to demolish;

3. [hacienda, fortuna] to squander

♦ See also the pronominal verb destruirse

* * *

1 destroy

2 ( estropear) ruin, wreck

* * *

destruir {41} vt

: to destroy

♦ See also the reflexive verb destruirse

* * *

destruir vb to destroy

1 to crush.

Ella machaca las semillas She crushes the seeds.

2 to bone up on(informal) (estudiar). (peninsular Spanish)

3 to go on and on (informal) (insistir).

4 to repeat over and over, to insist on, to drive into the ground, to repeat.

Ella machaca sus razones She repeats over and over her reasons.

5 to insist in harping on a subject.

Ella machaca siempre She insists in harping on a subject always.

* * *

Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar

► verbo transitivo

1 (triturar) to crush

2 familiar (vencer) to hammer, thrash

3 familiar (dañar) to kill; (cansar, agotar) to wear out, kill

4 familiar (estudiar) to swot up on, US grind away at

5 familiar (insistir en) to harp on about, go on about

► verbo intransitivo

1 (estudiar) to swot up, cram, US grind

2 (insistir en) to go on ( con, about), harp on ( con, about)

\

machacársela tabú to wank, US jerk off

por mí como si se la machaca tabú I couldn't give a toss

* * *

1. VT

1) (=triturar) to crush

2) * (=aniquilar) [+ contrincante] to thrash; [en discusión] to crush, flatten

3) [+ precio] to slash

4) * [+ lección, asignatura] to swot (up) *

5) Esp * (=insistir sobre) to go on about

6) (Baloncesto) * to dunk, slam dunk

2. VI *

1) Esp (=insistir) to go on

2) (=empollar) to swot *

machacarse

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) < ajo> to crush; < almendras> to grind, crush; < piedra> to crush, pound

b) (fam) < contrincante> to thrash (colloq)

c) (fam) ( pegar) to beat... to a pulp

d) < precios> to slash

2) (Esp fam)

a) ( repetír)

b) ( estudiar) to bone up on (colloq)

a) (fam) ( insistir)

b) (fam) ( para un examen) to cram (colloq)

machacarse v pron (fam) < dedo> to crush

* * *

= bust, batter, squash, crush, clobber, steamroller, pound, lick, mash, blow away.

Ex. 'That new project he's been busting himself and everyone else over is way behind schedule and Peterson is getting fed up'.

Ex. But the early cylinder machines worked less accurately than the platens, tending to slur the impression and batter the type.

Ex. The article has the title 'Reorganizing organizations and information: how knowledge technologies squash heirarchy and alter the role of information'.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Dinosaurs to crush flies: computer catalogues, classification and other barriers to library use'.

Ex. Clobbering the rich with taxes doesn't help anyone.

Ex. When push comes to shove, it seems that short-term economic interests steamroller scientific arguments.

Ex. A rotary machine invented in Holland in the late seventeenth century did not pound but minced the rags into pulp with revolving knives.

Ex. They got licked by a bunch of little, ill-armed peasant guerillas.

Ex. But scooping out the baked potatoes' flesh, mashing it with other ingredients, and then baking them again takes some extra time.

Ex. If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' ' blown away,' or 'shredded'.

----

* machacar los tipos = batter + type.

* machacársela = jerk + Reflexivo + off, wank.

* machacar un idea = squash + idea.

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) < ajo> to crush; < almendras> to grind, crush; < piedra> to crush, pound

b) (fam) < contrincante> to thrash (colloq)

c) (fam) ( pegar) to beat... to a pulp

d) < precios> to slash

2) (Esp fam)

a) ( repetír)

b) ( estudiar) to bone up on (colloq)

a) (fam) ( insistir)

b) (fam) ( para un examen) to cram (colloq)

machacarse v pron (fam) < dedo> to crush

* * *

* * *

machacar [A2 ]

1 ‹ajo› to crush; ‹almendras› to grind, crush; ‹piedra› to crush, pound

2 ( fam); ‹contrincante› to thrash ( colloq)

3 ( fam) (pegar) to beat … to a pulp

4 ‹precios› to slash

B ( Esp)

1 ( fam)

(remachar): machácale bien lo que tiene que hacer make sure you drum into her what she has to do

siguen machacando los mismos puntos they're still going on about o harping on about the same points ( colloq)

2 ( fam) (estudiar) to bone up on ( colloq), to swot up on ( BrE colloq)

1 ( fam)

(insistir): machacar con or sobre algo to go on o harp on about sth ( colloq)

2 ( Esp fam) (para un examen) to cram ( colloq), to swot ( BrE colloq)

1 ( fam); ‹dedo› to smash, crush

machacársela ( vulg); to jerk off ( vulg)

machacárselas ( Chi fam); to get by

2 ( Esp fam) ‹comida/bebida› to put away ( colloq), to polish off ( colloq); ‹trabajo› to polish off ( colloq); ‹dinero› to blow ( colloq)

* * *

a) ‹ ajo› to crush;

b) (fam) ‹ contrincante› to thrash (colloq)

a) (fam) ( insistir): machacar con or sobre algo to go on o harp on about sth (colloq)

b) (fam) ( para un examen) to cram (colloq)

* * *

♦ vt

1. [desmenuzar] to crush

2. Fam [ganar] to thrash

3. Fam [destrozar]

la caminata me ha machacado I'm beat o Br knackered after that walk

4. Esp Fam [estudiar] Br to swot up on, US to bone up on

5. Esp Fam [insistir sobre] to go on and on about;

sigue machacando las mismas ideas she keeps on trotting out the same old ideas

6. [en baloncesto] to dunk

♦ vi

1. Esp Fam [insistir] to go on and on ( sobre about)

2. [en baloncesto] to dunk

♦ See also the pronominal verb machacarse

* * *

I v/t

1 ( triturar) crush

2 fig ( vencer) thrash

3 en baloncesto dunk

II v/i

1 ( insistir) go on ( con about)

2 en baloncesto dunk

* * *

machacar {72} vt

1) : to crush, to grind

2) : to beat, to pound

machacar vi

: to insist, to go on (about)

* * *

machacar vb

1. (triturar) to crush

2. (vencer) to thrash

3. (insistir) to go over / to go on

1 to surprise.

me sorprende verte por aquí I'm surprised to see you here

no me sorprende que se haya marchado I'm not surprised she's left

Su regalo sorprendió a María His gift surprised Mary.

2 to catch.

nos sorprendió la tormenta we got caught in the storm

sorprender a alguien (haciendo algo) to catch somebody (doing something)

3 to be surprised to, to be amazed to.

Me sorprende verte I am surprised to see you.

4 to be a surprise.

5 to catch out.

Elsa sorprendió al ladrón Elsa caught out the thief.

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 (coger desprevenido) to catch unawares, take by surprise

2 figurado (descubrir) to discover; (conversación) to overhear

3 figurado (maravillar) to surprise, astonish, amaze

► verbo pronominal sorprenderse

1 figurado to be surprised

\

no me sorprendería nada I wouldn't be at all surprised

* * *

* * *

1. VT

1) (=asombrar) to surprise

2) (=coger desprevenido) to catch; (Mil) to surprise

3) [+ conversación] to overhear; [+ secreto] to find out, discover; [+ escondrijo] to find

VI to be surprising

sorprenderse

* * *

verbo intransitivo to surprise

a) ( coger desprevenido) to surprise, catch... unawares

b) < mensaje> to intercept; < conversación> to overhear

sorprenderse v pron to be surprised

* * *

= surprise, puzzle, shock, startle, blow away, blindside, blow + Nombre + to bits.

Ex. He was surprised that he couldn't find the earlier editions, which he expected certainly must be someplace because that book was based on an oration delivered by Emerson in the 1830s.

Ex. During this decade, a number of the perennial information issues for which technological solutions are needed will persit and continue to puzzle librarians.

Ex. The gush of water could serve many purposes and was prescribed to soothe, to refrigerate, to stop a swelling, to widen pores, to shock the patient.

Ex. I was a little startled in some ways by a statement that other decisions have been directed towards achieving a consistent form of heading.

Ex. If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' ' blown away,' or 'shredded'.

Ex. Smart and speedy start-ups blindside mature companies with their inventiveness then grow up into mature companies and are outsmarted in their turn.

Ex. Even the most stable of industries, the most focused of business models and strongest of brands can be blown to bits by new information technology.

----

* a + Posesivo + sorprender = much to + Posesivo + surprise.

* no es de sorprender que = not surprisingly, unsurprisingly.

* no + ser + de sorprender que = it + be + not surprising that.

* quedarse sorprendido por = be amazed by, be amazed at.

* sorprender enormemente = make + Posesivo + eyes + pop (out).

* sorprender mucho = make + Posesivo + eyes + pop (out).

* sorprenderse = raise + eyebrows, express + surprise, be surprised, be thrown.

* sorprenderse de = be struck by.

* sorprenderse enormemente = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.

* sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.

* * *

verbo intransitivo to surprise

a) ( coger desprevenido) to surprise, catch... unawares

b) < mensaje> to intercept; < conversación> to overhear

sorprenderse v pron to be surprised

* * *

* * *

sorprender [E1 ]

to surprise

me sorprende que no lo sepas I'm surprised you don't know, it surprises me that you didn't know

1 (coger desprevenido) to surprise, catch … unawares, take … by surprise

entramos por detrás y los sorprendimos we went in the back and surprised them o caught them unawares o took them by surprise

fueron sorprendidos cuando intentaban forzar la caja fuerte they were caught o surprised trying to break open the safe

nos sorprendió la lluvia we got caught in the rain

2 ‹mensaje› to intercept; ‹conversación› to overhear

to be surprised

se sorprendió mucho al encontrarme ahí he was very surprised to find me there

¿de qué te sorprendes? why are you so surprised?, what are you so surprised about?

* * *

◊ me sorprende que no lo sepas I'm surprised you don't know

* * *

♦ vt

1. [asombrar, extrañar] to surprise;

me sorprende verte por aquí I'm surprised to see you here;

no me sorprende que se haya marchado I'm not surprised she's left;

me sorprendió con su pregunta I was surprised by her question

2. [atrapar, pillar]

3. [coger desprevenido] to catch;

nos sorprendió la tormenta we got caught in the storm;

el temporal nos sorprendió en mar abierto the storm caught us out at sea

4. [descubrir] to discover

♦ See also the pronominal verb sorprenderse

* * *

1 surprise;

me sorprende que … I’m surprised that …

2 ( descubrir) catch

* * *

sorprender vt

: to surprise

♦ sorprenderse vr

* * *

sorprender vb

1. (asombrar) to surprise

2. (coger) to catch / to catch out

f

1. (Schachtel) packet, Am. package; Packung Tee packet (Am. package) of tea; Packung Zigaretten pack(et) of cigarettes; große Packung large pack

2. (Verpackung) package, parcel; (Hülle) wrapping

3. MED., Kosmetik: pack, compress

4. SPORT, umg. thrashing; eine Packung bekommen get thrashed ( oder slaughtered)

* * *

(Medizin) poultice; pack;

(Schachtel) pack; packet;

(Verpackung) package

* * *

f -, -en

1) (= Schachtel) packet, pack; (von Pralinen) box

2) (MED) compress, pack; (Kosmetik) face pack or mask

3) (TECH) gasket; (STRAßENBAU) pitching no pl, ballast no pl

4) (inf = Niederlage) thrashing, hammering (inf)

* * *

1. (Schachtel) pack[et]

eine \Packung Pralinen a box of chocolates

eine neue \Packung anbrechen to start [on] a new packet

2. MED pack, compress

eine feuchte \Packung a poultice, a fomentation; (Kosmetik) a beauty pack

3. (Niederlage)

eine \Packung bekommen to get a thrashing [or fam hammering

4. NUKL packing

* * *

1) packet; pack (esp. Amer.)

2) (Med., Kosmetik) pack

* * *

Packung f

1. (Schachtel) packet, US package;

Packung Tee packet (US package) of tea;

Packung Zigaretten pack(et) of cigarettes;

große Packung large pack

2. (Verpackung) package, parcel; (Hülle) wrapping

3. MED, Kosmetik: pack, compress

4. SPORT, umg thrashing;

eine Packung bekommen get thrashed ( oder slaughtered)

* * *

1) packet; pack (esp. Amer.)

2) (Med., Kosmetik) pack

* * *

packing n. -en f.

package n.

f

1. (Schachtel) packet, Am. package; Packung Tee packet (Am. package) of tea; Packung Zigaretten pack(et) of cigarettes; große Packung large pack

2. (Verpackung) package, parcel; (Hülle) wrapping

3. MED., Kosmetik: pack, compress

4. SPORT, umg. thrashing; eine Packung bekommen get thrashed ( oder slaughtered)

* * *

(Medizin) poultice; pack;

(Schachtel) pack; packet;

(Verpackung) package

* * *

f -, -en

1) (= Schachtel) packet, pack; (von Pralinen) box

2) (MED) compress, pack; (Kosmetik) face pack or mask

3) (TECH) gasket; (STRAßENBAU) pitching no pl, ballast no pl

4) (inf = Niederlage) thrashing, hammering (inf)

* * *

1. (Schachtel) pack[et]

eine \Packung Pralinen a box of chocolates

eine neue \Packung anbrechen to start [on] a new packet

2. MED pack, compress

eine feuchte \Packung a poultice, a fomentation; (Kosmetik) a beauty pack

3. (Niederlage)

eine \Packung bekommen to get a thrashing [or fam hammering

4. NUKL packing

* * *

1) packet; pack (esp. Amer.)

2) (Med., Kosmetik) pack

* * *

…packung f im subst allg pack;

Blisterpackung blister pack;

Frischhaltepackung vacuum ( oder airtight) pack

* * *

1) packet; pack (esp. Amer.)

2) (Med., Kosmetik) pack

* * *

packing n. -en f.

package n.

frisch [frɪʃ] adj

1) ( noch nicht alt) fresh;

\frische Brötchen fresh[ly baked] rolls;

\frisches Obst fresh[-picked] fruit

2) (neu, rein) Handtuch, Wäsche fresh, clean;

ein \frisches Blatt Papier a new [or blank] sheet [of paper];

sich \frisch machen to freshen up

3) ( noch nicht getrocknet) Farbe wet

4) ( gesund) Hautfarbe fresh, healthy;

\frisch und munter sein ( fam) to be [as] fresh as a daisy

5) ( unverbraucht) Luft fresh;

mit \frischen Kräften with fresh [or renewed] strength [or vigour] [or (Am) -or];

6) ( gerade erst entstanden) Fleck, Wunde fresh;

die Erinnerung ist noch \frisch the memory is still fresh in my mind

7) ( kühl) Brise, Wind fresh, cool; s. a. Luft adv

1) (gerade erst, neu) freshly;

die Betten \frisch beziehen to change the beds, to make the beds with fresh sheets;

\frisch gebacken freshly-baked;

\frisch gefallener Schnee freshly [or newly] fallen snow;

\frisch geschlachtet freshly slaughtered; Geflügel freshly killed;

\frisch gestrichen newly painted;

„\frisch gestrichen!“ ‘wet paint’;

\frisch gewaschene Hände clean hands;

ein \frisch gewaschenes Hemd a clean [or freshly washed [or laundered] ] shirt;

Bier \frisch vom Fass beer on tap, beer [straight] from the barrel

2) ( immer weiter)

immer \frisch drauflos! keep at it!, don't hold back!

\frisch gewagt ist halb gewonnen ( ist halb gewonnen) a good start is half the battle ( prov) s. a. Erinnerung

(1855-1902)

   Portugal's most celebrated colonial soldier of the modern era, governor and conqueror of the Gaza state in Mozambique. A career army officer with noble lineage, "Mousinho," as he became known to his generation, later helped to shape Portugal's administration and policies in Mozambique, following army service in India. He served largely as a soldier involved in so-called "pacification" campaigns in Mozambique (1890-95) and then as an administrator, where he acted as royal commissioner and governor-general of Mozambique from 1896 to 1898. After he first visited Africa in 1890, the year of the English Ultimatum, the principal part of his career would be devoted to Portuguese Africa, and he was to become a noted authority on African affairs and policies. Appointed governor of the district of Lourenço Marques (today, Maputo) in late 1890, he returned to Portugal in 1892, then became part of the most famous military expedition to Portuguese Africa of the modern era, the 1895 force sent to Mozambique to conquer the African state of Gaza, in southern Mozambique. Albuquerque distinguished himself in this bloody campaign; at the battle of Coolela, on 7 November 1895, Portuguese forces using the novel machine gun defeated and slaughtered the army of Gaza king Gungunyane. Following his appointment as military governor of the Gaza district, Albuquerque grew impatient with the failure of his superiors to give the coup d'grace to the Gaza kingdom by killing or capturing its leader, Gungunyane, who had escaped after the battle of Coolela. With a small force, Mousinho raided his refuge at Chaimite, Mozambique, and captured Gungunyane, who did not resist (January 1896). These bold deeds in the 1895 campaign and the surprise kidnapping of Mozambique's most powerful African leader made Albuquerque a hero in Portugal and a colonial celebrity in several other European states. Among the honors showered upon this unusual soldier was the 1896 double appointment as governor-general and royal commissioner of Mozambique colony. His service as chief administrator of Portugal's second most important African territory during 1896-98 was significant but frustrating. His efforts at sweeping reforms, rejuvenation, and decentralization of authority and power were noble but made little impact at the time. He resigned in anger after his failure to move the Lisbon colonial bureaucracy and returned to a restless, relatively inactive life in Portugal. Unable to adjust to dull garrison duty, after he completed his masterful colonial report-memoir on his African service (Mozambique, 1896-98), Albuquerque in vain sought new challenges. Briefly he served as tutor to Prince Luís, heir apparent of King Carlos I, but his efforts to volunteer as an officer in wars in South Africa and China failed. His idea of a military dictatorship to reform a lagging constitutional monarchy rejected both by his patron, King Carlos, and by much of the political elite, Lieutenant Colonel Mousinho de Albuquerque found life too painful to bear. On 8 January 1902, while on a Lisbon tram, Albuquerque committed suicide with his own pistol. His importance for future colonial policy in Africa was manifest as Portugal made efforts to decentralize and reform administration until 1930. After 1930, his personal legend as a brave colonial soldier who was an epitome of patriotism grew and was exploited by the dictatorship led by Sala- zar. Mousinho de Albuquerque was adopted by this regime, between 1930 and 1960, as the military-colonial patron saint of the regime and as an example to Portuguese youth. The name of the place where he surprised Gungunyane, Chaimite, was adopted as the name of an armored car used by the Portuguese Army in its post-1961 campaigns in Africa.

    See also Carlos I, King; Generation of 1895.

πρόσφᾰτος, ον,

A fresh, not decomposed, of a corpse miraculously preserved,

νῦν δέ μοι ἑρσήεις καὶ π. ἐν μεγάροισιν κεῖσαι Il.24.757

; νεκρὸς π. Hdt.2.89, 121.έ; τροφὴ ἔτι π. (sc. before digestion begins) Arist.PA 675b32; [ζῷα] τὰ πεπωκότα πόμα π. which have taken a recent drink, Id.HA 520b31;

πορφύρας.. πρόσφατον τὸ ἄνθος ἔτι φυλαττούσης Plu.Alex.36

; of fish, Antiph.218.1, Men.462.4, PMich.Zen.72.8 (iii B.C.);

ἐχῖνοι Posidipp.14

; of poultry, Gal.Vict.Att.8; [ κρέα] Hp.Acut. (Sp.) 49, cf. Sor.2.15, al.;

δέλεαρ Arist.HA 534a12

; ζῷα π., opp. salted, D.S.3.31, cf. Gal.6.728;

ἄλφιτα καὶ ἄλητα Hp. Vict.2.44

, gloss on ποταίνια in Acut.37; καρποί, ἔλαιον, Arist.Pr. 926a30, 927a29; ῥίζαι [σιλφίου] Thphr.HP6.3.5;

σταφυλή LXX Nu.6.3

, Sor. 1.51;

φῦκος Agatharch.35

;

νάρδος Dsc.1.7

;

χιών Plb.3.55.1

;

παγάν Pi.P.4.299

(unless πρόσφατον ξενωθείς = recently entertained); ὕδωρ newly-drawn well-water, Plu.2.690c;

ποτόν Porph.Marc.4

; αἷμα uncoagulated, opp. πεπηγότες θρόμβοι, Hp.Epid.7.10; [

καταμηνίων ῥύσις] -ωτέρα Arist.GA 764a6

; σπέρμα, οὖρον, Id.Pr. 924b28, 907b25.

2 of events and actions, recent,

δίκαι A.Ch. 804

(lyr.);

ἐπιστολαί S.Fr. 128

;

ὀργή Lys.18.19

;

ὀχεία Arist.HA 509b31

;

φόβος Aen.Tact.3.1

;

φθόνος Plu.Them.24

;

θεωρίαι καὶ μαθήσεις Arist.EE 1237a24

;

φαντασία Id.MM 1203b4

; λύπη defined as

δόξα πρόσφατος κακοῦ παρουσίας Zeno Stoic.1.52

;

ἀτύχημα Plb.1.21.9

;

εὐεργεσίαι Id.2.46.1

; [ πράγματα] Plu.2.146b; ὄγκοι ( = οἰδήματα) Gal.18(2).145; βήξ, i.e. not yet chronic, Sor.1.123, cf. 2.46; γάλα, i.e. lately begun to be secreted, Id.1.89; of persons, recent in date, of Homer, Arist. Mete. 351b35; μάρτυρες.. οἱ μὲν παλαιοὶ οἱ δὲ π. Id.Rh. 1375b27: used predicatively, χρόνοι [τοῖς πλουσίοις] τοῦ δίκην ὑποσχεῖν.. δίδονται, καὶ τἀδικήμαθ' ἕωλα.. ὡς ὑμᾶς καὶ ψύχρ' ἀφικνεῖται, τῶν δ' ἄλλων ἡμῶν ἕκαστος π. κρίνεται the cases of us poor men are served up fresh, D.21.112; νεαλὴς καὶ π. fresh (because recently imprisoned), Id.25.61.

3 new,

οὐκ ἔστι πᾶν π. ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον LXX Ec.1.9

; οὐκ ἔσται ἐν σοὶ θεὸς π. ib.Ps.80(81).10;

ὁδὸν π. καὶ ζῶσαν Ep.Hebr.10.20

;

ἀεὶ ἡδίων ἡ π. ἀφροδίτη Alciphr.1.39

.

II Adv. - τως newly, lately,

π. ἠγγελμένων Aen.Tact.16.2

, cf. LXX De.24.5, OGI315.23 (Pessinus, ii B.C.), Parth.28.1, D.S.14.115, J.BJ1.6.2, Babr.30.3, Anon.Hist. ( FGrH 153) p.826 J. (Orig. = νεωστὶ ἀνῃρημένος (cf. πέφαται, etc.) acc. to Phot.; perh. slaughtered for (the occasion).)

ὡς (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) relative adv. of the relative pron. ὅς. It is used as

① a comparative particle, marking the manner in which someth. proceeds, as, like

ⓐ corresponding to οὕτως=‘so, in such a way’: σωθήσεται, οὕτως ὡς διὰ πυρός he will be saved, (but only) in such a way as (one, in an attempt to save oneself, must go) through fire (and therefore suffer fr. burns) 1 Cor 3:15. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα οὕτως ἀγαπάτω ὡς ἑαυτόν Eph 5:33; cp. vs. 28. ἡμέρα κυρίου ὡς κλέπτης οὕτως ἔρχεται 1 Th 5:2. The word οὕτως can also be omitted ἀσφαλίσασθε ὡς οἴδατε make it as secure as you know how = as you can Mt 27:65. ὡς οὐκ οἶδεν αὐτός (in such a way) as he himself does not know = he himself does not know how, without his knowing (just) how Mk 4:27. ὡς ἀνῆκεν (in such a way) as is fitting Col 3:18. Cp. 4:4; Eph 6:20; Tit 1:5 (cp. Just., A I, 3, 1 ὡς πρέπον ἐστίν). ὡς πᾶσα γυνὴ γεννᾷ GJs 11:2; ὡς ἀπεκαλύφθη AcPlCor 1:8.

ⓑ special uses

α. in ellipses (TestAbr A 12 p. 90, 22 [Stone p. 28] θρόνος … ἐξαστράπτων ὡς πῦρ; TestJob 20:3 χρήσασθαι … ὡς ἐβούλετο; JosAs 12:7 πρὸς σὲ κατέφυγον ὡς παιδίον ἐπὶ τὸν πατέρα) ἐλάλουν ὡς νήπιος I used to speak as a child (is accustomed to speak) 1 Cor 13:11a; cp. bc; Mk 10:15; Eph 6:6a; Phil 2:22; Col 3:22. ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς περιπατεῖτε walk as (is appropriate for) children of light Eph 5:8; cp. 6:6b. ὡς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ as (it is one’s duty to walk) in the daylight Ro 13:13. The Israelites went through the Red Sea ὡς διὰ ξηρᾶς γῆς as (one travels) over dry land Hb 11:29. οὐ λέγει ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐφʼ ἑνός he speaks not as one would of a plurality (s. ἐπί 8), but as of a single thing Gal 3:16.—Ro 15:15; 1 Pt 5:3. Also referring back to οὕτως (GrBar 6:16 ὡς γὰρ τὰ δίστομα οὕτως καὶ ὁ ἀλέκτωρ μηνύει τοῖς ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ like articulate beings the rooster informs earth’s inhabitants) οὕτως τρέχω ὡς οὐκ ἀδήλως I run as (a person) with a fixed goal 1 Cor 9:26a. Cp. ibid. b; Js 2:12.

β. ὡς and the words that go w. it can be the subj. or obj., of a clause: γενηθήτω σοι ὡς θέλεις let it be done (= it will be done) for you as you wish Mt 15:28. Cp. 8:13; Lk 14:22 v.l. (for ὅ; cp. ὡς τὸ θέλημά σου OdeSol 11:21). The predicate belonging to such a subj. is to be supplied in οὐχ ὡς ἐγὼ θέλω (γενηθήτω) Mt 26:39a.—ἐποίησεν ὡς προσέταξεν αὐτῷ ὁ ἄγγελος he did as (= that which) the angel commanded him (to do) Mt 1:24; cp. 26:19 (on the structure s. RPesch, BZ 10, ’66, 220–45; 11, ’67, 79–95; cp. the formula Job 42:9 and the contrasting negation Ex 1:17; s. also Ex 3:21f); 28:15.—Practically equivalent to ὅ, which is a v.l. for it Mk 14:72 (JBirdsall, NovT 2, ’58, 272–75; cp. Lk 14:22 above).

γ. ἕκαστος ὡς each one as or according to what Ro 12:3; 1 Cor 3:5; 7:17ab; Rv 22:12. ὡς ἦν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος each person interpreted them as best each could Papias (2:16).

δ. in indirect questions (X., Cyr. 1, 5, 11 ἀπαίδευτοι ὡς χρὴ συμμάχοις χρῆσθαι) ἐξηγοῦντο ὡς ἐγνώσθη αὐτοῖς ἐν τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου they told how he had made himself known to them when they broke bread together Lk 24:35. Cp. Mk 12:26 v.l. (for πῶς); Lk 8:47; 23:55; Ac 10:38; 20:20; Ro 11:2; 2 Cor 7:15.

② a conjunction marking a point of comparison, as. This ‘as’ can have a ‘so’ expressly corresponding to it or not, as the case may be; further, both sides of the comparison can be expressed in complete clauses, or one or even both may be abbreviated.

ⓐ ὡς is correlative w. οὕτως=so. οὕτως … ὡς (so, in such a way) … as: οὐδέποτε ἐλάλησεν οὕτως ἄνθρωπος ὡς οὗτος λαλεῖ ὁ ἄνθρωπος J 7:46. ὡς … οὕτως Ac 8:32 (Is 53:7); 23:11; Ro 5:15 (ὡς τὸ παράπτωμα, οὕτως καὶ τὸ χάρισμα, both halves to be completed), 18. ὡς κοινωνοί ἐστε τῶν παθημάτων, οὕτως καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως as you are comrades in suffering, so (shall you be) in comfort as well 2 Cor 1:7. Cp. 7:14; 11:3 v.l.—ὡς … καί as … so (Plut., Mor. 39e; Ath. 15, 2) Mt 6:10; Ac 7:51; 2 Cor 13:2; Gal 1:9; Phil 1:20.

ⓑ The clause beginning w. ὡς can easily be understood and supplied in many cases; when this occurs, the noun upon which the comparison depends can often stand alone, and in these cases ὡς acts as a particle denoting comparison. οἱ δίκαιοι ἐκλάμψουσιν ὡς ὁ ἥλιος the righteous will shine out as the sun (shines) Mt 13:43. ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν ἐξήλθατε συλλαβεῖν με as (one goes out) against a robber, (so) you have gone out to arrest me 26:55 (Mel., P. 79, 574 ὡς ἐπὶ φόνιον λῄστην). γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι ὡς οἱ ὄφεις be (as) wise as serpents (are) 10:16b. Cp. Lk 12:27; 21:35; 22:31; J 15:6; 2 Ti 2:17; 1 Pt 5:8.

ⓒ Semitic infl. is felt in the manner in which ὡς, combined w. a subst., takes the place of a subst. or an adj.

α. a substantive

א. as subj. (cp. Da 7:13 ὡς υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἤρχετο; cp. 10:16, 18) ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου (ἦν) ὡς θάλασσα ὑαλίνη before the throne there was something like a sea of glass Rv 4:6. Cp. 8:8; 9:7a. ἀφʼ ἑνὸς ἐγενήθησαν ὡς ἡ ἄμμος from one man they have come into being as the sand, i.e. countless descendants Hb 11:12.

ב. as obj. (JosAs 17:6 εἶδεν Ἀσενὲθ ὡς ἅρμα πυρός) ᾂδουσιν ὡς ᾠδὴν καινήν they were singing, as it were, a new song Rv 14:3. ἤκουσα ὡς φωνήν I heard what sounded like a shout 19:1, 6abc; cp. 6:1.

β. as adjective, pred. (mostly εἶναι, γίνεσθαι ὡς; the latter also in rendering of ךְּ to express the basic reality of something: GDelling, Jüd. Lehre u. Frömmigkeit ’67, p. 58, on ParJer 9:7) ἐὰν μὴ γένησθε ὡς τὰ παιδία if you do not become child-like Mt 18:3. ὡς ἄγγελοί εἰσιν they are similar to angels 22:30. πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος 1 Pt 1:24. Cp. Mk 6:34; 12:25; Lk 22:26ab; Ro 9:27 (Is 10:22); 29a (Is 1:9a); 1 Cor 4:13; 7:7f, 29–31; 9:20f; 2 Pt 3:8ab (Ps 89:4); Rv 6:12ab al. (cp. GrBar 14:1 ἐγένετο φωνὴ ὡς βροντή). Sim. also ποίησόν με ὡς ἕνα τῶν μισθίων σου treat me like one of your day laborers Lk 15:19.—The adj. or adjectival expr. for which this form stands may be used as an attribute πίστιν ὡς κόκκον σινάπεως faith like a mustard seed=faith no greater than a tiny mustard seed Mt 17:20; Lk 17:6. προφήτης ὡς εἷς τῶν προφητῶν Mk 6:15. Cp. Ac 3:22; 7:37 (both Dt 18:15); 10:11; 11:5. ἐγένετο ὡς εἷς τῶν φευγόντων AcPl Ha 5, 18. ἀρνίον ὡς ἐσφαγμένον a lamb that appeared to have been slaughtered Rv 5:6.—In expressions like τρίχας ὡς τρίχας γυναικῶν 9:8a the second τρίχας can be omitted as self-evident (Ps 54:7 v.l.): ἡ φωνὴ ὡς σάλπιγγος 4:1; cp. 1:10; 9:8b; 13:2a; 14:2c; 16:3.

ⓓ other noteworthy uses

α. ὡς as can introduce an example ὡς καὶ Ἠλίας ἐποίησεν Lk 9:54 v.l.; cp. 1 Pt 3:6; or, in the combination ὡς γέγραπται, a scripture quotation Mk 1:2 v.l.; 7:6; Lk 3:4; Ac 13:33; cp. Ro 9:25; or even an authoritative human opinion Ac 17:28; 22:5; 25:10; or any other decisive reason Mt 5:48; 6:12 (ὡς καί).

β. ὡς introduces short clauses: ὡς εἰώθει as his custom was Mk 10:1. Cp. Hs 5, 1, 2. ὡς λογίζομαι as I think 1 Pt 5:12. ὡς ἐνομίζετο as was supposed Lk 3:23 (Diog. L. 3, 2 ὡς Ἀθήνησιν ἦν λόγος [about Plato’s origin]; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 32 [Stone p. 12] ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ; Just., A I, 6, 2 ὡς ἐδιδάχθημεν). ὡς ἦν as he was Mk 4:36. ὡς ἔφην Papias (2:15) (ApcMos 42; cp. Just., A I, 21, 6 ὡς προέφημεν).

γ. The expr. οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ὡς ἄνθρωπος βάλῃ τὸν σπόρον Mk 4:26 may well exhibit colloquial syntax; but some think that ἄν (so one v.l. [=ἐάν, which is read by many mss.]) once stood before ἄνθρωπος and was lost inadvertently. S. the comm., e.g. EKlostermann, Hdb. z. NT⁴ ’50 ad loc.; s. also Jülicher, Gleichn. 539; B-D-F §380, 4; Mlt. 185 w. notes; Rdm.² 154; Rob. 928; 968.

③ marker introducing the perspective from which a pers., thing, or activity is viewed or understood as to character, function, or role, as

ⓐ w. focus on quality, circumstance, or role

α. as (JosAs 26:7 ἔγνω … Λευὶς … ταῦτα πάντα ὡς προφήτης; Just., A I, 7, 4 ἵνα ὡς ἄδικος κολάζηται) τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι; why am I still being condemned as a sinner? Ro 3:7. ὡς σοφὸς ἀρχιτέκτων 1 Cor 3:10. ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη as newborn children (in reference to desire for maternal milk) 1 Pt 2:2. μή τις ὑμῶν πασχέτω ὡς φονεύς 4:15a; cp. b, 16.—1:14; 1 Cor 7:25; 2 Cor 6:4; Eph 5:1; Col 3:12; 1 Th 2:4, 7a.—In the oblique cases, genitive (ApcSed 16:2 ὡς νέου αὐτοῦ ἐπαράβλεπον τὰ πταίσματα αὐτοῦ; Just., A I, 14, 4 ὑμέτερον ἔστω ὡς δυνατῶν βασιλέων): τιμίῳ αἵματι ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου Χριστοῦ with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish 1 Pt 1:19. δόξαν ὡς μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρός glory as of an only-begotten son, coming from the Father J 1:14. Cp. Hb 12:27. Dative (Ath. 14, 2 θύουσιν ὡς θεοῖς; 28, 3 πιστεύειν ὡς μυθοποιῷ; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Κυνόσαργες: Ἡρακλεῖ ὡς θεῷ θύων): λαλῆσαι ὑμῖν ὡς πνευματικοῖς 1 Cor 3:1a; cp. bc; 10:15; 2 Cor 6:13; Hb 12:5; 1 Pt 2:13f; 3:7ab; 2 Pt 1:19. Accusative (JosAs 22:8 ἠγάπα αὐτὸν ὡς ἄνδρα προφήτην; Just., A I, 4, 4 τὸ ὄνομα ὡς ἔλεγχον λαμβάνετε; Tat. 27, 1 ὡς ἀθεωτάτους ἡμᾶς ἐκκηρύσσετε; Ath. 16, 4 οὐ προσκυνῶ αὐτὰ ὡς θεοὺς): οὐχ ὡς θεὸν ἐδόξασαν Ro 1:21; 1 Cor 4:14; 8:7; Tit 1:7; Phlm 16; Hb 6:19; 11:9. παρακαλῶ ὡς παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους 1 Pt 2:11 (from the perspective of their conversion experience the recipients of the letter are compared to temporary residents and disenfranchised foreigners, cp. the imagery 1 Pt 1:19 above and s. παρεπίδημος and πάροικος 2).—This is prob. also the place for ὸ̔ ἐὰν ποιῆτε, ἐργάζεσθε ὡς τῷ κυρίῳ whatever you have to do, do it as work for the Lord Col 3:23. Cp. Eph 5:22. εἴ τις λαλεῖ ὡς λόγια θεοῦ if anyone preaches, (let the pers. do so) as if (engaged in proclaiming the) words of God 1 Pt 4:11a; cp. ibid. b; 2 Cor 2:17bc; Eph 6:5, 7.

β. ὡς w. ptc. gives the reason for an action as one who, because (X., Cyr. 7, 5, 13 κατεγέλων τῆς πολιορκίας ὡς ἔχοντες τὰ ἐπιτήδεια; Appian, Liby. 56 §244 μέμφεσθαι τοῖς θεοῖς ὡς ἐπιβουλεύουσι=as being hostile; Polyaenus 2, 1, 1; 3, 10, 3 ὡς ἔχων=just as if he had; TestAbr B 8 p. 112, 17 [Stone p. 72] ὡς αὐτῷ ὄντι φίλῳ μου (do it for) him [Abraham] as a friend of mine; TestJob 17:5 καθʼ ἡμῶν ὡς τυραννούντων against us as though we were tyrants; ApcMos 23 ὡς νομίζοντες on the assumption that (we would not be discovered); Jos., Ant. 1, 251; Ath. 16, 1 ὁ δὲ κόσμος οὐχ ὡς δεομένου τοῦ θεοῦ γέγονεν; SIG 1168, 35); Paul says: I appealed to the Emperor οὐχ ὡς τοῦ ἔθνους μου ἔχων τι κατηγορεῖν not that I had any charge to bring against my (own) people Ac 28:19 (PCairZen 44, 23 [257 B.C.] οὐχ ὡς μενῶν=not as if it were my purpose to remain there). ὡς foll. by the gen. abs. ὡς τὰ πάντα ἡμῖν τῆς θείας δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ δεδωρημένης because his divine power has granted us everything 2 Pt 1:3. Cp. Dg. 5:16.—Only in isolated instances does ὡς show causal force when used w. a finite verb for, seeing that (PLeid 16, 1, 20; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 17, 2, end, Vit. Auct. 25; Aesop, Fab. 109 P.=148 H.; 111 H-H.: ὡς εὐθέως ἐξελεύσομαι=because; Tetrast. Iamb. 1, 6, 3; Nicetas Eugen. 6, 131 H. Cp. Herodas 10, 3: ὡς=because [with the copula ‘is’ to be supplied]) Mt 6:12 (ὡς καί as Mk 7:37 v.l.; TestDan 3:1 v.l.; the parallel Lk 11:4 has γάρ). AcPlCor 1:6 ὡς οὖν ὁ κύριος ἠλέησεν ἡμᾶς inasmuch as the Lord has shown us mercy (by permitting us). So, more oft., καθώς (q.v. 3).

γ. ὡς before the predicate acc. or nom. w. certain verbs functions pleonastically and further contributes to the aspect of perspective ὡς προφήτην ἔχουσιν τὸν Ἰωάννην Mt 21:26. Cp. Lk 16:1. λογίζεσθαί τινα ὡς foll. by acc. look upon someone as 1 Cor 4:1; 2 Cor 10:2 (for this pass. s. also c below). Cp. 2 Th 3:15ab; Phil 2:7; Js 2:9.

ⓑ w. focus on a conclusion existing only in someone’s imagination or based solely on someone’s assertion (PsSol 8:30; Jos., Bell. 3, 346; Just., A I, 27, 5; Mel., P. 58, 422) προσηνέγκατέ μοι τὸν ἄνθρωπον τοῦτον ὡς ἀποστρέφοντα τὸν λαόν, καὶ ἰδοὺ … you have brought this fellow before me as one who (as you claim) is misleading the people, and now … Lk 23:14. τί καυχᾶσαι ὡς μὴ λαβών; why do you boast, as though you (as you think) had not received? 1 Cor 4:7. Cp. Ac 3:12; 23:15, 20; 27:30. ὡς μὴ ἐρχομένου μου as though I were not coming (acc. to their mistaken idea) 1 Cor 4:18. ὡς μελλούσης τῆς πόλεως αἴρεσθαι assuming that the city was being destroyed AcPl Ha 5, 16.

ⓒ w. focus on what is objectively false or erroneous ἐπιστολὴ ὡς διʼ ἡμῶν a letter (falsely) alleged to be from us 2 Th 2:2a (Diod S 33, 5, 5 ἔπεμψαν ὡς παρὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐπιστολήν they sent a letter which purported to come from the emissaries; Diog. L. 10:3 falsified ἐπιστολαὶ ὡς Ἐπικούρου; Just., A, II, 5, 5 ὡς ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ σπορᾷ γενομένους υἱούς). τοὺς λογιζομένους ἡμᾶς ὡς κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦντας 2 Cor 10:2 (s. also aγ above). Cp. 11:17; 13:7. Israel wishes to become righteous οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐξ ἔργων not through faith but through deeds (the latter way being objectively wrong) Ro 9:32 (Rdm.² 26f). ὡς ἐκ παραδόσεως ἀγράφου εἰς αὐτὸν ἥκοντα (other matters he recounts) as having reached him through unwritten tradition (Eus. about Papias) Papias (2:11).

④ conj., marker of result in connection with indication of purpose=ὥστε so that (Trag., Hdt.+, though nearly always w. the inf.; so also POxy 1040, 11; PFlor 370, 10; Wsd 5:12; TestJob 39:7; ApcMos 38; Jos., Ant. 12, 229; Just., A I, 56, 2; Tat. 12, 2. W. the indic. X., Cyr. 5, 4, 11 οὕτω μοι ἐβοήθησας ὡς σέσῳσμαι; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 8, 7 p. 324, 25f; Jos., Bell. 3, 343; Ath. 15, 3; 22, 2) Hb 3:11; 4:3 (both Ps 94:11). ὡς αὐτὸν καθόλου τὸ φῶς μὴ βλέπειν Papias (3:2) (s. φῶς 1a). ὡς πάντας ἄχθεσθαι (s. ἄχθομαι) AcPl Ha 4, 14. ὡς πάντας … ἀγαλλιᾶσθαι 6, 31 al.

⑤ marker of discourse content, that, the fact that after verbs of knowing, saying (even introducing direct discourse: Maximus Tyr. 5:4f), hearing, etc.=ὅτι that (X., An. 1, 3, 5; Menand., Sam. 590 S. [245 Kö.]; Aeneas Tact. 402; 1342; PTebt 10, 6 [119 B.C.]; 1 Km 13:11; EpArist; Philo, Op. M. 9; Jos., Ant. 7, 39; 9, 162; 15, 249 al.; Just., A I, 60, 2; Tat. 39, 2; 41, 1; Ath. 30, 4.—ORiemann, RevPhilol n.s. 6, 1882, 73–75; HKallenberg, RhM n.s. 68, 1913, 465–76; B-D-F §396) ἀναγινώσκειν Mk 12:26 v.l. (for πῶς); Lk 6:4 (w. πῶς as v.l.). μνησθῆναι Lk 24:6 (D ὅσα); cp. 22:61 (=Lat. quomodo, as in ms. c of the Old Itala; cp. Plautus, Poen. 3, 1, 54–56). ἐπίστασθαι (Jos., Ant. 7, 372) Ac 10:28; 20:18b v.l. (for πῶς). εἰδέναι (MAI 37, 1912, 183 [= Kl. T. 110, 81, 10] ἴστε ὡς [131/132 A.D.]) 1 Th 2:11a. μάρτυς ὡς Ro 1:9; Phil 1:8; 1 Th 2:10.—ὡς ὅτι s. ὅτι 5b.

⑥ w. numerals, a degree that approximates a point on a scale of extent, about, approximately, nearly (Hdt., Thu. et al.; PAmh 72, 12; PTebt 381, 4 [VSchuman, ClW 28, ’34/35, 95f: pap]; Jos., Ant. 6, 95; Ruth 1:4; 1 Km 14:2; TestJob 31:2; JosAs 1:6) ὡς δισχίλιοι Mk 5:13. Cp. 8:9; Lk 1:56; 8:42; J 1:39; 4:6; 6:10, 19; 19:14, 39; 21:8; Ac 4:4; 5:7, 36; 13:18, 20; 27:37 v.l. (Hemer, Acts 149 n. 140); Rv 8:1.

⑦ a relatively high point on a scale involving exclamation, how! (X., Cyr. 1, 3, 2 ὦ μῆτερ, ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος! Himerius, Or. 54 [=Or. 15], 1 ὡς ἡδύ μοι τὸ θέατρον=how pleasant … ! Ps 8:2; 72:1; TestJob 7:12) ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων ἀγαθά Ro 10:15 (cp. Is 52:7). Cp. 11:33. ὡς μεγάλη μοι ἡ σήμερον ἡμέρα GJs 19:2.

⑧ temporal conjunction (B-D-F §455, 2; 3; Harnack, SBBerlAk 1908, 392).

ⓐ w. the aor. when, after (Hom., Hdt. et al.; Diod S 14, 80, 1; pap [POxy 1489, 4 al.]; LXX; TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 6 [Stone p. 62]; JosAs 3:2; ParJer 3:1; ApcMos 22; Jos., Bell. 1, 445b; Just., D. 2, 4; 3, 1) ὡς ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι Lk 1:23. ὡς ἐγεύσατο ὁ ἀρχιτρίκλινος J 2:9.—Lk 1:41, 44; 2:15, 39; 4:25; 5:4; 7:12; 15:25; 19:5; 22:66; 23:26; J 4:1, 40; 6:12, 16; 7:10; 11:6, 20, 29, 32f; 18:6; 19:33; 21:9; Ac 5:24; 10:7, 25; 13:29; 14:5; 16:10, 15; 17:13; 18:5; 19:21; 21:1, 12; 22:25; 27:1, 27; 28:4. AcPl Ha 3, 20.

ⓑ w. pres. or impf. while, when, as long as (Menand., Fgm. 538, 2 K. ὡς ὁδοιπορεῖς; Cyrill. Scyth. [VI A.D.] ed. ESchwartz ’39 p. 143, 1; 207, 22 ὡς ἔτι εἰμί=as long as I live) ὡς ὑπάγεις μετὰ τοῦ ἀντιδίκου σου while you are going with your opponent Lk 12:58. ὡς ἐλάλει ἡμῖν, ὡς διήνοιγεν ἡμῖν τὰς γραφάς while he was talking, while he was opening the scriptures to us 24:32.—J 2:23; 8:7; 12:35f ( as long as; cp. ἕως 2a); Ac 1:10; 7:23; 9:23; 10:17; 13:25; 19:9; 21:27; 25:14; Gal 6:10 ( as long as); 2 Cl 8:1; 9:7; IRo 2:2; ISm 9:1 (all four as long as).—ὡς w. impf., and in the next clause the aor. ind. w. the same subject (Diod S 15, 45, 4 ὡς ἐθεώρουν …, συνεστήσαντο ‘when [or ‘as soon as’] they noticed …, they put together [a fleet]’; SIG 1169, 58 ὡς ἐνεκάθευδε, εἶδε ‘while he was sleeping [or ‘when he went to sleep’] [in the temple] he saw [a dream or vision]’) Mt 28:9 v.l.; J 20:11; Ac 8:36; 16:4; 22:11.— Since (Soph., Oed. R. 115; Thu. 4, 90, 3) ὡς τοῦτο γέγονεν Mk 9:21.

ⓒ ὡς ἄν or ὡς ἐάν w. subjunctive of the time of an event in the future when, as soon as.

α. ὡς ἄν (Hyperid. 2, 43, 4; Herodas 5, 50; Lucian, Cronosolon 11; PHib 59, 1 [c. 245 B.C.] ὡς ἂν λάβῃς; UPZ 71, 18 [152 B.C.]; PTebt 26, 2. Cp. Witkowski 87; Gen 12:12; Josh 2:14; Is 8:21; Da 3:15 Theod.; Ath. 31, 3 [ἐάν Schwartz]) Ro 15:24; 1 Cor 11:34; Phil 2:23.

β. ὡς ἐάν (PFay 111, 16 [95/96 A.D.] ὡς ἐὰν βλέπῃς) 1 Cl 12:5f; Hv 3, 8, 9; 3, 13, 2.

ⓓ w. the superlative ὡς τάχιστα (a bookish usage; s. B-D-F §244, 1; Rob. 669) as quickly as possible Ac 17:15 (s. ταχέως 1c).

⑨ a final particle, expressing intention/purpose, with a view to, in order to

ⓐ w. subjunctive (Hom.+; TestAbr A 4 p. 80, 33 [Stone p. 8]; SibOr 3, 130; Synes., Hymni 3, 44 [NTerzaghi ’39]) ὡς τελειώσω in order that I might finish Ac 20:24 v.l. (s. Mlt. 249).

ⓑ w. inf. (X.; Arrian [very oft.: ABoehner, De Arriani dicendi genere, diss. Erlangen 1885 p. 56]; PGen 28, 12 [II A.D.]; ZPE 8, ’71, 177: letter of M. Ant. 57, cp. 44–46; 3 Macc 1:2; Joseph.; cp. the use of the opt. Just., D. 2, 3) Lk 9:52. ὡς τελειῶσαι Ac 20:24. ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν Hb 7:9 (s. ἔπος).

ⓒ used w. prepositions to indicate the direction intended (Soph., Thu., X. [Kühner-G. I 472 note 1]; Polyb. 1, 29, 1; LRadermacher, Philol 60, 1901, 495f) πορεύεσθαι ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν Ac 17:14 v.l.—WStählin, Symbolon, ’58, 99–104. S. also ὡσάν, ὡσαύτως, ὡσεί 2, ὥσπερ b, ὡσπερεί, ὥστε 2b. DELG. M-M.