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  • 41 Hennébique, François

    [br]
    b. 25 April 1842 Neuville-Saint-Vaast, near Arras, France
    d. 20 March 1921 Paris, France
    [br]
    French engineer who contributed to the development of reinforced concrete.
    [br]
    Hennébique was an important leader in experimenting with various ways of reinforcing concrete with iron and steel. He set up his own firm in 1867, so acquiring valuable experience in the number of commissions that he carried out when using this material. He patented his own invention in 1892; this was for a method of using hooked connections for reinforcing-bars of iron and steel. England lagged behind France in developing the use of reinforced concrete as a structural material: it was Hennébique who was most influential in changing this situation. He had used his new method of reinforcement in the construction of the Spinning Mills at Tourcoing in France in 1895, and he was commissioned by Weaver \& Co., who wished to build a new flour mill in Swansea: the mill was completed in 1898. Soon after, both Hennébique and Coignet established London offices for developing their constructional techniques in England.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Le Béton armé 1898–1921 (monthly journal published by the Hennébique Company in Paris).
    P.Collins, 1959, Concrete: A Vision of a New Architecture (a study of Auguste Perret and his predecessors), Faber.
    C.C.Stanley, 1979, Highlights in the History of Concrete, Cement and Concrete Association.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Hennébique, François

  • 42 Abschreibung

    Abschreibung f 1. FIN, RW writedown, depreciation, allowance for depreciation, depreciation allowance (Sachanlagevermögen); amortization (immaterielles Anlagevermögen = intangible fixed assets, insbesondere der Geschäftswert = goodwill; IAS 38); write-off, writeoff (außerplanmäßige Vollabschreibung, non-scheduled depreciation); (BE) capital allowance, writing-off; (AE) allowance for depreciation; 2. GRUND depreciation; 3. WIWI capital consumption, capital consumption allowance
    * * *
    f 1. < Geschäft> write-off, transcription; 2. < Grund> depreciation; 3. < Rechnung> amortizement, capital allowance (BE), writing-off, allowance for depreciation (AE), amortization; 4. <Vw> capital consumption, capital consumption allowance
    * * *
    Abschreibung
    writeoff (US), charge-off, markdown, write-down, (einzelner Posten) item written off, (für Substanzverringerung) depletion, (für Wertminderung) [allowance for] depreciation, amortization, lost usefulness;
    • nach Abschreibung aller Verluste after charging off all losses;
    • 7b Abschreibung allowance on premises, [statutory] repairs allowance (deduction);
    • altersbedingte Abschreibung depreciation for age;
    • bilanzmäßig anerkannte Abschreibung balance-sheet depreciation;
    • steuerlich anerkannte Abschreibung tax (business) depreciation, tax writeoff (US) (write-off, Br.);
    • beschleunigte Abschreibung accelerated depreciation, emergency amortization, rapid writeoff (US);
    • betriebsbedingte Abschreibungen plant write-offs (Br.);
    • buchmäßige Abschreibung theoretical depreciation;
    • degressive Abschreibung declining-balance (reducing balance) depreciation;
    • geometrisch degressive Abschreibung double-declining balance depreciation;
    • digitale Abschreibung sum-of-the-years digit method (US);
    • entstandene Abschreibungen depreciation accruals;
    • aufgrund natürlicher Abnutzung erforderliche Abschreibung physical depreciation;
    • erhöhte Abschreibungen accelerated allowance (Br.);
    • gebrauchsbedingte Abschreibung (Maschinen) wear-out;
    • genehmigte Abschreibung allowance for depreciation (Br.);
    • laufende Abschreibungen writing-down allowances (Br.);
    • lineare Abschreibung straight-line [method of] depreciation (US);
    • höchst mögliche Abschreibung maximum depreciation;
    • normale Abschreibung ordinary depreciation;
    • ordentliche Abschreibung depreciation according to plan;
    • progressive Abschreibung sinking-fund method of depreciation (US);
    • steuerbegünstigte vorzeitige Abschreibung accelerated allowance (Br.), emergency amortization, rapid writeoff (US);
    • übermäßige Abschreibung excessive depreciation;
    • verbrauchsbedingte Abschreibung physical depreciation;
    • verdiente Abschreibung amount of depreciation earned;
    • verkürzte Abschreibung accelerated writeoff (Br.);
    • vollständige Abschreibung wholesale writing down;
    • steuerlich zulässige Abschreibungen tax writeoffs (US), capital allowance (Br.);
    • Abschreibung für Abnutzung depreciation for wear and tear (Br.), wear-and-tear allowance (Br.);
    • Abschreibung für Anlagegüter (AfA) annual allowance (Br.);
    • jährliche Abschreibung auf das Anlagevermögen capital allowance (Br.), depreciation on fixed assets, annual depreciation (allowance, Br.);
    • Abschreibung im Anschaffungsjahr first-year allowance (Br.);
    • Abschreibung nach Anschaffungswerten historic-cost depreciation;
    • Abschreibung auf Basis der erbrachten Leistung service output depreciation method;
    • Abschreibungen auf Betriebsanlagen depreciation of industrial equipment, allowance on plant (Br.);
    • Abschreibung auf die Betriebs- und Geschäftsausstattung depreciation on office furniture and equipment;
    • Abschreibungen auf Betriebsanlagen und Zubehör plant and material writeoffs;
    • Abschreibungen auf das Betriebsvermögen works depreciation;
    • Abschreibung vom jeweiligen Buchwert written-down value;
    • Abschreibungen für Devisenverluste writeoffs for losses on foreign exchange (US);
    • Abschreibungen auf Einrichtungsgegenstände capital allowances on furniture (Br.);
    • Abschreibung auf Fabrikgebäude mills and factories allowance (Br.);
    • Abschreibung auf Finanzanlagen writedowns and other valuation adjustments of investments;
    • Abschreibungen für Gebäude depreciation of buildings;
    • Abschreibung auf gewerblich genutzte Gebäude industrial building allowance (Br.);
    • Abschreibung auf Gebäudekonto (für Gebäudeabnutzung) reduction of premises account;
    • Abschreibungen und Gewinne retentions;
    • Abschreibungen plus nicht ausgeschüttete Gewinne business savings, net cashflow;
    • Abschreibungen auf Grundstücke real-estate depreciation, depreciation of premises (property owned);
    • Abschreibungen auf das Grundstücksvermögen depreciation on land;
    • Abschreibungen auf Industriebauten industrial building allowance (Br.);
    • Abschreibung für Investitionen investment allowance (Br.);
    • Abschreibung von Lagerbeständen inventory writedown;
    • hundertprozentige steuerliche Abschreibungen für Maschinen und Betriebsausrüstung im Anlaufsjahr 100% first-year tax relief on new machinery and plant;
    • Abschreibung auf den Maschinenpark depreciation on machinery;
    • Abschreibung im Rahmen der volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung maintaining capital intact;
    • Abschreibung auf Rationalisierungsinvestitionen functional depreciation;
    • Abschreibungen auf Sachanlagen depreciation on tangible assets;
    • Abschreibung für Substanzverringerung (Substanzverzehr, Substanzverlust) depletion allowance (Br.) (expenses);
    • Abschreibungen auf Verwaltungsgebäude reductions of premises account;
    • Abschreibungen auf Warenbestände inventory writedowns;
    • Abschreibung auf Werksanlagen depreciation on plant;
    • Abschreibung für Wertminderung allowance for wear and tear (Br.);
    • Abschreibung nach Wiederbeschaffungskosten replacement-cost depreciation;
    • Abschreibung vom Wiederbeschaffungswert depreciation on replacement value;
    • Abschreibung auf Wirtschaftsgebäude agricultural building allowance (Br.);
    • Abschreibungen auf die Preise abwälzen to charge depreciation of equipment onto costs;
    • Abschreibung aussetzen to interrupt depreciation;
    • mit Abschreibungen belasten to charge depreciations;
    • zulässige Abschreibung auf das Anlagevermögen berechnen to compute allowance (Br.) (depreciation);
    • steuerliche Abschreibungen vornehmen können to gain relief;
    • steuerlich zulässige Abschreibungen in Anspruch nehmen to claim capital allowance (Br.);
    • als steuerlich zulässige Abschreibung anerkannt sein to qualify for capital allowances (Br.);
    • mit Abschreibungen belastet sein to be burdened with charges of depreciations;
    • seine Abschreibungen verdienen to earn one’s depreciation;
    • Abschreibung [zeitlich] verteilen to allocate depreciation;
    • seine Abschreibungen steuerlich über mehrere Jahre verteilen to spread one’s depreciation over several years;
    • Abschreibungen vornehmen to write off (down), to charge depreciations, to depreciate;
    • steuerlich anerkannte Abschreibungen vornehmen to depreciate for tax purposes;
    • Abschreibungen auf Kapitalanlagegüter steuerlich vortragen to carry forward capital allowance (Br.);
    • 2% des Hauswertes pro Jahr für Abschreibungen zulassen to compute the writing-down on the basis of 2% per year of the cost of the building (Br.);
    • für Abschreibungen zurückstellen to allow for depreciation.

    Business german-english dictionary > Abschreibung

  • 43 clase

    f.
    1 class.
    de primera clase first-class
    de segunda clase second-class
    clase alta/media upper/middle class
    las clases dirigentes the ruling classes
    clase obrera working class
    clases pasivas = pensioners and people on benefit
    clase preferente club class
    clase social social class
    clase trabajadora working class
    clase turista tourist class
    2 sort, kind (tipo).
    no me gusta esa clase de bromas I don't like that kind of joke
    toda clase de all sorts o kinds of
    3 class (education) (asignatura, alumnos).
    clases particulares private tuition
    clase de francés/inglés French/English class
    clase magistral master class
    * * *
    1 (grupo, categoría) class
    2 (aula) classroom; (de universidad) lecture hall
    3 (tipo) type, sort
    \
    asistir a clase to attend class
    dar clase to teach
    de buena clase good quality
    de todas clases of all kinds, of all sorts
    tener clase to have class
    toda clase de all sorts of
    clase alta upper class
    clase baja lower class
    clase de conducir driving lesson
    clase dirigente ruling class
    clase media middle class
    clase obrera working class
    clase particular private class, private lesson
    clase preferente business class
    clases de recuperación remedial classes
    clases pasivas pensioners
    primera clase first class
    segunda clase second class
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) sort, type
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (Escol)
    a) (=lección) lesson, class

    dar o Chile hacer clase(s) — [profesor] to teach; Esp [alumno] to have lessons

    - fumarse o saltarse o soplarse la clase
    b) (=instrucción) school

    faltar a clase — to miss school, be absent

    c) (=aula) classroom
    d) (=grupo de alumnos) class

    la gente de mi clase — my classmates, my class

    "se dan clases particulares" — "private tuition offered"

    2) (Univ)
    a) [práctica] (=lección, instrucción) class; (=aula) classroom

    dar o LAm frm dictar clase — [profesor] to teach; [alumno] Esp to have classes

    b) (=lección) lecture

    hoy no voy a clase — I'm not going to any lectures today, I'm not going to University today

    • dar clase — [profesor] to teach, lecture; [alumno] to have lectures

    c) (=aula) lecture room
    3) (=tipo) kind, sort

    gente de todas clases — all kinds o sorts of people, people of all kinds

    con toda clase de detalles — in great detail, down to the last detail

    4) (=calidad) quality
    5) [en viajes] class

    segunda clase — second class, standard class

    6) (=elegancia) class

    tu hermana tiene mucha clase — your sister has a lot of class, your sister's very classy

    7) (Sociol) class

    las clases acomodadas — the well-to-do, the moneyed classes

    la clase dirigente o dominante — the ruling class

    la clase política — politicians pl, the political establishment Sociol

    8) (Bio, Bot) class
    9) (Mil)
    2.
    ADJ And * first-rate, classy *
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( tipo) kind, sort, type
    2) (Transp) class

    viajar en primera/segunda clase — to travel (in) first/second class

    3) (Sociol) class
    4) (distinción, elegancia) class
    5) (Educ)
    a) ( lección) class

    clases de conducir or manejar — driving lessons

    dictar clase (de algo) — (AmL frml) to lecture (in something)

    dar clase or (Chi) hacer clases (de algo) — profesor ( en colegio) to teach (something); ( en universidad) to lecture (something), teach (something)

    ¿quién te da clase de latín? — who takes you for Latin?

    da clases de latín/piano con un profesor privado — (Esp) she has latin classes/piano lessons with a private tutor

    b) ( grupo de alumnos) class

    un compañero de clase — a classmate, a school friend

    c) ( aula - en escuela) classroom; (- en universidad) lecture hall o room
    6) (Bot, Zool) class
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( tipo) kind, sort, type
    2) (Transp) class

    viajar en primera/segunda clase — to travel (in) first/second class

    3) (Sociol) class
    4) (distinción, elegancia) class
    5) (Educ)
    a) ( lección) class

    clases de conducir or manejar — driving lessons

    dictar clase (de algo) — (AmL frml) to lecture (in something)

    dar clase or (Chi) hacer clases (de algo) — profesor ( en colegio) to teach (something); ( en universidad) to lecture (something), teach (something)

    ¿quién te da clase de latín? — who takes you for Latin?

    da clases de latín/piano con un profesor privado — (Esp) she has latin classes/piano lessons with a private tutor

    b) ( grupo de alumnos) class

    un compañero de clase — a classmate, a school friend

    c) ( aula - en escuela) classroom; (- en universidad) lecture hall o room
    6) (Bot, Zool) class
    * * *
    clase1
    1 = class, class, cluster, kind, nature, schedules, the, sort, type, schedule, table, ilk, class standing.

    Ex: The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.

    Ex: A class is a set of things which share some property, or characteristic, in common.
    Ex: Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.
    Ex: Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.
    Ex: Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.
    Ex: The list of terms, representing concepts systematically arranged and showing their relationships, constitutes the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex: Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.
    Ex: There are a number of types of abstracts or labels that can be applied to abstracts.
    Ex: We have now established all the information that we need to enable us to construct a schedule, or table, in a given subject area.
    Ex: We have now established all the information that we need to enable us to construct a schedule, or table, in a given subject area.
    Ex: Perhaps she would be well advised to read that book and others of its ilk to see if she could learn something about surviving in the corporate world.
    Ex: Social distance, the aloofness and unapproachability of persons of different social strata, is both a symbol of class standing.
    * análisis multidimensional de clases = multidimensional cluster analysis.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * clase acomodada = nob.
    * clase alta = upper class.
    * clase anterior = anterior numeral class.
    * clase baja = lower class, the.
    * clase business = business class.
    * clase capitalista = capitalist class.
    * clase fénix = Phoenix schedule.
    * clase general = containing class.
    * clase gobernante, la = ruling class, the, ruling elite, the.
    * clase intelectual = intellectual class.
    * clase marginada = underclass.
    * clase media = middle class.
    * clase media alta = upper-middle class.
    * clase obrera = working class.
    * clase política = political class.
    * clase principal = main class.
    * clases altas, las = upper circles, the.
    * clases auxiliares = auxiliaries.
    * clases inferiores, las = lower orders, the.
    * clase social = social class.
    * clase superior = brahmin.
    * clase trabajadora = working class, labouring class.
    * clase turista = economy class.
    * con toda clase de comodidades = with all mods and cons.
    * con toda clase de lujos = with all mods and cons.
    * correo de primera clase = first class post.
    * cultura de la clase alta = high culture.
    * cultura de la clase baja = low culture.
    * cultura de la clase media = middlebrow culture.
    * de primera clase = first class, first-rate, tip-top.
    * de segunda clase = second-rate.
    * designación específica de la clase de documento = specific material designation.
    * designación general de la clase de documento = general material designation.
    * de una clase social superior = above + Posesivo + class.
    * dimensión de clase = class dimension.
    * fuera de clase = out-of-class.
    * identidad clase-tipo = type-token identity.
    * lucha de clases = class warfare.
    * modelo en su clase = showpiece.
    * notación de clase = class notation.
    * política de clases = class politics.
    * prejuicio de clases = class prejudice.
    * relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.
    * sin clases sociales = classless.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * subdivisión dentro de una clase = link, step of division.
    * toda clase de = all sorts of.
    * una clase de = a kind of.

    clase2
    2 = classroom, class.

    Ex: Teaching is done through lectures, seminars, tutorials and practical work both in the classroom and the library.

    Ex: The students in these classes were asked to record their library science periodical usage for one week = En estas clases se les pidió a los estudiantes que mantuvieran un registro del uso que hacían de las publicaciones periódicas de biblioteconomía y documentación durante una semana.
    * delegado de clase = class prefect, class representative.

    clase3
    3 = lesson, session, course unit, teaching session, lecture.

    Ex: There were lessons in this story which appear to have been ignored but remain valid for the future.

    Ex: But more mature readers can be expected to go on reading for full sessions without flagging, a point that most children should reach by ten years old.
    Ex: This paper discusses the library education programme in the 1st library school in Nigeria to offer the course unit system as operated in the USA.
    Ex: In teaching session after teaching session, day after day, school tasks are administered through textbooks, instruction manuals, reference works, etc -- tomes teeming with problems for the pupils to solve.
    Ex: The staff undertake searches and enquiries for the user and educate the user by various ways, from informal discussion to fully prepared lectures.
    * anterior a la clase = preclass.
    * apuntes de clase = lecture notes, class notes.
    * asistir a una clase = attend + class.
    * aula de clase = teaching room.
    * clase de educación de adultos = adult learning class, adult learner class.
    * clase de educación especial = special education class.
    * clase de educación física = physical education class.
    * clase de gimnasia = gym class.
    * clase de historia = history lesson.
    * clase de prácticas = practical.
    * clase de primaria = infant class.
    * clase de redacción = composition class.
    * clase didáctica = didactic lecture.
    * clase magistral = lecture class.
    * clase nocturna = evening class.
    * clases de apoyo = remedial teaching.
    * clases de guitarra = guitar tuition.
    * clase virtual = e-lesson.
    * compañero de clase = classmate.
    * curso de clases magistrales = lecture course.
    * curso mixto de clases y práctica en la empresa = sandwich course.
    * dar clase = give + a lesson, teach + class, teach + lesson, hold + class.
    * ejercicios de clase = school tasks.
    * en el aula de clase = classroom-based.
    * faltar a clase = play + hooky, skip + class, play + truant, bunk off, bunk + classes, skive, bunk + school.
    * faltar a una clase = miss + class, cut + class.
    * fugarse una clase = skip + class.
    * hora de clase = class period.
    * horario de clase = class time, class schedule.
    * horas de clase = class time, school hours.
    * impartir clases = lecture.
    * lectura en clase = class reading.
    * lectura recomendada de clase = classroom reading.
    * material didáctico entregado en clase = class handout.
    * perderse una clase = miss + class.
    * preparar un trabajo de clase = research + paper.
    * programa mixto de clases y práctica en la empresa = sandwich programme.
    * saltarse una clase = skip + class, miss + class, cut + class.
    * trabajo de clase = term paper, coursework [course work], term project, essay assignment, class assignment, course assignment, homework, student assignment, written assignment.
    * trabajos de clase = classroom asignment.

    * * *
    A
    1 (tipo) kind, sort, type
    sin ninguna clase de explicaciones with no explanation of any kind, without any kind of explanation
    te deseo toda clase de felicidad I wish you every happiness
    2
    (categoría): productos de primera clase top-quality products
    B ( Transp) class
    viajar en primera/segunda clase to travel (in) first/second class
    Compuestos:
    economy o tourist class
    ● clase ejecutiva or preferente
    business class
    C ( Sociol) class
    gente de todas las clases sociales people of all (social) classes
    la clase política politicians
    Compuestos:
    upper class
    lower class
    ruling class
    middle class
    ● clase media alta/media baja
    upper-middle/lower-middle class
    working class
    fpl:
    working class
    D (distinción, elegancia) class
    tiene mucha clase she has a lot of class, she's very classy ( colloq)
    E ( Educ)
    1 (lección) class
    este año ha faltado a clase diez veces this year he's missed ten classes
    la clase que más me gusta es la de historia my favorite class o ( BrE) lesson is history
    se porta muy mal en clase she behaves very badly in class
    ¿a qué hora sales de clase? what time do you get out of class ( o school etc)?
    los centros en los que se imparten las clases ( frml); the centers where classes are held
    clases de conducir or manejar driving lessons
    dicta clase de filosofía ( AmL); she teaches philosophy, she gives philosophy classes
    dar clase «profesor» (en el colegio) to teach; (en la universidad) to lecture, teach;
    «alumno» ( Esp) to have classes
    da clases particulares he gives private classes, he teaches privately
    ¿quién te da clase de latín? who do you have for o who takes you for Latin?
    da clases de matemáticas en la Universidad she lectures in o teaches mathematics at the University
    dio la clase de mi parte he gave o took the class for me
    doy clases de música con un profesor particular ( Esp); I have music lessons with a private teacher
    hace clases de piano en el conservatorio ( Chi); he teaches piano at the conservatory
    invitó a toda la clase a la fiesta she invited the whole class to the party
    es el primero de la clase he's top of the class, he's the best in the class
    un compañero de clase a classmate, a school friend
    3 (aula — en una escuela) classroom; (— en una universidad) lecture hall o room, lecture auditorium ( AmE), lecture theatre ( BrE)
    ¿en qué clase es la conferencia? which room is the lecture in?
    Compuestos:
    master class
    evening class
    private class o lesson
    F ( Bot, Zool) class
    ( Mil) ≈ NCO, ≈ noncommissioned officer
    * * *

     

    clase sustantivo femenino
    1 ( tipo) kind, sort, type;

    2 (Transp, Sociol) class;

    clase económica or turista economy o tourist class;
    clase ejecutiva or preferente business class;
    clase alta/baja/media upper/lower/middle class;
    clase dirigente or dominante ruling class;
    clase obrera working class
    3
    a) (distinción, elegancia) class;


    b) ( categoría):


    4 (Educ)

    clases de conducir or manejar driving lessons;
    dictar clase (de algo) (AmL frml) to lecture (in sth);
    dar clase or (Chi) hacer clases (de algo) [ profesor] to teach (sth);

    clase particular private class o lesson


    (— en universidad) lecture hall o room
    clase sustantivo femenino
    1 (género, tipo) kind, sort: tienen toda clase de instrumentos musicales, they have all kinds of musical instruments
    2 (categoría) class
    viajar en primera/ segunda clase, to travel first/second class
    un jamón de primera clase, a top-quality ham
    3 (grupo social) class
    clase alta/media, upper/middle class
    clases pasivas, pensioners
    4 Educ (aula) classroom
    (grupo de estudiantes) class
    (lección) lesson, class
    5 (elegancia, estilo) class
    ' clase' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amiga
    - amigo
    - baja
    - bajo
    - colegio
    - compartimento
    - compartimiento
    - curso
    - dar
    - dirigente
    - entre
    - especie
    - fichada
    - fichado
    - fumarse
    - género
    - guión
    - honda
    - índole
    - media
    - medio
    - mejor
    - naturaleza
    - permitirse
    - pueblo
    - repelente
    - suerte
    - tema
    - tipo
    - adelante
    - apuntar
    - asistir
    - atrás
    - burgués
    - burguesía
    - capar
    - capear
    - cierto
    - compañero
    - dibujo
    - dictar
    - dormir
    - espabilado
    - faltar
    - formar
    - listo
    - numeroso
    - obrero
    - orden
    - parejo
    English:
    artwork
    - background
    - blue-collar
    - board
    - brand
    - breed
    - charge off
    - class
    - classmate
    - classroom
    - classy
    - conclude
    - description
    - discipline
    - diverse
    - dunce
    - economy class
    - first-class
    - form
    - grade
    - gym
    - heterogeneous
    - institution
    - kind
    - lance corporal
    - lecture
    - lesson
    - lower-class
    - manner
    - method
    - middle-class
    - nature
    - order
    - period
    - posh
    - remedial
    - riding lesson
    - second-class
    - session
    - shade
    - Sloane Ranger
    - sort
    - start off
    - stay behind
    - stream
    - take
    - tourist class
    - type
    - upper class
    - variety
    * * *
    clase nf
    1. [grupo, categoría] class;
    de primera clase first-class;
    de segunda clase second-class;
    una mercancía de primera clase a first-class o top-class product
    2. [en medio de transporte] class;
    primera/segunda clase first/second class;
    viajar en primera/segunda clase to travel first/second class
    clase económica economy class;
    clase ejecutiva business class;
    clase preferente business o club class;
    Andes clase salón [en tren] first class;
    clase turista tourist class
    3. [grupo social, profesional, institucional] class;
    la clase médica the medical profession;
    la clase política the political class, politicians
    clase alta upper class;
    clase baja lower class;
    la clase dirigente the ruling class;
    clase media middle class;
    clase media alta upper middle class;
    clase media baja lower middle class;
    clase obrera working class;
    clase ociosa the idle classes;
    clases pasivas = pensioners and people on benefit;
    clase social social class;
    clase trabajadora working class
    4. [tipo] sort, kind;
    no me gusta esa clase de bromas I don't like that kind of joke;
    toda clase de all sorts o kinds of;
    os deseamos toda clase de felicidad we wish you every happiness;
    de toda clase of all sorts o kinds;
    sin ninguna clase de dudas without a (shadow of a) doubt
    5. Zool class
    6. Ling class
    7. [asignatura, lección] [en colegio] class;
    [en universidad] lecture;
    una clase de historia a history class/lecture;
    iremos al cine después de clase [en colegio] we're going to the cinema after school;
    [en universidad] we're going to the cinema after class;
    me voy a clase, nos veremos luego I'm going to my lecture, see you later;
    el profesor no le puede recibir ahora, está en clase the teacher can't see you now, he's teaching o he's giving a class;
    dar clases [en colegio] to teach;
    [en universidad] to lecture;
    da clases de español a un grupo de franceses she teaches Spanish to a group of French people;
    doy clase con el Sr. Vega Mr Vega is my teacher;
    faltar a clase to miss school;
    faltó una semana a clase por enfermedad she was off school for a week because she was ill;
    hoy tengo clase [en colegio] I have to go to school today;
    [en universidad] I've got lectures today Esp clases de conducir driving lessons;
    clase magistral lecture;
    Am clases de manejar driving lessons;
    clase nocturna evening class;
    clases particulares private tuition;
    clases de recuperación = extra lessons for pupils who have failed their exams
    8. [alumnos] class;
    9. [aula] [en colegio] classroom;
    [en universidad] lecture room o hall
    10. [estilo]
    tener clase to have class;
    una mujer con mucha clase a very classy woman;
    con ese gol demostró su clase he showed his class with that goal
    * * *
    f
    1 EDU class;
    2 ( variedad) kind, sort
    3 social class;
    la clase obrera the working class
    4
    :
    tener clase have class;
    una mujer con clase a classy woman
    * * *
    clase nf
    1) : class
    2) índole, tipo: sort, kind, type
    * * *
    1. (en general) class [pl. classes]
    2. (lección) class / lesson
    ¿a qué hora empieza la clase? what time does the class begin?
    3. (tipo) kind
    4. (aula) classroom

    Spanish-English dictionary > clase

  • 44 corriente

    adj.
    1 ordinary, normal (normal).
    un reloj normal y corriente an ordinary watch
    2 running (agua).
    3 current (mes, año, cuenta).
    4 usual, customary.
    f.
    1 current.
    le dio la corriente al tocar el enchufe she got an electric shock when she touched the socket
    corriente alterna/continua alternating/direct current
    la corriente del Golfo the Gulf Stream
    2 draught (British), draft (United States).
    3 trend, current (tendencia).
    corriente de pensamiento school of thought
    4 electric current, current, power, electricity.
    5 tide.
    6 flumen.
    * * *
    1 (común) ordinary, average
    2 (agua) running
    3 (fecha) current, present
    ■ el cinco del corriente mes the fifth of the current month, the fifth of this month
    4 (cuenta) current
    1 (mes) current month, this month
    1 (masa de agua) current, stream, flow
    2 (de aire) draught (US draft)
    3 ELECTRICIDAD current
    4 (de arte etc) trend, current, school
    \
    al corriente (actualizado) up to date 2 (enterado) aware 3 (informado) informed, in the know
    ■ ¿estás al corriente de los pagos? are you up to date with the payments?
    ■ ¿estás al corriente de lo que ha pasado? do you know what's happened?
    corriente y moliente familiar ordinary, run-of-the-mill
    dejarse llevar por la corriente figurado to follow the herd, go with the flow
    ir contra corriente / navegar contra corriente figurado to go against the tide
    llevarle la corriente a alguien / seguirle la corriente a alguien to humour (US humor) somebody
    poner al corriente to bring up to date, put in the picture
    ponerse al corriente to get up to date, catch up
    salirse de lo corriente to be out of the ordinary
    tener al corriente to keep informed
    corriente abajo downstream
    corriente alterna alternating current
    Corriente del Golfo Gulf Stream
    corriente sanguínea bloodstream
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun f.
    3) tendency, trend
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=frecuente) [error, apellido] common

    una combinación de cualidades que no es corriente encontrar en una misma persona — a combination of qualities not commonly o often found in the same person

    un término de uso corriente — a common term, a term in common use

    • poco corriente — unusual

    2) (=habitual) usual, customary

    lo corriente es llamar antes de venir — the usual thing is to phone before coming, it's customary to phone before coming

    es corriente que la familia de la novia pague la boda — it's customary for the bride's family to pay for the wedding, the bride's family usually pays for the wedding

    3) (=no especial) ordinary

    no es nada especial, es solo un anillo corriente — it's nothing special, it's just an ordinary ring

    • fuera de lo corriente — out of the ordinary

    • normal y corriente — perfectly ordinary

    • salirse de lo corriente — to be out of the ordinary

    tiene un trabajo corriente y moliente — he has a very ordinary job, he has a run-of-the-mill job

    4) [en curso] [déficit, mes, año] current
    cuenta 4), gasto 2), moneda 2)
    5) [agua] running
    6) † (=en regla) in order

    • estar o ir corriente en algo — to be up to date with sth

    2. SM
    1)

    • al corriente —

    a) (=al día) up to date

    • poner algo al corriente — to bring sth up to date

    b) (=informado)

    • estar al corriente (de algo) — to know (about sth)

    puedes hablar sin miedo, ya estoy al corriente — you can talk freely, I know (all) about it

    ¿estaba usted al corriente? — did you know (about it)?

    • mantener a algn al corriente (de algo) — to keep sb up to date (on sth), keep sb informed (about sth)

    • poner a algn al corriente (de algo) — to bring sb up to date (on sth), inform sb (about sth)

    • ponerse al corriente (de algo) — to get up to date (with sth), catch up (on sth)

    • tener a algn al corriente (de algo) — to keep sb up to date (on sth), keep sb informed (about sth)

    2) [en cartas]

    el día 9 del corriente o de los corrientes — the 9th of this month

    3. SF
    1) [de fluido] current
    - ir o navegar o nadar contra la corriente

    corriente de lava — lava flow, stream of lava

    corriente submarina — undercurrent, underwater current

    2) [de aire] draught, draft (EEUU)

    corriente de aire — [gen] draught, draft (EEUU); (Téc) air current, air stream

    3) (Elec) current

    • dar corriente, no toques ese cable que da corriente — don't touch that wire, it's live

    me dio (la) corriente — I got a shock, I got an electric shock

    4) (=tendencia) [ideológica] tendency; [artística] trend
    * * *
    I
    1) ( que ocurre con frecuencia) common; (normal, no extraño) usual, normal

    un coche/tipo normal y corriente — an ordinary car/guy

    2)
    a) ( en curso) <mes/año> current

    su atenta carta del 7 del corriente — (frml) your letter of the 7th of this month

    b)

    al corriente: estoy al corriente en todos los pagos I'm up to date with all the payments; empezó con retraso pero se ha puesto al corriente she started late but she has caught up; tener or mantener a alguien al corriente de algo — to keep somebody informed o (colloq) posted about something

    II
    1) ( de agua) current

    dejarse arrastrar or llevar por la corriente — to go along with the crowd

    ir or nadar or navegar contra (la) corriente — to swim against the tide

    2) ( de aire) draft (AmE), draught (BrE)

    aquí hay or hace mucha corriente — there's a terrible draft in here

    3) ( tendencia) trend
    4) (Elec) current

    me dio (la) corriente — I got a shock o an electric shock

    •
    * * *
    I
    1) ( que ocurre con frecuencia) common; (normal, no extraño) usual, normal

    un coche/tipo normal y corriente — an ordinary car/guy

    2)
    a) ( en curso) <mes/año> current

    su atenta carta del 7 del corriente — (frml) your letter of the 7th of this month

    b)

    al corriente: estoy al corriente en todos los pagos I'm up to date with all the payments; empezó con retraso pero se ha puesto al corriente she started late but she has caught up; tener or mantener a alguien al corriente de algo — to keep somebody informed o (colloq) posted about something

    II
    1) ( de agua) current

    dejarse arrastrar or llevar por la corriente — to go along with the crowd

    ir or nadar or navegar contra (la) corriente — to swim against the tide

    2) ( de aire) draft (AmE), draught (BrE)

    aquí hay or hace mucha corriente — there's a terrible draft in here

    3) ( tendencia) trend
    4) (Elec) current

    me dio (la) corriente — I got a shock o an electric shock

    •
    * * *
    corriente1
    1 = tide, draught [draft, -USA], groundswell, flow, stream.

    Ex: What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.

    Ex: Perhaps the sociological light was extinguished by the political draught of the time.
    Ex: The groundswell of movement towards integrating previously unrelated technologies and markets is now gathering a reasonable head of steam.
    Ex: The vocabulary used in conjunction with PRECIS is split in two sections, one part for Entities (or things) and the other for Attributes (properties of things, for example colour, weight; activities of things, for example flow, and properties of activities, for example, slow, turbulent).
    Ex: Voters felt the stream of news coming out of London had little to do with ordinary people.
    * agua corriente = running water.
    * con corrientes de aire = draughty [drafty, -USA].
    * corriente abajo = downstream.
    * corriente + arrastrar = wash up.
    * corriente arriba = upstream.
    * corriente de agua = water body [waterbody].
    * corriente de aire = air current, draught [draft, -USA].
    * corriente de chorro, la = jet stream, the.
    * corriente en chorro, la = jet stream, the.
    * corriente oceánica = ocean current.
    * corriente sanguínea, la = bloodstream, the.
    * llevarle la corriente a Alguien = play along with.
    * seguirle la corriente a Alguien = play along with.

    corriente2
    2 = stream, electricity supply, mains electricity.

    Ex: If no such standards can be observed then, it would seem, romantic fiction along with westerns and detective stories must be regarded as some sort of cul-de-sac and rather stagnant backwater quite separate from the main stream of 'literature'.

    Ex: Europe and Australia (where experimental transmissions have been going on for some time) have a 50 Hz electricity supply, 625 line transmissions, and two non-compatible colour systems, PAL and SECAM.
    Ex: Every electrical appliance that connects to mains electricity has a fuse, usually in the plug.
    * adaptador de corriente = power adapter, mains adapter.
    * cable con corriente = live wire.
    * corriente alterna = alternating current (AC).
    * corriente eléctrica = electrical current, electric current, electrical power.
    * Corriente Eléctrica Ininterrumpida (CEI) = Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).
    * corte de corriente = power cut, power failure.
    * corte de la corriente eléctrica = power failure, power cut.
    * luchar contra corriente = labour + against the grain.
    * regulador de corriente = current regulator.
    * seguridad contra corrientes eléctricas = electrical security.
    * toma de corriente = outlet, socket, socket outlet, light socket.
    * transformador de corriente = mains adapter, power adapter.

    corriente3
    3 = trend, strand, current, movement.

    Ex: Current trends favour cataloguing practices which can be applied to a variety of library materials.

    Ex: This article gives a brief history of the two main strands in the development of bibliotherapy, or healing through books, in the USA.
    Ex: This article examines the political shoals, currents, and rip tides associated with off campus library programmes and suggests that awareness and involvement are key ways to avoid running aground.
    Ex: The cathedral-like hush contrasted strangely with the clamor and movement outside.
    * contracorriente = cross-current.
    * corriente de pensamiento = trend of thought, stream of consciousness.
    * corriente dominante = mainstream.
    * corriente, lo = the normal run of.
    * corriente principal = mainstream.
    * dejarse arrastrar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * dejarse llevar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * en la corriente principal de = in the mainstream of.
    * ir con la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * ir en contra de la corriente = go against + the flow.
    * seguir la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.

    corriente4
    4 = ordinary, plain [plainer -comp., plainest -sup.], run-of-the-mill, everyday.

    Ex: Control is exercised over which terms are used, but otherwise the terms are ordinary words.

    Ex: He went on to explain that while there were no unsightly slums, there was a fairly large district of rather nondescript homes intermingled with plain two- and three-family brick and frame dwellings, principally in the eastern reaches of the city.
    Ex: Guides are almost always worth thinking of as the first type of bibliography to search when it is a quick check of run-of-the-mill bibliographical facts which is required.
    Ex: We have too much invested, and the new systems too intimately integrated into the everyday operation of the library, for us to assume any longer that we can temper their influence on emerging standards.
    * al corriente = in step, paid-up, in good standing.
    * al corriente de = in step with.
    * catalogación corriente = current cataloguing.
    * común y corriente = unremarkable.
    * corriente y moliente = run-of-the-mill.
    * cuenta corriente = current account, checking account, deposit account.
    * día corriente = ordinary day.
    * estar al corriente = monitor + developments.
    * gente común y corriente, la = common people, the.
    * gente corriente, la = ordinary people.
    * hombre corriente, el = common man, the.
    * mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.
    * mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of.
    * normal y corriente = unremarkable.
    * ponerse al corriente = come up to + speed.
    * ponerse al corriente de = catch up with, catch up on.
    * puesta al corriente = update [up-date].

    * * *
    A (que ocurre con frecuencia) common; (normal, no extraño) usual, normal
    es un error muy corriente it's a very common mistake
    ese tipo de robo es muy corriente en esta zona robberies like that are commonplace o very common o an everyday occurrence in this area
    un método poco corriente en la actualidad a method not much used nowadays
    lo corriente es efectuar el pago por adelantado the normal thing is to pay in advance, normally o usually you pay in advance
    un cuchillo normal y corriente an ordinary o a common-or-garden knife
    es un tipo de lo más corriente he's just an ordinary guy ( colloq)
    es una tela muy corriente it's a very ordinary material
    corriente y moliente ( fam); ordinary, run-of-the-mill
    es un vestido corriente y moliente it's just an ordinary dress
    nos hizo una comida corriente y moliente the meal he cooked us was very ordinary o run-of-the-mill
    B
    1 (en curso) ‹mes/año› current
    la inauguración está prevista para el día tres del corriente or de los corrientes the opening is planned for the third of this month
    su atenta carta del 7 del corriente ( frml); your letter of the 7th of this month o ( frml) the 7th inst
    2
    al corriente: estoy al corriente en todos los pagos I'm up to date with all the payments
    empezó el curso con retraso pero se ha puesto al corriente she started the course late but she has caught up
    quiero que me tengan or mantengan al corriente de las noticias que se reciban I want to be kept informed o ( colloq) posted about any news that comes in
    ya está al corriente de lo que ha pasado she already knows what's happened
    A (de agua) current
    corrientes marinas ocean currents
    dejarse arrastrar or llevar por la corriente to go along with o follow the crowd
    seguirle la corriente a algn to humor sb, play along with sb
    Compuestos:
    stream of consciousness
    Humboldt Current
    Gulf Stream
    ( Psic) stream of conciousness
    B (de aire) draft ( AmE), draught ( BrE)
    cierra la ventana que hay mucha corriente shut the window, there's a terrible draft
    C (tendencia) trend
    las nuevas corrientes de la moda the latest trends in fashion
    una corriente de pensamiento a school of thought
    una corriente de opinión contraria a esta tesis a current of opinion at odds with this idea
    D ( Elec) current
    me dio (la) corriente or ( Col) me cogió la corriente I got a shock o an electric shock
    se cortó la corriente en toda la calle there was a power cut which affected the whole street
    no hay corriente en la casa there's no electricity o power in the house
    Compuestos:
    alternating current, AC
    direct current, DC
    two-phase current
    electric current
    three-phase current
    * * *

     

    corriente adjetivo
    1 ( que se da con frecuencia) common;
    (normal, no extraño) usual, normal;

    lo corriente es pagar al contado the normal thing is to pay cash;
    un tipo normal y corriente an ordinary guy;
    corriente y moliente (fam) ordinary, run-of-the-mill
    2
    a) ( en curso) ‹mes/año› current

    b)

    ◊ al corriente: estoy al corriente en los pagos I'm up to date with the payments;

    empezó con retraso pero se ha puesto al corriente she started late but she has caught up;
    mantener a algn al corriente de algo to keep sb informed about sth
    ■ sustantivo femenino


    dejarse llevar por la corriente to go along with the crowd;
    seguirle la corriente a algn to humor( conjugate humor) sb
    b) ( de aire) draft (AmE), draught (BrE)

    c) (Elec) current;

    ◊ me dio (la) corriente I got a shock o an electric shock;

    se cortó la corriente there was a power cut
    corriente
    I adjetivo
    1 (común) common, ordinary
    2 (agua) running
    3 (actual, presente) current, present
    4 Fin (cuenta) current
    II sustantivo femenino
    1 current, stream
    2 Elec corriente eléctrica, (electric) current
    3 (de aire) draught, US draft
    3 (tendencia) trend, current
    ♦ Locuciones: estar al corriente, to be up-to-date
    figurado ir o navegar contra corriente, to go against the tide
    familiar seguirle o llevarle la corriente a alguien, to humour sb
    ' corriente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agua
    - arrastrar
    - cero
    - común
    - conducir
    - continua
    - continuo
    - cortarse
    - cualquiera
    - cuenta
    - deslizarse
    - europeísta
    - habitual
    - homogeneizar
    - llevarse
    - marina
    - marino
    - toma
    - torrente
    - vulgar
    - aire
    - circular
    - depositar
    - derramar
    - flujo
    - mar
    - normal
    English:
    abreast
    - AC
    - account
    - catch up
    - common
    - commonplace
    - crisps
    - current
    - current account
    - DC
    - direct current
    - do
    - draught
    - electric current
    - fill in
    - flow
    - going
    - Gulf Stream
    - have
    - humour
    - informed
    - lie
    - live wire
    - mainstream
    - ordinary
    - play along
    - potato chips
    - power point
    - resist
    - run-of-the-mill
    - running
    - school
    - still
    - stream
    - thermal
    - tide
    - touch
    - turn off
    - uncommon
    - undercurrent
    - unexceptional
    - up-to-date
    - usual
    - acquainted
    - alternating
    - body
    - checking account
    - direct
    - draft
    - drift
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [normal] ordinary, normal;
    [frecuente] common;
    es un alumno corriente he's an average pupil;
    es un problema muy corriente it's a very common problem;
    un reloj normal y corriente an ordinary watch;
    una moto de lo más corriente a perfectly ordinary motorbike;
    lo corriente es comerlo con palillos it's usually eaten with chopsticks;
    lo corriente es recibir una respuesta a los pocos días it's normal o usual to receive a reply within a few days;
    en Australia es corriente ver koalas por las calles in Australia you often see o it's not uncommon to see koala bears on the streets;
    salirse de lo corriente to be out of the ordinary;
    Fam
    corriente y moliente run-of-the-mill
    2. [agua] running
    3. [cuenta] current
    4. [mes, año] current;
    en mayo del año corriente in May of this year
    ♦ nf
    1. [de río] current;
    corriente abajo downstream;
    corriente arriba upstream;
    dejarse llevar de o [m5] por la corriente to follow the crowd;
    ir o [m5] nadar o [m5] navegar contra corriente to go against the tide;
    nadar a favor de la corriente to go with the flow
    corriente de convección convection current;
    la corriente del Golfo the Gulf Stream;
    la Corriente de Humboldt the Humboldt Current;
    corriente de lava lava flow;
    corriente marina ocean current;
    corriente oceánica ocean current;
    corriente de sangre bloodstream;
    corriente sanguínea bloodstream;
    corriente submarina underwater current
    2. [de aire] Br draught, US draft;
    en esta habitación hay mucha corriente this room is very draughty
    Meteo corriente en chorro jet stream
    3. corriente migratoria migratory current
    4. [de electricidad] current;
    media ciudad se quedó sin corriente half the city was left without electricity;
    le dio la corriente al tocar el enchufe she got an electric shock when she touched the socket
    corriente alterna alternating current;
    corriente continua direct current;
    corriente eléctrica electric current;
    corriente trifásica three-phase current
    5. [tendencia] trend, current;
    [de opinión] tide;
    las corrientes de la moda fashion trends;
    las corrientes de pensamiento que llegan de Europa the schools of thought that are coming across from Europe;
    Bolsa
    una corriente alcista/bajista an upward/downward trend;
    el representante de la corriente socialdemócrata en el partido the representative of the social democratic tendency in the party
    ♦ nm
    [mes en curso]
    el 10 del corriente the 10th of this month
    ♦ al corriente loc adv
    estoy al corriente del pago de la hipoteca I'm up to date with my mortgage repayments;
    estoy al corriente de la marcha de la empresa I'm aware of how the company is doing;
    ya está al corriente de la noticia she has already heard the news;
    mantener o [m5] tener a alguien al corriente de algo to keep sb informed about sth;
    me mantengo al corriente de lo que ocurre en mi país I keep informed about what's going on in my country;
    el profesor puso al corriente de las clases a su sustituto the teacher filled his replacement in on the classes;
    tenemos que poner al corriente nuestras bases de datos we have to bring our databases up to date;
    ponerse al corriente to bring oneself up to date
    * * *
    I adj
    1 ( actual) current
    2 ( común) ordinary;
    corriente y moliente fam run-of-the-mill
    3
    :
    estar al corriente be up to date;
    poner alguien al corriente de algo bring s.o. up to date on sth
    II f EL, de agua current;
    corriente de aire draft, Br draught;
    ir o
    nadar contra la corriente fig swim against the tide;
    seguir a alguien la corriente play along with s.o.;
    dejarse llevar por la corriente fig go with the flow
    * * *
    1) : common, everyday
    2) : current, present
    3) Mex : cheap, trashy
    4)
    1) : current
    corriente alterna: alternating current
    direct current: corriente continua
    2) : draft
    3) tendencia: tendency, trend
    * * *
    corriente1 adj
    1. (normal) ordinary
    no importa, sólo era un boli corriente it doesn't matter, it was just an ordinary biro
    2. (común) common
    1. (electricidad, agua) current
    2. (de aire) draught
    estar al corriente de algo to know about something [pt. knew; pp. known]
    tener a alguien al corriente to keep somebody informed [pt. & pp.> kept]

    Spanish-English dictionary > corriente

  • 45 Barclay, Robert

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c.1833
    d. November 1876
    [br]
    English inventor of the offset method in printing.
    [br]
    Barclay, a member of the celebrated banking family, ran a printing business in the City of London in partnership with John Doyle Fry, of the (also famous) chocolate-making family. In 1875 Barclay took out two patents, the first bearing Fry's name as well, for printing on to tinplate by way of the offset principle. He recognized that transferring or "offsetting" the print on to an impression cylinder of a yielding material would give the best results. The cylinder would be covered with glazed or varnished cardboard, rather than the rubber that was later to be used.
    Barclay disposed of his patents to Bryant and May, the match manufacturers, for printing decorative metal matchbox covers. It was recognized that the method had applications in other industries, and eventually the principle was applied in the currently most widely used method of printing, offset lithography.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Journal of Printing History 8(1972):60; 9 (1973):4 (brief details of Barclay's life).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Barclay, Robert

  • 46 Senefelder, Alois

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 6 November 1771 Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
    d. 26 February 1834 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of lithography.
    [br]
    Soon after his birth, Senefelder's family moved to Mannheim, where his father, an actor, had obtained a position in the state theatre. He was educated there, until he gained a scholarship to the university of Ingolstadt. The young Senefelder wanted to follow his father on to the stage, but the latter insisted that he study law. He nevertheless found time to write short pieces for the theatre. One of these, when he was 18 years old, was an encouraging success. When his father died in 1791, he gave up his studies and took to a new life as poet and actor. However, the wandering life of a repertory actor palled after two years and he settled for the more comfortable pursuit of playwriting. He had some of his work printed, which acquainted him with the art of printing, but he fell out with his bookseller. He therefore resolved to carry out his own printing, but he could not afford the equipment of a conventional letterpress printer. He began to explore other ways of printing and so set out on the path that was to lead to an entirely new method.
    He tried writing in reverse on a copper plate with some acid-resisting material and etching the plate, to leave a relief image that could then be inked and printed. He knew that oily substances would resist acid, but it required many experiments to arrive at a composition of wax, soap and charcoal dust dissolved in rainwater. The plates wore down with repeated polishing, so he substituted stone plates. He continued to etch them and managed to make good prints with them, but he went on to make the surprising discovery that etching was unnecessary. If the image to be printed was made with the oily composition and the stone moistened, he found that only the oily image received the ink while the moistened part rejected it. The printing surface was neither raised (as in letterpress printing) nor incised (as in intaglio printing): Senefelder had discovered the third method of printing.
    He arrived at a workable process over the years 1796 to 1799, and in 1800 he was granted an English patent. In the same year, lithography (or "writing on stone") was introduced into France and Senefelder himself took it to England, but it was some time before it became widespread; it was taken up by artists especially for high-quality printing of art works. Meanwhile, Senefelder improved his techniques, finding that other materials, even paper, could be used in place of stone. In fact, zinc plates were widely used from the 1820s, but the name "lithography" stuck. Although he won world renown and was honoured by most of the crowned heads of Europe, he never became rich because he dissipated his profits through restless experimenting.
    With the later application of the offset principle, initiated by Barclay, lithography has become the most widely used method of printing.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1911, Alois Senefelder, Inventor of Lithography, trans. J.W.Muller, New York: Fuchs \& Line (Senefelder's autobiography).
    Further Reading
    W.Weber, 1981, Alois Senefelder, Erfinder der Lithographie, Frankfurt-am-Main: Polygraph Verlag.
    M.Tyman, 1970, Lithography 1800–1950, London: Oxford University Press (describes the invention and its development; with biographical details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Senefelder, Alois

  • 47 Ebener, Erasmus

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 21 December 1511 Nuremberg, Germany
    d. 24 November 1577 Helmstedt, Germany
    [br]
    German mining entrepreneur who introduced a new method ofbrassmaking.
    [br]
    A descendant of Nuremberg nobility, Ebener became recognized as a statesman in his native city and was employed also by foreign dignitaries. His appointment as Privy Councillor to the Dukes of Brunswick involved him in mining and metallurgical affairs at the great Rammelsberg mixed-ore mine at Goslar in the Harz mountains. About 1550, at Rammelsberg, Ebener is believed to have made brass by incorporating accretions of zinc formed in crevices of local lead-smelting furnaces. This small-scale production of impure zinc, formerly discarded as waste, could be used to replace calamine, the carbonate ore of zinc, which by tradition had been combined with copper in European brassmaking. Ercker, writing in 1574, mentions the accretions at Goslar obtained by removing furnace sections to make this material available for brass. The true nature of the zinc ore, calamine, and zinc metal compared with these accretions was determined only much later, but variation in quality with respect to impurities made the material most suitable for cast brassware rather than beaten goods. As quantities were small and much valued, distribution from Goslar was limited, not normally reaching Britain, where production of brasses continued to rely on calamine or expensive zinc imports from the East. Rammelsberg profited from the waste material accumulating over the years and its use at Bundheim brassworks east of Goslar. Ebener partnered Duke Henry the Younger of Brunswick in financing a new drainage adit at Rammelsberg, and was later granted several iron mines and smelting works. From 1556 he was granted rights to market calamine from the Lower Harz and copper sulphate from Rammelsberg. Ebener later had an important role at the court of Duke Julius, son of Henry, advising him on the founding of Helmstedt University.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1572, "Sundry expositions on mines, metals and other useful things found in the Harz and especially at the Rammelsberg", reproduced and annotated by F.J.F.Meyer and J.F.L.Hausmann, 1805 Hercynian Archive.
    Further Reading
    Beckmann, 1846, History of Inventions, Vol. II, trans. William Johnston, London (the most concise account).
    W.Bornhardt, 1989, "The History of Rammelsberg Mine", trans. T.A.Morrison, The Mining Journal (has additional brief references to Ebener in the context of Rammelsberg).
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Ebener, Erasmus

  • 48 глава

    (см. также абзац, параграф, книга, обзор) chapter
    • Более прямой метод получения величины F рассматривается в главе 9. - A more direct procedure for obtaining F is considered in Chapter 9.
    • Большая часть материала, представленного в данной главе, имела дело с... - Much of the material presented in this chapter has dealt with...
    • В дальнейших главах излагается методология для... - The following chapters outline the methodology involved in...
    • В данной главе мы будем заниматься подобными процессами. - This chapter will be concerned with such processes.
    • В данной главе мы будем рассматривать лишь... - In this chapter we shall be concerned only with...
    • В данной главе мы заложим теоретические основания для... - In this chapter we lay the theoretical foundations for...
    • В данной главе мы предлагаем обсудить... - In this chapter we propose to discuss...
    • В данной главе мы представим некоторые избранные материалы... - In the present chapter we shall give a selection of...
    • В данной главе мы продолжим наше изучение (проблемы и т. п.)... - In this chapter, we will continue our study of...
    • В данной главе мы разовьем теорию... - In this chapter we shall develop the theory of...
    • В данной главе мы рассмотрим путь, которым... - In this chapter, we consider the way in which...
    • В данной главе мы сформулируем метод для... - In this chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...
    • В данной главе мы уделим некоторое внимание (чвму-л)... - In this chapter we shall devote some attention to...
    • В данной главе мы, главным образом, интересуемся... - We are concerned mainly in this chapter with...
    • В данной главе позднее станет очевидно, что... - It will become evident later in this chapter that...
    • В данной главе рассматривается... - It is the object of the present chapter to...
    • В данной главе рассматривается еще один подход... - This chapter is concerned with yet another approach to...
    • В предшествующих главах мы видели, что... - We have seen in preceding chapters that...
    • В следующей главе мы (еще) вернемся к этому выражению. - We shall return to this expression in the next chapter.
    • В следующей главе мы дадим количественное представление... - In the next chapter we give a more quantitative account of...
    • В следующей главе мы увидим, что... - We shall see in the next chapter that...
    • В следующих четырех главах мы будем рассматривать исключительно... - In the next four chapters we shall be concerned exclusively with...
    • В соответствии с методом, намеченным в Главе 1, мы... - In accordance with the method outlined in Chapter 1, we...
    • В третьей главе (= В главе 3) мы встретим другое обобщение той же самой основной идеи. - In Chapter 3 we shall meet another generalization of the same basic idea.
    • В этой вводной главе мы сделаем обзор... - In this introductory chapter we shall review...
    • В этой главе будут описываться два подхода к... - This chapter will describe two approaches to...
    • В этой главе мы даем эффективный метод... - In this chapter we give an efficient method for...
    • В этой главе мы рассматриваем различные случаи... - In this chapter we consider various cases of...
    • В этой главе мы сосредоточимся на (проблеме, вопросе и т. п.)... - In this chapter we concentrate on...
    • В этой главе не делалось попыток обсудить очень сложную проблему... -In this chapter no attempt has been made to discuss the very difficult problem of...
    • В этой главе основное внимание будет направлено на... - In this chapter we will direct most of the attention toward...
    • В этой главе рассматривается... - This chapter is concerned with...
    • В этой главе формулируются основные положения... - This chapter provides an outline of...
    • Данная глава будет посвящена описанию... - This chapter will be devoted to an exposition of...
    • Данная глава начинается с описания... - This chapter begins with a description of...
    • Данная глава завершается обсуждением... - The chapter concludes with a discussion of...
    • Данная глава, в основном, посвящена объяснению... - This chapter is devoted primarily to explaining...
    • Данная методика будет использоваться в последующих главах. - This procedure will be followed in subsequent chapters.
    • Заключим данную главу несколькими словами относительно... - We conclude this chapter with a few words on...
    • Значительная часть настоящей главы посвящена... - A large proportion of the present chapter is concerned with...
    • Из содержания предыдущих глав мы уже знаем, что... - We already know from earlier chapters that...
    • Книга состоит из восьми глав. - The book is divided into eight chapters.
    • Многие идеи и результаты последней главы могут быть распространены на случай... - Many of the ideas and results of the last chapter can now be extended to the case of...
    • Многие идеи, рассматриваемые в данной главе,... - Many of the ideas appearing in this chapter are...
    • Мы (еще) вернемся к этой аналогии во второй главе. - We shall return later to this analogy in Chapter 2.
    • Мы завершаем данную главу демонстрацией того, что... - We end this section by showing that...
    • Мы можем применить некоторые результаты этой главы, чтобы проиллюстрировать... - We may apply some of the results of this chapter to illustrate...
    • Мы обсудим этот эффект в другой главе. - We shall discuss this effect in a later chapter.
    • Мы откладываем обсуждение этого явления до главы 5. - We defer discussion of this phenomenon until Chapter 5.
    • Мы продолжим это (исследование) в главе 4. - We shall go further into this in Chapter 4.
    • Мы также уже обсудили эту задачу в главе 2. - We have also discussed this problem in Chapter 2.
    • Некоторые дальнейшие замечания могут быть найдены в главе 2. - Some further remarks may be found in Chapter 2.
    • Некоторые из этих вопросов будут развиваться в следующей главе. - Some of these points will be developed further in the next chapter.
    • Основная часть этой работы была проделана в главе 2. - The bulk of the work was done in Chapter 2.
    • Основным вопросом данной главы является... - Our main business in this chapter is to...
    • Остальная часть этой главы посвящена... - The rest of the chapter deals with... (
    • Первые четыре главы данной книги должны быть доступны... - The first four chapters of this book should be accessible to...
    • Всюду в данной главе мы будем предполагать, что... - Throughout this chapter we have assumed that...
    • Позднее в этой главе мы узнаем, что... - Later in this chapter we will learn that...
    • Пример его (метода) использования уже приведен в Главе 2. - An example of its use has already been given in Chapter 2.
    • Рассуждение, приведенное в конце последней главы, показывает, что... - The argument at the end of the last chapter shows that...
    • Результаты данной главы позволяют нам... - The results of the present chapter enable us to...
    • Строгое обсуждение будет дано в главе 2. - A rigorous discussion will be given in Chapter 2.
    • Теперь возвратимся к вопросу, поставленному в начале этой главы. - We now return to the question posed at the beginning of the chapter.
    • Целью данной главы является представление... - It is the purpose of this chapter to present...
    • Целью данной главы является разработка... - The aim of this chapter is to develop...
    • Мы собираемся сделать в этой главе... - What we seek to do in this chapter is to...
    • Что такое тензоры объясняется подробно в главе 3. - The subject of tensors is explained at length in Chapter 3.
    • Эта глава почти полностью посвящается... - This chapter has been almost wholly concerned with...
    • Эта глава представляет один подход к решению... - This chapter presents one approach to the solution of...
    • Эта тема будет развиваться в следующей главе. - This subject will be developed in the following chapter.
    • Эти данные будут использованы в следующей главе. - This information will be put into use in the next chapter.
    • Эти явления обсуждаются в главе 5. - These phenomena are discussed in Chapter 5.
    • Это будет темой следующей главы. - This will be the theme of the next chapter.
    • Далее это обсуждается в главе 4 в связи с... - This is further discussed in Chapter 4 in conjunction with...
    • Это не согласуется с терминологией главы 1. - This is at variance with the terminology of Chapter 1.
    • Этот факт был отмечен без доказательства в главе 4. - This fact was noted without proof in Chapter 4.
    • Этот эффект будет обсуждаться в главе 2, где будет показано, что... - This effect will be discussed in Chapter 2, where it will be shown that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > глава

  • 49 ablandamiento

    m.
    softening (also figurative).
    * * *
    1 softening
    * * *
    SM [gen] softening (up); (=moderación) moderation
    * * *
    a) (de cera, cuero, agua) softening
    b) ( de persona) softening
    c) (CS) (Auto) running in
    * * *
    = tenderisation [tenderization, -USA].
    Ex. For this tenderization method to be effective, the carcass must be hung within 1 h of slaughter, and be left until rigor mortis has set in.
    * * *
    a) (de cera, cuero, agua) softening
    b) ( de persona) softening
    c) (CS) (Auto) running in
    * * *
    = tenderisation [tenderization, -USA].

    Ex: For this tenderization method to be effective, the carcass must be hung within 1 h of slaughter, and be left until rigor mortis has set in.

    * * *
    1 (de cera, cuero, agua) softening
    2 (de persona) softening
    3 (CS) ( Auto) running in
    * * *
    1. [de objeto, material] softening
    2. [de persona] softening
    * * *
    m tb fig
    softening
    * * *
    : softening, moderation

    Spanish-English dictionary > ablandamiento

  • 50 ablandar

    v.
    1 to soften (also figurative).
    Las caricias ablandaron al ogro The caresses softened the ogre.
    La colcha ablandó la cama de madera The bedspread softened the wooden bed.
    El calor ablandó la mantequilla The heat softened the butter.
    Ricardo ablandó su tono duro Richard softened his harsh tone.
    2 to tenderize, to soften.
    El jugo de papaya ablanda la carne de res Papaya juice tenderizes beef.
    * * *
    1 to soften
    2 figurado (persona) to soothe, soften up, appease
    1 (frío) to get warmer, get milder; (hielo, nieve) to melt
    1 to soften, get softer
    2 (persona) to soften up
    3 (acobardarse) to lose one's nerve, become frightened
    4 (frío) to get warmer, get milder; (nieve, hielo) to melt
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=poner blando) to soften; (Culin) to tenderize; [+ vientre] to loosen
    2) (=conmover) to touch; (=mitigar) to mitigate, temper; (=calmar) to soothe
    3) LAm (Aut) to run in, break in (EEUU)
    2.
    VI (Meteo) [frío] to become less severe; [viento] to moderate; [elementos] to decrease in force, die down
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <cera/cuero> to soften; < carne> to tenderize
    b) < persona> to soften; < corazón> to melt
    c) (CS) (Auto) to run... in
    2.
    ablandarse v pron
    a) cera/cuero to soften
    b) persona to soften up; mirada to soften
    * * *
    = soften, tenderise [tenderize, -USA].
    Ex. This was so that the stuffing could be teased out and cleared of lumps, and so that the pelts could be softened by currying and soaking them in urine; the smell is said to have been revolting.
    Ex. Brief details are given of a method for hanging mutton and lamb carcasses by the pubis to tenderise the meat.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <cera/cuero> to soften; < carne> to tenderize
    b) < persona> to soften; < corazón> to melt
    c) (CS) (Auto) to run... in
    2.
    ablandarse v pron
    a) cera/cuero to soften
    b) persona to soften up; mirada to soften
    * * *
    = soften, tenderise [tenderize, -USA].

    Ex: This was so that the stuffing could be teased out and cleared of lumps, and so that the pelts could be softened by currying and soaking them in urine; the smell is said to have been revolting.

    Ex: Brief details are given of a method for hanging mutton and lamb carcasses by the pubis to tenderise the meat.

    * * *
    ablandar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹cera/cuero› to soften; ‹carne› to tenderize, make … tender
    2 ‹persona› to soften; ‹corazón› to melt
    sus súplicas no lograron ablandarlo her pleading failed to soften him
    3 (CS) ( Auto) to run … in
    1 «cera/cuero» to go soft, get softer
    2 «persona» to give in, relent; «mirada» to soften
    * * *

    ablandar ( conjugate ablandar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹cera/cuero› to soften;

    ‹ carne› to tenderize
    b) ‹ persona› to soften;

    ‹ corazón› to melt
    ablandarse verbo pronominal
    a) [cera/cuero] to soften


    [ mirada] to soften
    ablandar verbo transitivo
    1 to soften: tienes que golpear la carne para ablandarla, you need to pound the meat to soften it up
    2 (a alguien) to soften up: con un par de palabras cariñosas ablandará a su madre, you can soften up your mother with a bit of sweet talk
    ' ablandar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    soften
    - sweeten
    - tenderize
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [objeto, material] to soften
    2. [persona] to soften;
    sus ruegos no lo ablandaron her pleas were not sufficient to make him relent
    3. CSur, Cuba Aut to run in;
    hicimos 1.000 km para ablandar el auto nuevo we drove for 1,000 km to run the new car in
    * * *
    v/t
    soften
    2 CSur, Cuba
    AUTO run in
    * * *
    1) suavizar: to soften
    2) calmar: to soothe, to appease
    : to moderate, to get milder
    * * *
    ablandar vb to soften

    Spanish-English dictionary > ablandar

  • 51 amortizar

    v.
    1 to get one's money's worth out of (sacar provecho).
    2 to repay, to pay off (finance) (deuda, préstamo).
    3 to abolish, to do away with (puesto de trabajo).
    4 to amortize, to pay in, to pay up, to pay in installments.
    * * *
    1 (pagar) to repay, pay off
    2 (recuperar - lo pagado) to get one's money's worth out of; (- lo invertido) to get a return on, recoup
    ■ después de poco tiempo ya habíamos amortizado el lavaplatos we soon got our money's worth out of the dishwasher, the dishwasher soon paid for itself
    * * *
    VT
    1) (Econ) [+ capital] to write off; [+ bono] to redeem; [+ préstamo] to pay off, repay; [+ puesto] to abolish
    2) (Jur) to amortize
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (Com, Fin)
    a) < compra> to recoup the cost of
    b) ( recuperar) < inversión> to recoup, recover
    c) ( pagar) < deuda> to repay, amortize (frml); <valores/hipoteca> to redeem
    * * *
    = amortise [amortize, -USA].
    Ex. This section considers the relevance of the calculation method used for the 'years to amortize the system'.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (Com, Fin)
    a) < compra> to recoup the cost of
    b) ( recuperar) < inversión> to recoup, recover
    c) ( pagar) < deuda> to repay, amortize (frml); <valores/hipoteca> to redeem
    * * *
    = amortise [amortize, -USA].

    Ex: This section considers the relevance of the calculation method used for the 'years to amortize the system'.

    * * *
    amortizar [A4 ]
    vt
    A ( Com, Fin)
    1 ‹compra›
    en poco tiempo amortizaremos la lavadora the washing machine will soon pay for itself, we'll soon recoup the cost of the washing machine
    2 (recuperar) ‹inversión› to recoup, recover
    3 (pagar) ‹deuda› to repay, amortize ( frml); ‹valores/hipoteca› to redeem
    B (en un balance) ‹equipo/material› to depreciate, write off, amortize ( frml); ‹pérdida› to write off, charge off ( AmE)
    C ‹empleos› to eliminate
    * * *

    amortizar ( conjugate amortizar) verbo transitivo


    c) ( pagar) ‹ deuda› to repay, amortize (frml);

    ‹valores/hipoteca› to redeem
    amortizar verbo transitivo
    1 (compensar una compra, una inversión) to pay off: cómprate un diesel, sale más caro pero a la larga lo amortizas, buy a diesel: it's more expensive but it pays for itself in the long run
    (recuperar una inversión) to recover
    2 (saldar una deuda totalmente) to pay off
    (hacer un pago) to repay
    ' amortizar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    amortize
    - work
    * * *
    1. [sacar provecho] to get one's money's worth out of;
    amortizamos la compra de la fotocopiadora muy rápidamente the photocopier very soon paid for itself
    2. [deuda, préstamo, hipoteca] to repay, to pay off
    3. [inversión, capital] to recoup;
    [bonos, acciones] to redeem; [bienes de equipo] to depreciate
    4. [puesto de trabajo] to abolish, to do away with
    * * *
    v/t
    1 pay off
    2 COM bienes charge off, Br
    write off
    * * *
    amortizar {21} vt
    : to amortize, to pay off

    Spanish-English dictionary > amortizar

  • 52 solidez

    f.
    1 solidity.
    2 firmness.
    3 soundness.
    * * *
    1 (resistencia) solidity, strength; (firmeza) firmness
    2 figurado (de color) fastness
    * * *
    SF (=firmeza) solidity; (=dureza) hardness
    * * *
    femenino (de muro, edificio) solidity; ( de argumento) soundness, solidness; ( de empresa) soundness; ( de relación) strength
    * * *
    = strength, hardness, soundness, robustness, sturdiness.
    Ex. The strength of the acetone rinsing on the strength of the paper is investigated, and its efficiency in removing NM2P is also examined using gas liquid chromatography.
    Ex. Hardness and the penetration of the ink layer into the paper were also measured = También se midió la solidez y la penetración de la tinta en el papel.
    Ex. The soundness of the method is proved and several examples are presented for illustrating the performance of the proposal.
    Ex. The growth of 24-hour, 7-day access requires attention to the security and robustness of the building and its collections = El aumento del acceso las 24 horas siete días a la semana exige prestar atención a la seguridad y durabilidad del edificio y sus colecciones.
    Ex. The life of military brats is a 'mixed bag': they're worldly and sophisticated, which civilians might label as ' sturdiness'.
    * * *
    femenino (de muro, edificio) solidity; ( de argumento) soundness, solidness; ( de empresa) soundness; ( de relación) strength
    * * *
    = strength, hardness, soundness, robustness, sturdiness.

    Ex: The strength of the acetone rinsing on the strength of the paper is investigated, and its efficiency in removing NM2P is also examined using gas liquid chromatography.

    Ex: Hardness and the penetration of the ink layer into the paper were also measured = También se midió la solidez y la penetración de la tinta en el papel.
    Ex: The soundness of the method is proved and several examples are presented for illustrating the performance of the proposal.
    Ex: The growth of 24-hour, 7-day access requires attention to the security and robustness of the building and its collections = El aumento del acceso las 24 horas siete días a la semana exige prestar atención a la seguridad y durabilidad del edificio y sus colecciones.
    Ex: The life of military brats is a 'mixed bag': they're worldly and sophisticated, which civilians might label as ' sturdiness'.

    * * *
    1 (de un muro, un edificio) solidity
    2 (de un argumento) soundness, solidness
    3 (de una empresa) soundness
    * * *

    solidez sustantivo femenino (de muro, edificio) solidity;
    (de argumento, empresa) soundness;
    ( de relación) strength
    solidez sustantivo femenino
    1 (de una propuesta, argumento) soundness
    2 Fís Quím solidity
    3 (de un material) strength
    ' solidez' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    inconsistente
    English:
    solidity
    - strength
    - hold
    - weakness
    * * *
    1. [de terreno, construcción] solidity
    2. [de relación] strength
    3. [de argumento, conocimiento, idea] soundness
    * * *
    f solidity; fig
    strength
    * * *
    1) : solidity, firmness
    2) : soundness (of an argument, etc.)

    Spanish-English dictionary > solidez

  • 53 анализ

    analysis, dissection, examination, investigation, scan, scanning, test, review, study
    * * *
    ана́лиз м.
    analysis, determination; ( визуальный) examination
    не попада́ть в ана́лиз (о сплавах и т. п.) — be out of control
    подверга́ть, напр. люминесце́нтному ана́лизу — analyze by, e. g., fluorescence
    подверга́ть стро́гому ана́лизу мат. — subject to a rigorous analysis, analyze rigorously [in rigorous terms]
    поддава́ться ана́лизу — be analysable
    попада́ть в ана́лиз (о сплавах и т. п.) — be in control
    при ана́лизе систе́ма разделя́ется [разбива́ется] на … — a system is analyzed into …
    проводи́ть ана́лиз — carry out [make, perform] an analysis
    проводи́ть ана́лиз на … — carry out an analysis for …, analyze for …
    абсорбцио́нный ана́лиз — absorption analysis
    адсорбцио́нный ана́лиз — adsorption analysis
    активацио́нный ана́лиз — (radio)activation analysis
    активацио́нный, радиохими́ческий ана́лиз — activation analysis with radiochemical separation
    арбитра́жный ана́лиз — arbitrary [arbitration] analysis
    ана́лиз бесконе́чно ма́лых мат. — infinitesimal calculus
    биохими́ческий ана́лиз — biochemical analysis
    валово́й ана́лиз — bulk [total, gross] analysis
    вариацио́нный ана́лиз — analysis of variance
    ве́кторный ана́лиз — vector analysis
    весово́й ана́лиз — weight [gravimetric] analysis
    веще́ственный ана́лиз — substantial [material] analysis
    волюмометри́ческий ана́лиз — volumetric analysis
    временно́й ана́лиз — analysis in the time domain
    га́зовый ана́лиз — gas analysis
    гармони́ческий ана́лиз — harmonic [Fourier] analysis
    гравиметри́ческий ана́лиз — gravimetric analysis
    ана́лиз грани́чных усло́вий — limit analysis
    гранулометри́ческий ана́лиз — particle-size [grain-size] analysis
    динамометри́ческий ана́лиз — dynamic force analysis
    дискре́тный ана́лиз — sampling analysis
    дисперсио́нный ана́лиз мат., стат. — analysis of variance
    дифракцио́нный ана́лиз — diffraction analysis
    дифференциа́льно-терми́ческий ана́лиз — differential thermal analysis
    дро́бный ана́лиз — fractional analysis
    ана́лиз дымовы́х га́зов — flue-gas analysis
    зо́льный ана́лиз — ash analysis
    ана́лиз изло́ма — fracture test
    изото́пный ана́лиз — isotopic analysis
    ана́лиз изото́пным разбавле́нием — isotope-dilution analysis
    иммерсио́нный ана́лиз — immersion analysis
    и́мпульсный ана́лиз — pulse analysis
    ана́лиз и́мпульсов, амплиту́дный — pulse-height analysis
    инфракра́сный спектра́льный ана́лиз — analysis by infrared spectroscopy
    калориметри́ческий ана́лиз — calorimetric analysis
    ка́пельный ана́лиз — drop analysis
    ка́чественный ана́лиз — qualitative analysis
    ка́чественный ана́лиз позволя́ет установи́ть нали́чие веще́ств — qualitative analysis detects substances
    кинемати́ческий ана́лиз — kinematic analysis
    ана́лиз ковшо́вой про́бы — ladle analysis
    коли́чественный ана́лиз — quantitative analysis
    коли́чественный ана́лиз позволя́ет определи́ть коли́чества веще́ств — quantitative analysis determines substances
    колориметри́ческий ана́лиз — colorimetric analysis
    комбинато́рный ана́лиз мат. — combinatorial analysis
    кондуктометри́ческий ана́лиз — conductimetric analysis
    контро́льный ана́лиз — check analysis
    конформацио́нный ана́лиз — conformational analysis
    корреляцио́нный ана́лиз — correlation analysis
    ана́лиз кривы́х разго́на хим. — transient response analysis
    кристаллографи́ческий ана́лиз — crystallographic analysis
    кристаллохими́ческий ана́лиз — chemical analysis of crystals
    кулонометри́ческий ана́лиз — coulometric analysis
    люминесце́нтный ана́лиз — fluorimetric [fluorescence] analysis, chemical analysis by fluorescence
    магнитострукту́рный ана́лиз — magnetic structural analysis
    масс-спектра́льный ана́лиз — mass spectrometric analysis
    масс-спектрографи́ческий ана́лиз — mass spectrographic analysis
    математи́ческий ана́лиз — mathematical analysis
    металлографи́ческий ана́лиз — metallographic analysis
    ана́лиз ме́тодом ме́ченых а́томов — tracer analysis
    ана́лиз ме́тодом оплавле́ния — fusion analysis
    ана́лиз ме́тодом сухо́го озоле́ния — blowpipe analysis
    ана́лиз ме́тодом титрова́ния — titrimetric analysis, analysis by titration
    механи́ческий ана́лиз — mechanical analysis
    многоме́рный ана́лиз — multivariate analysis
    мо́крый ана́лиз — wet analysis
    ана́лиз на микроэлеме́нты — trace analysis
    ана́лиз на моде́ли — model analysis
    ана́лиз напряже́ний мех. — stress analysis
    нейтронографи́ческий ана́лиз крист. — neutron diffraction analysis
    ана́лиз нелине́йных систе́м — non-linear system analysis
    ана́лиз нелине́йных систе́м ме́тодом гармони́ческого бала́нса — non-linear system analysis by the describing function method
    ана́лиз нелине́йных систе́м ме́тодом ма́лого пара́метра — non-linear system analysis by the perturbation theory [method]
    неоргани́ческий ана́лиз — inorganic analysis
    непреры́вный ана́лиз — on-stream analysis
    нефелометри́ческий ана́лиз — nephelometric analysis, nephelometric determination
    объё́мный ана́лиз — volumetric analysis
    опережа́ющий ана́лиз ( в автоматическом регулировании) — anticipatory analysis
    органи́ческий ана́лиз — organic analysis
    органолепти́ческий ана́лиз — organoleptic analysis
    ана́лиз отка́зов — failure analysis
    ана́лиз отму́чиванием — decantation analysis
    ана́лиз перехо́дных проце́ссов — transient (response) analysis
    петрографи́ческий ана́лиз — petrographic analysis
    пирохими́ческий ана́лиз — pyrochemical analysis
    ана́лиз плавле́нием в ва́кууме — vacuumfusion analysis
    пламефотометри́ческий ана́лиз — flame photometric analysis
    по́лный ана́лиз — complete [total] analysis
    полуколи́чественный ана́лиз — semiquantitative analysis
    поляриметри́ческий ана́лиз — polarimetric analysis
    полярографи́ческий ана́лиз — polarographic analysis
    после́довательный ана́лиз — sequential [successive] analysis
    потенциометри́ческий ана́лиз — potentiometric analysis
    ана́лиз пото́ка, квазистациона́рный — quasi-steady flow analysis
    ана́лиз потреби́тельского спро́са — marketing analysis
    ана́лиз преде́льных состоя́ний — limit analysis
    приближё́нный ана́лиз — approximate analysis
    причи́нный ана́лиз — cause-and-effect analysis
    проби́рный ана́лиз — assay(ing)
    проби́рный, мо́крый ана́лиз — wet assay(ing)
    проби́рный, сухо́й ана́лиз — dry [fire] assay(ing)
    ана́лиз про́бы из ковша́ — ladle analysis
    радиоактивацио́нный ана́лиз — radioactivation analysis
    ана́лиз радиоакти́вности — radioactivity determination
    радиометри́ческий ана́лиз — radiometric analysis
    ана́лиз разго́нкой — distillation analysis, distillation test
    ана́лиз разме́рностей — dimensional analysis
    ра́стровый ана́лиз — scanning analysis
    регрессио́нный ана́лиз — regression analysis
    рентгенографи́ческий ана́лиз — radiographic analysis
    рентгеноспектра́льный ана́лиз — (analysis by) X-ray spectrometry
    рентгеноспектра́льный, лока́льный ана́лиз — X-ray microanalysis, electron probe X-ray analysis
    рентгенострукту́рный ана́лиз — X-ray (diffraction) analysis
    рентгенофа́зовый ана́лиз — X-ray phase analysis
    рефрактометри́ческий ана́лиз — refractometric analysis
    ана́лиз руд — ore analysis, ore assay
    седиментацио́нный ана́лиз — sedimentation analysis
    седиментометри́ческий ана́лиз — sedimetric [sedimentometric] analysis
    ана́лиз сжига́нием — combustion analysis
    системати́ческий ана́лиз — systematic analysis
    си́товый ана́лиз — mesh [sieve, screen] analysis
    ана́лиз скани́рованием — analysis by scanning
    ана́лиз спе́ктра вибра́ции — vibration spectrum analysis
    спектра́льный ана́лиз — spectrum [spectral] analysis
    спектра́льный, молекуля́рный ана́лиз — molecular spectrum analysis
    спектра́льный, эмиссио́нный ана́лиз — emission (spectrum) analysis
    спектрографи́ческий ана́лиз — spectrographic analysis
    спектрофотометри́ческий ана́лиз — spectrophotometric [absorptimetric] analysis
    спектрофотометри́ческий ана́лиз в ви́димой ча́сти спе́ктра — visible spectrophotometric analysis, spectrophotometric analysis in the visible region
    спектрофотометри́ческий ана́лиз в инфракра́сной о́бласти — infrared spectrophotometric analysis, spectrophotometric analysis in the infrared region
    спектрофотометри́ческий ана́лиз в ультрафиоле́товой о́бласти — ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis, spectrophotometric analysis in the ultraviolet region
    ана́лиз ста́ли при вы́пуске пла́вки — tapping analysis
    статисти́ческий ана́лиз — statistical analysis
    ана́лиз сто́чных вод — sewage analysis
    стробоскопи́ческий ана́лиз — stroboscopic analysis
    стру́йный ана́лиз — jet analysis
    структу́рный ана́лиз — structural analysis
    сухо́й ана́лиз — dry analysis
    те́нзорный ана́лиз — tensor analysis
    теплово́й ана́лиз — thermoanalysis
    терми́ческий ана́лиз — thermoanalysis
    термогравиметри́ческий ана́лиз — thermogravimetric analysis
    термомагни́тный ана́лиз — magnetothermal analysis
    те́хнико-экономи́ческий ана́лиз — technical-economical analysis
    техни́ческий ана́лиз — proximate analysis
    титриметри́ческий ана́лиз — titrimetric analysis, analysis by titration
    турбидиметри́ческий ана́лиз — turbidimetric analysis
    фа́зовый ана́лиз — phase analysis
    факториа́льный ана́лиз — factor analysis
    фотометри́ческий ана́лиз — photometric analysis
    фракцио́нный ана́лиз — fractional analysis
    фракцио́нный ана́лиз по пло́тности — float-and-sink [densimetric, specific gravity] analysis
    функциона́льный ана́лиз — functional analysis
    хими́ческий ана́лиз — chemical analysis
    хроматографи́ческий ана́лиз — chromatographic analysis
    цветово́й ана́лиз — colour separation
    ана́лиз цепе́й — circuit analysis
    ана́лиз цепе́й, маши́нный — computerized circuit analysis
    части́чный ана́лиз — partial analysis
    часто́тно-временно́й ана́лиз — time-and-frequency analysis, analysis in the time and frequency domain
    часто́тный ана́лиз — frequency (response) analysis, analysis in the frequency domain
    ана́лиз че́рез си́нтез вчт. — analysis by synthesis
    чи́сленный ана́лиз — numerical analyses
    ана́лиз шу́ма — noise analysis
    электрографи́ческий ана́лиз крист. — electron diffraction analysis
    элемента́рный ана́лиз — ultimate [elementary] analysis

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > анализ

  • 54 система

    complex, chain, installation, method, repertoire вчт., repertory, structure, system
    * * *
    систе́ма ж.
    system
    дубли́ровать систе́му — duplicate a system
    отла́живать систе́му — tune up a system
    систе́ма функциони́рует норма́льно киб. — the system is well-behaved
    авари́йная систе́ма ав. — emergency system
    систе́ма авари́йного покида́ния ( самолёта) — escape system
    автомати́ческая систе́ма — automatic system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования [САР] — automatic-control system of the regulator(y) type
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, де́йствующая по отклоне́нию — error-actuated control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, за́мкнутая — closed-loop control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, и́мпульсная — sampling control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, многоё́мкостная — multicapacity control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, многоко́нтурная — multiloop control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, многоме́рная — multivariable control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, програ́ммная — time-pattern control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, разо́мкнутая — open-loop control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования следя́щего ти́па — servo-operation control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования со случа́йными возде́йствиями, и́мпульсная — random-input sampled-data system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования со стабилиза́цией (проце́сса) — regulator-operation control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого управле́ния [САУ] — automatic-control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого управле́ния, цифрова́я — digital control system
    систе́ма автоподстро́йки частоты́ [АПЧ] — AFC system
    систе́ма АПЧ захва́тывает частоту́ — the AFC system locks on to the (desired) frequency
    систе́ма АПЧ осуществля́ет по́иск частоты́ — the AFC system searches for the (desired) frequency
    систе́ма автоподстро́йки частоты́, фа́зовая [ФАПЧ] — phase-lock loop, PLL
    агрега́тная, унифици́рованная систе́ма ( советская система пневматических средств автоматики) — standard-module pneumatic instrumentation system
    адапти́вная систе́ма — adaptive system
    апериоди́ческая систе́ма — critically damped system
    асинхро́нная систе́ма — asynchronous system
    астати́ческая систе́ма — zero-constant-error system
    астати́ческая систе́ма второ́го поря́дка — Type 2 [zero-velocity-error] system
    астати́ческая систе́ма пе́рвого поря́дка — Type 1 [zero-position-error] system
    систе́ма без резерви́рования — non-redundant system
    систе́ма блокиро́вки ( радиационной установки) — interlock system
    систе́ма ва́ла ( в допусках и посадках) — the basic shaft system
    вентиляцио́нная систе́ма — ventilation system
    вентиляцио́нная, вытяжна́я систе́ма — exhaust ventilation system
    взаи́мные систе́мы — mutual systems
    систе́ма водоснабже́ния — water(-supply) system
    систе́ма водоснабже́ния, оборо́тная — circulating [closed-circuit] water system
    систе́ма водоснабже́ния, прямото́чная — once-through [run-of-river cooling] system
    систе́ма возду́шного отопле́ния — warm-air heating system
    систе́ма воспроизведе́ния ( записи) — reproduction system
    систе́ма впры́ска двс. — injection system
    систе́ма впры́ска, предка́мерная двс. — antechamber system of injection
    систе́ма впу́ска двс. — induction [intake] system
    систе́ма вы́борки вчт. — selection system
    вытяжна́я систе́ма — exhaust system
    вычисли́тельная систе́ма — computer [computing] system
    вычисли́тельная, многома́шинная систе́ма — multicomputer system
    систе́ма генера́тор — дви́гатель — Ward-Leonard speed-control system
    гибри́дная систе́ма — hybrid system
    систе́ма громкоговоря́щей свя́зи — public-address [personnel-address, PA] system
    грузова́я систе́ма мор. — cargo (handling) system
    двухкомпоне́нтная систе́ма хим. — two-component [binary] system
    двухни́точная систе́ма тепл. — two-flow system
    двухпроводна́я систе́ма эл. — two-wire system
    двухэлектро́дная систе́ма ( электроннооптического преобразователя) — self-focusing (diod) system
    диспе́рсная систе́ма — disperse system
    диссипати́вная систе́ма — dissipative system
    систе́ма дистанцио́нного управле́ния — remote control system
    диффере́нтная систе́ма мор. — trim system
    дифференциа́льная систе́ма тлф. — hybrid set
    систе́ма дождева́ния — sprinkling system
    систе́ма до́пусков — tolerance system
    систе́ма до́пусков, двусторо́нняя [симметри́чная], преде́льная — bilateral system of tolerances
    систе́ма до́пусков и поса́док — system [classification] of fits and tolerances
    систе́ма до́пусков, односторо́нняя [асимметри́чная], преде́льная — unilateral system of tolerances
    систе́ма дрена́жа ( топливных баков) ав. — vent system
    систе́ма едини́ц — system of units
    систе́ма едини́ц, междунаро́дная [СИ] — international system of units, SI
    систе́ма едини́ц МКГСС уст. — MKGSS [metre-kilogram(me)-force-second ] system (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц МКС — MKS [metre-kilogram(me)-second ] system (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц МКСА — MKSA [metre-kilogram(me)-mass-second-ampere ] system (of units), absolute practical system of units
    систе́ма едини́ц МКСГ — MKSG [metre-kilogram(me)-force-second-kelvin ] system (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц МСС — MSC [metre-second-candela] system (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц МТС — MTS [metre-ton-second] system (of units)
    систе́мы едини́ц СГС — CGS [centimetre-gram(me)-second ] systems (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц, техни́ческая — engineer's system of units
    же́зловая систе́ма ж.-д. — staff system
    систе́ма жизнеобеспе́чения косм. — life-support (and survival) system
    систе́ма жизнеобеспе́чения, автоно́мная — back-pack life-support system
    систе́ма зажига́ния — ignition system
    систе́ма зажига́ния, полупроводнико́вая — transistor(ized) ignition system
    систе́ма зажига́ния, электро́нная — electronic ignition system
    систе́ма заземле́ния — earth [ground] network
    замедля́ющая систе́ма — ( в электровакуумных устройствах СВЧ) slow-wave structure; ( волноводная) slow-wave guide; ( коаксиальная) wave delay line
    замедля́ющая, встре́чно-стержнева́я систе́ма — interdigital [interdigitated] slow-wave structure
    замедля́ющая, гребе́нчатая систе́ма — vane-line slow-wave structure, finned slow-wave guide
    замедля́ющая, спира́льная систе́ма — helical slow-wave structure
    за́мкнутая систе́ма — closed system
    систе́ма за́писи вчт. — writing system
    запомина́ющая систе́ма вчт. — storage system
    систе́ма затопле́ния мор. — flood(ing) system
    систе́ма захо́да на поса́дку по кома́ндам с земли́ ав. — ground-controlled-approach [GCA] system
    зачи́стная систе́ма ( танкера) — stripping system
    систе́ма зерка́л Фабри́—Перо́ — Fabry-Perot [FP] mirror system
    зерка́льно-ли́нзовая систе́ма ( в микроскопе) — catadioptric system
    систе́ма золоудале́ния — ash-handling system
    систе́ма зо́льников кож. — lime yard, lime round
    изоли́рованная систе́ма — isolated system
    систе́ма индивидуа́льного вы́зова свз. — paging system
    инерциа́льная систе́ма — inertial system
    информацио́нная систе́ма — information system
    информацио́нно-поиско́вая систе́ма — information retrieval system
    исхо́дная систе́ма — prototype [original] system
    канализацио́нная систе́ма — sewer(age) system
    канализацио́нная, общесплавна́я систе́ма — combined sewer(age) system
    канализацио́нная, разде́льная систе́ма — separate sewer(age) system
    систе́ма коди́рования — coding system
    колеба́тельная систе́ма — (преим. механическая) vibratory [vibrating] system; ( немеханическая) oscillatory [resonant] system
    колеба́тельная, многорезона́торная систе́ма ( магнетрона) — multiple-cavity resonator
    колориметри́ческая трёхцве́тная систе́ма — three-colour photometric system
    систе́ма кома́нд ЭВМ — instruction set of a computer, computer instruction set
    систе́ма координа́т — coordinate system
    свя́зывать систе́му координа́т с … — tie in a coordinate system with …, tie coordinate system to …
    систе́ма координа́т, инерциа́льная — inertial frame
    систе́ма координа́т, лаборато́рная — laboratory coordinate system, laboratory frame of reference
    систе́ма координа́т, ле́вая — left-handed coordinate system
    систе́ма координа́т, ме́стная — local (coordinate) system
    систе́ма координа́т, поко́ящаяся — rest (coordinate) system
    систе́ма координа́т, пото́чная аргд. — (relative) wind coordinate system
    систе́ма координа́т, пра́вая — right-handed coordinate system
    систе́ма координа́т, свя́занная с дви́жущимся те́лом — body axes (coordinate) system
    систе́ма координа́т, свя́занная с Землё́й — fixed-in-the-earth (coordinate) system
    систе́ма корре́кции гироско́па — gyro monitor, (long-term) reference
    систе́ма корре́кции гироско́па, магни́тная — magnetic gyro monitor, magnetic reference
    систе́ма корре́кции гироско́па, ма́ятниковая — gravity gyro monitor, gravity reference
    систе́ма криволине́йных координа́т — curvilinear coordinate system
    курсова́я систе́ма ав. — directional heading [waiting] system
    ли́тниковая систе́ма — gating [pouring gate] system
    магни́тная систе́ма — magnetic system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания — queueing [waiting] system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания, сме́шанная — combined loss-delay queueing [waiting] system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания с ожида́нием — delay queueing [waiting] system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания с отка́зами — congestion queueing [waiting] system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания с поте́рями — loss-type queueing [waiting] system
    мени́сковая систе́ма — meniscus [Maksutov] system
    систе́ма мер, метри́ческая — metric system
    систе́ма мер, типогра́фская — point system
    механи́ческая систе́ма — mechanical system
    механи́ческая, несвобо́дная систе́ма — constrained material system
    систе́ма мно́гих тел — many-body system
    многокана́льная систе́ма свз. — multichannel system
    многокомпоне́нтная систе́ма — multicomponent system
    многоме́рная систе́ма — multivariable system
    модели́руемая систе́ма — prototype system
    мо́дульная систе́ма — modular system
    мультипле́ксная систе́ма — multiplex system
    систе́ма набо́ра ( корпуса судна) — framing system
    систе́ма набо́ра, кле́тчатая — cellular framing system
    систе́ма набо́ра, попере́чная — transverse framing system
    систе́ма набо́ра, продо́льная — longitudinal framing system
    систе́ма набо́ра, сме́шанная — mixed framing system
    систе́ма навига́ции — navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, автоно́мная — self-contained navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, гиперболи́ческая — hyperbolic navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, дальноме́рная — rho-rho [ - ] navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, дальноме́рно-угломе́рная — rho-theta [ - ] navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, кругова́я — rho-rho [ - ] navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, ра́зностно-дальноме́рная [РДНС] — hyperbolic navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, угломе́рная — theta-theta [ - ] navigation system
    систе́ма на стру́йных элеме́нтах, логи́ческая — fluid logic system
    систе́ма нумера́ции тлф. — numbering scheme
    систе́ма обду́ва стё́кол авто, автмт. — demister
    систе́ма обнаруже́ния оши́бок ( в передаче данных) свз. — error detection system
    систе́ма обогре́ва стё́кол авто, ав. — defroster
    систе́ма обозначе́ний — notation, symbolism
    систе́ма обозначе́ний Междунаро́дного нау́чного радиообъедине́ния — URSI symbol system
    систе́ма обозначе́ния про́бы, кара́тная — carat test sign system
    систе́ма обозначе́ния про́бы, метри́ческая — metric test sign system
    обора́чивающая систе́ма опт. — erecting [inversion (optical)] system
    обора́чивающая, при́зменная систе́ма опт. — prism-erecting (optical) system
    систе́ма обрабо́тки да́нных — data processing [dp] system
    систе́ма обрабо́тки да́нных в реа́льном масшта́бе вре́мени — real time data processing system
    систе́ма обрабо́тки да́нных, операти́вная — on-line data processing system
    систе́ма обрабо́тки отхо́дов — waste treatment system
    систе́ма объё́много пожаротуше́ния мор. — fire-smothering system
    одноотка́зная систе́ма — fall-safe system
    опти́ческая систе́ма — optical system, optical train
    опти́ческая, зерка́льно-ли́нзовая систе́ма — catadioptric system
    систе́ма ориента́ции ав. — attitude control system
    ороси́тельная систе́ма — irrigation system, irrigation project
    систе́ма ороше́ния мор. — sprinkling system
    систе́ма освеще́ния — lighting (system)
    осуши́тельная систе́ма мор. — drain(age) system
    систе́ма отбо́ра во́здуха от компре́ссора — compressor air-bleed system
    систе́ма отве́рстия ( в допусках и посадках) — the basic hole system
    отклоня́ющая систе́ма ( в ЭЛТ) — deflecting system, deflection yoke
    отклоня́ющая, ка́дровая систе́ма — vertical (deflection) yoke
    отклоня́ющая, магни́тная систе́ма — magnetic (deflection) yoke
    отклоня́ющая, стро́чная систе́ма — horizontal [line] (deflection) yoke
    систе́ма относи́тельных едини́ц — per-unit system
    отопи́тельная систе́ма — heating system
    отопи́тельная систе́ма с разво́дкой све́рху — down-feed heating system
    отопи́тельная систе́ма с разво́дкой сни́зу — up-feed heating system
    систе́ма отсчё́та — frame of reference, (reference) frame, reference system
    систе́ма отсчё́та, инерциа́льная — inertial frame of reference
    систе́ма охлажде́ния — cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, возду́шная — air-cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, жи́дкостная — liquid-cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, испари́тельная — evaporative cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, каска́дная — cascade refrigeration system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния непосре́дственным испаре́нием холоди́льного аге́нта — direct expansion system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, пане́льная — panel cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, рассо́льная, двухтемперату́рная — dual-temperature brine refrigeration system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, рассо́льная, закры́тая — closed brine cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, рассо́льная, с испаре́нием — brine spray cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния с теплозащи́тной руба́шкой — jacketed cooling system
    систе́ма очи́стки воды́ — water purification system
    систе́ма па́мяти — memory [storage] system
    систе́ма парашю́та, подвесна́я — parachute harness
    систе́ма переда́чи да́нных — data transmission system
    систе́ма переда́чи да́нных с обра́тной свя́зью — information feedback data transmission system
    систе́ма переда́чи да́нных с коммута́цией сообще́ний и промежу́точным хране́нием — store-and-forward data network
    систе́ма переда́чи да́нных с реша́ющей обра́тной свя́зью — decision feedback data transmission system
    систе́ма переда́чи и́мпульсов набо́ра, шле́йфная тлф. — loop dialling system
    систе́ма переда́чи на одно́й боково́й полосе́ и пода́вленной несу́щей — single-sideband suppressed-carrier [SSB-SC] system
    систе́ма переда́чи на одно́й боково́й полосе́ с осла́бленной несу́щей — single-sideband reduced carrier [SSB-RC] system
    систе́ма пита́ния двс. — fuel system
    систе́ма пита́ния котла́ — boiler-feed piping system
    систе́ма питьево́й воды́ мор. — drinking-water [portable-water] system
    систе́ма пода́чи то́плива, вытесни́тельная — pressure feeding system
    систе́ма пода́чи то́плива самотё́ком — gravity feeding system
    систе́ма пода́чи то́плива, турбонасо́сная — turbopump feeding system
    подви́жная систе́ма ( измерительного прибора) — moving element (movement не рекомендован соответствующими стандартами)
    систе́ма пожа́рной сигнализа́ции — fire-alarm system
    систе́ма пожаротуше́нения — fire-extinguishing system
    систе́ма поса́дки — landing system
    систе́ма поса́дки по прибо́рам — instrument landing system (сокращение ILS относится к международной системе, советская система обозначается СП — instrument landing system)
    систе́ма проду́вки авто — scavenging system
    противообледени́тельная систе́ма ав. — ( для предотвращения образования льда) anti-icing [ice protection] system; ( для удаления образовавшегося льда) de-icing system
    противопожа́рная систе́ма — fire-extinguishing system
    противото́чная систе́ма — counter-current flow system
    систе́ма прямо́го перено́са ( электроннооптического преобразователя) — proximity focused system
    прямото́чная систе́ма — direct-flow system
    систе́ма прямоуго́льных координа́т — Cartesian [rectangular] coordinate system
    систе́ма, рабо́тающая в и́стинном масшта́бе вре́мени — real-time system
    радиолокацио́нная, втори́чная систе́ма УВД — ( для работы внутри СССР) SSR system; ( отвечающая нормам ИКАО) ICAO SSR system
    радиолокацио́нная систе́ма с электро́нным скани́рованием — electronic scanning radar system, ESRS
    радиомая́чная систе́ма — radio range
    радиомая́чная, многокана́льная систе́ма — multitrack radio range
    систе́ма радионавига́ции — radio-navigation system (см. тж. система навигации)
    развё́ртывающая систе́ма тлв. — scanning system
    систе́ма разрабо́тки — mining system, method of mining
    распредели́тельная систе́ма — distribution system
    регенерати́вная систе́ма тепл. — feed heating system
    резерви́рованная систе́ма — redundant system
    систе́ма ремне́й, подвесна́я ( респиратора) — harness
    систе́ма ру́бок лес. — cutting system
    самонастра́ивающаяся систе́ма — self-adjusting system
    самообуча́ющаяся систе́ма киб. — learning system
    самоорганизу́ющаяся систе́ма — self-organizing system
    самоприспоса́бливающаяся систе́ма киб. — adaptive system
    самоуравнове́шивающаяся систе́ма — self-balancing system
    самоусоверше́нствующаяся систе́ма — evolutionary system
    санита́рная систе́ма мор. — sanitary system
    систе́ма свя́зи — communication system
    сопряга́ть систе́му свя́зи, напр. с ЭВМ — interface a communication network with, e. g., a computer
    уплотня́ть систе́му свя́зи телегра́фными кана́лами — multiplex telegraph channels on a communication link
    систе́ма свя́зи, асинхро́нная — asyncronous communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, двои́чная — binary communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, многокана́льная — multi-channel communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи на метео́рных вспы́шках — meteor burst [meteor-scatter] communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, разветвлё́нная — deployed communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи с испо́льзованием да́льнего тропосфе́рного рассе́яния — troposcatter communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи с испо́льзованием ионосфе́рного рассе́яния — ionoscatter communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи с переспро́сом — ARQ communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная — multiplex communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная, с временны́м разделе́нием сигна́лов — time division multiplex [TDM] communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная, с разделе́нием по ко́дам — code-division multiplex(ing) communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная, с часто́тным разделе́нием сигна́лов — frequency division multiplex [FDM] communication system
    сельси́нная систе́ма — synchro system
    сельси́нная систе́ма в индика́торном режи́ме — synchro-repeater [direct-transmission synchro] system
    сельси́нная систе́ма в трансформа́торном режи́ме — synchro-detector [control-transformer synchro] system
    сельси́нная, двухотсчё́тная систе́ма — two-speed [coarse-fine] synchro system
    сельси́нная, дифференциа́льная систе́ма — differential synchro system
    сельси́нная, одноотсчё́тная систе́ма — singlespeed synchro system
    систе́ма сил — force system
    систе́ма синхрониза́ции — timing [synchronizing] mechanism
    синхро́нная систе́ма — synchronous system
    следя́щая систе́ма — servo (system)
    следя́щая, позицио́нная систе́ма — positional servo (system)
    следя́щая систе́ма с не́сколькими входны́ми возде́йствиями — multi-input servo (system)
    следя́щая систе́ма с предваре́нием — predictor servo (system)
    систе́ма слеже́ния — tracking system
    систе́ма слеже́ния по да́льности — range tracking system
    систе́ма слеже́ния по ско́рости измене́ния да́льности — range rate tracking system
    систе́ма сма́зки — lubrication (system)
    систе́ма сма́зки, принуди́тельная — force(-feed) lubrication (system)
    систе́ма сма́зки, разбры́згивающая — splash lubrication (system)
    сма́зочная систе́ма — lubrication (system)
    систе́ма с мно́гими переме́нными — multivariable system
    систе́ма сниже́ния шу́ма — noise reduction system
    систе́ма с обра́тной свя́зью — feedback system
    Со́лнечная систе́ма — solar system
    систе́ма сопровожде́ния — tracking system
    систе́ма со свобо́дными пове́рхностями — unbounded system
    систе́ма с пара́метрами, изменя́ющимися во вре́мени — time variable [time-variant] system
    систе́ма с постоя́нным резерви́рованием — parallel-redundant system
    систе́ма с разделе́нием вре́мени — time-sharing system
    систе́ма с распределё́нными пара́метрами — distributed parameter system
    систе́ма с самоизменя́ющейся структу́рой — self-structuring system
    систе́ма с сосредото́ченными пара́метрами — lumped-parameter [lumped-constant] system
    стати́ческая систе́ма — киб. constant-error system; ( в следящих системах) type O servo system
    систе́ма, стати́чески неопредели́мая мех. — statically indeterminate system
    систе́ма, стати́чески определи́мая мех. — statically determinate system
    систе́ма стира́ния ( записи) — erasing system
    стохасти́ческая систе́ма — stochastic system
    сто́чная систе́ма мор. — deck drain system
    судова́я систе́ма — ship system
    систе́ма с фикси́рованными грани́цами — bounded system
    систе́ма счисле́ния — number(ing) system, notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, восьмери́чная — octal number system, octonary notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, двенадцатери́чная — duodecimal number system, duodecimal notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, двои́чная — binary system, binary notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, двои́чно-десяти́чная — binary-coded decimal system, binary-coded decimal [BCD] notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, девятери́чная — nine number system
    систе́ма счисле́ния, десяти́чная — decimal number system, decimal notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, непозицио́нная — non-positional notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, позицио́нная — positional number notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния пути́, возду́шно-до́плеровская навиг. — airborne Doppler navigator
    систе́ма счисле́ния, трои́чная — ternary number system, ternary notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, шестнадцатери́чная — hexadecimal number system, hexadecimal notation
    телевизио́нная светокла́панная систе́ма — light-modulator [light-modulating] television system
    телегра́фная многокра́тная систе́ма ( с временным распределением) — time-division multiplex (transmission), time division telegraph system
    телеметри́ческая систе́ма — telemetering system
    телеметри́ческая, промы́шленная систе́ма — industrial telemetering system
    телеметри́ческая, то́ковая систе́ма — current-type telemeter
    телеметри́ческая, часто́тная систе́ма — frequency-type telemeter
    телефо́нная, автомати́ческая систе́ма — dial telephone system
    телефо́нная систе́ма с ручны́м обслу́живанием — manual-switchboard telephone system
    термодинами́ческая систе́ма — thermodynamic system
    техни́ческая систе́ма (в отличие от естественных, математических и т. п.) — engineering system
    систе́ма тона́льного телеграфи́рования — voice-frequency multichannel system
    то́пливная систе́ма — fuel system
    то́пливная систе́ма с пода́чей само́тёком — gravity fuel system
    тормозна́я систе́ма ( автомобиля) — brake system
    трёхкомпоне́нтная систе́ма — ternary [three-component] system
    трёхпроводна́я систе́ма эл. — three-wire system
    трёхфа́зная систе́ма эл. — three-phase system
    трёхфа́зная систе́ма с глухозаземлё́нной нейтра́лью эл. — solidly-earthed-neutral three-phase system
    трёхфа́зная, симметри́чная систе́ма эл. — symmetrical three-phase system
    трёхфа́зная систе́ма с незаземлё́нной нейтра́лью эл. — isolated-neutral three-phase system
    трю́мная систе́ма мор. — bilge system
    систе́ма тяг — linkage
    тя́го-дутьева́я систе́ма — draught system
    систе́ма УВД — air traffic control [ATC] system
    систе́ма управле́ния — control system
    систе́ма управле́ния, автомати́ческая — automatic control system
    систе́ма управле́ния без па́мяти — combinational (control) system
    систе́ма управле́ния возду́шным движе́нием — air traffic control [ATC] system
    систе́ма управле́ния произво́дством [предприя́тием], автоматизи́рованная [АСУП] — management information system, MIS
    систе́ма управле́ния с вычисли́тельной маши́ной — computer control system
    систе́ма управле́ния с па́мятью — sequential (control) system
    систе́ма управле́ния с предсказа́нием — predictor control system
    систе́ма управле́ния технологи́ческим проце́ссом, автоматизи́рованная [АСУТП] — (automatic) process control system
    систе́ма управле́ния, цифрова́я — digital control system
    управля́емая систе́ма ( объект управления) — controlled system, controlled plant
    управля́ющая систе́ма ( часть системы управления) — controlling (sub-)system
    упру́гая систе́ма ( гравиметра) — elastic system
    систе́ма уравне́ний — set [system] of equations, set of simultaneous equations
    систе́ма уравне́ния объё́ма ( ядерного реактора) — pressurizing system
    уравнове́шенная систе́ма — balanced system
    усто́йчивая систе́ма — stable system
    фа́новая систе́ма мор. — flushing [sewage-disposal] system
    систе́ма физи́ческих величи́н — system of physical quantities
    хи́мико-технологи́ческая систе́ма — chemical engineering system
    хими́ческая систе́ма — chemical system
    систе́ма ЦБ-АТС тлф. — dial system
    систе́ма цветно́го телеви́дения, совмести́мая — compatible colour-television system
    систе́ма це́нтра масс — centre-of-mass [centre-of-gravity, centre-of-momentum] system
    систе́ма цифрово́го управле́ния ( не путать с числовы́м управле́нием) — digital control system (not to be confused with numeric control system)
    систе́ма «челове́к — маши́на» — man-machine system
    шарни́рная систе́ма — hinged system
    шарни́рно-стержнева́я систе́ма — hinged-rod system
    шпре́нгельная систе́ма — strutted [truss] system
    систе́ма эксплуата́ции телефо́нной свя́зи, заказна́я — delay operation
    систе́ма эксплуата́ции телефо́нной свя́зи, ско́рая — demand working, telephone traffic on the demand basis
    экстрема́льная систе́ма — extremal system
    систе́ма электро́дов ЭЛТ — CRT electrode structure
    электроже́зловая систе́ма ж.-д. — (electric) token system
    электрохими́ческая систе́ма — electrochemical system
    электрохими́ческая, необрати́мая систе́ма — irreversible electrochemical system
    электрохими́ческая, обрати́мая систе́ма — reversible electrochemical system
    электроэнергети́ческая систе́ма — electric power system
    систе́ма элеме́нтов Менделе́ева, периоди́ческая — Mendeleeff's [Mendeleev's, periodic] law, periodic system, periodic table
    систе́ма элеме́нтов ЦВМ — computer building-block range
    энергети́ческая систе́ма — power system
    энергети́ческая, еди́ная систе́ма — power grid
    энергети́ческая, объединё́нная систе́ма — interconnected power system

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > система

  • 55 данный

    •

    In the range covered the curves are in good agreement with experiment.

    •

    For a given forward resistance, silicon diodes have greater capacitance than germanium ones.

    •

    The maximum rate of change of a particular characteristic of the orbit...

    •

    This term is used to indicate that the material referred to consists of thin, separable lamellae or leaves.

    •

    In the specific case of 25-percent dehydration...

    •

    Response to a specified output is of prime importance.

    * * *
    Данный -- a given (тот или иной); the involved, the present, the subject, the current, at hand (настоящий, рассматриваемый)
     To account for metallurgical changes occurring in a given temperature range, S. suggests that the form for the modification term is exp [k(T -- T1)2].
     Because efficiency is very important for the application involved, a design change was considered.
     The present experimental method has several advantages.
     Maximum mechanical constraint conditions were not attained with the subject specimens.
     Strictly speaking, these do not apply to the problem at hand.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > данный

  • 56 directmail

    n. direct mail, marketing method of sending advertisements directly to potential customers; material sent directly to potential customers as an advertising method

    Holandés-inglés dicionario > directmail

  • 57 Blending Wool (Modern System)

    A method of blending which is now greatly favoured, is performed by the introduction of air trunk conveyers. The improvement in method consists not only in the ease with which the blending is made, but in the better mixing and opening of the several elements of the blend, due to the action of the fans and air currents. Each element is fed separately through an opener, from which it is drawn by a fan and blown through an air trunk, provided with one or more openings over the mixing floor. Falling from the trunk the material is spread layer by layer as described above. This blending is then broken down and put through a combined hopper-fed willey and teazer, by which the blending is conveyed by an air trunk conveyer to bags, or is again spread on the mixing floor if it is- necessary to introduce a third element and make a more complicated blend.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Blending Wool (Modern System)

  • 58 Salt, Sir Titus

    [br]
    b. 20 September 1803 Morley, Yorkshire, England
    d. 29 December 1876 Saltaire, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English industrialist, social reformer and entrepreneur who made his fortune by overcoming the problems of utilizing alpaca wool in the production of worsted, and established the early model town at Saltaire.
    [br]
    Titus Salt arrived in Bradford with his father, who was a wool merchant in the town, in 1822. He soon set up his own company and it was there that he experimented with the textile worsted. Alpaca wool comes from an animal of the camel family that resembles the llama, and flocks of domesticated breeds of the animal had been raised in the high Andes since the days of the Incas. The wool was introduced into Europe via Spain and, later, Germany and France. The first attempts to spin and weave the yarn in England were made in 1808, but despite experimentation over the years the material was difficult to work. It was in 1836 that Salt evolved his method of utilizing a cotton warp with part alpaca weft. The method proved a great success and Bradford gained a reputation as a manufacturing centre for alpaca wool, exporting both yarn and cloth in quantity, especially to the USA. By 1850 Salt, who owned six mills, was Bradford's biggest employer and was certainly its richest citizen. He decided to move out of the city and built a new mill works, the architects of which were Lockwood and Mawson, on the banks of the River Aire a few miles from the city. Around the works, between 1851 and 1871, he built houses, a hospital, library, church, institute and almshouses for his workers. The buildings were solid, good-standard structures of local stone and the houses were pleasantly situated, with their amenities making them seem palaces compared to the slums in which other Bradford textile workers lived at the time. The collection of buildings was the first example in Britain of a "model new town", and was, indeed still is, a remarkable prototype of its kind. Apart from being a philanthropist and social reformer, Salt was also concerned with taking advantage of the technical developments of his time. His mill works, which eventually covered ten acres of land, was of fashionably Italianate architectural style (its chimney even a copy of the campanile of the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa in Venice), although its structure was of iron framing. The weaving shed held 1,200 looms and had capacity for 3,000 workers, who produced 30,000 yards of cloth per day. Water from the river was used to produce steam to power the matchinery used in the manufacturing processes of scouring, dyeing and finishing. For the export of goods, the nearby Leeds-Liverpool Canal linked the works to Britain's chief ports, and the Midland Railway (an extension of the LeedsBradford line which opened in 1846) was of great use for the same purpose.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created Baronet 1869.
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography.
    Visitors Guide to Salt aire, Bradford City Council.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Salt, Sir Titus

  • 59 с учётом

    •

    Rewriting Eqs. (.6.1) in terms of the result (.6.5) we obtain:...

    •

    Based on accumulated experience the method was used for...

    •

    The material of the tank was specially selected having regard to the extremely low temperature of the cargo.

    •

    Selection of materials with consideration for their heat-storage capacities...

    •

    Material of the stock screw is selected with regard to the chemical requirements of...

    •

    This term can be written, in view of Eq.(.10), as:...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > с учётом

  • 60 свойство

    property, character, feature, behavior, quality
    • Будет обнаружено, что это свойство присуще (и)... - It will be found that this property is shared by...
    • В данном параграфе мы обсуждаем некоторые простые свойства и примеры (чего-л). - In this section we discuss some simple properties and examples of...
    • В следующей теореме мы устанавливаем дополнительные свойства... - In the next theorem we obtain further properties of...
    • В соответствии со свойствами... возникают четыре разных случая. - Four distinct cases arise according to the nature of...
    • В таблице 2 сведены воедино свойства (чего-л). - Table 2 summarizes the properties of...
    • В этом параграфе мы подведем итог относительно некоторых свойств (чего-л). - We summarize in this section some of the properties of...
    • Все действительные числа обладают следующими свойствами... - All real numbers have the following properties:...
    • Выясняется одно замечательное свойство... - A remarkable feature emerges:...
    • Данное свойство является основой одного метода нахождения... - This property provides one method of determining...
    • Затем вы выводим некоторые из элементарных свойств... - We next derive some of the elementary properties of...
    • Материал не меняет своих свойств в широком температурном диапазоне. - The material retains its properties over a wide temperature range.
    • Мы будем изучать свойства... - We shall study the properties of...
    • Мы выведем теперь некоторые элементарные свойства... - We shall now obtain some elementary properties of...
    • Мы можем использовать эти же свойства, чтобы определить... - We can use these same properties to define...
    • Мы начинаем с того, что установим свойства... - We begin by establishing the properties of...
    • Мы обсудим асимптотические свойства... - We will discuss the asymptotic properties of...
    • Мы уже вывели некоторые свойства (чего-л). - We have deduced some of the properties of...
    • Наиболее точной формулировкой этих свойств является следующая. - The most concise statement of these properties is as follows.
    • Но сначала мы установим некоторые фундаментальные свойства (оператора и т. п.). - But let us first establish some fundamental properties of...
    • Новое свойство возникает, когда мы рассматриваем... - A new feature appears when we consider...
    • Огромный интерес вызывают свойства этого нового материала. - Great interest is focused on the properties of this new material....
    • Одним интересным свойством этих результатов является то, что они указывают... - One interesting feature of these results is that they indicate...
    • Относительно соотношения (12) заметим, что его интересным свойством является, что... - The interesting feature to notice about (12) is that...
    • Подытожим наиболее важные свойства... - We summarize the most important properties of...
    • При выводе большинства этих свойств отправной точкой служит наблюдение, что... - In establishing most of these properties the starting point is the observation that...
    • Рассмотрим два свойства... - Let us consider two properties of...
    • Результат, представленный формулой (9), очень полезен при выводе свойств (чего-л). - The result (9) is very useful for deducing properties of...
    • Следующая теорема обобщает хорошо известное свойство... - The following theorem generalizes a well-known property of...
    • Следующие свойства (чего-л) совершенно очевидны... - The following properties are immediately evident:...
    • Смит [1] сообщает, что это свойство могло бы иметь полезные практические приложения, что и показывается ниже. - Smith [1] suggests that this property may have a useful practical application as follows.
    • Таким образом, важно узнать основные свойства... - Thus, it is important to understand the basic properties of...
    • Теперь мы можем найти некоторые дополнительные свойства... - We are now in a position to determine some further properties of...
    • Топология имеет дело со свойствами... - Topology deals with the properties of...
    • Частицы с конечной массой не обладают этим свойством. - This property is not shared by particles with a finite mass.
    • Читатель поймет, что данные свойства прямо связаны с... - The reader will realize that these properties are directly connected with...
    • Эти свойства, безусловно, могут применяться в... - These properties can of course be applied to...
    • Это подходящее место, чтобы обсудить некоторые свойства, связанные с... - This is a good place to review a number of properties connected with...
    • Это приводит нас к важному свойству... - This leads us to an important property of...
    • Это свойство известно под названием... - This property is known as...
    • Это свойство может быть использовано, чтобы вывести... - This property can be used to derive...
    • Это свойство особенно полезно, когда... - This feature is particularly useful when...
    • Это свойство позволяет найти... - This property enables one to find...
    • Это свойство является почти очевидным как следствие того факта, что... - This property is almost evident from the fact that...
    • Это свойство является следствием следующей теоремы. - This property is a consequence of the following theorem.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > свойство

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