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101 concept
arresting gear concept (of strategy) — стратегическая концепция постепенного сдерживания наступления противника до полного прекращения его продвижения (по принципу действия аэрофинишера на авианосце)
elevated trunnion concept (for tanks) — принцип конструирования башни танка с повышенным расположением цапф пушки
— fly-before-buy procurement concept— fuzeless shell concept— high-low mix concept -
102 lite
•• * Неудачный перевод на одном из Интернет-сайтов интересного выражения, встретившегося в статье об итогах парламентских выборов в России, напомнил о небольшой лакуне в наших словарях – отсутствии слова lite. Впервые я увидел его в такой орфографии лет двадцать назад в рекламе пива Miller Lite, но не думал, что это войдет в язык.
•• New Oxford Dictionary, относящий происхождение этого слова ( a deliberate respelling of light) к 50-м годам прошлого века, предлагает следующие толкования: lite – adjective denoting a low-fat or lowsugar version of a manufactured food or drink product: lite beer. N. Amer. informal denoting a simpler or less challenging version of a particular thing or person: I am the happy feminist who likes men, the feminist lite.
•• Цитата из статьи (журнал In the National Interest):
•• While the opposition Communists took nearly 13 percent of the vote, 9 percent of the electorate defected to the newly formed Rodina, or Motherland bloc, a “ communist-lite” faction that made it clear it would be prepared to work constructively with the Kremlin.
•• Приведу опубликованный на сайте перевод:
•• В то время как оппозиционная КПРФ получила почти 13% голосов, 9% ее электората дезертировали в недавно созданную партию «Родина», которая формально стоит на коммунистической платформе, но ясно дала понять, что готова конструктивно взаимодействовать с Кремлем.
•• Ну, во-первых, почему 9% ее электората, когда речь идет о 9% всех проголосовавших избирателей, что переводчику должно быть известно? И, конечно, совершенно неправильно формально стоящая на коммунистической платформе – что это не так, переводчику тоже должно быть известно.
•• Вот еще одно определение lite (American Heritage Dictionary): Slang: Having less substance or weight or fewer calories than something else: “lite music, shimmering on the surface and squishy soft at the core” (Mother Jones). Пример интересный – он свидетельствует о том, что lite может быть и обычным прилагательным.
•• Возвращаясь к примеру, вот вариант правильного перевода: партия, стоящая на «облегченно-коммунистической»/«мягко-коммунистической» платформе. Как видим, здесь пришлось прибегнуть к кавычкам, что, вообще говоря, в переводе нежелательно.
•• Поиск в гугле дал еще несколько communist lite. Из статьи о мексиканском художнике Диего Ривере:
•• Though they openly embraced Leninism, Rivera biographer Bertram Wolfe noted that their communist-lite leanings were likely the result of naïve café conversations during Rivera’s stint in France with Picasso and other shapers of the Parisian Cubist movement.
•• Здесь communist-lite leanings, пожалуй, просто прокоммунистические симпатии.
•• Как правило, lite содержит элемент негативной оценки, а нередко употребляется даже с резко отрицательным оттенком:
•• The Citizens for Tax Justice as her reference is a tip off they are a “ Progressive” ( read communist lite) group.
•• Lite может означать также с минимальными затратами и даже малой кровью, как в следующем примере из статьи Ф. Фукуямы:
•• Donald Rumsfeld has articulated a strategy of nation-building “ lite,” involving a rapid transition to local control and a tough-love policy that leaves locals to find their own way toward good government and democracy. <...> Nation-building “ lite” risks being used as an intellectual justification for getting out, regardless of the mess we leave behind.
•• Интересно, что lite здесь дается в кавычках, т.е. это как бы еще не устоявшееся словоупотребление, но оно, как мне кажется, уже является фактом языка. (В этом примере интересно также не зафиксированное в известных мне словарях выражение tough love. В данном случае оно означает просто требовательный подход (в данном случае – к местным элитам), но в контекстах возможны и другие варианты – что-нибудь вроде строгая любовь или суров, но справедлив.)
•• В следующем примере commitment lite можно перевести как участие по минимуму:
•• [The Philippines’] participation in the Bush administration’s coalition of the willing would have to be described as “commitment lite.” (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette)
•• Слово lite сочетается с чем угодно, даже с фамилиями. Цитата из статьи Дж. Ф. Уилла в Washington Post:
•• Ralph Nader must be smiling, in his dour way, now that Dean is saying Kerry is a “ Republican,” “ Bush Lite,” “ no different” than Bush in being “ a handmaiden to special interests,” is making “ crazy” promises of tax cuts and spending increases, and is “ a Washington insider who shifts back and forth with every poll,” exemplifying “exactly what’s wrong with American politics.”
•• Так сказать, Буш в умеренном варианте или Буш, только помягче.
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103 area
['ɛərɪə]сущ.1)а) площадь, площадка, участок; пространствоto close off / rope off an area — блокировать участок дороги
Syn:б) территория, огороженный участок ( специального назначения)assembly / staging / built-up area — строительная площадка
в) район; область; регионimpacted metropolitan area — территории, под которыми имеются линии метрополитена
recreation area — рекреационная зона, зона отдыха
2) радио; тлв. зона3) мат. площадь4)а) область, сфера деятельностьthe whole area of foreign policy — вся область, относящаяся к внешней политике
It was his area of specialization. — Это была его область специализации.
Syn:б) размах, охват, сфераSyn:He went down the steps into the area of a house. — Он спустился по ступенькам в подвал дома.
6) анат. область (коры головного мозга) -
104 fund
1. n1) запас, резерв, фонд2) pl фонды, денежные средства
- accumulation fund
- adequate funds
- actual fund
- additional funds
- advisory funds
- aggressive growth fund
- amortization fund
- authorized fund
- available funds
- balanced fund
- bank funds
- basic fund
- bond fund
- bond sinking fund
- bonus fund
- borrowed funds
- budgetary funds
- burial fund
- buy-out fund
- capital fund
- capital redemption reserve fund
- cash fund
- charter fund
- claims settlement fund
- clearing house funds
- clone fund
- closed fund
- closed-end investment funds
- common stock fund
- common trust fund
- compensation fund
- consolidated fund
- consumption fund
- contingency funds
- contingent fund
- contract fund
- co-op share fund
- corporate income fund
- corporate liquid fund
- country fund
- cover funds
- credit funds
- currency fund
- debt fund
- debt funds
- deferred fund
- deposit funds
- depreciation fund
- development fund
- discretionary fund
- diversified common stock fund
- diversified common trust fund
- dividend reserve fund
- economic incentive fund
- economic stimulation fund
- emergency funds
- emergency reserve fund
- emerging markets growth fund
- employee benefit trust fund
- endowment fund
- equalization fund
- equalized fund
- equity funds
- equity common trust fund
- equity income fund
- escrow funds
- exchange stabilization fund
- expense fund
- extra funds
- extra-budgetary funds
- federal fund
- federal funds
- federal reserve fund
- federal small business support fund
- fiduciary funds
- financial fund
- financing funds
- floating funds
- floating funds in circulation
- footloose funds
- foreign funds
- fresh funds
- front-end load fund
- frozen funds
- general fund
- go-go fund
- gold settlement fund
- good funds
- government funds
- growth fund
- growth and income fund
- guarantee fund
- hard-currency funds
- hedge fund
- high-quality fund
- house funds
- illiquid funds
- imprest fund
- income fund
- income mutual fund
- indemnification fund
- indivisible funds
- inducement fund
- in-house funds
- insufficient funds
- insurance fund
- interest-sensitive funds
- internal funds
- International Monetary Fund
- investment funds
- joint fund
- labour fund
- lease fund
- lendable funds
- liquid fund
- liquid funds
- liquid foreign exchange funds
- liquid reserve fund
- liquidity fund
- load mutual fund
- loan fund
- loan funds
- loanable funds
- loan redemption fund
- local fund
- long-term funds
- low-cost funds
- material incentives fund
- maximum capital gain mutual fund
- monetary fund
- money market fund
- money market mutual fund
- mutual fund
- mutual mortgage insurance fund
- no-load fund
- off-budget fund
- offshore fund
- open-end investment fund
- open share fund
- outside funds
- overnight funds
- payroll fund
- pension fund
- performance fund
- petty cash fund
- policy reserve fund
- private fund
- private funds
- professional health insurance fund
- proprietary fund
- provident fund
- public funds
- public consumption funds
- public off-budget funds
- purchase fund
- real estate fund
- redemption fund
- registered fund
- released fund
- relief fund
- renewal fund
- research-and-development fund
- reserve funds
- retention funds
- revaluation rerserve fund
- revolving fund
- sector-specified fund
- share fund
- shareholders' fund
- short-term funds
- short-term bond fund
- sinking fund
- slush fund
- social consumption funds
- social security fund
- soft loan fund
- specialized fund
- specialty fund
- special-purpose fund
- special reserve fund
- stabilization fund
- standards of emergency funds
- standby funds
- state funds
- statutory fund
- sufficient funds
- superannuation fund
- surplus funds
- tax-exempt bond fund
- tied-up funds
- trust fund
- uncollected funds
- unit fund
- unpaid liability funds
- utility or other-enterprise fund
- volatile funds
- vulture fund
- wages fund
- welfare fund
- working capital fund
- working time fund
- fund for amortization
- fund for development of production
- fund for expansion of production
- fund for the support of small enterprise
- fund for technological improvement
- funds of a bank
- funds of an enterprise
- fund of funds
- administer a fund
- advance funds
- allocate funds
- appropriate funds
- attract funds
- be pressed for funds
- borrow funds
- call upon the fund
- commit the funds
- convert funds to another purpose
- create funds
- deposit funds
- draw money from the fund
- earmark funds
- establish a fund
- extend funds
- freeze funds
- generate funds
- grant funds
- invest funds
- launch a hedge fund
- make funds available
- manage a fund
- misspend federal funds
- obtain funds
- open a fund
- pay out funds
- provide funds
- raise funds
- redistribute funds
- release funds
- repatriate funds
- set aside funds
- set up a fund
- streamline a fund
- tie up funds
- transfer funds
- withdraw funds2. v2) финансировать, фондировать
- fund through taxation -
105 term
n1) период, срок2) pl условия
- acceptable terms
- attractive terms
- barter terms
- basic terms
- basis terms
- business terms
- buying terms
- cash terms
- charter terms
- charter-party terms
- collection terms
- commercial terms
- concessionary terms
- consignment terms
- contract terms
- credit terms
- credit payment terms
- current terms
- delivery terms
- discharging terms
- discount terms
- easy terms
- easy terms of licensing
- easy terms of payment
- easy tax terms
- equal terms
- exact terms
- exacting terms
- expired term
- exploration term
- extended term
- extended payment term
- extension terms
- fair terms
- favourable terms
- financial terms
- financing terms
- general terms
- general delivery terms
- granted term
- guarantee terms
- implied terms
- inequitable terms
- initial terms
- insurance terms
- landed terms
- legal terms
- licence term
- licensing terms
- loan terms
- local terms
- long term
- normal terms
- overriding term
- payment terms
- preferential terms
- priority term
- prolonged term
- purchase terms
- quay terms
- regular terms
- rye terms
- sale terms
- selling terms
- settlement terms
- short term
- soft terms
- special terms
- standard terms
- substantive terms
- technical terms
- trade terms
- trading terms
- unacceptable terms
- unequal terms
- uniform terms
- usual terms
- terms for the supply
- terms of acceptance
- term of an agreement
- term of an appeal
- term of an application
- terms of auction
- terms of an average bond
- term of a bill
- terms of cancellation
- terms of carriage
- terms of a charter
- terms of collection
- terms and conditions of a contract
- terms of consignation
- terms of consignment
- terms of a contract
- terms of conveyance
- term of credit
- terms of debenture
- terms of a debt
- term of delivery
- terms of delivery
- terms of exchange
- term of execution of a contract
- terms of financing
- terms of freight
- term of grace
- terms of a guarantee
- terms of interest
- terms of a lease
- term of a licence
- term of licence validity
- term of limitation
- term of a loan
- term of lodging a protest
- term of a note
- terms of an offer
- term of office
- term of a patent
- term of patent protection
- terms of payment
- term of a policy
- term of powers
- term of a promissory note
- terms of a proposal
- terms of reference
- terms of reinsurance
- term of a repurchase agreement
- terms of sale
- terms of security
- term of service
- terms of settlement
- terms of shipment
- terms of trade
- terms of transport
- terms of transportation
- terms of a treaty
- term of validity
- term of a warrant
- terms of a warranty
- for a term of
- for a stated term
- in terms of
- in terms of dollars
- in terms of gold
- in percentage terms
- in physical terms
- in real terms
- in value terms
- on advantageous terms
- on contract terms
- on credit terms
- on easy terms
- on equal terms
- on favourable terms
- on mutually advantageous terms
- on mutually agreed terms
- on turn-key terms
- on usual terms
- under the terms and conditions of a contract
- accept terms
- agree on terms
- alter terms
- buy on easy terms
- come to terms
- come within the terms of a contract
- comply with the terms
- define terms
- exceed a term
- extend a term
- fix a term
- grant a term
- hold to terms
- honour payment terms
- keep the term
- maintain the term
- meet terms
- negotiate terms
- observe terms
- offer terms
- outline terms
- propose terms
- quote terms
- reduce a term
- revise terms
- sell on easy terms
- set a term
- specify terms
- spread payment terms
- stipulate terms
- stretch payment terms -
106 war
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107 money
1) деньги, платежное средствоpl moneys, monies2) денежные суммы, средства• -
108 level
['lev(ə)l]nThey are on a level mentally. — Они одного мнталитета.
She'll bring him to her level. — Она доведет его до своего уровня.
He is not of her level. — Он ей не пара.
The water is on a level with the banks. — Вода вровень с берегами.
He is a professional, but not on a high level. — Он профессионал, но не очень высокого класса.
The accident reduced all the passengers to one level. — Авария поставила всех пассажиров в одно положение.
- intermediate level- dead level
- record level
- world level
- comprehension level
- people on various levels of development- level tablespoon of salt- level indicator
- level of the water
- level of unemployment
- vast level of the dessert
- level of the coast
- level of performance
- level of production
- level of defence spending
- shining level of the lake
- change in price level
- change of level
- people on the level
- books for the advanced level
- at the same level - on various levels
- on a professional level
- far above the usual level
- far above the ordinary level
- above the sea level
- at ground level
- on a purely practical level
- on a conversational level
- at all levels in the union
- at a local level
- below the sea level
- at prices below black-market level
- below the danger level
- on a high-school level
- on the college level
- at government level
- at Cabinet level
- below the general level of the class
- on varying levels
- on a policy-making level
- add three level tablespoons of smth
- arrive to the pre-war level
- be on the same level of knowledge
- be on a level with the window
- be in a deep level of depression
- be on a level with the latest investigations
- check the oil level
- come down to this level
- come to bottom level
- consider the problem at the ministerial level
- discuss the matter at the highest level
- drop to a level of 1000 feet
- sink to a level of 1000 feet
- find one's own level
- get to the required level
- give a level
- go down to smb's level
- keep a constant level
- raise the intellectual level of the people
- raise the issue on a low level
- reach the prewar level
- reduce smb to the level of beasts
- reach a higher level
- reduce to one level
- talk on a purely professional levelUSAGE: -
109 analysis
1) анализ; исследование; изучение2) разбор3) анализ, состав•analysis in time domain — матем. временной анализ
analysis is in control — хим. состав попадает в анализ
analysis situs — матем. топология
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110 minimax
минимакс || минимаксный -
111 native
1. n уроженецcertain sounds are sayable only by native speakers — некоторые звуки могут произносить только местные уроженцы
2. n коренной житель3. n пренебр. часто туземец; абориген4. n австрал. местный уроженец5. n южно-афр. туземец6. n местное растение или животноеthe kangaroo is a native of Australia — родина кенгуру — Австралия
7. n человек, родившийся под определённой звездой8. n устрица с искусственной устричной банки9. n ист. родившийся рабом, раб по рождению10. a роднойhis native town — город, где он родился
11. a родившийсяnative Frenchmen — французы, родившиеся во Франции
12. a принадлежащий по праву рождения13. a туземныйnative policy — политика в отношении туземного населения колонии; колониальная политика
14. a местныйnative plants — местные, аборигенные растения
15. a чистый, самородный16. a необработанный, неочищенный17. a естественный; дикий18. a прирождённый, врождённый, природныйnative ability — врождённый талант; природная способность
19. a присущий, свойственный20. a биол. аборигенный21. a геол. материнскийСинонимический ряд:1. domestic (adj.) domestic; home; internal; intestine; municipal; national2. inborn (adj.) congenital; connate; connatural; fundamental; hereditary; implanted; inborn; inbred; ingrained; inherent; inherited; innate; inwrought; unacquired3. indigenous (adj.) aboriginal; autochthonous; endemic; genuine; indigenous; local; original; primary; primeval; primitive; real; unadorned4. native born (adj.) belonging; native born; related5. unrefined (adj.) crude; impure; raw; run-of-mine; ungraded; unprocessed; unrefined; unsorted6. wild (adj.) agrarian; agrestal; natural; uncultivated; undomesticated; wild7. primitive (noun) aborigine; ancient; autochthon; man of old; natural; primitive; savage8. resident (noun) citizen; indigene; inhabitant; national; residentАнтонимический ряд:assumed; decorated; extraneous; extrinsic; foreign; foreigner; immigrant; learned; stranger; unnatural -
112 annual minimum
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113 Education
In Portugal's early history, education was firmly under the control of the Catholic Church. The earliest schools were located in cathedrals and monasteries and taught a small number of individuals destined for ecclesiastical office. In 1290, a university was established by King Dinis (1261-1325) in Lisbon, but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, where it remained. Coimbra University, Portugal's oldest, and once its most prestigious, was the educational cradle of Portugal's leadership. From 1555 until the 18th century, primary and secondary education was provided by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Catholic Church's educational monopoly was broken when the Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759 and created the basis for Portugal's present system of public, secular primary and secondary schools. Pombal introduced vocational training, created hundreds of teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences at Coimbra University, and established an education tax to pay for them.During the 19th century, liberals attempted to reform Portugal's educational system, which was highly elitist and emphasized rote memorization and respect for authority, hierarchy, and discipline.Reforms initiated in 1822, 1835, and 1844 were never actualized, however, and education remained unchanged until the early 20th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy on the Fifth of October 1910 by Republican military officers, efforts to reform Portugal's educational system were renewed. New universities were founded in Lisbon and Oporto, a Ministry of Education was established, and efforts were made to increase literacy (illiteracy rates being 80 percent) and to resecularize educational content by introducing more scientific and empirical methods into the curriculum.Such efforts were ended during the military dictatorship (192632), which governed Portugal until the establishment of the Estado Novo (1926-74). Although a new technical university was founded in Lisbon in 1930, little was done during the Estado Novo to modernize education or to reduce illiteracy. Only in 1964 was compulsory primary education made available for children between the ages of 6 and 12.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 disrupted Portugal's educational system. For a period of time after the Revolution, students, faculty, and administrators became highly politicized as socialists, communists, and other groups attempted to gain control of the schools. During the 1980s, as Portuguese politics moderated, the educational system was gradually depoliticized, greater emphasis was placed on learning, and efforts were made to improve the quality of Portuguese schools.Primary education in Portugal consists of four years in the primary (first) cycle and two years in the preparatory, or second, cycle. The preparatory cycle is intended for children going on to secondary education. Secondary education is roughly equivalent to junior and senior high schools in the United States. It consists of three years of a common curriculum and two years of complementary courses (10th and 11th grades). A final year (12th grade) prepares students to take university entrance examinations.Vocational education was introduced in 1983. It consists of a three-year course in a particular skill after the 11th grade of secondary school.Higher education is provided by the four older universities (Lisbon, Coimbra, Oporto, and the Technical University of Lisbon), as well as by six newer universities, one in Lisbon and the others in Minho, Aveiro, Évora, the Algarve, and the Azores. There is also a private Catholic university in Lisbon. Admission to Portuguese universities is highly competitive, and places are limited. About 10 percent of secondary students go on to university education. The average length of study at the university is five years, after which students receive their licentiate. The professoriate has four ranks (professors, associate professors, lecturers, and assistants). Professors have tenure, while the other ranks teach on contract.As Portugal is a unitary state, the educational system is highly centralized. All public primary and secondary schools, universities, and educational institutes are under the purview of the Ministry of Education, and all teachers and professors are included in the civil service and receive pay and pension like other civil servants. The Ministry of Education hires teachers, determines curriculum, sets policy, and pays for the building and upkeep of schools. Local communities have little say in educational matters. -
114 shop
1 noun∎ she's gone out to the shops elle est sortie faire des courses;∎ to have or to keep a shop être propriétaire d'un magasin, tenir un magasin;∎ you can't get these in the shops on ne les trouve pas en magasin;∎ would you mind the shop for me for a few hours? est-ce que vous voulez bien me tenir le magasin pendant quelques heures?;∎ at the chemist's shop chez le pharmacien, à la pharmacie;∎ at the fruit shop chez le marchand de fruits, chez le fruitier, à la fruiterie;∎ the new book should reach the shops in July le nouveau livre devrait être en vente en juillet;∎ to set up shop ouvrir un magasin; figurative s'établir, s'installer;∎ he's set up shop as a freelance translator il s'est installé comme traducteur indépendant;∎ also figurative to shut up shop fermer boutique;∎ familiar my notes are all over the shop c'est la pagaille dans mes notes;∎ familiar they're all over the shop on defence policy leur politique de défense n'est absolument pas cohérente□ ;∎ to talk shop parler boutique∎ to do one's weekly shop faire les courses ou les achats de la semaine∎ the repair/paint/assembly shop l'atelier de réparations/de peinture/de montage(for food, necessities) faire les ou ses courses; (for clothes, gifts etc) faire les magasins, faire du shopping, French Canadian magasiner;∎ he usually shops on Mondays d'habitude, il fait ses courses le lundi;∎ I always shop at the local supermarket je fais toujours mes courses ou mes achats au supermarché du coin;∎ to go shopping faire des courses, courir les magasins;∎ I went shopping for a new dress je suis allée faire les magasins pour m'acheter une nouvelle robe►► British shop assistant vendeur(euse) m,f (de magasin), employé(e) m,f de magasin;shop floor (place) atelier m;the shop floor (workers) les ouvriers mpl;∎ he was on the shop floor for twenty-two years il a travaillé vingt-deux ans comme ouvrier;shop foreman chef m d'atelier;British shop front devanture f;shop steward porte-parole mf inv des ouvriers, délégué(e) m,f syndical(e);shop window vitrine f (de magasin);∎ figurative a shop window for British exports une vitrine pour les exportations britanniquescomparer les prix;∎ prices vary a lot, so shop around les prix varient énormément, il vaut mieux faire plusieurs magasins avant d'acheter;∎ I shopped around before opening a bank account j'ai comparé plusieurs banques ou je me suis renseigné auprès de plusieurs banques avant d'ouvrir un compte;∎ our company is shopping around for new premises notre société est à la recherche de nouveaux locaux -
115 Eastman, George
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 12 July 1854 Waterville, New York, USAd. 14 March 1932 Rochester, New York, USA[br]American industrialist and pioneer of popular photography.[br]The young Eastman was a clerk-bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank when in 1877 he took up photography. Taking lessons in the wet-plate process, he became an enthusiastic amateur photographer. However, the cumbersome equipment and noxious chemicals used in the process proved an obstacle, as he said, "It seemed to be that one ought to be able to carry less than a pack-horse load." Then he came across an account of the new gelatine dry-plate process in the British Journal of Photography of March 1878. He experimented in coating glass plates with the new emulsions, and was soon so successful that he decided to go into commercial manufacture. He devised a machine to simplify the coating of the plates, and travelled to England in July 1879 to patent it. In April 1880 he prepared to begin manufacture in a rented building in Rochester, and contacted the leading American photographic supply house, E. \& H.T.Anthony, offering them an option as agents. A local whip manufacturer, Henry A.Strong, invested $1,000 in the enterprise and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was formed on 1 January 1881. Still working at the Savings Bank, he ran the business in his spare time, and demand grew for the quality product he was producing. The fledgling company survived a near disaster in 1882 when the quality of the emulsions dropped alarmingly. Eastman later discovered this was due to impurities in the gelatine used, and this led him to test all raw materials rigorously for quality. In 1884 the company became a corporation, the Eastman Dry Plate \& Film Company, and a new product was announced. Mindful of his desire to simplify photography, Eastman, with a camera maker, William H.Walker, designed a roll-holder in which the heavy glass plates were replaced by a roll of emulsion-coated paper. The holders were made in sizes suitable for most plate cameras. Eastman designed and patented a coating machine for the large-scale production of the paper film, bringing costs down dramatically, the roll-holders were acclaimed by photographers worldwide, and prizes and medals were awarded, but Eastman was still not satisfied. The next step was to incorporate the roll-holder in a smaller, hand-held camera. His first successful design was launched in June 1888: the Kodak camera. A small box camera, it held enough paper film for 100 circular exposures, and was bought ready-loaded. After the film had been exposed, the camera was returned to Eastman's factory, where the film was removed, processed and printed, and the camera reloaded. This developing and printing service was the most revolutionary part of his invention, since at that time photographers were expected to process their own photographs, which required access to a darkroom and appropriate chemicals. The Kodak camera put photography into the hands of the countless thousands who wanted photographs without complications. Eastman's marketing slogan neatly summed up the advantage: "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." The Kodak camera was the last product in the design of which Eastman was personally involved. His company was growing rapidly, and he recruited the most talented scientists and technicians available. New products emerged regularly—notably the first commercially produced celluloid roll film for the Kodak cameras in July 1889; this material made possible the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Eastman's philosophy of simplifying photography and reducing its costs continued to influence products: for example, the introduction of the one dollar, or five shilling, Brownie camera in 1900, which put photography in the hands of almost everyone. Over the years the Eastman Kodak Company, as it now was, grew into a giant multinational corporation with manufacturing and marketing organizations throughout the world. Eastman continued to guide the company; he pursued an enlightened policy of employee welfare and profit sharing decades before this was common in industry. He made massive donations to many concerns, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and supported schemes for the education of black people, dental welfare, calendar reform, music and many other causes, he withdrew from the day-to-day control of the company in 1925, and at last had time for recreation. On 14 March 1932, suffering from a painful terminal cancer and after tidying up his affairs, he shot himself through the heart, leaving a note: "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?" Although Eastman's technical innovations were made mostly at the beginning of his career, the organization which he founded and guided in its formative years was responsible for many of the major advances in photography over the years.[br]Further ReadingC.Ackerman, 1929, George Eastman, Cambridge, Mass.B.Coe, 1973, George Eastman and the Early Photographers, London.BC -
116 authority
орган; инстанция; организация; управление; полномочие; основание -
117 certifying authority
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > certifying authority
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118 nuclear regulatory authority
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > nuclear regulatory authority
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119 nuclear safety authority
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > nuclear safety authority
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120 committee
[̈ɪkəˈmɪtɪ]ad hoc committee специальный комитет advisory committee консультативный комитет appoint a committee учреждать комитет appointments committee комиссия по назначениям assessment committee налоговое управление assessment committee налоговый комитет a check-up committee амер. ревизионная комиссия child welfare committee комитет по охране детства child welfare committee комитет по охране младенчества club committee совет клуба committee комиссия; credentials committee мандатная комиссия; Committee of the whole House заседание парламента на правах комитета для обсуждения законопроекта committee комиссия committee комитет; Soviet Peace Committee Советский комитет защиты мира committee комитет committee юр. опекун committee опекун committee попечитель Committee: Committee: Ways and Means committee постоянная бюджетная комиссия committee: committee: working committee рабочий комитет committee attr.: committee English канцелярский английский язык committee attr.: committee English канцелярский английский язык committee for preparation of legal opinions комитет по подготовке юридических заключений committee for trade and industry комиссия по торговле и промышленности committee of action полит. комитет действия; strike committee стачечный комитет committee of civil servants комитет государственных служащих committee of delegates комитет представителей committee of directors совет директоров committee of experts комиссия экспертов committee of government officials комитет правительственных чиновников committee of inquiry следственный комитет committee of inspection контрольная комиссия committee of representatives комитет представителей committee of shareholders комитет держателей акций committee of the whole комитет полного состава committee комиссия; credentials committee мандатная комиссия; Committee of the whole House заседание парламента на правах комитета для обсуждения законопроекта committee on agriculture and fisheries комитет по сельскому хозяйству и рыболовству committee on economic affairs комитет по экономическим вопросам committee on local government комитет по местному самоуправлению Common Market committee комитет Европейского экономического сообщества constituency election committee избирательная комиссия consultative committee консультативный комитет contact committee комитет по связям committee комиссия; credentials committee мандатная комиссия; Committee of the whole House заседание парламента на правах комитета для обсуждения законопроекта defence committee комитет по вопросам обороны disciplinary committee дисциплинарный комитет draft committee призывная комиссия drafting committee редакционная комиссия drafting committee редакционный комитет drafting: committee attr.: committee committee редакционная комиссия economic policy committee комитет по экономической политике editorial committee редакционная комиссия editorial committee редакционный комитет education committee комиссия по образованию election committee избирательная комиссия employment committee комиссия по трудоустройству energy committee комиссия по энергетике environmental committee экологическая комиссия exchange control committee комиссия по валютному контролю executive committee исполнительный комитет executive: committee council амер. исполнительный совет; executive committee исполнительный комитет expert committee экспертный комитет finance committee финансовый комитет general committee генеральный комитет to go into committee пойти на рассмотрение комиссии (о законопроекте) the House goes into Committee, the House resolves itself into Committee парл. палата объявляет себя комиссией для обсуждения (какого-л.) вопроса the House goes into Committee, the House resolves itself into Committee парл. палата объявляет себя комиссией для обсуждения (какого-л.) вопроса housing committee комиссия по жилищному строительству housing committee парл. комиссия по жилищному хозяйству interministerial liaison committee межведомственная комиссия по связи investigative committee комитет по расследованию joint committee объединенный комитет joint committee паритетный комитет joint: committee committee комиссия из представителей разных организаций committee committee объединенный комитет joint consultative committee объединенный консультативный комитет joint production committee объединенный производственный комитет judicial committee судебный комитет labour market committee комитет рынка труда legislative committee законодательный комитет liaison committee комитет связи liquidation committee ликвидационная комиссия listing committee биржевой комитет по допуску ценных бумаг к котировке management committee административный комитет membership committee комиссия по приему в члены national executive committee национальный исполнительный комитет negotiating committee комиссия уполномоченных parents' committee родительский комитет parliamentary committee парламентская комиссия parliamentary committee парламентский комитет permanent committee постоянный комитет planning committee комитет планирования political committee политический комитет politico-legal committee политико-правовой комитет production committee производственный комитет project committee проектная группа reception committee приемная комиссия research advisory committee научно-консультативный комитет research committee комитет по научным исследованиям retrenchment committee комиссия по экономии rules committee комитет по процедурным вопросам safety committee комиссия по технике безопасности safety committee комитет по безопасности scholarship committee комитет по стипендиям screening committee отборочная комиссия select committee отборочный комитет select committee специальный комитет selection committee распорядительный комитет shop committee цеховой комитет shop: committee attr. цеховой; shop committee цеховой комитет; shop chairman амер. цеховой староста shop stewards' committee цеховой профсоюзный комитет committee комитет; Soviet Peace Committee Советский комитет защиты мира standing committee постоянный комитет standing: committee постоянный; установленный; standing army постоянная армия; standing committee постоянная комиссия state committee государственный комитет steering committee комиссия по выработке регламента или порядка дня steering committee организационный, подготовительный комитет steering committee руководящий комитет committee of action полит. комитет действия; strike committee стачечный комитет tax committee налоговый комитет technical committee технический комитет trade committee комитет по вопросам торговли trade: committee attr. профсоюзный; trade(s) committee профсоюзный комитет trades committee профсоюзный комитет traffic committee комитет по транспорту valuation committee оценочная комиссия vigilance committee (преим. амер.) "комитет бдительности" (организация линчевателей) vigilance committee "комитет бдительности" (организация линчевателей) gang: vigilante committee = vigilance committee committee: working committee рабочий комитет works committee рабочий комитет
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