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101 посредник
1) (в переговорах) mediator, ambassador, agent, contact man; (в споре) intermediary, go-between; (арбитр) moderator, umpireбыть / выступать в качестве посредника — to act as a go-between / mediator
быть чьим-л. посредником — to act as intermediary for smb.
быть чьим-л. посредником в переговорах — to act as smb.'s ambassador in a negotiation
использовать кого-л. в качестве посредника — to use smb. as a go-between
через посредника — through an intermediary / proxy
2) (торговый) dealer, agent, middleman -
102 talk
1. nразговор, беседа; pl переговорыmore peace talks are going to take place / getting underway / lie ahead — переговоры о мирном урегулировании будут продолжены
to be more flexible in the talks — проявлять бо́льшую гибкость на переговорах
to begin (the) talks — начинать / открывать переговоры
to bring a country into the talks between smb — вовлекать / подключать какую-л. страну к переговорам между кем-л.
to come to the talks empty-handed — приходить на переговоры с пустыми руками ( без новых предложений)
to complete / to conclude talks — завершать переговоры
to damage the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
to demand a prompt resumption of peace talks — требовать скорейшего возобновления переговоров о мире
to derail / to disrupt the talks — срывать переговоры
to dominate the two days of talks — быть главным вопросом на переговорах, которые продлятся два дня
to extend talks amid reports of smth — продлевать переговоры, в то время как поступают сообщения о чем-л.
to hamper the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
to have / to hold further / more talks with smb — проводить дальнейшие переговоры / продолжать переговоры с кем-л.
to hold talks at the request of smb — проводить переговоры по чьей-л. просьбе
to hold talks in an exceptionally warm atmosphere — вести переговоры в исключительно теплой атмосфере
to iron out difficulties in the talks — устранять трудности, возникшие в ходе переговоров
to maintain one's talks for 10 days — продолжать переговоры еще 10 дней
to make good / substantial progress at / in the talks — добиваться значительного / существенного успеха на переговорах
to make smb more flexible in the talks — заставлять кого-л. занять более гибкую позицию на переговорах
to obstruct the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
to offer unconditional talks to smb — предлагать кому-л. провести переговоры, не сопровождаемые никакими условиями
to open (the) talks — начинать / открывать переговоры
to push forward the talks — активизировать переговоры; давать толчок переговорам
to put the proposals to arms reduction talks — ставить предложения на рассмотрение участников переговоров о сокращении вооружений
to re-launch / to reopen talks — возобновлять переговоры
to restart / to resume talks — возобновлять переговоры
to resume talks after a lapse of 18 months — возобновлять переговоры после полуторагодового перерыва
to schedule talks — намечать / планировать переговоры
to start (the) talks — начинать / открывать переговоры
to steer a diplomatic course in one's talks — проводить дипломатическую линию на переговорах
to stymie the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
to torpedo the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
- accession talksto walk out of / to withdraw from talks — уходить с переговоров, отказываться от продолжения переговоров
- after a full day of talks
- ambassadorial talks
- ambassadorial-level talks
- another round of talks gets under way today
- arduous talks
- arms control talks
- arms talks
- backstage talks
- barren talks
- beneficial talks
- bilateral talks
- bittersweet talk
- border talks
- breakdown in talks
- breakdown of talks - businesslike talks
- by means of talks
- by talks
- call for fresh talks
- carefully prepared talks
- cease-fire talks
- CFE talks
- coalition talks
- collapsed talks
- completion of talks
- conduct of talks
- confidential talks
- confrontational talks
- constructive talks
- conventional arms control talks
- conventional forces in Europe talks
- conventional stability talks
- conventional talks
- conventional-force talk
- cordial talks
- crux of the talks
- current round of talks
- deadlocked talks
- delay in the talks
- detailed talks
- direct talks
- disarmament talks
- discreet talks
- disruption of talks
- divisive talks
- early talks
- election talk
- emergency talks
- equal talks
- Europe-wide talks
- exhaustive talks
- exploratory talks
- extensive talks
- face-to-face talks
- failure at the talks
- failure of the talks
- familiarization talks
- farewell talks
- final round of talks
- follow -up talks
- follow-on talks
- force-reduction talks
- formal talks
- forthcoming talks
- four-way talks
- frank talks
- fresh round of talks
- fresh talks
- friendly atmosphere in the talks
- friendly talks
- frosty talks
- fruitful talks
- fruitless talks
- full talks
- full-scale talks
- further talks
- get-to-know-you talks
- good-faith talks
- hard-going talks
- highest-level talks
- high-level talks
- in a follow-up to one's talks
- in the course of talks
- in the last round of the talks
- in the latest round of the talks
- in the talks
- inconclusive talks
- indirect talks
- industrial promotion talks
- informal talks
- intensive talks
- intercommunal talks
- interesting talks
- interparty talks
- last-ditch talks
- last-minute talks
- lengthy talks
- low-level talks
- make-or-break talks
- man-to-man talks
- marathon talks
- MBFR talks
- meaningful talks
- mediator in the talks
- membership talks
- ministerial talks
- more talks
- multilateral talks
- Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction talks
- news lockout during the talks
- no further talks are scheduled
- non-stop talks
- normalization talks
- nuclear and space arms talks
- observer at the talks
- offer of talks
- on-and-off talks
- Open Skies Talk
- open talks
- outcome of the talks
- pace of the talks
- participant in the talks
- parties at the talks
- pay talks
- peace talks
- pep talk
- political talks
- positive talks
- preliminary talks
- preparatory talks
- present at the talks are...
- pre-summit talks
- pre-talks
- prime-ministerial talks
- private talks
- productive talks
- profound talks
- programmatic talk
- proposed talks
- proximity talks
- rapid progress in talks
- rapprochement talks
- realistic talks
- renewal of talks
- resumed talks
- resumption of talks
- reunification talks - sales talks
- SALT
- scheduled talks
- secret talks
- security talks
- sensible talks
- separate talks
- serious talks
- session of the talks
- setback in the talks
- sincere talks
- stage-by-stage talks
- stormy talks
- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
- Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
- substantial talks
- substantive talks
- successful progress of the talks
- summit talks
- talk was conducted in an atmosphere
- talk was held in an atmosphere
- talk will be dominated by the row which...
- talks about talk
- talks are alarmingly behind schedule
- talks are at a standstill
- talks are critical
- talks are deadlocked
- talks are due to resume
- talks are getting nowhere
- talks are going ahead
- talks are going well
- talks are heading for deadlock
- talks are in doubt
- talks are in high gear
- talks are in jeopardy
- talks are into their final day
- talks are not going fast enough
- talks are only a start
- talks are progressing at a snail's pace
- talks are progressing smoothly
- talks are progressing well
- talks are set to fail
- talks are stalemated
- talks are still on track
- talks are taking place in a constructive atmosphere
- talks are underway
- talks at a ministerial level
- talks at the highest level
- talks at the level of deputy foreign ministers
- talks between smb have run into last-minute difficulties
- talks between the two sides
- talks bogged down on smth
- talks broke down
- talks came to a standstill
- talks center on smth
- talks collapsed
- talks come at a time when...
- talks concentrate on
- talks dragged on for years
- talks ended in agreement
- talks ended in failure
- talks ended inconclusively
- talks ended without agreement
- talks failed to make any progress
- talks faltered on smth
- talks foundered on smth
- talks get underway
- talks go into a second day
- talks go on
- talks had a successful start
- talks had been momentous
- talks hang by a thread
- talks hang in the balance
- talks have been constructive and businesslike
- talks have broken up in failure
- talks have ended on an optimistic note
- talks have ended with little sign of agreement
- talks have ended with little sign of program
- talks have fallen through
- talks have got off to a friendly start
- talks have got off to a successful start
- talks have made little progress towards peace
- talks have never been closer to an agreement
- talks have reached deadlock
- talks have reopened
- talks have run into difficulties
- talks have run into trouble
- talks inch forward
- talks is burgeoning again about...
- talks made progress
- talks may continue into tomorrow
- talks may not get off the ground
- talks now under way
- talks of peace
- talks of procedural nature
- talks on a range of issues
- talks on conventional stability
- talks open
- talks overran by half an hour
- talks overshadowed by smth
- talks produced no results
- talks reconvene
- talks remain deadlocked
- talks restart
- talks resume
- talks stalled over the issue
- talks under the auspices of smb
- talks went into the small hours of the morning
- talks went late into the night
- talks went on late into the night
- talks went smoothly
- talks were due to start a month ago
- talks were not conclusive
- talks were suspended
- talks were warm, friendly and cordial
- talks will cover smth
- talks will focus on smth
- talks will go ahead
- talks will take place at the undersecretaries of foreign affairs level
- talks will yield an agreement
- talks with smb are not acceptable
- talks with the mediation of smb
- talks without preconditions
- talks would make little headway
- the agreement was signed at the end of 5 days of talks
- the area affected in the talks
- the outcome of the talks is not easy to predict
- the pace of the talks is slow
- the progress of the talks
- there was a sense of achievement at the end of the talks
- this problem will be at the heart of the talks
- those in the talks
- three days of talks have failed to make any tangible progress
- three-sided talks
- three-way talks
- too much talks and not enough action
- top-level talks
- touchstone of progress in the talks
- trade talks
- trilateral talks
- tripartite talks
- two-way talks
- umbrella peace talks
- unconditional talks
- United Nations-mediated talks
- United Nations-sponsored talks
- unity talks
- unofficial talk
- unproductive talks
- unscheduled talks
- useful talks
- walkout from the talks
- weighty talks
- wide range of talks
- wide-ranging talks
- workmanlike talks 2. vвести беседу, разговариватьto talk about smth — вести переговоры о чем-л.
to talk to smb direct — вести с кем-л. прямые переговоры
to talk to smb through a third party — вести переговоры с кем-л. через посредника
to talk tough — вести беседу / говорить резко
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103 intervene
[ˌɪntə'viːn]гл.1) вмешиваться; вклиниваться, вступаться; вставать междуThe chairman felt that it was his place to intervene in the disagreement between two of his committee members. — Тут председатель решил, что пришёл момент вмешаться в спор двух членов комитета.
Between our intentions and our practices, our little and our great passions may intervene. — Между нашими намерениями и их исполнениями могут неожиданно встать присущие нам страсти и страстишки.
Syn:Between the next two cantos intervenes the well known cradle song. — Две следующие части поэмы разделяет известная колыбельная песня.
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104 промежуточный
1) General subject: borderline, cut in, cut-in (о кадре), half way, half-way, in between, in-between, interbedded, interim, intermediary, intermediate, interstitial, mediate, medium, neuter, neutral, transitional, transitionary, transitive, way (по пути куда-л.), midline (к примеру, этап исследования), (о стратегии и т.д.) mid-term2) Geology: interbedded (пласт), intercalated, interposed3) Biology: annectent4) Naval: mid5) Medicine: intercurrent, interjacent, osculant6) Military: alternate7) Engineering: provisional, transitory8) Agriculture: betweencrop9) Railway term: intervening10) Law: interlocutory, mesne11) Economy: interim (напр. о дивидендах)12) Automobile industry: hybrid13) Mining: interbedded (о пласте)14) Information technology: en-route, temporary (о данных)15) Oil: middle16) Astronautics: midcourse17) Ecology: marginal (о районе, зоне)18) Drilling: monkey19) Automation: idle (о ЗК), spacing (о кольце)20) Makarov: average, blending, border-line, interface, interfacial, interim (о дивидендах), transition, twilight21) oil&gas: midpoint -
105 arbitrate
1. transitive verbschlichten, beilegen [Streit]2. intransitive verbarbitrate [upon something] — [in einer Sache] vermitteln od. als Schiedsrichter fungieren
* * *(to act as an arbitrator in a dispute etc: He has been asked to arbitrate in the dispute between the workers and management.) vermitteln- academic.ru/3413/arbitration">arbitration- arbitrator* * *ar·bi·trate[ˈɑ:bɪtreɪt, AM ˈɑ:rbə-]I. vt* * *['AːbItreɪt]1. vtdispute schlichten2. vi1) (in dispute) vermitteln2) (= go to arbitration) vor eine Schlichtungskommission gehen* * *arbitrate [ˈɑː(r)bıtreıt]A v/t1. a) (als Schiedsrichter oder durch Schiedsspruch oder schiedsrichterlich) entscheiden, schlichten, beilegenb) über eine Sache schiedsrichterlich verhandeln2. einem Schiedsspruch unterwerfenB v/i2. WIRTSCH Arbitragegeschäfte machen* * *1. transitive verbschlichten, beilegen [Streit]2. intransitive verbarbitrate [upon something] — [in einer Sache] vermitteln od. als Schiedsrichter fungieren
* * *v.schiedsrichterlich entscheiden ausdr.schlichten v. -
106 dispute
1. n1) диспут, дискуссия, спор, полемика2) спор, конфликт•to adjust disputes — урегулировать / улаживать споры
to deal with a dispute — успешно урегулировать спор / конфликт
to decide a dispute — разрешать / урегулировать спор
to embroil smb into a dispute — втягивать кого-л. в конфликт
to keep out of a dispute — не ввязываться в спор / конфликт
to mediate a dispute — быть посредником в споре / конфликте
to resolve a dispute — урегулировать / разрешать конфликт
to settle a dispute in smb's favor — разрешать спор в чью-л. пользу
to settle the dispute with smb over smth — урегулировать спор с кем-л. по поводу чего-л.
to spread dispute to... — распространять конфликт на...
to take sides in a dispute between... — принимать чью-л. сторону в споре между...
to urge a quick diplomatic solution to a dispute — призывать к скорейшему урегулированию конфликта дипломатическими средствами
- adjustment of disputesto work with smb towards settling a dispute — сотрудничать с кем-л. в деле урегулирования конфликта
- bitter dispute
- border dispute
- boundary dispute
- civil dispute
- comprehensive settlement of disputes
- conciliation of disputes
- dispute committee
- drawn-out dispute
- frontier dispute
- heated dispute
- historic dispute over smth
- industrial dispute
- international dispute
- intractable dispute
- judicial settlement of disputes
- labor dispute
- legal dispute
- long-running dispute
- long-simmering dispute
- long-standing dispute
- lull in a border dispute
- matter in dispute
- means of settlement of international disputes
- mechanism for the settlement of disputes
- methods of peaceful settlement of disputes
- new dispute has arisen
- nuclear dispute
- ongoing dispute
- parties to the dispute
- pay dispute
- political dispute
- procedure in labor disputes
- protracted dispute
- regional disputes
- religious-based dispute
- sides to the dispute
- simmering dispute
- solution to the dispute
- subject of the dispute
- territorial disputes
- the border dispute erupted into fighting
- the core of the dispute
- the country at the heart of the dispute
- the dispute has deepened
- the dispute has simmered down
- trade dispute
- underlying dispute
- unresolved dispute
- wage dispute 2. v1) дискутировать; вести дебаты2) ставить под сомнение; оспаривать• -
107 посредничать
act as a go-between, mediate, come* in between -
108 araya girmek
v. intervene, mediate, go between, put in a word, put in, punctuate, come between, intercede, interfere, interpose -
109 sequester
sequester tris or tra, tre, adj. [sequor], inter mediate, mediating, negotiating: iudex.—As subst m., a depositary, trustee, mediator, agent of bribery, go-between: aut sequestres aut interpretes conrumpendi iudici.—As subst f.: pace sequestrā, i. e. under the protection of a truce, V.* * *mediator, go-between -
110 interporre
autorità, influenza bring to bear* * *interporre v.tr.1 to interpose: interporre la propria autorità, il proprio veto, to interpose one's authority, one's veto; (dir.) interporre appello, to appeal2 (frapporre) to present: interporre ostacoli, difficoltà, to present obstacles, difficulties.◘ interporsi v.rifl o intr.pron.1 to interpose, to mediate: interporre fra due che litigano, to interpose between two persons who are quarrelling2 (intervenire) to intervene: interporre in difesa di qlcu., in una lite, to intervene in s.o.'s defence, in a quarrel.* * *1. [inter'porre]vb irreg vt1)(ostacoli, difficoltà)
interporre qc a qc — to put sth in the way of sth, (influenza) to use2)interporre appello Dir — to appeal
2. vip (interporsi)(intervenire) to interveneinterporsi fra — (mettersi in mezzo) to come between
* * *[inter'porre] 1.verbo transitivo1) (frapporre) to interposeinterporre ostacoli — to set up obstacles; (mettere innanzi)
2) (usare)2.verbo pronominale interporsi to interpose oneself, to intervene* * *interporre/inter'porre/ [73]1 (frapporre) to interpose; interporre ostacoli to set up obstacles; (mettere innanzi) interporre tempo to dither2 (usare) interporre la propria autorità to interpose one's authorityII interporsi verbo pronominaleto interpose oneself, to intervene. -
111 posredovati
* * *• umpire• intermediate• interfere• intercede• intervene• go between• mediate• negotiate -
112 posredovati
• extrapole; go between; intercede; interfere; intermediate; interponate; interpose; intervene; intevene; introduce; job; mediate; negotiate; stand between; umpire -
113 посредничать
act as a go-between, mediate, come in between -
114 intercede
1. v просить, вступаться2. v посредничать, содействовать примирению3. v ист. налагать запретСинонимический ряд:interfere (verb) arbitrate; interfere; intermediate; interpose; intervene; mediate; moderate; negotiate; reconcile; referee; step in; umpire; work out -
115 intermediate
1. n промежуточное звеноintermediate total — промежуточная сумма; промежуточный итог
2. n посредникintermediate party — посредник; промежуточный; средний; вспомогательный
3. n биол. промежуточный вид, промежуточная форма4. n хим. промежуточное соединение5. n хим. полупродукт6. n хим. эк. промежуточный продукт, полуфабрикат7. n хим. среднегабаритный автомобиль8. a промежуточный, переходный9. v посредничать10. v вмешиваться; мешатьСинонимический ряд:1. in the middle (adj.) center; central; centre; halfway; in the middle; intermediary; intervening; mean; medial; median; mid; middle; middle-of-the-road; midway; transitional2. medium (adj.) average; fair; fairish; indifferent; mediocre; medium; middle-rate; middling; moderate; run-of-mine; run-of-the-mill; so-so3. go-between (noun) broker; entrepreneur; envoy; go-between; interagent; interceder; intercessor; intercessory; intermediary; intermediator; mediator; middleman; spokesman4. interpose (verb) intercede; interfere; interpose; intervene; mediate; step in -
116 interpose
1. v книжн. ставить, помещать между; вставлять2. v книжн. становиться между; вклиниваться, вторгаться3. v книжн. вмешиваться4. v книжн. перебивать, прерывать, останавливать; вставлять5. v книжн. выдвигать возражения, высказываться против6. v книжн. посредничать7. v книжн. прерывать8. v книжн. шахм. прикрывать короля9. v книжн. шахм. защищать фигуру10. v книжн. шахм. кино появляться наплывомСинонимический ряд:1. intercede (verb) intercede; interfere; intermediate; intervene; mediate; step in2. introduce (verb) fill in; include; insert; insinuate; intercalate; interject; interpolate; interrupt; introduce; put in; throw in -
117 intervene
1. v происходить, иметь место, случатьсяI shall leave on Sunday if nothing intervenes — я выеду в воскресенье, если ничего не произойдёт
2. v вмешиваться, вступаться, посредничатьto intervene to settle a quarrel — вмешаться, чтобы положить конец ссоре
3. v вмешиваться во внутренние дела другого государства; осуществлять интервенцию4. v проходитьin the intervening years — за прошедшие годы; в период между
5. v юр. вступать в дело6. v находиться, лежать междуthe Mediterranean intervenes between Europe and Africa — Средиземное море расположено между Европой и Африкой
Синонимический ряд:1. arbitrate (verb) adjudicate; arbitrate; come between; disrupt; intercede; interfere; intermediate; interpose; mediate; negotiate; referee; step in2. block (verb) block; check; hinder; interrupt -
118 μεσιτεύω
A act as arbiter or mediator, J.AJ16.4.3, BGU709.18 (ii A. D.), Babr.39.2, etc.; τισι BGU906.7 (i A. D.), etc.;μ. ὅρκῳ Ep.Hebr.6.17
; act as go-between,τῇ Πασιφάῃ πρὸς τὸν ἔρωτα τοῦ ταύρου Eust.1166.25
.2 trans., mediate, negotiate,τὴν διάλυσιν μ. Plb.11.34.3
;τὰς συνθήκας OGI437.76
(Pergam., i B. C.), D.H.9.59, D.S.19.71;τὰς διαλλαγάς Nic.Dam.130.29
J.4 = μεσιδιόω, χειρόγραφον παρά τινι Möller Pap.Berl. Mus.2.11 ([voice] Pass., i A. D.), Suid.II intr., τὰ χρήματα μ. lies on deposit with a stakeholder, Plb.Fr. 183.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > μεσιτεύω
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119 vermitteln
- {to allot} phân công, giao, định dùng, chia phần, phân phối, định phần, phiên chế, chuyển - {to arrange} sắp xếp, sắp đặt, sửa soạn, thu xếp, chuẩn bị, dàn xếp, hoà giải, cải biên, soạn lại, chỉnh hợp, lắp ráp, sắp xếp thành hàng ngũ chỉnh tề, đồng ý, thoả thuận, đứng thành hàng ngũ chỉnh tề - {to conciliate} thu phục được, chiếm được, lấy được, gây được, xoa dịu, giảng hoà, điều hoà - {to convey} chở, chuyên chở, vận chuyển, truyền, truyền đạt, chuyển nhượng, sang tên - {to go between} - {to intercede} can thiệp, giúp ai, xin giùm, nói giùm, làm môi giới, làm trung gian - {to interpose} đặt vào giữa, đặt, xen, xen vào giữa những vật khác, can thiệp vào giữa hai phía tranh chấp, làm trung gian hoà giải, ngắt lời, xen vào một câu chuyện - {to intervene} xen vào, ở giữa, xảy ra ở giữa - {to mediate} làm trung gian để điều đình, điều đình - {to negotiate} đàm phán, thương lượng, đổi thành tiền, chuyển nhượng cho người khác để lấy tiền, trả bằng tiền, vượt qua được - {to procure} kiếm, thu được, mua được, tìm để cho làm đĩ, đem lại, đem đến, làm ma cô, làm nghề dắt gái, trùm gái điếm = vermitteln (Wissen) {to impart; to pass on}+ = vermitteln [zwischen] {to arbitrate [between]}+ -
120 Grammar
I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performancehe implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar
См. также в других словарях:
mediate — me‧di‧ate [ˈmiːdieɪt] verb [intransitive, transitive] to try to end an argument between two people or groups by talking to both sides and encouraging them to reach an agreement: • He was asked to mediate a labor dispute. mediate between • an… … Financial and business terms
Mediate — Me di*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. {Mediated}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Mediating}.] [LL. mediatus, p. p. of mediare to mediate. See {Mediate}, a.] [1913 Webster] 1. To be in the middle, or between two; to intervene. [R.] [1913 Webster] 2. To interpose… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Between — Be*tween , prep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betwe[ o]nan, betwe[ o]num; prefix be by + a form fr. AS. tw[=a] two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See {Twain}, and cf. {Atween}, {Betwixt}.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as, New… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Between decks — Between Be*tween , prep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betwe[ o]nan, betwe[ o]num; prefix be by + a form fr. AS. tw[=a] two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See {Twain}, and cf. {Atween}, {Betwixt}.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Between ourselves — Between Be*tween , prep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betwe[ o]nan, betwe[ o]num; prefix be by + a form fr. AS. tw[=a] two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See {Twain}, and cf. {Atween}, {Betwixt}.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Between themselves — Between Be*tween , prep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betwe[ o]nan, betwe[ o]num; prefix be by + a form fr. AS. tw[=a] two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See {Twain}, and cf. {Atween}, {Betwixt}.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Between you and me — Between Be*tween , prep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betwe[ o]nan, betwe[ o]num; prefix be by + a form fr. AS. tw[=a] two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See {Twain}, and cf. {Atween}, {Betwixt}.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
mediate — 01. The Smiths used a marriage counselor to [mediate] their separation, and were able to settle things without any major problems. 02. The principal encouraged the students to act as [mediators] in disputes between their peers in the school. 03.… … Grammatical examples in English
mediate — UK [ˈmiːdɪeɪt] / US [ˈmɪdɪˌeɪt] verb Word forms mediate : present tense I/you/we/they mediate he/she/it mediates present participle mediating past tense mediated past participle mediated 1) a) [intransitive/transitive] to try to end a… … English dictionary
mediate — v. (D; intr.) to mediate between (to mediate between the warring parties) * * * [ miːdɪeɪt] (D; intr.) to mediate between (to mediate between the warring parties) … Combinatory dictionary
mediate — me|di|ate [ˈmi:dieıt] v [Date: 1400 1500; : Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of mediare, from Latin medius; MEDIUM2] 1.) [I and T] to try to end a quarrel between two people, groups, countries etc mediate between ▪ UN officials mediated… … Dictionary of contemporary English