metonymy

* * *

immūtātĭo ( inm-), ōnis, f. [immuto], a change, exchanging, interchange, substitution of one thing for another in speech:

verborum,

Cic. Ac. 2, 6, 16:

ordinis,

id. de Or. 3, 44, 176: si verborum immutationibus utantur, quos appellant tropous, id. Brut. 17, 69.—

Esp., rhet. t. t., metonymy, the indirect naming of any thing = alloiôsis, metônumia:

immutationes nusquam crebriores,

i. e. metonymies, id. Or. 27, 94; id. de Or. 3, 54, 207; cf. Quint. 9, 1, 35: faciebat barbarismos immutatione, cum c pro g uteretur, id. 1, 5, 12; cf. ib. 6.

immūto ( inm-), āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic inf. pres. pass. inmutarier, Ter. And. 1, 5, 40; id. Eun. 2, 1, 19; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 29), v. a. [in-muto], to change, alter, transform.

In gen. (class.):

ubi immutatus sum? ubi ego formam perdidi?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 300: perscrutari... nos nostri an alieni simus;

ne clam quispiam nos imprudentis mmutaverit,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 22:

adeone homines inmutarier ex amore,

Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 19:

vultum earum,

id. Hec. 3, 3, 9:

imperio, potestate, prosperis rebus immutari,

Cic. Lael. 15, 54; cf.:

me aliquando immutarunt tibi,

id. Fam. 5, 8, 2: illi regi amabili Cyro subest ad immutandi animi licentiam crudelissimus ille Phalaris (v. ad), id. Rep. 1, 28:

ut ejus orbis (i. e. signiferi) unaquaeque pars alia alio modo moveat immutetque caelum,

id. Div. 2, 42, 89:

concentus immutatus aut discrepans,

id. Rep. 2, 42: temeritas filii comprobavit;

verborum ordinem immuta: fac sic: comprobavit filii temeritas, etc.,

id. Or. 63, 214:

nomen immuto,

Quint. 8, 6, 28:

cum successor aliquid immutat de institutis priorum,

Cic. Fl. 14, 33.—

In partic., in rhet.

To put, by metonymy, one word for another:

immutata (verba), in quibus pro verbo proprio subicitur aliud, quod idem significet, sumptum ex re aliqua consequenti, etc.... Ennius Horridam Africam terribili tremere tumultu cum dicit, pro Afris immutat Africam,

Cic. Or. 27, 92 sq.; id. de Or. 3, 43, 169.—

E s p.: immutata oratio, allegory, = allêgoria, Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261.

immūtātĭo ( inm-), ōnis, f. [immuto], a change, exchanging, interchange, substitution of one thing for another in speech:

verborum,

Cic. Ac. 2, 6, 16:

ordinis,

id. de Or. 3, 44, 176: si verborum immutationibus utantur, quos appellant tropous, id. Brut. 17, 69.—

Esp., rhet. t. t., metonymy, the indirect naming of any thing = alloiôsis, metônumia:

immutationes nusquam crebriores,

i. e. metonymies, id. Or. 27, 94; id. de Or. 3, 54, 207; cf. Quint. 9, 1, 35: faciebat barbarismos immutatione, cum c pro g uteretur, id. 1, 5, 12; cf. ib. 6.

immūto ( inm-), āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic inf. pres. pass. inmutarier, Ter. And. 1, 5, 40; id. Eun. 2, 1, 19; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 29), v. a. [in-muto], to change, alter, transform.

In gen. (class.):

ubi immutatus sum? ubi ego formam perdidi?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 300: perscrutari... nos nostri an alieni simus;

ne clam quispiam nos imprudentis mmutaverit,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 22:

adeone homines inmutarier ex amore,

Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 19:

vultum earum,

id. Hec. 3, 3, 9:

imperio, potestate, prosperis rebus immutari,

Cic. Lael. 15, 54; cf.:

me aliquando immutarunt tibi,

id. Fam. 5, 8, 2: illi regi amabili Cyro subest ad immutandi animi licentiam crudelissimus ille Phalaris (v. ad), id. Rep. 1, 28:

ut ejus orbis (i. e. signiferi) unaquaeque pars alia alio modo moveat immutetque caelum,

id. Div. 2, 42, 89:

concentus immutatus aut discrepans,

id. Rep. 2, 42: temeritas filii comprobavit;

verborum ordinem immuta: fac sic: comprobavit filii temeritas, etc.,

id. Or. 63, 214:

nomen immuto,

Quint. 8, 6, 28:

cum successor aliquid immutat de institutis priorum,

Cic. Fl. 14, 33.—

In partic., in rhet.

To put, by metonymy, one word for another:

immutata (verba), in quibus pro verbo proprio subicitur aliud, quod idem significet, sumptum ex re aliqua consequenti, etc.... Ennius Horridam Africam terribili tremere tumultu cum dicit, pro Afris immutat Africam,

Cic. Or. 27, 92 sq.; id. de Or. 3, 43, 169.—

E s p.: immutata oratio, allegory, = allêgoria, Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261.

lĕvis, e, adj. [for leg-vis; Sanscr. laghu-s, little; cf. O. H. Germ. ring-i; Germ. gering; Gr. elachus], light in weight, not heavy (opp. gravis).

Lit.:

leviora corpora (opp. graviora),

Lucr. 2, 227:

aether,

id. 5, 459:

aura,

id. 3, 196:

levior quam pluma,

Plaut. Men. 3, 2, 23:

stipulae,

Verg. G. 1, 289: armatura, light armor:

levis armaturae Numidae,

the light-armed Numidians, Caes. B. G. 2, 10; also, by metonymy, lightarmed troops; v. armatura, and cf.:

sed haec fuerit nobis tamquam levis armaturae prima orationis excursio,

Cic. Div. 2, 10 fin.; so,

miles,

a light-armed soldier, Liv. 8, 8; cf.

of clothing: nudi, aut sagulo leves,

Tac. G. 6:

flebis in solo levis angiportu,

Hor. C. 1, 25, 10.—Of the earth upon the dead:

terraque securae sit super ossa levis,

Tib. 2, 4, 50;

esp. freq. on tombstones: sit tibi terra levis (abbreviated, S. T. T. L.): per leves populos,

the shades, bodiless persons, Ov. M. 10, 14:

virgaque levem coerces aurea turbam,

Hor. C. 1, 10, 18.— Poet. with inf.: fessis leviora tolli Pergama Grais, a lighter burden, i. e. easier to be destroyed, Hor. C. 2, 4, 11.—

Transf.

Light of digestion, easy to digest (mostly poet. and post-Aug.):

quae in aqua degunt, leviorem cibum praestant. Inter domesticas quadrupedes levissima suilla est, gravissima bubula,

lightest of digestion, Cels. 1, 18:

leves malvae,

Hor. C. 1, 31, 16 (cf.:

gravi Malvae salubres corpori,

id. Epod. 2, 57).—

Light in motion, swift, quick, fleet, nimble, rapid (syn.:

agilis, alacer, pernix): ipsa (diva) levi fecit volitantem flamine currum (i. e. Argo),

a quick, favorable wind, Cat. 64, 9; cf.:

leves venti,

Ov. M. 15, 346:

flatus,

Sil. 15, 162:

currus,

light, swift, Ov. M. 2, 150:

levi deducens pollice filum,

light, nimble, id. ib. 4, 36; so,

pollex,

id. ib. 6, 22:

saltus,

id. ib. 7, 767;

3, 599: peltam pro parma fecit, ut ad motus concursusque essent leviores,

Nep. Iphicr. 1:

Messapus levis cursu,

Verg. A. 12, 489:

leves Parthi,

id. G. 4, 314:

equus,

Val. Fl. 1, 389:

Nympharumque leves cum Satyris chori,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 31:

quaere modos leviore plectro,

nimbler, gayer, id. ib. 2, 1, 40:

et levis erecta consurgit ad oscula plantā,

Juv. 6, 507.—With inf. ( poet.):

omnes ire leves,

Sil. 16, 488:

exsultare levis,

id. 10, 605:

levior discurrere,

id. 4, 549:

nullo levis terrore moveri,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 514:

hora,

fleeting, Ov. M. 15, 181:

terra,

light, thin soil, Verg. G. 2, 92:

et ubi montana (loca) quod leviora et ideo salubriora,

Varr. R. R. 1, 6, 3;

so (opp graviora),

id. ib. —

Slight, trifling, small (mostly poet.): ignis, Ov. M. 3, 488:

tactus,

a slight, gentle touch, id. ib. 4, 180:

strepitus,

id. ib. 7, 840:

stridor,

id. ib. 4, 413.

Trop.

Without weight, i. e. of no consequence; hence, in gen., light, trifling, unimportant, inconsiderable, trivial, slight, little, petty, easy (class.):

nunquam erit alienis gravis qui suis se concinnat levem,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 58:

grave est nomen imperii atque id etiam in levi persona pertimescitur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 17, 45:

leve et infirmum,

id. Rosc. Com. 2, 6: quae mihi ad spem obtinendae veritatis gravissima sunt;

ad motum animi... leviora,

id. Deiot. 2, 5:

quod alia quaedam inania et levia conquiras,

id. Planc. 26, 63:

auditio,

a light, unfounded report, Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

cui res et pecunia levissima et existimatio sanctissima fuit semper,

something very insignificant, Cic. Rosc. Com. 5, 15:

dolor,

id. Fin. 1, 12, 40:

proelium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 36:

periculum,

id. B. C. 3, 26:

in aliquem merita,

id. ib. 2, 32, 10:

leviore de causa,

id. B. G. 7, 4 fin.:

praecordia levibus flagrantia causis,

Juv. 13, 182:

effutire leves indigna tragoedia versus,

Hor. A. P. 231.—As subst.:

in levi habitum,

was made little of, was regarded as a trifle, Tac. H. 2, 21; id. A. 3, 54:

levia sed nimium queror,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 63:

quid leviora loquor? Petr. poët. 134, 12: non est leve tot puerorum observare manus,

no easy matter, Juv. 7, 240:

quidquid levius putaris,

easier, id. 10, 344.—

With gen. ( poet.):

opum levior,

Sil. 2, 102.—

In disposition or character.

Light, light-minded, capricious, fickle, inconstant, unreliable, false:

homo levior quam pluma,

Plaut. Men. 3, 2, 23:

ne me leviorem erga te putes,

id. Trin. 5, 2, 34:

tu levior cortice,

Hor. C. 3, 9, 22:

vitium levium hominum atque fallacium,

Cic. Lael. 25, 91:

quidam saepe in parva pecunia perspiciuntur quam sint leves,

id. ib. 17, 63:

leves ac nummarii judices,

id. Clu. 28, 75:

sit precor illa levis,

Tib. 1, 6, 56:

levi brachio aliquid agere,

Cic. Att. 4, 16, 6:

quid levius aut turpius,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28 fin.:

auctor,

Liv. 5, 15:

leves amicitiae,

Cic. Lael. 26, 100:

spes,

vain, empty, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 8:

leviores mores,

Ulp. Fragm. 6, 12.—

Mild, gentle, pleasant (rare):

quos qui leviore nomine appellant, percussores vocant,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 33, 93; and:

levior reprehensio,

id. Ac. 2, 32, 102:

tandem eo, quod levissimum videbatur, decursum est,

the gentlest, mildest, Liv. 5, 23 fin.:

nec leves somnos timor aut cupido Sordidus aufert,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 15; id. Epod. 2, 28:

exsilium,

mild, tolerable, Suet. Aug. 51.—Hence, adv.: lĕ-vĭter, lightly, not heavily.

Lit. (rare):

armati,

light-armed, Curt. 4, 13.—Of the blow of a weapon:

levius casura pila sperabat,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92, 2.—

Trop.

Slightly, a little, not much, somewhat:

leviter densae nubes,

Lucr. 6, 248:

inflexum bacillum,

Cic. Div. 1, 17, 30:

genae leviter eminentes (al. leniter),

id. N. D. 2, 57, 143:

qui (medici) leviter aegrotantes leniter curant, gravioribus autem morbis, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 24, 83:

saucius,

id. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

non leviter lucra liguriens,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177:

agnoscere aliquid,

id. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

eruditus,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 24.— Comp.:

quanto constantior idem In vitiis, tanto levius miser,

so much less, Hor. S. 2, 7, 18:

dolere,

Ov. P. 1, 9, 30.— Sup.:

ut levissime dicam,

to express it in the mildest manner, Cic. Cat. 3, 7 fin. —

Easily, lightly, without difficulty, with equanimity:

id eo levius ferendum est, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 2; cf.:

sed levissime feram, si, etc.,

id. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; Liv. 29, 9.— Comp.:

levius torquetis Arachne,

more dexterously, Juv. 2, 56.

lēvis (erroneously laevis), e, adj. [Gr. leios, leuros], smooth, smoothed, not rough, opp. asper (class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

corpuscula quaedam levia, alia aspera, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 1, 24, 66:

in locis (spectatur): leves an asperi,

id. Part. Or. 10, 36:

Deus levem eum (mundum) fecit et undique aequabilem,

id. Univ. 6:

pocula,

smooth, shining, Verg. A. 5, 91:

pharetrae,

id. ib. 5, 558:

brassica,

Cato, R. R. 15, 7:

levissima corpora,

Lucr. 4, 659:

coma pectine levis,

Ov. M. 12, 409:

nascunturque leves per digitos umerosque plumae,

Hor. C. 2, 20, 11:

levior assiduo detritis aequore conchis,

Ov. M. 13, 792: inimicus pumice levis, rubbed (cf. pumicatus), Juv. 9, 95.— Poet.: levi cum sanguine Nisus labitur infelix, slippery, [p. 1055] Verg. A. 5, 328:

levis Juventas ( = imberbis),

smooth, without hair, beardless, Hor. C. 2, 11, 6; so,

ora,

Tib. 1, 9 (8), 31:

crura,

Juv. 8, 115:

sponsus,

id. 3, 111:

caput,

id. 10, 199; 2, 12; hence, also, poet. for youthful, delicate, beautiful:

pectus,

Verg. A. 11, 40:

frons,

id. E. 6, 51:

umeri,

id. A. 7, 815:

colla,

Ov. M. 10, 698.—Also, finely dressed, spruce, effeminate:

vir,

Ov. A. A. 3, 437; Pers. 1, 82: argentum, smooth, not engraved or chased, Juv. 14, 62.—In neutr. absol.:

externi ne quid valeat per leve morari,

smoothness, Hor. S. 2, 7, 87; so,

per leve,

Pers. 1, 64:

per levia,

Aus. Idyll. 16, 4.—

Transf., rubbed smooth, ground down, softened, soft (rare), Scrib. Comp. 228; Cels. 2, 8.—

Trop., of speech, smooth, flowing (rare but class.):

oratio (opp. aspera),

Cic. Or. 5 fin.; so,

levis verborum concursus (opp. asper),

id. de Or. 3, 43, 171:

levis et aspera (vox),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

levis et quadrata compositio,

id. 2, 5, 9:

levia ac nitida,

id. 5, 12, 18:

(aures) fragosis offenduntur et levibus mulcentur,

id. 9, 4, 116.— Adv. does not occur.

sĭtĭo, īvi or ĭi, 4, v. n. and a. [sitis].

Neutr., to thirst, be thirsty (class.).

Lit.:

ego esurio et sitio,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 6, 6; 4, 3, 4:

sitit haec anus,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 14:

in medio sitit flumine potans,

Lucr. 4, 1100:

ne homines sitirent,

Suet. Aug. 42.—With gen.:

cochleae cum sitiunt aëris,

Symm. Ep. 1, 27.—Prov.:

sitire mediis in undis,

i. e. to be poor in the midst of wealth, Ov. M. 9, 760.—

Transf. (esp. in the lang. of country people), of things (the earth, plants, etc.), to be dried up or parched, to want moisture:

siquidem est eorum (rusticorum) gemmare vites, sitire agros, laetas esse segetes, etc.,

Cic. Or. 24, 81; cf.:

sitire segetes,

Quint. 8, 6, 6: tosta sitit tellus, Ov. [p. 1713] F. 4, 940:

colles,

Front. Aquaed. 87; cf. infra, P. a.: aret ager;

vitio moriens sitit aëris herba,

Verg. E. 7, 57:

cum sitiunt herbae,

id. G. 4, 402:

arbores,

Plin. 17, 26, 40, § 249:

cacumina oleae,

id. 17, 14, 24, § 103 et saep.:

ipsi fontes jam sitiunt,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 4, § 11:

nec pati sitire salgama,

to be dry, Col. 12, 9, 2.—

Act., to thirst after a thing (rare, but in the trop. signif. class.; cf.: cupio, desidero).

Lit.:

auriferum Tagum sitiam patriumque Salonem,

Mart. 10, 96, 3.— Pass.:

quo plus sunt potae, plus sitiuntur aquae,

are thirsted for, Ov. F. 1, 216:

umor quomodo sititur destillans,

Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 15.—

Trop., as in all langg., to long for, thirst for, desire eagerly, covet:

sanguinem nostrum sitiebat,

Cic. Phil. 2, 7, 20; cf. Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 148:

sanguinem,

Just. 1, 8 fin. (opp. satiare); Sen. Thyest. 103: cruorem, Poët. ap. Suet. Tib. 59; cf.:

sitit hasta cruores,

Stat. Th. 12, 595:

honores,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 3:

populus libertatem sitiens,

id. Rep. 1, 43, 66:

ultionem,

Val. Max. 7, 3 ext. 6; Vulg. Psa. 41, 3.—With gen.:

non quidem fallacis undae sitit, sed verae beatitudinis esurit et sitit,

App. de Deo Socr. 54, 27.—Hence, sĭtĭens, entis, P. a., thirsting, thirsty, athirst.

Lit.:

ut ipse ad portam sitiens pervenerim,

Cic. Pis. 25, 61:

quae (pocula) arenti sitientes hausimus ore,

Ov. M. 14, 277:

Tantalus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 68:

viator,

Ov. Am. 3, 6, 97:

saecla ferarum,

Lucr. 5, 947:

sitienti aqua datur,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 23.—

Transf. (acc. to I. B.), of places, plants, etc., dry, parched, arid, without moisture (syn. aridus):

hortus,

Ov. P. 1, 8, 60.—By metonymy also, Afri, Verg. E. 1, 65:

olea,

Plin. 15, 3, 3, § 9:

luna,

i. e. cloudless, bright, id. 17, 9, 8, § 57; 17, 14, 24, § 112:

Canicula,

arid, parching, Ov. A. A. 2, 231.— Neutr. plur. absol.:

lonchitis nascitur in sitientibus,

in dry, arid places, Plin. 25, 11, 88, § 137; so,

in sitientibus aut siccis asperis,

id. 12, 28, 61, § 132.—With gen.:

sitientia Africae,

Plin. 10, 73, 94, § 201.—

Trop., thirsting for, desiring eagerly, greedy:

gravius ardentiusque sitiens,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

(amator) avidus sitiensque,

Ov. R. Am. 247:

regna Ditis, Petr. poët. 121, 116: aures,

Cic. Att. 2, 14, 1.— Poet.:

modice sitiens lagena,

of moderate capacity, Pers. 3, 92.—With gen.:

virtutis,

Cic. Planc. 5, 13:

famae,

Sil. 3, 578:

pecuniae (with avarus et avidus),

Gell. 12, 2, 13:

sermonis,

Claud. Cons. Mall. Theod. 251.—Hence, adv.: sĭtĭenter, thirstily, eagerly, greedily (acc. to B.):

sitienter quid expetens,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 37; so,

incumbere hauriendis voluptatibus,

Lact. 2, 1, 3:

haurire salutares illas aquas,

App. M. 9, p. 218 fin.; 3, p. 135, 35.

trāductĭo, ōnis, f. [traduco].

Lit., a leading along, conducting in triumph:

traductio captorum,

Aus. Grat. Act. 4.—

Trop.

In gen. (acc. to traduco, II. A.), a removing, transferring from one rank to another:

traductio ad plebem furibundi hominis ac perditi (Clodii),

Cic. Sest. 7, 15. —

In partic.

(Acc. to traduco, II. B. 2.) A making a show of, exposure, public disgrace:

hic damnatum cum dedecore et traductione vita exigit,

Sen. Ira, 1, 6, 1:

interrogationes ad traductionem nostram excogitatae,

id. Ep. 85, 1; Vulg. Sap. 2, 14; cf. Lact. 4, 16, 7; id. Epit. 45, 5.—

A leading in triumph:

captivorum,

Aus. Grat. Act. 4. —

(Acc. to traduco, II. B. 4.) Of time, the passage, lapse, course:

temporis,

Cic. Div. 1, 56, 127.—

(Acc. to traduco, II. B. 5.) In rhet.

A transferring, metonymy:

traductio atque immutatio in verbo: Africa terribili tremit horrida terra tumultu. Pro Afris est sumpta Africa,

Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 167.—

A repetition of the same word, Auct. Her. 4, 14, 20.