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21 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
22 auxiliary
вспомогательное устройство; вспомогательный механизм; принадлежность; II вспомогательный; добавочный; подсобный; запасной- auxiliary air valve - auxiliary air winch - auxiliary alarm system - auxiliary amplifier - auxiliary application software - auxiliary arm - auxiliary arrangement - auxiliary battery - auxiliary board - auxiliary brake - auxiliary cab - auxiliary cathead winch - auxiliary chamber - auxiliary compressor - auxiliary connecting rod - auxiliary console - auxiliary control rod - auxiliary controller - auxiliary device - auxiliary discharge - auxiliary drilling bit bearing - auxiliary drive - auxiliary drive gear - auxiliary drum - auxiliary electromotive force - auxiliary engine - auxiliary equipment - auxiliary fan - auxiliary fittings - auxiliary frame - auxiliary fuel tank - auxiliary gear - auxiliary gearbox - auxiliary generator - auxiliary girder - auxiliary headlight - auxiliary heater - auxiliary heating method - auxiliary hoist - auxiliary housing - auxiliary instrument - auxiliary jet - auxiliary lamp - auxiliary leaf of spring - auxiliary load rope - auxiliary locking - auxiliary machinery - auxiliary manifold - auxiliary mass damper - auxiliary measuring instrument - auxiliary mechanism - auxiliary messenger - auxiliary mirror - auxiliary power - auxiliary power plant - auxiliary power supply - auxiliary power unit - auxiliary pump - auxiliary relay - auxiliary seat - auxiliary shaft - auxiliary shop - auxiliary spark gap - auxiliary spring - auxiliary stop light - auxiliary tank - auxiliary tool - auxiliary track - auxiliary traffic lane - auxiliary transmission - auxiliary unit - auxiliary ventilation - battery auxiliaries - electrical auxiliaries - self-contained auxiliary -
23 reading
показание (прибора); отсчёт (показаний по шкале); чтение; считывание; воспроизведение (напр. показаний); регистрация; снятие показаний; отсчёт- reading accuracy - reading apparatus - reading capacity - reading circuit - reading coil - reading contact - reading face - reading field - reading from-to chart - reading head - reading micrometer - reading of an instrument - reading on face - reading speed - reading spread - A-weighted reading - average reading - circle reading - direct reading - direct-angle reading - dynamic reading - gage reading - gaged reading - indicator reading - instantaneous reading - instrument reading - meter reading - micrometer dial reading - minimum obtainable reading - mirror reading - monthly reading - nondestructive reading - off-scale reading - out-of-tolerance reading - photoelectric reading - pulse reading - raw reading - remote reading - rough reading - scale reading - staff reading - take reading - take reading by estimation - thermometer reading - torque reading - total indicator reading - vernier reading - zero reading -
24 arrangement
расположение в определённом порядке; система размещения [расположения]; компоновка; ( аэродинамическая) схема; планировка; переделка, приспособление; монтаж; устройство; pl. приготовления; мероприятия; планыmultiple arrangement of engines — группа [связка] двигателей
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25 pattern
1) рисунок; изображение; узор; картина; рельеф || формировать рисунок или изображение2) образ4) лекало5) метал. форма6) моделировать; копировать7) вчт. графический шаблон8) мн. ч. аппликации( в ЦМД ЗУ)12) схема; диаграмма13) сетка ( размещения скважин)14) диаграмма направленности ( антенны)15) рентгенограмма16) схема (сейсмической) группы; (сейсмическая) группа; расстановка в (сейсмической) группе17) последовательность ( импульсов)18) код; кодовая комбинация20) промежуточный оригинал ( фотошаблона)•-
abrasion pattern
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acoustic pattern
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aerial search pattern
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air traffic pattern
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annular drainage pattern
-
antenna pattern
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approach traffic pattern
-
approved pattern
-
arborescent pattern
-
azimuth pattern
-
back-reflection Laue pattern
-
backscattering pattern
-
bar test pattern
-
bar pattern
-
basic pattern
-
beam pattern
-
behavioral pattern
-
bidirectional pattern
-
bit pattern
-
blasthole pattern
-
block pattern
-
bubble patterns
-
buckle pattern
-
camera-scanning pattern
-
cardioid pattern
-
casting pattern
-
centrifugal drainage pattern
-
charge pattern
-
charging pattern
-
checkerboard pattern
-
chip pattern
-
circuit pattern
-
circular pattern
-
circulation pattern
-
circumferential rib tread pattern
-
code pattern
-
color pattern
-
color-bar test pattern
-
color-bar pattern
-
columnar freezing pattern
-
completely atomized spray pattern
-
concentrated ring pattern
-
conductor pattern
-
confronted drainage pattern
-
consumable pattern
-
contact pattern
-
coverage pattern
-
crack pattern
-
crosshatch pattern
-
cross-polarized pattern
-
cross-polar pattern
-
crystal pattern
-
dark streak pattern
-
dendritic drainage pattern
-
dendritic pattern
-
diamond tread pattern
-
diamond-shaped well pattern
-
difference pattern
-
diffraction pattern
-
directional pattern
-
direction pattern
-
directional radiation pattern
-
directive pattern
-
domain pattern
-
dot pattern
-
drafting pattern
-
drainage pattern
-
drilling pattern
-
electron transmission diffraction pattern
-
electron-diffraction pattern
-
electrostatic-charge pattern
-
E-plane pattern
-
error pattern
-
etch pattern
-
eye pattern
-
fan pattern
-
feed pattern
-
field distribution pattern
-
field pattern
-
fine speckle pattern
-
five-spot well pattern
-
flooding pattern
-
flood pattern
-
flow pattern
-
flux pattern
-
four-spot well pattern
-
fracture pattern
-
fracture radiation pattern
-
freckle pattern
-
fringe pattern
-
geophone pattern
-
grain pattern
-
ground grip tread pattern
-
ground-echo pattern
-
ground-wave pattern
-
growth pattern
-
H hum pattern
-
hail pattern
-
heating pattern
-
hexagonal well pattern
-
holding pattern
-
holdsite pattern
-
hole pattern
-
holographic pattern
-
horizontal deflection spray pattern
-
H-plane pattern
-
idle pattern
-
ignition pattern
-
illumination pattern
-
image pattern
-
industrial pattern
-
ingot pattern
-
intarsia pattern
-
interconnection pattern
-
interdigital pattern
-
interference pattern
-
interlocking pattern
-
investment pattern
-
isobaric pattern
-
laminate pattern
-
lattice drainage pattern
-
layout pattern
-
lead pattern
-
light pattern
-
line pattern
-
line well pattern
-
Lissajous patterns
-
load pattern
-
loading pattern
-
lobed pattern
-
lost pattern
-
low sidelobe pattern
-
magnetic field pattern
-
magnetization pattern
-
master pattern
-
match-all pattern
-
match-plate pattern
-
metallization pattern
-
metal pattern
-
mirror repeat jacquard pattern
-
mode pattern
-
moire pattern
-
movement pattern
-
multibasinal drainage pattern
-
multiple pattern
-
negative pattern
-
nine-spot well pattern
-
nodal pattern
-
noise pattern
-
notched pattern
-
nulled pattern
-
optical pattern
-
oscilloscope pattern
-
parallel drainage pattern
-
pattern of end or side crops
-
pattern of measuring instrument
-
pattern of wear
-
pencil-beam pattern
-
permalloy propagation patterns
-
permalloy patterns
-
photoetched pattern
-
polarization pattern
-
positive pattern
-
potential pattern
-
powder pattern
-
pressure pattern
-
primary pattern
-
printed-circuit pattern
-
pseudorandom pattern
-
pulse pattern
-
quiescent pattern
-
race track holding pattern
-
radial drainage pattern
-
radial drilling pattern
-
radiation pattern
-
rainfall pattern
-
raster pattern
-
rectangular approach traffic pattern
-
rectangular drainage pattern
-
reference pattern
-
reflected scattering pattern
-
resolution pattern
-
rigid cycle pattern
-
river-system pattern
-
rolling pattern
-
rotating crystal pattern
-
routing pattern
-
runback pattern
-
scan pattern
-
scattering pattern
-
screen pattern
-
screen-type pattern
-
secondary pattern
-
sector-shaped pattern
-
selected area diffraction pattern
-
shaped pattern
-
shot pattern
-
sound pattern
-
space pattern
-
speaker reference pattern
-
speckle pattern
-
spidery interconnection pattern
-
spiral repeat jacquard pattern
-
split pattern
-
spray pattern
-
square well pattern
-
stacking pattern
-
staggered line well pattern
-
staggered well pattern
-
stitch transfer pattern
-
straight repeat jacquard pattern
-
stream pattern
-
stress pattern
-
support pattern
-
synchronization pattern
-
takeoff pattern
-
teeth row to row pattern
-
temperature pattern
-
temporary pattern
-
test pattern
-
traffic pattern
-
training pattern
-
transmission pattern
-
tread pattern
-
tree pattern
-
trellis drainage pattern
-
triangular well pattern
-
two-dimensional pattern
-
type test pattern
-
unidentifiable flow pattern
-
vocabulary reference pattern
-
wafer pattern
-
wave pattern
-
wear pattern
-
weather pattern
-
wedge pattern
-
well pattern
-
Widmanstatten pattern
-
wiring pattern
-
word pattern
-
X-ray diffraction pattern
-
X-ray pattern -
26 pachometer
1) Общая лексика: пахометр, (pachymeter) пахометр (Прибор для измерения незначительных толщин. A pachometer or pachymeter is an instrument used for measuring thickness such as the tickness of the glass of a mirror, or the thickness of paper.)2) Медицина: прибор для измерения толщины роговицы -
27 pachometer(pachymeter)
Общая лексика: пахометр (Прибор для измерения незначительных толщин. A pachometer or pachymeter is an instrument used for measuring thickness such as the tickness of the glass of a mirror, or the thickness of paper.)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > pachometer(pachymeter)
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28 scale
1) шкала2) масштаб || масштабировать; изменять масштаб; преобразовывать масштаб3) микр. степень интеграции4) градация; ступень; уровень || испытывать градационные изменения; изменяться ступенчатым образом; переходить с одного уровня на другой5) инструмент с измерительной шкалой || пользоваться измерительной шкалой8) вчт система счисления; шкала (напр. десятичная)9) весы; чашка весов || взвешивать10) окалина; накипь•- scale of comparisonscale view — изменять масштаб при просмотре (напр. графической и текстовой информации на экране дисплея)
- scale of measurement
- scale of probability
- absolute scale
- absolute scale of temperature
- aligning scale
- angular scale
- arbitrary scale
- atomic scale
- attitude scale
- Beaufort scale
- binary scale
- Bogardus scale
- calibration scale
- chromatic scale
- comparison scale
- continuous scale
- decimal scale
- dial scale
- difference scale
- direct-reading scale
- discrete scale
- equidistant scale
- expanded scale
- exposure scale
- extended tuning scale
- Fahrenheit scale
- flat-disk scale
- focusing scale
- full scale
- gray scale
- hue scale
- illuminated scale
- image scale
- impairment scale
- instrument scale
- integration scale
- international temperature scale
- interval scale
- inverse scale
- Kelvin scale of temperature
- linear scale
- logarithmic scale
- log-log scale
- loudness scale
- magnetic scale
- meter scale
- mirror scale
- Mohs scale
- nominal scale
- nonlinear scale
- nonuniform scale
- numerical scale
- optical scale
- ordinal scale
- percentile scale
- photometric scale
- physical scale
- precision scale
- projection scale
- proportional scale
- quality scale
- rank scale
- ratio scale
- Réaumur scale
- receiver tuning scale
- reciprocal scale
- reference scale
- relative scale
- semi-log scale
- semilogarithmic scale
- standard scale
- subjective grading scale
- temperature scale
- thermodynamic temperature scale
- tone scale
- uniform scale
- value scale
- vernier scale
- vertical scale
- Vickers scale
- wind scale -
29 scale
1) шкала2) масштаб || масштабировать; изменять масштаб; преобразовывать масштаб3) микр. степень интеграции4) градация; ступень; уровень || испытывать градационные изменения; изменяться ступенчатым образом; переходить с одного уровня на другой5) инструмент с измерительной шкалой || пользоваться измерительной шкалой8) вчт. система счисления; шкала (напр. десятичная)9) весы; чашка весов || взвешивать10) окалина; накипь•- absolute scalescale view — изменять масштаб при просмотре (напр. графической и текстовой информации на экране дисплея)
- aligning scale
- angular scale
- arbitrary scale
- atomic scale
- attitude scale
- Beaufort scale
- binary scale
- Bogardus scale
- calibration scale
- chromatic scale
- comparison scale
- continuous scale
- decimal scale
- dial scale
- difference scale
- direct-reading scale
- discrete scale
- equidistant scale
- expanded scale
- exposure scale
- extended tuning scale
- Fahrenheit scale
- flat-disk scale
- focusing scale
- full scale
- gray scale
- hue scale
- illuminated scale
- image scale
- impairment scale
- instrument scale
- integration scale
- international temperature scale
- interval scale
- inverse scale
- Kelvin scale of temperature
- linear scale
- logarithmic scale
- log-log scale
- loudness scale
- magnetic scale
- meter scale
- mirror scale
- Mohs scale
- nominal scale
- nonlinear scale
- nonuniform scale
- numerical scale
- optical scale
- ordinal scale
- percentile scale
- photometric scale
- physical scale
- precision scale
- projection scale
- proportional scale
- quality scale
- rank scale
- ratio scale
- Réaumur scale
- receiver tuning scale
- reciprocal scale
- reference scale
- relative scale
- scale of alephs
- scale of comparison
- scale of measurement
- scale of probability
- semi-log scale
- semilogarithmic scale
- standard scale
- subjective grading scale
- temperature scale
- thermodynamic temperature scale
- tone scale
- uniform scale
- value scale
- vernier scale
- vertical scale
- Vickers scale
- wind scaleThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > scale
-
30 reading
1) считывание2) отсчёт; показание ( прибора)3) pl данные•reading from-to chart — считывание и перенос ( данных) на технологическую карту
reading on bore — отсчёт по поверхности отверстия, отсчёт по поверхности цилиндрического отверстия
- A-weighted readingreading one block at a time — покадровое считывание (напр. УП)
- circle reading
- code-on carrier reading
- destructive reading
- direct reading
- direct-angle reading
- dynamic reading
- extreme readings
- gage reading
- gaged reading
- instrument reading
- joint angle readings
- maximum-and-minimum readings
- micrometer dial reading
- micron-accurate readings
- minimum obtainable reading
- mirror reading
- monthly reading
- nondestructive reading
- out-of-tolerance reading
- photoelectric reading
- pulse reading
- raw reading
- remote reading
- robot-joint-encoder readings
- rough reading
- scale reading
- staff reading
- torque reading
- vernier readingEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > reading
-
31 screw
1) винт; болт; шуруп || завинчивать; ввинчивать; скреплять винтами или болтами2) червяк; шнек3) винтовая линия || винтовой•to screw down — завинчивать; поджимать, поджимать винтом
to screw off — отвинчивать, свинчивать
- abutment screwto screw up — завинчивать; затягивать
- actuating screw
- actuator screw
- adjuster screw
- adjusting screw
- adjusting wedge screw
- Allen screw
- Allen set screw
- anchor screw
- anchoring screw
- attachment screw
- b.b. screw
- backup screw
- ball feed screw
- ball screw
- ball-bearing screw
- ball-jointed screw
- belt screw
- bevel-pointed screw
- binder screw
- black screw
- bleed screw
- bottle screw
- brake screw
- butterfly screw
- button-head screw
- cap screw
- capstan screw
- capstan-head screw
- capstan-headed screw
- carriage lock screw
- chamfer-pointed screw
- check screw
- cheese head screw
- clamp screw
- clamping screw
- clamp-up screw
- closing screw
- coarsely-pitched screw
- coarse-pitch screw
- collar head cap screw
- commercial screw
- compound screw
- compression screw
- cone point set screw
- cone-locking screw
- conical-nosed screw
- connecting screw
- countersunk screw
- coupler screw
- coupling screw
- cover screw
- cross-feed screw
- cross-lead screw
- cross-recessed head screw
- cross-slot head screw
- cross-slotted head screw
- cross-traverse screw
- cup head screw
- cup nibbed head screw
- cup point set screw
- cupped point set screw
- cutter blade screw
- dial screw
- differential screw
- dog point set screw
- double-ended threaded screw
- double-shoulder screw
- double-threaded screw
- downfeed screw
- drive screw
- driving screw
- eared screw
- eccentric screw
- ejection plate screw
- ejector screw
- elevating screw for adjusting the cross-rail
- endless screw
- engaging screw
- expansion screw
- eye screw
- fastening screw
- feed screw
- feeding screw
- female screw
- filister head screw
- filling screw
- fine pitch screw
- fine setting screw
- fitting screw
- fixing screw
- flange screw
- flat filister head screw
- flat head screw
- flat pivot point screw
- flat point set screw
- fluted socket screw
- fly screw
- fly-headed screw
- focusing screw
- foot screw
- forcing screw
- French head screw
- full dog point set screw
- gib screw
- governing screw
- grub screw
- guide screw
- half-bright screw
- half-dog point set screw
- hand screw
- headless screw
- head-operating screw
- helical screw
- hexagon set screw
- hexagon socket head screw
- hexagon socket set screw
- hexagon-head screw
- high-pitch screw
- Hindley screw
- hold-down screw
- holding screw
- hook screw
- horizontal feed screw
- hunter's screw
- inside screw
- instrument-headed screw
- jack screw
- knee-elevating screw
- knurled head screw
- knurled knob screw
- knurled thumb screw
- lag screw
- latch screw
- lead screw
- leading screw
- leveling screw
- limit screw
- lock screw
- locking screw
- longitudinal feed screw
- long-pitch screw
- low-head screw
- lubricating screw
- machine screws
- male screw
- master screw
- microadjustment screw with a graduated head
- micrometer adjustment screw
- micrometer screw
- micrometer-calibrated screw
- micrometer-dial screw
- milled screw
- mirror screw
- motion screw
- motion transmission screw
- mounting screw
- multiple-thread screw
- multiple-threaded screw
- multistart screw
- mushroom-headed screw
- odd-pitch screw
- oval binding head screw
- oval countersunk head screw
- oval filister head screw
- oval head screw
- oval point set screw
- oven head screw
- pan head screw
- perpetual screw
- piano head screw
- pinched-head wood screw
- pivot screw
- plain-ended screw
- plug screw
- pointed screw
- pointless screw
- positioning ball screw
- positioning screw
- power screw
- pressing screw
- pressure screw
- pressure-adjusting screw
- prestressed recirculating ball screw
- pretensioned ball screw
- pulling-off screw
- quadruple threaded screw
- quarter turn screw
- quill clamping screw
- rail-elevating screw
- raised cheese head screw
- raised countersunk head screw
- ram-positioning screw
- rapid screw
- reamed screw
- recirculating ball lead screw
- recirculating ball screw
- register screw
- retainer screw
- retaining screw
- retension screw
- rolled race ball screw
- rough screw
- round head screw
- saddle binder screw
- seat screw
- securing screw
- self-tapping screw
- semifinished screw
- set screw with cup point
- set screw with flat point
- set screw with full dog point
- set screw with half dog point and flat cone point
- set screw with waisted shank
- setting screw
- sharp screw
- shoulder screw
- shouldered screw
- single-shoulder screw
- single-threaded screw
- slipper screw
- slotted screw
- slotted set screw
- slotted-head screw
- small raised cheese head screw
- socket head screw
- splined screw
- square head screw
- square set screw
- stop screw
- straight knurled head screw
- stretching screw
- sunk screw
- support screw
- swivel screw
- table feed screw
- table screw
- table-traversing screw
- tapping screw
- telescope screw
- thread cutting screw
- thread forming screw
- thrust screw
- thumb screw
- tight fitting screw
- tightening-up screw
- tommy screw
- transfer screw
- translation screw
- transport ball screw
- traverse screw
- traversing screw
- truss head screw
- turnbuckle screw
- turned screw
- unfinished screw
- union screw
- universal screw
- vee threaded screw
- vertical feed screw
- volume-adjusting screw
- washer head screw
- wheel screw
- whitworth screw
- wing screw
- winged screw
- wood screw
- work-holding screw
- worm screwEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > screw
-
32 speculum
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33 system
система, совокупность; схема (оптическая); механизм, установка- Henry Draper system@system of astronomical constantsсистема астрономических постоянных@system of catalogueсистема каталога@system of cometsсистема комет@system of fundamental proper motionфундаментальная система собственных движений звезд@system of galaxiesсистема галактик@system of instrumentсистема инструмента@system of planetsпланетная система@system of referenceсистема коордиат@achromatic systemахроматическая система@antenna systemантенное устройство@astronomical coordinate systemсистема астрономических координат@binary systemдвойная система (звезд); двойная звезда@Cartesian systemдекартова система координат@catadioptric systemзеркально-линзовая оптическая система@close binary systemтесная двойная система (звезд)@continuous waves systemрадиолокатор с непрерывным излучением@control systemсистема управления (телескопом)@coordinate systemсистема координат@Copernican systemгелиоцентрическая система мира Коперника@Coude systemсистема Куде@declination-drive systemмеханизм привода (телескопа) по склонению@double systemдвойная система (галактик)@drive systemмеханизм привода (телескопа)@ecliptic systemэклиптическая система (координат)@elliptical systemэллиптическая звездная система; эллиптическая галактика@equatorial system1.экваториальная система координат 2.экваториальная [параллактическая] монтировка@extragalactic systemгалактика@fundamental systemфундаментальная система@fundamental coordinate systemфундаментальная система координат@galactic systemгалактическая система координат@geocentric systemгеоцентрическая система (мира)@Gregory systemсистема (телескопа) Грегори@HD systemсм. Henry Draper system@heliocentric systemгелиоцентрическая система (мира)@hour-angle drive systemмеханизм привода (телескопа) по часовому углу@Lick systemликская система (определения лучевых скростей)@lobe systemмноголепестковая диаграмма направленности@local systemместная система (звезд)@local system of hydrogenместная система (межзвездного) водорода@local reference systemлокальная система отсчета@local star systemместная система звезд@longitude systemдолготная система (на Юпитере)@magnitude systemсистема звездных величин@Maksutov systemсистема (телескопа) Максутова@Mersenne systemсистема (телескопа) Мерсенна@metering systemизмерительный прибор@Milky Way systemМлечный Путь, Галактика@Mills systemсистема [крест] Миллса@mirror-support systemсистема разгрузки зеркала@MK spectral classification systemсистема спектральной классификации звезд@MKK systemклассификация звездных спектров по светимости@multicolor systemмногоцветная система@multiple systemкратная система (звезд)@Nasmyth systemсистема (телескопа) Несмита@new galactic coordinate systemновая система галактических координат@Newton(ian) systemсистема (телескопа) Ньютона@optical systemоптическая система@pencil-beam{ (aerial) systemантенная система с карандашной диаграммой направленности@photometric systemфотометрическая система@planetary systemпланетная система, Солнечная система@prime focus systemсистема первичного фокуса@proper motion systemсистема собственных движений звезд@Ptolemaic systemптолемеева система мира@ray systemлучевая система@receiver systemприемное устройство@recording systemрегистрирующее устройство@reference systemсистема координат@reversal systemсистема для перекладки (телескопа)@ring systemсистема колец (планет)@satellite systemсистема спутников (планет)@Schmidt systemсистема (телескопа) Шмидта@semidetached systemполуразделенная (двойная) система@sensory systemчувствительная система@servo systemследящая система@six-color systemшестицветная (фотометрическая) система@solar systemсолнечная система@spectral classification systemсистема спектральной классификации@spheroidal stellar systemсфероидальная звездная система@spiral systemспиральная (звездная) система@standard systemфундаментальная система (каталога)@stellar systemзвездная система@Sun's systemсм. solar system@support systemсистема разгрузки (зеркала)@telemetry systemтелеметрическая система@telescopic systemтелескопическая система@telescope driving systemчасовой механизм телескопа@telescope optical systemоптическая система телескопа@tracking systemследящая система@U B V system(фотометрическая) система U,B,V; U,B,V система звездных величин@ubvy systemчетырехцветная система звездных величин Стремгрена@worm-weel systemчервячная передача@Yerkes spectral classification systemЙоркская система спектральной классификации (звезд)@System Ⅰ,Ⅱ systemсистемы вращения Юпитера@System Ⅰ & System Ⅱ longitude systemⅠ-я и Ⅱ-я системы долгот на Юпитере@ -
34 antenna
см. тж. aerial- achromatic antenna
- active antenna
- actual antenna
- adaptive antenna
- aerodiscone antenna
- aerospace antenna
- air-frame antenna
- airplane antenna
- Alexanderson antenna
- Alford antenna
- annular antenna
- antifading antenna
- antistatic antenna
- aperiodic antenna
- aperture antenna
- aperture-angle antenna
- arc antenna
- artificial antenna
- automobile antenna
- auxiliary ship antenna
- axial-symmetric antenna
- backfire antenna
- back-to-back antenna
- band antenna
- base antenna
- batwing antenna
- beam antenna
- Beverage antenna
- biconical antenna
- bifocal antenna
- bilateral antenna
- billboard antenna
- block antenna
- bobtail curtain antenna
- bow-tie antenna
- box antenna
- broadband antenna
- broadbeam antenna
- broadside antenna
- built-in antenna
- butterfly antenna
- cage antenna
- capacitance-feeded antenna
- cap-type antenna
- car antenna
- car TV-antenna
- Cassegrain antenna
- cavity antenna
- center-fed reflector antenna
- cheese antenna
- circular antenna
- coaxial antenna
- coil antenna
- colinear antenna
- combined antenna
- communal antenna
- compact antenna
- complementary-pair antenna
- complementary-steerable antenna
- compound reflector antenna
- cone antenna
- conical antenna
- conical-horn antenna
- conical-monopole antenna
- corner antenna
- corrugated antenna
- cosecant-squared antenna
- coupled antenna
- cradle antenna
- cross antenna
- crossed antenna
- cryogenic antenna
- cubical antenna
- curtain rhombic antenna
- custom-configured antenna
- custom-made antenna
- cylinder antenna
- deer-horn antenna
- delta-loop antenna
- despun antenna
- diamond antenna
- diamond-loop antenna
- dielectric-rod antenna
- dieletric-lens antenna
- diffraction antenna
- dipole antenna
- direct-aperture antenna
- directed-sector antenna
- directional antenna
- dish antenna
- disk antenna
- disk-cone antenna
- disk-on-rod antenna
- dismountable antenna
- dome antenna
- double-band antenna
- double-square antenna
- doublet antenna
- double-umbrella antenna
- driven antenna
- dual-offset antenna
- dummy antenna
- earth-coverage antenna
- electric-pair antenna
- electronically scanned antenna
- electronically steerable antenna
- elementary antenna
- eleven-element antenna
- embedded-wire anti-ice antenna
- emergency antenna
- emergency ship antenna
- empty-helix antenna
- end-fire antenna
- E-plane-type pillbox antenna
- equiangular-spiral antenna
- exciting antenna
- factory-made antenna
- fan antenna
- fan-beam antenna
- fanned-beam antenna
- ferrite-rod antenna
- filament antenna
- filter-plexed antenna
- fin antenna
- finding antenna
- fin-mounted antenna
- fishbone antenna
- fishpole antenna
- flagpole antenna
- flat antenna
- flat-top antenna
- flexible antenna
- flush-mounted antenna
- FM unipolar antenna
- foldable antenna
- fold-down antenna
- four-element antenna
- four-tier antenna
- frame antenna
- Fresnel antenna
- full-band antenna
- fully steerable antenna
- glass-mount antenna
- glass-plastic antenna
- global coverage antenna
- GP antenna
- Gregorian antenna
- ground-to-air antenna
- half-pillbox antenna
- half-rhomb antenna
- half-slot antenna
- half-wave antenna
- halo antenna
- harmonic antenna
- hectometer antenna
- helical antenna
- H-field antenna
- high-efficient antenna
- high-impact antenna
- hoghorn antenna
- horizontally-polarized antenna
- horn-lens antenna
- H-plane antenna
- hula-loop antenna
- hyperbolic antenna
- image antenna
- imaging antenna
- indoor antenna
- instrumentation antenna
- instrument-panel antenna
- internal antenna
- intersatellite antenna
- inverse Cassegrain antenna
- inverted vee antenna
- IR-antenna
- isotrope antenna
- isotropic antenna
- laminated antenna
- L-antenna
- lazy H antenna
- LB-antenna
- leaky-wave antenna
- lens antenna
- linear antenna
- linear-conductor antenna
- locomotive antenna
- log-periodic antenna
- long wire antenna
- long-conductor antenna
- long-range antenna
- loop antenna
- loop-monopole antenna
- loop-stick antenna
- low-angle antenna
- low-frequency antenna
- low-silhoette antenna
- LP antenna
- magnetic antenna
- magnetic-based antenna
- magnetic-cored antenna
- magnetic-dipole antenna
- magnetic-sole antenna
- main ship antenna
- mains antenna
- manypole antenna
- mast antenna
- master antenna
- matched-filter antenna
- meander-type chain antenna
- metallic antenna
- microwave antenna
- miniloop antenna
- mirror antenna
- monoconical antenna
- monopillar helix antenna
- monopole antenna
- monopole-notch antenna
- monopulse antenna
- multiband antenna
- multibeam antenna
- multichannel antenna
- multielement dipole antenna
- multifeed antenna
- multilevel antenna
- multilobed antenna
- multimode antenna
- multiple antenna
- multiple-beam antenna
- multiunit antenna
- MW/DW antenna
- narrow-band antenna
- narrow-beam antenna
- near-field antenna
- near-field Cassegrain antenna
- near-surface antenna
- noise antenna
- noise-protected antenna
- nondirectional antenna
- nonresonant antenna
- notch antenna
- offset antenna
- off-surface antenna
- omniazimuthal antenna
- omnidirectional antenna
- open antenna
- orthogonal antennas
- outdoor antenna
- outer frame antenna
- outer pager antenna
- overtuned antenna
- paddle antenna
- paired antenna
- parabolic-dish antenna
- paraboloid antenna
- paracylinder antenna
- passive antenna
- paste-on antenna
- paste-on-type antenna
- pencil-beam antenna
- periodic antenna
- periscope antenna
- pickup antenna
- piggyback antenna
- pill-box antenna
- pin antenna
- pivot antenna
- planar antenna
- planar-array antenna
- plastic antenna
- plate antenna
- plural-beam antenna
- pocket antenna
- polar antenna
- prepositioned antenna
- prime-focal antenna
- progressive wave antenna
- pylon antenna
- pyramidal antenna
- quadrate antenna
- quarter-wave antenna
- radio-relay antenna
- reference antenna
- reflective array antenna
- reflector antenna
- replaceable-elongated antenna
- reserve antenna
- resonance antenna
- resonant antenna
- retrodirective antenna
- retroreflector antenna
- rhombic antenna
- ribbon antenna
- rib-mesh antenna
- ring antenna
- rod antenna
- roof antenna
- roof-top antenna
- room antenna
- rotatable antenna
- round diagram antenna
- running wave antenna
- satcom antenna
- satellite-communication antenna
- satellite-to-earth station antenna
- satellite-to-satellite antenna
- SB-antenna
- scimitar antenna
- scin antenna
- sector antenna
- sectoral antenna
- self-phasing antenna
- self-resonant antenna
- sense antenna
- sensing antenna
- series-fed vertical antenna
- seven-element antenna
- shaped-beam antenna
- sharp directional antenna
- shorted antenna
- Shpindler antenna
- shunt-excited antenna
- shunt-fed vertical antenna
- single-band antenna
- single-channel antenna
- single-element antenna
- single-horn antenna
- single-polarized antenna
- sixteen-element antenna
- slave antenna
- sleeve antenna
- sleeve-dipole antenna
- slope beam antenna
- slot antenna
- slotted-ring antenna
- solid antenna
- spaced antennas
- space-erected antenna
- spark-proof antenna
- spherical antenna
- spiderweb antenna
- spike antenna
- spiral antenna
- spiral-helix antenna
- spiral-phase antenna
- split-beam antenna
- square antenna
- stacked antenna
- stacked-dipole antenna
- standard antenna
- standing wave antenna
- static antenna
- stationary antenna
- steerable antenna
- stowable antenna
- strength antenna
- stripline antenna
- stripline-slot antenna
- stub-matched antenna
- submarine receiving antenna
- submarine transmitting antenna
- subwavelength antenna
- suppressed antenna
- surface wave antenna
- surrogate antenna
- suspended-patch antenna
- symmetrical antenna
- synphased antenna
- synthetic antenna
- synthetic-aperture antenna
- T-antenna
- telemetering antenna
- telescopic antenna
- television receive only antenna
- terminal antenna
- terrestrial-microwave point-to-point horn antenna
- test antenna
- three-band antenna
- three-element antenna
- three-sector antenna
- tiny antenna
- tower antenna
- tower-type antenna
- trailing antenna
- transceiving redirecting antenna
- transistorized antenna
- transmitting-receiving antenna
- trap-loaded antenna
- traveling-wave antenna
- triangular antenna
- triple-square antenna
- tripole antenna
- trumpet antenna
- turnstile antenna
- TV-antenna
- twelve-channel antenna
- two-element antenna
- Tx antenna
- UHF-antenna
- umbrella antenna
- unipole antenna
- unipole-notch antenna
- universal antenna
- unpositioned antenna
- USB-antenna
- V-antenna
- vertical antenna
- vertical polarization antenna
- vibrator antenna
- Vivaldi antenna
- V-strip antenna
- wave-channel antenna
- waveguide antenna
- whip antenna
- wide-band antenna
- wire antenna
- world-wide receiving antenna
- Wullenweber antenna
- X-beam antenna
- Yagi antenna
- Yagi-Uda antenna
- zig-zag antenna
- zoned antennaEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > antenna
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35 reflecting
1 adjACOUST, ELEC ENG, OPT reflectante2 -
36 surface
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37 reference
ссылка; сноска; эталон- reference instrument - reference level - reference line - reference point - reference section - reference table -
38 on
on [ɒn]sur ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(c), 1D (j) à ⇒ 1A (c), 1D (f), 1D (h), 1D (i), 1D (j), 1F (c), 1F (f) en ⇒ 1A (c), 1F (g) par rapport à ⇒ 1C (e) selon ⇒ 1D (d) de ⇒ 1F (d) allumé ⇒ 3 (a) ouvert ⇒ 3 (a) en marche ⇒ 3 (a) de garde ⇒ 3 (c) de service ⇒ 3 (c)A.(a) (specifying position) sur;∎ the vase is on the shelf le vase est sur l'étagère;∎ put it on the shelf mets-le sur l'étagère;∎ on the floor par terre;∎ on the ceiling au plafond;∎ there are posters on the walls il y a des affiches aux ou sur les murs;∎ there was blood on the walls il y avait du sang sur les murs;∎ a coat was hanging on the hook un manteau était accroché à la patère;∎ the post with the seagull on it le poteau sur lequel il y a la mouette;∎ he has a ring on his finger il a une bague au doigt;∎ to lie on one's back/side être allongé sur le dos/côté;∎ on this side de ce côté;∎ on the other side of the page de l'autre côté de la page;∎ on page four à la quatrième page, à la page quatre;∎ on the left/right à gauche/droite∎ I had nothing to write on je n'avais rien sur quoi écrire;∎ red on a green background rouge sur un fond vert(c) (indicating general location, area)∎ he works on a building site il travaille sur un chantier;∎ they live on a farm ils habitent une ferme;∎ there's been an accident on the M1 il y a eu un accident sur la M1;∎ room on the second floor chambre au second (étage);∎ on Arran/the Isle of Wight sur Arran/l'île de Wight;∎ on Corsica/Crete en Corse/Crète;∎ on Majorca/Minorca à Majorque/Minorque∎ I kissed him on the cheek je l'ai embrassé sur la joue;∎ someone tapped me on the shoulder quelqu'un m'a tapé sur l'épaule∎ the village is right on the lake/sea le village est juste au bord du lac/de la mer(f) (indicating movement, direction)∎ the mirror fell on the floor la glace est tombée par terre;∎ to climb on(to) a wall grimper sur un mur;∎ they marched on the capital ils marchèrent sur la capitale;∎ don't tread on it ne marchez pas dessusB.∎ I only had £10 on me je n'avais que 10 livres sur moi;∎ she's got a gun on her elle est armée∎ he had a scornful smile on his face il affichait un sourire plein de méprisC.(a) (indicating purpose of money, time, effort spent) sur;∎ I spent hours on that essay j'ai passé des heures sur cette dissertation;∎ she spent £1,000 on her new stereo elle a dépensé 1000 livres pour acheter sa nouvelle chaîne hi-fi;∎ to put money on a horse parier ou miser sur un cheval;∎ what are you working on at the moment? sur quoi travaillez-vous en ce moment?∎ I am here on business je suis ici pour affaires;∎ to be on strike être en grève;∎ he's off on a trip to Brazil il part pour un voyage au Brésil;∎ to go on safari faire un safari;∎ she was sent on a course on l'a envoyée suivre des cours;∎ I'm on nights next week je suis de nuit la semaine prochaine;∎ he's on lunch/a break il est en train de déjeuner/faire la pause;∎ she's been on the committee for years ça fait des années qu'elle siège au comité(c) (indicating special interest, pursuit)∎ she's keen on music elle a la passion de la musique;∎ he's good on modern history il excelle en histoire moderne;∎ she's very big on equal opportunities l'égalité des chances, c'est son cheval de bataille∎ on a large/small scale sur une grande/petite échelle(e) (compared with) par rapport à;∎ imports are up/down on last year les importations sont en hausse/en baisse par rapport à l'année dernière;∎ it's an improvement on the old system c'est une amélioration par rapport à l'ancien systèmeD.(a) (about, on the subject of) sur;∎ a book/film on the French Revolution un livre/film sur la Révolution française;∎ we all agree on that point nous sommes tous d'accord sur ce point;∎ I need some advice on a legal matter j'ai besoin de conseils sur un point légal;∎ could I speak to you on a matter of some delicacy? pourrais-je vous parler d'une affaire assez délicate?;∎ the police have nothing on him la police n'a rien sur lui(b) (indicating person, thing affected) sur;∎ it has no effect on them cela n'a aucun effet sur eux;∎ a tax on alcohol une taxe sur les boissons alcoolisées;∎ try it on your parents essaie-le sur tes parents;∎ the government must act on inflation le gouvernement doit prendre des mesures contre l'inflation;∎ he has survived two attempts on his life il a échappé à deux tentatives d'assassinat;∎ it's unfair on women c'est injuste envers les femmes;∎ the joke's on you! c'est toi qui as l'air ridicule!∎ I cut my finger on a piece of glass je me suis coupé le doigt sur un morceau de verre(d) (according to) selon;∎ everyone will be judged on their merits chacun sera jugé selon ses mérites;∎ candidates are selected on their examination results les candidats sont choisis en fonction des résultats qu'ils ont obtenus à l'examen(e) (indicating reason, motive for action)∎ on impulse sur un coup de tête;∎ the police acted on information from abroad la police est intervenue après avoir reçu des renseignements de l'étranger;∎ I shall refuse on principle je refuserai par principe(f) (included in, forming part of)∎ your name isn't on the list votre nom n'est pas sur la liste;∎ the books on the syllabus les livres au programme;∎ on the agenda à l'ordre du jour(g) (indicating method, system)∎ they work on a rota system ils travaillent par roulement;∎ reorganized on a more rational basis réorganisé sur une base plus rationnelle∎ on foot/horseback à pied/cheval;∎ on the bus/train dans le bus/train;∎ she arrived on the midday bus/train elle est arrivée par le bus/train de midi;∎ on a bicycle à bicyclette∎ to play a tune on the flute jouer un air à la flûte;∎ who's on guitar/on drums? qui est à la guitare/à la batterie?∎ , Television & Theatre I heard it on the radio/on television je l'ai entendu à la radio/à la télévision;∎ it's the first time she's been on television c'est la première fois qu'elle passe à la télévision;∎ what's on the other channel or side? qu'est-ce qu'il y a sur l'autre chaîne?;∎ on stage sur scène∎ it's all on computer tout est sur ordinateur;∎ on file sur fichierE.INDICATING DATE, TIME ETC∎ on the 6th of July le 6 juillet;∎ on or about the 12th vers le 12;∎ on Christmas Day le jour de Noël;∎ I'll see her on Monday je la vois lundi;∎ on Monday morning lundi matin;∎ I don't work on Mondays je ne travaille pas le lundi;∎ on a Monday morning in February un lundi matin (du mois) de février;∎ on a fine day in June par une belle journée de juin;∎ on time à l'heure;∎ every hour on the hour à chaque heure;∎ it's just on five o'clock il est cinq heures pile;∎ just on a year ago (approximately) il y a près d'un anF.∎ have a drink on me prenez un verre, c'est moi qui offre;∎ the drinks are on me/the house! c'est ma tournée/la tournée du patron!;∎ you can get it on the National Health ≃ c'est remboursé par la Sécurité sociale∎ to live on one's private income/a student grant vivre de ses rentes/d'une bourse d'études;∎ you can't live on such a low wage on ne peut pas vivre avec des revenus aussi modestes;∎ familiar they're on the dole or on unemployment benefit ils vivent du chômage ou des allocations de chômage□ ;∎ to retire on a pension of £5,000 a year prendre sa retraite avec une pension de 5000 livres par an∎ it works on electricity ça marche à l'électricité∎ they live on cereals ils se nourrissent de céréales;∎ we dined on oysters and champagne nous avons dîné d'huîtres et de champagne(e) (indicating drugs, medicine prescribed)∎ is she on the pill? est-ce qu'elle prend la pilule?;∎ I'm still on antibiotics je suis toujours sous antibiotiques;∎ the doctor put her on tranquillizers le médecin lui a prescrit des tranquillisants;∎ he's on insulin/heroin il prend de l'insuline/de l'héroïne;∎ he's on drugs il se drogue;∎ he'll deal with it on his return il s'en occupera à son retour;∎ looters will be shot on sight les pillards seront abattus sans sommation;∎ on the death of his mother à la mort de sa mère;∎ on my first/last visit lors de ma première/dernière visite;∎ on the count of three à trois∎ on hearing the news en apprenant la nouvelle;∎ on completing the test candidates should… quand ils auront fini l'examen les candidats devront…2 adverb∎ the lid wasn't on le couvercle n'était pas mis;∎ put the top back on afterwards remets le capuchon ensuite∎ why have you got your gloves on? pourquoi as-tu mis tes gants?;∎ the woman with the blue dress on la femme en robe bleue;∎ what had she got on? qu'est-ce qu'elle portait?, comment était-elle habillée?;∎ he's got nothing on il est nu∎ to read on continuer à lire;∎ the car drove on la voiture ne s'est pas arrêtée;∎ they walked on ils poursuivirent leur chemin;∎ from now or this moment or this time on désormais;∎ from that day on à partir ou dater de ce jour;∎ well on in years d'un âge avancé;∎ earlier/later/further on plus tôt/tard/loin;∎ on with the show! que le spectacle continue!∎ I've got a lot on this week je suis très occupé cette semaine;∎ have you got anything on tonight? tu fais quelque chose ce soir?(e) (functioning, running)∎ put or turn or switch the television on allume la télévision;∎ turn the tap on ouvre le robinet;∎ the lights had been left on les lumières étaient restées allumées;∎ the tap had been left on le robinet était resté ouvert;∎ the car had its headlights on les phares de la voiture étaient allumés∎ I have a bet on j'ai fait un pari∎ to be or go on about sth parler de qch sans arrêt□ ;∎ he's on about his new car again le voilà reparti sur sa nouvelle voiture;∎ what's she on about? qu'est-ce qu'elle raconte?;∎ he's always on about the war/teenagers il n'arrête pas de déblatérer sur la guerre/les adolescents;∎ my parents are always on at me about my hair mes parents n'arrêtent pas de m'embêter avec mes cheveux;∎ I've been on at them for months to get it fixed cela fait des mois que je suis sur leur dos pour qu'ils le fassent réparer(a) (working → electricity, light, radio, TV) allumé; (→ gas, tap) ouvert; (→ engine, machine) en marche; (→ handbrake) serré; (→ alarm) enclenché;∎ the radio was on very loud la radio hurlait;∎ make sure the switches are in the "on" position vérifiez que les interrupteurs sont sur (la position) "marche";∎ the "on" button le bouton de mise en marche(b) (happening, under way)∎ we're on in ten minutes c'est à nous dans dix minutes;∎ there's a conference on next week il y a une conférence la semaine prochaine;∎ the meeting is on right now la réunion est en train de se dérouler;∎ the match is still on (on TV) le match n'est pas terminé; (going ahead) le match n'a pas été annulé;∎ it's on at the local cinema ça passe au cinéma du quartier;∎ the play was on for weeks la pièce a tenu l'affiche pendant des semaines;∎ your favourite TV programme is on tonight il y a ton émission préférée à la télé ce soir;∎ there's nothing good on (on TV, radio) il n'y a rien de bien;∎ is the party still on? est-ce que la soirée se fait toujours?;∎ is our deal still on? est-ce que notre affaire tient toujours?;∎ the kettle's on for tea j'ai mis de l'eau à chauffer pour le thé;∎ hurry up, your dinner's on dépêche-toi, ton dîner va être prêt∎ I'm on at three o'clock, then off at nine o'clock je commence à trois heures et je finis à neuf heures∎ the odds are twenty to one on la cote est de vingt contre un∎ such behaviour just isn't on! une telle conduite est tout à fait inadmissible!□ ;∎ British it's not on! ça va pas du tout!∎ we'll never be ready by tomorrow, it just isn't on nous ne serons jamais prêts pour demain, c'est tout bonnement impossible∎ are you still on for dinner tonight? ça marche toujours pour le dîner de ce soir?;∎ shall we say £10? - you're on! disons 10 livres? - d'accord ou tope là!;∎ if you wash the dishes, I'll dry them - you're on! si tu fais la vaisselle, je l'essuie - ça marche!∎ to be on (menstruating) avoir ses ragnagnas∎ we went out together on and off for a year on a eu une relation irrégulière pendant un ansans arrêt;∎ he goes on and on about his minor ailments il nous rebat les oreilles avec ses petits problèmes de santé;∎ the play dragged on and on la pièce n'en finissait plus -
39 Eisler, Paul
[br]b. 1907 Vienna, Austria[br]Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.[br]At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.[br]Bibliography1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.KF -
40 Thomson, Sir William, Lord Kelvin
[br]b. 26 June 1824 Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)d. 17 December 1907 Largs, Scotland[br]Irish physicist and inventor who contributed to submarine telegraphy and instrumentation.[br]After education at Glasgow University and Peterhouse, Cambridge, a period of study in France gave Thomson an interest in experimental work and instrumentation. He became Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow in 1846 and retained the position for the rest of his career, establishing the first teaching laboratory in Britain.Among his many contributions to science and engineering was his concept, introduced in 1848, of an "absolute" zero of temperature. Following on from the work of Joule, his investigations into the nature of heat led to the first successful liquefaction of gases such as hydrogen and helium, and later to the science of low-temperature physics.Cable telegraphy gave an impetus to the scientific measurement of electrical quantities, and for many years Thomson was a member of the British Association Committee formed in 1861 to consider electrical standards and to develop units; these are still in use. Thomson first became Scientific Adviser to the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1857, sailing on the Agamemnon and Great Eastern during the cable-laying expeditions. He invented a mirror galvanometer and more importantly the siphon recorder, which, used as a very sensitive telegraph receiver, provided a permanent record of signals. He also laid down the design parameters of long submarine cables and discovered that the conductivity of copper was greatly affected by its purity. A major part of the success of the Atlantic cable in 1866 was due to Thomson, who received a knighthood for his contribution.Other instruments he designed included a quadrant electrostatic voltmeter to measure high voltages, and his "multi-cellular" instrument for low voltages. They could be used on alternating or direct current and were free from temperature errors. His balances for precision current measurement were widely used in standardizing laboratories.Thomson was a prolific writer of scientific papers on subjects across the whole spectrum of physics; between 1855 and 1866 he published some 110 papers, with a total during his life of over 600. In 1892 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Kelvin of Largs. By the time of his death he was looked upon as the "father" of British physics, but despite his outstanding achievements his later years were spent resisting change and progress.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1866. Created Lord Kelvin of Largs 1892. FRS 1851. President, Royal Society 1890–4. An original member of the Order of Merit 1902. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1874. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1889 and 1907. Royal Society Royal Medal 1856, Copley Medal 1883.Bibliography1872, Reprints of Papers on Electrostatics and Magnetism, London; 1911, Mathematical and Physical Papers, 6 vols, Cambridge (collections of Thomson's papers).Further ReadingSilvanus P.Thompson, 1910, The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, 2 vols, London (an uncritical biography).D.B.Wilson, 1987, Kelvin and Stokes: A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics, Bristol (provides a present-day commentary on all aspects of Thomson's work).J.G.Crowther, 1962, British Scientists of the 19th Century, London, pp. 199–257 (a short critical biography).GWBiographical history of technology > Thomson, Sir William, Lord Kelvin
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