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81 AT
I) prep.A. with dative.I. Of motion;1) towards, against;Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;2) close atup to;Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;3) to, at;koma at landi, to come to land;ganga at dómi, to go into court;ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;5) denoting hostility;renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;6) around;vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;7) denoting business, engagement;ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.II. Of position, &c.;1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;at kirkju, at church;at dómi, in court;at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;2) denoting participation in;vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;vera at vígi, to be an accessory in man-slaying;3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;4) with proper names of places (farms);konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;at Marðar, at Mara’s home;at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).III. Of time;1) at, in;at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;at páskum, at Easter;at kveldi, at eventide;at þinglausnum, at the close of the Assembly;at fjöru, at the ebb;at flœðum, at the floodtide;2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;at ári komanda, next year;at vári, er kemr, next spring;generally with ‘komanda’ understood;at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;at honum önduðum, after his death;4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.IV. fig. and in various uses;1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;verða at ormi, to become a snake;2) for, as;gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;3) by;taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;4) as regards as to;auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);aðili at sök = aðili sakar;7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;at landslögum, by the law of the land;at vánum, as was to be expected;at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;10) in adverbial phrases;gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;at fullu, fully;at vísu, surely;at frjálsu, freely;at eilífu, for ever and ever;at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;eiga féránsdóm at e-n, to hold a court of execution upon a person;at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;2) in an objective sense;hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;hón grét at meir, she wept the more;þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.conj., that;1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);4) since, because, as (= því at);5) connected with þó, því, svá;þó at (with subj.), though, although;því at, because, for;svá at, so that;6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;áðr at (= á. en), before;7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.V)negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.odda at, Yggs at, battle.* * *1.and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.WITH DAT.A. LOC.I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.B. TEMP.I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.C. METAPH. and in various cases:I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.V. denoting the source of a thing:1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.IX. following many words:1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.WITH ACC.TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.2.and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.I. it is used either,1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.3.and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.II. it is used,1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.III. used in connection with conjunctions,1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.IV. as a relat. conj.:1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.4.and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.5.n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.6.the negative verbal suffix, v. -a. -
82 position
1. noun1) (place occupied) Platz, der; (of player in team; of plane, ship, etc.) Position, die; (of hands of clock, words, stars) Stellung, die; (of building) Lage, die; (of river) [Ver]lauf, dertake [up] one's position — seinen Platz einnehmen
after the second lap he was in fourth position — nach der zweiten Runde lag er an vierter Stelle
he finished in second position — er belegte den zweiten Platz
2) (proper place)be in/out of position — an seinem Platz/nicht an seinem Platz sein
3) (Mil.) Stellung, dietake up a position on something — einen Standpunkt od. eine Haltung zu etwas einnehmen
5) (fig.): (situation)be in a good position [financially] — [finanziell] gut gestellt sein od. dastehen
put yourself in my position! — versetz dich [einmal] in meine Lage!
be in a position to do something — in der Lage sein, etwas zu tun
the position of assistant manager — die Stelle od. Position des stellvertretenden Geschäftsführers
2. transitive verbposition of trust — Vertrauensstellung, die; Vertrauensposten, der
1) platzieren; aufstellen, postieren [Polizisten, Wachen]position oneself near the exit — sich in die Nähe des Ausgangs stellen/setzen; [Wache, Posten usw.:] sich in der Nähe des Ausgangs aufstellen
2) (Mil.): (station) stationieren* * *[ə'ziʃən] 1. noun1) (a way of standing, sitting etc: He lay in an uncomfortable position.) die Stellung2) (a place or situation: The house is in a beautiful position.) die Lage3) (a job; a post: He has a good position with a local bank.) die Stellung4) (a point of view: Let me explain my position on employment.) die Haltung2. verb(to put or place: He positioned the lamp in the middle of the table.) stellen- academic.ru/115295/be_in">be in- out of position* * *po·si·tion[pəˈzɪʃən]I. nthe house has a good \position overlooking the valley man hat vom Haus aus einen guten Blick über das Talthe sofa is in a different \position now jetzt steht das Sofa woandersto take up a \position sich akk platzierento be in \position an seinem/ihrem Platz seinthe dancers moved into \position die Tänzer nahmen ihre Position[en] einto move sth into \position etw zurechtrückento move out of \position seinen/ihren Platz verlassenyoga \position Yogahaltung flying/sitting \position liegende/sitzende Stellung, liegend/sitzendto change one's \position eine andere Stellung einnehmenhis \position is in midfield er ist Mittelstürmerthe \position of women in society die gesellschaftliche Stellung der Fraushe finished the race in third \position sie belegte bei dem Rennen am Schluss den dritten Platza \position of responsibility ein verantwortungsvoller Postena \position of trust eine Vertrauensstellunga teaching \position eine Stelle als Lehrer/Lehrerinto apply for a \position sich akk um eine [Arbeits]stelle bewerbenput yourself in my \position versetz dich in meine Lage▪ to be in a/no \position to do sth in der Lage/nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tunto put sb in an awkward \position jdn in eine unangenehme Lage bringenfinancial \position Vermögensverhältnisse plwhat's the company's \position on recycling? welchen Standpunkt vertritt die Firma in der Frage des Recycling?his \position is that... er steht auf dem Standpunkt, dass...a party's \position on defence die Position einer Partei zur Frage der Verteidigungto take the \position that... die Meinung vertreten, dass...to take a \position in a share Aktien für eigene Rechnung kaufenbear \position Baisseposition fbull \position Hausse-Engagement nt, Hausseposition fto close a \position eine Position schließen [o glattstellen]to cover a \position eine Position abdeckenlong \position Hausse-Engagement nt, Long-Position fshort \position Baisse-Engagement nt, Short-Position fII. vt▪ to \position sb/sth jdn/etw platzierenI \positioned myself as far away from him as possible ich habe mich so weit wie möglich von ihm weggesetztto \position guns/troops MIL Gewehre in Stellung bringen/Truppen positionieren* * *[pə'zISən]1. n1) (= location, place where sb/sth is of person) Platz m; (of object) Stelle f, Platz m; (of microphone, statue, wardrobe, plant etc) Standort m; (of spotlight, table, in picture, painting) Anordnung f; (of town, house etc) Lage f; (of plane, ship, SPORT = starting position, FTBL ETC) Position f; (MIL = strategic site) Stellung fto be in/out of position —
the actors were in position on the stage — die Schauspieler hatten ihre Plätze auf der Bühne eingenommen
to jockey or jostle for position (lit) — um eine gute Ausgangsposition kämpfen; (fig)
his position is full-back/goalkeeper — er spielt Außenverteidiger/Torwart
2) (= posture, way of standing, sitting etc) Haltung f; (in love-making, ART of model) Stellung f; (BALLET) Position f3) (in class, league etc) Platz mafter the third lap he was in fourth position — nach der dritten Runde lag er auf dem vierten Platz or war er Vierter
to finish in third position — Dritter werden, auf dem dritten Platz landen (inf)
5) (= job) Stelle fhe has a high position in the Ministry of Defence — er bekleidet eine hohe Stellung or Position im Verteidigungsministerium
6) (fig: situation, circumstance) Lage fto be in a position to do sth — in der Lage sein, etw zu tun
what is the position regarding...? — wie sieht es mit... aus?
my position is that I don't have the qualifications/money — mir geht es so, dass mir die Qualifikation/das Geld fehlt
what is the government's position on...? — welchen Standpunkt vertritt die Regierung zu...?
2. vt1) (= place in position) microphone, ladder, guards aufstellen; soldiers, policemen postieren; (artist, photographer etc) platzieren; (COMPUT) cursor positionieren, platzierenhe positioned himself where he could see her — er stellte or (seated) setzte sich so, dass er sie sehen konnte
* * *position [pəˈzıʃn]A sposition of the sun Sonnenstand m;a good position to shoot SPORT eine gute Schussposition;draw the goalkeeper out of position SPORT den Torhüter herauslockena) FLUG, SCHIFF Positionslichter,b) AUTO Begrenzungslichterupright position aufrechte (Körper)Haltung4. MEDb) (Kinds)Lage f (im Mutterleib)5. TECH (Schalt- etc)Stellung f:position of rest Ruhelage f, -stellung6. MIL (Verteidigungs)Stellung f:position warfare Stellungskrieg m7. MUS Lage f (von Akkordtönen):close (open) position enge (weite) Lage8. MUSa) Lage f (bestimmtes Gebiet des Griffbretts bei Saiteninstrumenten)b) Zugstellung f (bei der Posaune)9. IT (Wert)Stelle f10. Position f, Situation f, Lage f:be in a position to do sth in der Lage sein, etwas zu tun;11. (Sach)Lage f, Stand m (der Dinge):financial position Finanzlage, Vermögensverhältnisse pl;legal position Rechtslage12. soziale Stellung, gesellschaftlicher Rang:people of position Leute von Rang13. Position f, Stellung f, Amt n, Posten m:hold a (responsible) position eine (verantwortliche) Stelle innehaben;position of power Machtposition;position of trust Vertrauensstellung, -posten14. fig (Ein)Stellung f, Standpunkt m, Haltung f:define one’s position seinen Standpunkt darlegen;take up a position on a question zu einer Frage Stellung nehmen15. MATH, PHIL (Grund-, Lehr)Satz m, Behauptung fB v/t1. in die richtige Lage oder Stellung bringen, an den rechten Platz stellen, aufstellen, TECH auch (ein)stellen, anbringen2. Polizisten etc postierenpos. abk1. position Pos.2. positive pos.* * *1. noun1) (place occupied) Platz, der; (of player in team; of plane, ship, etc.) Position, die; (of hands of clock, words, stars) Stellung, die; (of building) Lage, die; (of river) [Ver]lauf, dertake [up] one's position — seinen Platz einnehmen
be in/out of position — an seinem Platz/nicht an seinem Platz sein
3) (Mil.) Stellung, dietake up a position on something — einen Standpunkt od. eine Haltung zu etwas einnehmen
5) (fig.): (situation)be in a good position [financially] — [finanziell] gut gestellt sein od. dastehen
put yourself in my position! — versetz dich [einmal] in meine Lage!
be in a position to do something — in der Lage sein, etwas zu tun
the position of assistant manager — die Stelle od. Position des stellvertretenden Geschäftsführers
2. transitive verbposition of trust — Vertrauensstellung, die; Vertrauensposten, der
1) platzieren; aufstellen, postieren [Polizisten, Wachen]position oneself near the exit — sich in die Nähe des Ausgangs stellen/setzen; [Wache, Posten usw.:] sich in der Nähe des Ausgangs aufstellen
2) (Mil.): (station) stationieren* * *n.Gewandtheit f.Lage -n f.Position -en f.Standort -e m.Standpunkt m.Stellung -en f. v.positionieren v. -
83 administration
1) управление (на государственном уровне); область управления (в отличие от management имеет более узкое значение)2) ведение хозяйственных дел3) администрация; ведомство, орган управления4) амер. правительство, возглавляемое данным президентомАнгло-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > administration
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84 agreement
1. ком. угода; договір; 2. врр. згода; домовленість1. взаємна домовленість, досягнута порозумінням між окремими особами, підприємствами, установами, державами; 2. питання чи будь-які пропозиції, що вирішуються за домовленістю між працедавцями (employer) та працівниками (employee) чи профспілками (trade union)═════════■═════════adjustment agreement регулююча угода; advance agreement попередня домовленість • попередня угода; advertising agreement угода стосовно реклами; affiliation agreement угода про приєднання на правах філіалу; agency agreement агентська угода • агентський договір; arbitration agreement арбітражна угода • угода про арбітраж; assignment agreement угода про передачу • угода про надання прав; bank agreement міжбанківська угода; bargaining agreement угода за результатами проведених переговорів • угода як наслідок переговорів • колективний договір; barter agreement угода про товарообмін • бартерна угода; bilateral agreement двостороння угода • двосторонній договір; binding agreement зобов'язальна угода; blanket agreement акордна угода; brokerage agreement умова про брокерську комісію; business agreement ділова угода; cartel agreement картельна угода; certified agreement посвідчена угода; clearing agreement клірингова угода • угода стосовно клірингового розрахунку; collateral agreement побічний договір • угода із заставою; collective agreement колективний договір; commercial agreement торговельна угода; commodity agreement товарна угода; common-law agreement за нормами загального права; compensation agreement угода стосовно відшкодування; conference agreement угода між судновласниками • картельна угода судновласників; consignment agreement договір консигнації • консигнаційна угода; contractual agreement договір за контрактом • контракт; cooperation agreement договір про співробітництво • угода про кооперацію; cooperative merchandising agreement угода про спільне просування товарів • угода про спільне розповсюдження товарів; coproduction agreement угода про спільне виробництво; corporate buy-back agreement угода про викуп фірмою; credit agreement кредитна угода; credit sale agreement договір про продаж на виплат; credit trading agreement договір про продаж на виплат; cross-licensing agreement угода про обмін ліцензіями; current agreement чинна угода • діюча угода; domestic agreement внутрішня угода; double tax agreement угода про подвійне оподаткування; draft agreement проект угоди; economic agreement господарський договір; employment agreement угода особистого найму; enterprise agreement підприємницька угода; enterprise bargaining agreement угода стосовно підприємницьких переговорів; exclusive agreement угода з наданням виключного права; exclusive agency agreement виключна агентська угода; exclusive territorial agreement угода про право на виключну територію діяльності; fair-trade agreement угода про торгівлю на умовах взаємної вигоди; final agreement остаточна угода; financial agreement фінансова угода; fixed-term agreement угода зі встановленим терміном • угода з обмеженим терміном; foreign economic agreement зовнішньоекономічний договір; foreign trade agreement зовнішньоторговельна угода; formal agreement офіційна угода; forward rate agreement курс за строковою угодою; framework agreement базова угода; franchise agreement угода франшизи; free-trade agreement угода про право вільної торгівлі; gentlemen's agreement; government agreement міжурядова угода; hire-purchase agreement договір про продаж на виплат; indemnity agreement угода про відшкодування збитків; industrial agreement угода про взаємовідносини робітників і роботодавців; intergovernmental agreement міжурядова угода; interim agreement тимчасова угода; international agreement міжнародна угода; international commodity agreement міжнародна товарна угода; international economic agreement міжнародна економічна угода; interstate agreement угода між штатами; joint marketing agreement угода про спільний маркетинг; joint venture agreement договір про спільне підприємство; knock-for-knock agreement угода про взаємний розрахунок між страховими підприємствами стосовно претензій; labour agreement трудова угода; lease agreement угода про оренду • договір оренди; leasing agreement угода про оренду; license agreement ліцензійна угода; licensing agreement ліцензійна угода; loan agreement договір про позику • контракт про одержання кредиту; local agreement місцева угода; long-term agreement довгострокова угода; maintenance agreement угода про технічне обслуговування; management agreement управлінська угода; market sharing agreement угода про поділ ринку; model agreement типова угода; monetary agreement валютна угода; multilateral agreement багатостороння угода; mutual agreement взаємна угода; national agreement національна угода; negotiated agreement угода, досягнута через переговори; non-binding agreement незобов'язальна угода; open-ended agreement договір без обумовленого строку дії; operating agreement оперативна угода; original agreement первісна угода; package agreement комплексна угода; partnership agreement угода партнерів • партнерська угода; patent agreement патентна угода; payments agreement платіжна угода; plant agreement фабрична угода • заводська угода; preferential trade agreement угода про надання виключних прав продажу; price agreement угода про ціни; price fixing agreement угода про встановлення цін • угода про встановлення й підтримку цін на визначеному рівні; price maintenance agreement угода про підтримку цін; private agreement приватна угода; production cooperation agreement угода про спільне виробництво; provisional agreement тимчасова угода; project agreement угода про проект; publisher's agreement видавнича угода; purchase agreement договір купівлі-продажу; reciprocal agreement взаємна угода; registered agreement зареєстрована угода; rental agreement договір про оренду; repurchase agreement угода про зворотну купівлю • угода про викуп проданого товару за визначеними умовами; revolving credit agreement угода про відновлення кредиту; salvage agreement договір про рятування майна • угода про реалізацію зіпсованого майна • угода про переробку відходів виробництва; self-enforcing agreement самовиконувана угода; service agreement угода про обслуговування; short-term agreement короткострокова угода; side payment agreement угода з побічними платежами; sole-agency agreement монопольна агентська угода; standard agreement типова угода; standby agreements резервні угоди • угоди про надання позичальнику обумовленої суми кредиту на момент звернення до банку; standstill agreement угода про мораторій; station affiliation agreement угода зі станцією про ретрансляцію; statutory agreement статутна угода; sublicense agreement угода про субліцензію; supply agreement договір на постачання; syndicate agreement угода про організацію синдикату; tacit agreement мовчазна угода; tariff agreement митна угода; tax exemption agreement угода про звільнення від оподаткування; temporary agreement тимчасова угода; tenancy agreement договір оренди приміщення; tentative agreement попередня угода • попередня домовленість; term agreement строкова угода; trade agreement торговельна угода; trade and economic agreement торговельно-економічна угода; trade-and-payments agreement торговельно-платіжна угода; trademark agreement угода про торговельні знаки; trust agreement трастовий договір; trusteeship agreement угода про виконання довірчих функцій; tying agreement договір про примусовий асортимент; unilateral agreement односторонній договір; verbal agreement усна домовленість; wage agreement угода про ставку заробітної плати; working agreement робоча угода • тимчасова угода; works agreement фабрична угода • заводська угода; workshop agreement цехова угода; written agreement письмова угода═════════□═════════agreement for a lease договір оренди; agreement for exclusiveness угода про виключне право; agreement in force чинна угода; agreement in general terms угода у загальних рисах; agreement in writing письмова угода; agreement of intent угода про намір; agreement on cooperation угода про співпрацю; agreement on transfer угода про передачу; agreement to sell угода про продаж; alleged breaches of agreement допущені порушення угоди • припущені порушення угоди; by mutual agreement за взаємною згодою; investment in bottler's agreements інвестиція за домовленістю на постачання пляшок; subject of an agreement зміст угоди; to amend an agreement вносити/внести зміни в угоду; to annul an agreement анульовувати/анулювати договір • скасовувати/скасувати договір; to break an agreement порушувати/порушити договір; to bring an agreement into force надавати/надати чинності угоді; to cancel an agreement анульовувати/анулювати договір • розривати/розірвати угоду; to come to an agreement домовлятися/домовитися; to conclude an agreement укладати/укласти угоду; to confirm an agreement затверджувати/затвердити угоду • ратифікувати угоду; to dissolve an agreement розривати/розірвати угоду; to enter into an agreement укладати/укласти угоду; to finalize an agreement остаточно оформлювати/оформити угоду; to initial an agreement парафувати договір; to keep an agreement дотримуватися/дотриматися договору • додержуватися/додержатися договору; to make an agreement укладати/укласти договір; to ratify an agreement ратифікувати угоду; to reach an agreement досягати/досягти домовленості; to renew an agreement відновлювати/відновити договір; to rescind an agreement анульовувати/анулювати договір; to revise an agreement переглядати/ переглянути угоду; to sign an agreement підписувати/підписати договір; to terminate an agreement розривати/розірвати договір; to violate an agreement порушувати/порушити договір; under agreement в рамках угоди▹▹ contract -
85 brand
n марк., вир. марка; ґатунок; торгова марка; марочний товар; товарна марка; товарний знак; фірмовий знак; фабричне клеймо; клеймо; a марочнийпродукт, послуга або асортимент продуктів (product line) з конкретною назвою, символом або дизайном (design), що чітко відрізняє його від подібних продуктів чи послуг інших фірм; ♦ марка є засобом, який допомагає споживачеві (consumer) виділити специфічні продукти чи послуги серед аналогічних, запропонованих конкурентами; серед найпопулярніших марок: Тайд (Tide) — марка прального порошку; Пепсі (Pepsi) — марка безалкогольного напою; Нескафе (Nescafe) — марка кави═════════■═════════advertised brand рекламована марка; competing brand марка-конкурент • марка конкурента • конкурентний марочний товар; controlled brand марка контрольованого розповсюдження; corporate brand загальнофірмова марка; dealer's brand марка торговельного посередника • марка дилера; distributor's brand марка оптового торговця; domestic brand внутрішня марка; elite brand добірна марка • елітна марка; established brand визнана марка; familiar brand знайома марка; family brand родинна марка • сімейна марка; flagship brand провідна марка • основний марочний товар; generic brand родова марка; gift brand подарункова марка • подарунковий марочний товар; global brand марка глобального розповсюдження; house brand марка торговельного дому; household brand домашня марка; individual brand індивідуальна марка • товар з індивідуальною марочною назвою; known brand відома марка • знана марка; local brand місцева марка • марочний товар місцевого розповсюдження; major brand основний марочний товар • популярний марочний товар; manufacturer's brand марка виробника; mature brand зріла марка • зрілий марочний товар; name brand іменна марка • товар з марочним іменем; national brand загальнонаціональна марка • марка загальнонаціонального розповсюдження; new brand нова марка; ordinary brand рядова марка • звичайна марка; own-label brand власна марка; private brand приватна марка • приватна марка посередника • марка торговельного посередника; product brand товарна марка • марка штучного товару; range brand асортиментна марка • марка товарного асортименту; regular brand звичайна марка • марка регулярного користування; reseller brand приватна марка • марка перепродавав • марка торговельного посередника; runaway brand марка значно краща; specific brand особлива марка; store brand магазинна марка • крамнична марка; top brand провідна марка; top-selling brands марки з найбільшим попитом • марки з найбільшим збутом; trendy brand модна марка • марка, яка задає тон; unadvertised brand нерекламо-вана марка; wholesaler's brand марка гуртовика; wildcat brand нерекламована марка═════════□═════════brand advertising рекламування марочного товару; brand advertising expenditure витрати на рекламування марочного товару; brand attitude ставлення до товарної марки; brand awareness обізнаність з товарною маркою; brand category ґатунок виробу; brand choice вибір марки; brand competitor конкурент марочного товару; brand consciousness обізнаність з товарною маркою; brand differentiation марочне розрізнення; brand equity цінність марочного товару; brand extension розширення меж марки; brand familiarity обізнаність з товарною маркою; brand identification розпізнання товарної марки; brand image обізнаність з товарною маркою • репутація товарної марки • престиж товарної марки • репутація марки товару; brand label марочна наліпка; brand leader найпопулярніший ґатунок; brand loyalty прихильність до марки; brand manager керівник товарної марки; brand mark символ марки; brand name назва товарної марки • фабрична марка • марка товару • товар відомої марки • фірмові товари; —name goods товари відомих марок • фірмові товари; brand personality індивідуальність марки; brand position позиція марки; brand preference переважна прихильність до товару з певною маркою; brand proliferation марочне поширення; brand recognition пізнавання марки; brand rejection відхилення марки; brand strategy марочна стратегія; brand switcher споживач, який змінює марки товарів; brand switching зміна марки товару споживачем • зміна марки; brand transference перенесення назви товару; brand value вартість марки; of the best brand найкращої марки • найвищої марки; to buy a (particular) brand купувати/купити продукт специфічної марки; to develop a (particular) brand розвивати/розвинути специфічну марку; to launch a (particular) brand випускати/випустити продукт специфічної марки; to sell a (particular) brand продавати/продати продукт специфічної марки; to test a (particular) brand випробовувати/випробувати продукт специфічної маркиbrand ‡ B. four principles of marketing (386)пор. trademark▹▹ copyright▹▹ patent -
86 customer
n ком. покупець; замовник; клієнт; споживач; a клієнтськийокрема особа або організація, яка купує або замовляє товари, послуги у крамниці, на підприємстві тощо═════════■═════════average customer середній клієнт; bank customer клієнт банку; business customer діловий клієнт; cash customer покупець, який розплачується готівкою • покупець за готівку; charge-account customer покупець, який бере товари у кредит; commercial customer комерційний споживач • комерційний замовник; contractual customer покупець за контрактом; core customer основний замовник; credit customer покупець в кредит; current customer існуючий покупець; defaulting customer клієнт, який не виконав зобов'язання; dependable customer надійний клієнт; direct customer прямий клієнт • покупець, який обслуговується безпосередньо підприємством; established customer старий клієнт; final customer кінцевий споживач; foreign customer закордонний замовник; government customer урядовий замовник; high priority customer клієнт з високим пріоритетом; industrial customer промисловий клієнт; international customer міжнародний замовник; key customer основний замовник; local customer місцевий споживач; loyal customer споживач-прихильник • вірний споживач • відданий споживач • лояльний споживач • лояльний клієнт; major customer важливіший замовник; minor customer дрібний замовник; ordinary customer звичайний клієнт; overseas customer закордонний замовник; permanent customer постійний покупець; potential customer потенційний клієнт • потенційний споживач; preferential customer привілейований покупець; preferred customer привілейований покупець; primary customer головний замовник; prospective customer потенційний клієнт; registered customer зареєстрований клієнт; regular customer постійний клієнт • регулярний клієнт; residential customer індивідуальний побутовий споживач • клієнт — мешканець даної місцевості; retail customer роздрібний торговець — покупець продукції підприємства-виробника; small-scale customer дрібний споживач; target customer цільовий споживач; wholesale customer оптовий торговець — покупець продукції підприємства-виробника; would-be customer потенційний покупець═════════□═════════customer's account рахунок клієнта • рахунок покупця; customer accounting облік клієнтів; customer account number номер рахунка клієнта; customer advice авізо клієнта • повідомлення клієнта; customer courtesy ввічливе поводження з клієнтом; customer file картотека клієнтів; customer forward transaction операція з клієнтом на строк • строкова операція з клієнтом; customer guarantee liabilities гарантійні зобов'язання клієнта; customer guidance орієнтація покупця • орієнтація клієнта; customer number номер рахунка клієнта; customer order замовлення клієнта; customer orientation орієнтація клієнта • орієнтація покупця; customer-oriented орієнтований на клієнта • орієнтований на покупця; customer perception сприймання споживача; customer profile характеристика клієнта; customer profitability прибутковість клієнта • доходність клієнта • рентабельність клієнта • зисковність клієнта; customer relations стосунки з клієнтами • контакти з клієнтами; customer relationship стосунки з клієнтами; customer service надання послуг покупцю • обслуговування покупця; customer structure структура і склад покупців; customer support підтримка клієнта; customer transaction операція з клієнтом; to create customers створювати/ створити клієнтуру • формувати ринок; to service customers обслуговувати/обслужити покупців • формувати ринокcustomer і С. four principles of marketing (386)▹▹ client¹ -
87 media
рек. засоби реклами; засоби поширення рекламиканали зв'язку, через які поширюється інформація, реклама (advertisement); ♦ засоби реклами розподіляються на чотири основні категорії: засоби друкованої реклами (print media) — газети, журнали, бюлетені тощо; засоби мовлення / електронні засоби поширення інформації (broadcast media/electronic media) — телебачення, радіо тощо; засоби зовнішньої реклами (out-of-home media) — напр. рекламний щит, плакат; засоби прямої поштової реклами (direct-mail media) — каталоги та інші друковані матеріали, що розсилаються поштою на підставі списків, які закуповують рекламодавці═════════■═════════advertising media засоби реклами • засоби поширення реклами; advertising-subsidized media засоби поширення реклами, субсидовані за рахунок реклами; advertising-supported media засоби поширення інформації, які користуються підтримкою реклами; audience-supported media засоби інформації, які фінансуються за рахунок аудиторії; basic media основні засоби реклами; broadcast media засоби теле-, радіомовлення • засоби мовленнєвої реклами; consumer(-interest) media засоби реклами, розраховані на широкого споживача; costly media дорогі засоби реклами; direct media засоби прямої реклами; direct-mail media засоби прямої поштової реклами; display media ілюстративно-зображальні засоби реклами • аудіовізуальні засоби реклами; electronic media електронні засоби поширення інформації; ethnic media засоби реклами, розраховані на охоплення етнічних груп • засоби реклами етнічної спрямованості; indirect media засоби знеособленого рекламного виходу; industrial media засоби реклами, орієнтовані на сферу промисловості; international media міжнародні засоби поширення реклами; local media місцеві засоби реклами; marketing media засоби поширення маркетингової інформації; measured media засоби реклами, охоплені статистичним обліком; national media загальнонаціональні засоби реклами; out-of-home media засоби зовнішньої реклами; passive media засоби реклами пасивного сприймання; primary media основні засоби реклами; print media засоби друкованої реклами; published media засоби друкованої реклами; recruitment media засоби реклами працевлаштування; selective media добірні засоби реклами • засоби реклами вибіркового впливу; space-organized media засоби реклами, орієнтовані на використання простору площі; specialized media спеціалізовані засоби реклами; supporting media допоміжні засоби реклами; time-organized media засоби реклами, організовані за часовим принципом; visual media візуальні засоби реклами; wall media засоби настінної реклами═════════□═════════media analysis аналіз рекламної діяльності; media buy купівля місця і часу в засобах реклами; media buyer рекламний агент • спеціаліст із засобів поширення реклами; media buying купівля послуг засобів поширення реклами; media centre центр реклами; media class категорія засобів реклами; media combination комбінування різних засобів реклами; media consumption користування засобами реклами; media coverage зона впливу, яка покрита засобами реклами; media department відділ засобів реклами; media director директор відділу засобів поширення реклами; media insertion schedule розклад рекламних оголошень; media investment асигнування на засоби реклами; media market ринкова зона, яка охоплена засобами реклами; media mix комбінування засобів реклами; media objective формування мети поширення реклами; media plan план користування засобами реклами; media planner укладач плану користування засобами реклами; media planning планування користування засобами реклами; media reach охоплення засобом реклами; media research дослідження засобів реклами; media survey обстеження охоплення засобами реклами; media vehicle розповсюджувач засобів реклами; to carry out media analysis виконувати/виконати аналіз рекламної діяльності; to carry out media planning виконувати/виконати план користування засобами реклами -
88 service(s)
(svc)марк. послуги; обслуговування; обсяг послуг; сервіс; службанематеріальний результат діяльності окремої особи, підприємства (business²) чи організації, яка задовольняє потреби іншої особи, підприємства чи організації в чому-небудь; ♦ до нематеріальних результатів діяльності належать юридичні, медичні, управлінсько-дорадчі (management consultancies), поштові, банківські та ін. послуги═════════■═════════accessorial service(s) додаткові послуги транспорту • додаткове обслуговування під час перевезення; accounting service(s)s бухгалтерські послуги; actuarial service(s)s страхові послуги; administrative service(s)s адміністративні послуги; advertising service(s) служба реклами; advisory service(s) дорадча служба • консультативна служба; after-sales service(s) післяпродажне обслуговування • обслуговування вдома працівниками магазину (напр., ремонт електроприладів тощо); agency service(s)s агентське обслуговування; agent's service(s)s послуги агента; air service(s) повітряне перевезення; air freight service(s) послуги вантажної авіалінії; air passenger service(s) послуги пасажирської авіалінії; air transport service(s)s служба повітряного сполучення; auditing service(s)s ревізорські послуги • аудиторські послуги; auditor service(s)s послуги ревізора • аудиторська служба; automatic transfer service(s) автоматичний переказ грошей з ощадного на поточний рахунок; auxiliary service(s)s допоміжна служба; backup service(s)s додаткові послуги; bank service(s)s послуги банку; banking service(s)s банківські послуги; before-sale service(s)s передпродажне обслуговування; bond service(s) виплата відсотків на облігації; bulk service(s) групове обслуговування; bus service(s) автобусне обслуговування; business service(s)s послуги діловим підприємствам (реклама, лабораторні роботи тощо) • фірми, що спеціалізуються на наданні підприємницьких послуг; buying service(s) служба замовлення; car service(s) обслуговування автомашини; carry-out service(s) доставка покупок на візку до автомашини; cartage service(s) транспортна служба; cash service(s) касове обслуговування • обслуговування за готівку; chartering service(s) послуги фрахтування; cleaning service(s) послуги з прибирання; commercial service(s)s комерційні послуги; communication service(s) служба зв'язку; commuter service(s) приміський пасажирський транспорт; competitive service(s)s конкурентні послуги; comprehensive service(s)s широкі послуги; computer service(s)s комп'ютерні послуги; consulting service(s)s консультаційні послуги; consumer service(s)s послуги споживачам • споживчі послуги; continuous service(s) постійне обслуговування; contract service(s)s послуги за договором; credit and settlement service(s)s кредитно-розрахункове обслуговування; customer service(s) обслуговування покупців; customs service(s) митна служба; daily service(s) денне обслуговування; debt service(s) обслуговування боргу • сплата боргу; delivery service(s) доставка; distribution service(s)s послуги з розповсюдження; dry-cleaning service(s) послуги з хімічного чищення • послуги хімчистки; educational service(s)s освітні послуги • установи, зайняті організацією освіти; emergency service(s) аварійна служба • служба допомоги; employee service(s)s послуги службового персоналу; employment service(s) служба зайнятості; essential service(s)s суттєві послуги; exchange service(s) валютне обслуговування; export service(s)s експортне обслуговування; express service(s) служба термінової доставки • служба термінового перевезення; factory service(s)s загальнофабричні послуги • допоміжні відділи підприємства; faxing service(s) послуга з передачі інформації факсом; ferry service(s) паромна переправа; financial service(s) фінансові послуги; financing service(s)s послуги фінансування; first class service(s) першокласне обслуговування; forwarding service(s) експедиторське обслуговування; free service(s)s безкоштовні послуги; freight service(s) фрахтове обслуговування; fringe service(s)s додаткові банківські послуги; full service(s) повний комплекс послуг; full time service(s) обслуговування протягом усього робочого часу; government service(s)s державні послуги; gratis service(s)s безкоштовні послуги; handling service(s) транспортна служба для обробки вантажу; harbour service(s)s портові послуги; industrial service(s)s виробничо-технічні послуги; information service(s) інформаційна служба; infrastructure service(s)s інфраструктурні послуги; insurance service(s)s страхові послуги; intermediary service(s)s посередницькі послуги; investigation service(s) слідча служба; irregular service(s) нерегулярне обслуговування; legal service(s)s юридичні послуги • фірми, що надають юридичні послуги; liner service(s) водне перевезення; local service(s)s місцеве обслуговування; mail service(s) поштова послуга • поштова служба; maintenance service(s) технічне обслуговування; management service(s) управлінські послуги; management consulting service(s)s управлінсько-дорадча служба; marketing service(s) послуги з маркетингу • торговельні послуги; municipal service(s)s міські послуги • муніципальні послуги; news service(s) служба новин; night service(s) нічне обслуговування; night depository service(s) служба нічного приймання вкладів; nonstop service(s) послуга безпосадочного сполучення; off-peak service(s) відпуск електроенергії в період низького навантаження; on-board passenger service(s) обслуговування на борту літака; on call service(s) обслуговування на вимогу; on-peak service(s) відпуск електроенергії в період піку навантаження; operating service(s)s операційні послуги; overland service(s) служба наземного перевезення; paid service(s)s платні послуги; passenger service(s) транспортне обслуговування пасажирів; permanent service(s) постійне обслуговування; personal service(s) побутові послуги (пральня, хімчистка тощо) • фірми, що надають побутові послуги; phone inquiry service(s) телефонна довідкова служба; pick-up service(s) служба вивозу і доставки; pilotage service(s) лоцманська служба; postal service(s) поштова служба; postmarketing service(s) післяпродажне обслуговування; preferential service(s) пріоритетне обслуговування; priority service(s) пріоритетне обслуговування; priority mail service(s) першочергові поштові відправлення; processing service(s)s технологічна служба; professional service(s)s професійні послуги (інженерні, проектні) • фахові послуги • фірми, що надають професійні послуги; prompt service(s) швидке обслуговування; public service(s)s державна служба • комунальні послуги • служба зв'язку загального користування; publicity service(s) рекламні послуги; public transport service(s) громадський транспорт; quality control service(s) служба перевірки якості; rail service(s) служба залізничного сполучення; railroad service(s) служба залізничного сполучення; reciprocal service(s)s взаємні послуги; regular service(s) регулярне обслуговування; rental service(s) послуга з прокату; retail service(s) роздрібне обслуговування; RORO service(s) обслуговування судном типу «popo»; safety service(s) служба безпеки; safety deposit service(s)s послуги банку зі зберігання цінностей та документів; sanitary service(s) санітарна служба; scheduled service(s) регулярна транспортна лінія • транспортне обслуговування за розкладом; security service(s) служба охорони; settlement service(s) розрахункове обслуговування; shipping service(s)s послуги з морського перевезення; shuttle service(s) служба регулярного сполучення між двома пунктами; single-carrier service(s) обслуговування одним транспортним агентством; site service(s)s обслуговування на будівельному майданчику; social service(s)s соціальні послуги • громадські установи; specialized service(s) спеціалізоване обслуговування; supervisory service(s)s служба контролю; support service(s)s послуги на підтримку чого-небудь; technical service(s) технічна служба; technological service(s)s технологічні послуги; telecommunication service(s) служба телекомунікації; telefacsimile service(s) обслуговування телефаксом; tourist service(s)s пасажирські авіаперевезення економічним класом; towage service(s) послуга буксировки; training service(s)s навчальні послуги; transport service(s) траспортне обслуговування • транспортна лінія; transportation service(s)s транспортні послуги; travel service(s) туристичне обслуговування; trust service(s)s послуги з довірчого управління; up-to-date service(s) послуга з модернізації; warranty service(s) гарантійне обслуговування; watchman service(s) сторожова служба; welfare service(s)s соціальні послуги═════════□═════════in service(s) діючий • працюючий • що перебуває в експлуатації; out of service(s) недіючий • непрацюючий • бездіяльний • знятий з експлуатації; service(s) in bulk групове обслуговування; service(s) in cyclical order обслуговування у циклічному порядку; service(s) in random order обслуговування у випадковому порядку; service(s)s of an agency послуги агентства; service(s)s of personnel послуги персоналу; to advertise service(s)s рекламувати послуги; to charge for service(s)s брати/взяти плату за послуги; to employ service(s)s користуватися послугами; to furnish service(s)s надавати/надати кому-небудь послуги; to maintain a service(s) обслуговувати/обслужити кого-небудь; to make use of service(s)s користуватися/скористатися послугами; to offer a service(s) пропонувати/запропонувати послугу; to offer service(s)s пропонувати/запропонувати послуги; to pay for service(s)s оплачувати/оплатити послуги; to perform service(s)s виконувати/виконати послуги; to provide a service(s) забезпечувати/забезпечити послуги • обслуговувати/обслужити; to publicize service(s)s рекламувати послуги • оголошувати/оголосити послуги; to render service(s) робити послугу; to require service(s)s вдаватися/вдатися до послуг; to suspend service(s) припиняти/припинити роботу; to tender service(s)s пропонувати/запропонувати послуги; to undertake a service(s) брати/взяти на себе обслуговування; to utilize service(s)s користуватися послугами -
89 advertising
nреклама; рекламирование
- advance advertising
- auxiliary advertising
- bank advertising
- billboard advertising
- black-and-white advertising
- broadcast advertising
- cinema advertising
- classified advertising
- colour advertising
- combined advertising
- commercial advertising
- commodity advertising
- consumer advertising
- cooperative advertising
- corporate advertising
- coupon advertising
- current advertising
- decent advertising
- direct advertising
- direct-mail advertising
- display advertising
- domestic advertising
- electrical advertising
- export advertising
- farm advertising
- film advertising
- follow-up advertising
- graphic advertising
- illuminated advertising
- indirect advertising
- individual advertising
- industrial advertising
- informational advertising
- informative advertising
- inside-the-store advertising
- international advertising
- joint advertising
- keyed advertising
- legal advertising
- local advertising
- long-term advertising
- low-pressure advertising
- magazine advertising
- mail-order advertising
- mass advertising
- media advertising
- misleading advertising
- national advertising
- newspaper advertising
- outdoor advertising
- package advertising
- patent advertising
- persuasive advertising
- point-of-purchase advertising
- point-of-sale advertising
- poster advertising
- press advertising
- prestige advertising
- prestigious advertising
- product advertising
- professional advertising
- promotional advertising
- radio advertising
- regional advertising
- regular advertising
- retail advertising
- sales advertising
- scheduled advertising
- screen advertising
- seasonal advertising
- semi-display advertising
- short-term advertising
- slide advertising
- specialty advertising
- street advertising
- subliminal advertising
- trade advertising
- transit advertising
- transport advertising
- TV advertising
- advertising of goods
- advertising on difficult marketing
- advertising to business
- arrange advertising
- do advertising
- finance advertising
- handle advertising
- promote advertisingEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > advertising
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90 agency
n1) агентство, представительство; орган, организация, учреждение
- ad hoc agency
- advertising agency
- child placement agency
- commercial agency
- consumer protection agency
- credit agency
- credit-rating agency
- credit reference agency
- customs agency
- debt collection agency
- designated agency
- employment agency
- estate agency
- exclusive agency
- executing agency
- export credit agency
- facilitating agency
- forwarding agency
- full service agency
- government agency
- initiating agency
- insurance agency
- joint agency
- law enforcement agency
- lending agency
- limited-service agency
- local self-governing agency
- marketing services agency
- market research agency
- mercantile agency
- mutual agency
- news agency
- paying agency
- press agency
- private agency
- procurement agency
- public relations agency
- publicity agency
- purchasing agency
- rating agency
- recruiting agency
- sales promotion agency
- shipping agency
- ship's agency
- sole agency
- special agency
- state agency
- status enquiry agency
- technical agency
- tourist agency
- trade agency
- transport agency
- travel agency
- agency of a broker
- establish an agency
- run an agency
- take up an agency
- undertake the exclusive agency
- use the services of an agencyEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > agency
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91 firm
n
- accountancy firm
- accounting firm
- accredited brokerage firm
- affiliated firm
- agency firm
- auditing firm
- auditor firm
- banking firm
- bankrupt firm
- blue chip firm
- broker's firm
- brokerage firm
- business firm
- civil engineering firm
- commercial firm
- competing firm
- competitive firm
- competitor firm
- consultancy firm
- consultation firm
- consulting firm
- consulting engineering firm
- contracting firm
- correspondent firm
- dealer firm
- distressed firm
- engineering firm
- entrant firm
- executive search firm
- exempted firm
- export firm
- financial firm
- financially troubled firm
- foreign firm
- forwarding firm
- incorporated firm
- individual firm
- industrial firm
- investment firm
- investment advisory firm
- investment banking firm
- joint firm
- joint commercial firm
- large firm
- law firm
- leading firm
- local firm
- long firm
- loss-making firm
- mail order firm
- major firm
- marketing firm
- member firm
- moderate-sized firm
- nonmember firm
- offshore firm
- outside firm
- over-leveraged firm
- participating firm
- patent law firm
- principal firm
- private firm
- prosperous firm
- public accounting firm
- purchasing firm
- renowned firm
- reputable firm
- retail firm
- rival firm
- search firm
- small firm
- solvent firm
- specialized firm
- start-up firm
- state firm
- state-owned firm
- stockbroker firm
- subsidiary firm
- target firm
- trade firm
- trading firm
- turnaround firm
- universal firm
- wholesale firm
- close down a firm
- cooperate with a firm
- direct a firm
- dissolve a firm
- establish a firm
- found a firm
- handle a firm
- keep a firm afloat
- liquidate a firm
- manage a firm
- operate a firm
- register a firm
- represent a firm
- run a firm
- set up a firm
- turn around a firm
- wind up a firm
- wipe out a firm -
92 manager
nменеджер; директор
- accounting manager
- accounts manager
- acting manager
- administrative manager
- advertising manager
- arbitration manager
- asset manager
- assistant manager
- bank manager
- branch manager
- business manager
- chief manager
- clearinghouse manager
- commercial manager
- commissioning manager
- departmental manager
- deputy manager
- distribution manager
- district manager
- divisional manager
- economic manager
- employment manager
- engineering manager
- executive manager
- exhibition manager
- external manager
- export manager
- export sales manager
- factory manager
- factory services manager
- farm manager
- field sales manager
- floor manager
- functional manager
- fund manager
- fund of funds manager
- general manager
- hedge fund manager
- human resources manager
- industrial traffic manager
- inventory manager
- labour manager
- lead manager
- line manager
- local manager
- marketing manager
- material control manager
- middle manager
- office manager
- operating manager
- operations manager
- personnel manager
- plant manager
- portfolio manager
- procurement manager
- product manager
- product development manager
- production manager
- production control manager
- product line manager
- project manager
- promotion manager
- publicity manager
- quality manager
- quality control manager
- records services and archives manager
- research manager
- sales manager
- senior manager
- service manager
- shop manager
- staff manager
- station manager
- statistics manager
- store manager
- syndicate manager
- team manager
- technical manager
- top manager
- traffic manager
- trust manager
- warehouse manager
- works manager
- manager on dutyEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > manager
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93 network
n
- agency network
- air route network
- branch network
- cable television network
- commercial network
- communications-control network
- dealer network
- distribution network
- distributive network
- local area network
- marketing network
- multicommodity network
- rail network
- railway network
- retail branch network
- road network
- route network
- sales network
- scheduling network
- skeleton network
- telecommunications network
- television network
- trading network
- transportation network
- network of agents
- network of branch offices
- network of highways
- network of offices
- network of railways
- network of services
- network of trade outletsEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > network
-
94 officer
nслужащий, сотрудник; должностное лицо; офицер
- account officer
- accounting officer
- administrative officer
- appointed officer
- assistant officer
- assistant accounting officer
- audit officer
- bank officer
- chief administrative officer
- chief executive officer
- chief financial officer
- chief operating officer
- company officer
- compliance officer
- contracting officer
- credit officer
- customs officer
- documents control officer
- executive officer
- fiscal officer
- health officer
- law enforcement officer
- legal officer
- loan officer
- local government officer
- marketing officer
- medical officer
- personnel officer
- principal officer
- public relations officer
- purchasing officer
- registration officer
- revenue officer
- senior officer
- ship's officer
- state officers
- tax officer
- training officer
- trust officer
- warehouse officer
- officer of justiceEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > officer
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95 service
1. n1) работа; служба; сфера деятельности2) линия связи; сообщение; перевозки3) обслуживание, сервис; сфера услуг4) услуга6) уплата процентов (по займам, облигациям)7) вручение (судебной повестки)
- accessorial service
- accommodation service
- accounting system services
- actuarial services
- additional services
- add-on service
- adequate service
- administrative services
- advertising service
- advisory service
- aerial service
- aftersale service
- aftersale technical service
- agency services
- agency service for ships
- agent's services
- agricultural services
- agricultural quarantine service
- air service
- aircraft service
- airmail service
- air passenger service
- air transport services
- ancillary services
- auditing services
- auditor services
- automatic transfer service
- auxiliary services
- back office services
- back-up services
- bank services
- banking service
- beforesale services
- bond service
- bulk service
- bus service
- business services
- buying service
- car service
- cartage service
- cash service
- cash management services
- charter service
- chartering service
- city-terminal service
- civil service
- cleaning services
- coach service
- collection service
- combat zone service
- combined services
- commercial services
- communication service
- commuter service
- competent services
- competitive services
- comprehensive services
- construction engineering services
- consuler service
- consultation services
- consulting services
- consumer services
- container service
- container-on-flatcar service
- continuous service
- contract services
- corporate advisory services
- corporate customer service
- credit and settlement services
- cross-selling banking services
- current services on loans
- custodial services
- customer service
- customs service
- daily service
- debt service
- delivery service
- depositary service
- design services
- development and research services
- distribution services
- emergency service
- employee services
- engineering services
- essential service
- exchange service
- expert services
- export services
- export packing service
- express service
- express air freight service
- express delivery service
- factory services
- fast freight service
- fee-based services
- ferry service
- fiduciary service
- field service
- financial service
- financing services
- first aid service
- first class service
- fishy-back service
- forwarding service
- free services
- freight service
- fringe services
- full service
- full container load service
- full time service
- gate service
- government services
- government debt service
- gratis services
- guard service
- handling service
- harbour services
- health service
- home-delivery service
- industrial services
- industrial extension services
- information service
- infrastructure services
- inland revenue service
- insurance services
- intercity bus service
- inter-city feeder services
- interlibrary loan service
- intermediary services
- Internal Revenue Service
- internal accounting services
- investigation service
- investment services
- invisible services
- irregular service
- janitorial services
- joint rail-air freight service
- large-scale services
- legal services
- lighter service
- liner service
- liner freight service
- liner passenger service
- local services
- long-distance transport service
- loss making services
- low density service
- mail service
- maintenance service
- management service
- management advisory services
- market services
- marketing service
- mass service
- medical service
- merchant service
- military service
- mixed service
- municipal services
- National Giro Service
- National Health Service
- news service
- night service
- night depository service
- nonpreferential service
- nonscheduled service
- nonstop service
- occupational guidance service
- on-board passenger service
- operating services
- outdoor service
- outside service
- overland service
- paid services
- passenger service
- pensionable service
- permanent service
- personal service
- personal banking services
- phone inquiry service
- pick-up service
- piggyback service
- pilot service
- pilotage service
- placement service
- plant quarantine service
- postmarketing service
- postsale service
- preemptive service
- preferential service
- presale service
- prior services
- priority service
- processing services
- professional services
- prompt service
- proper service
- protocol service
- public service
- Public Health Service
- publicity service
- public transport service
- quality control service
- quick repair service
- rail service
- railroad service
- railway service
- railway ferry service
- reciprocal services
- regular service
- rental service
- repair services
- retail service
- retail banking service
- road transport service
- ro-ro service
- safe deposit services
- safety service
- sanitary service
- scheduled service
- scheduled debt service
- security service
- self-dial long-distance service
- senior service
- settlement service
- shipping services
- ship's agency service
- shuttle service
- single-carrier service
- site services
- small-scale services
- social services
- specialized service
- statistical service
- supervisory services
- support services
- technical service
- technical control service
- technical information service
- technological services
- telecommunication service
- telephone service
- through service
- ticker service
- top-notch service
- tourist services
- towage service
- trade information service
- trailer-on-flatcar service
- training services
- tramp service
- transport service
- transportation services
- travel service
- trouble-free service
- trunk line service
- trust services
- tug service
- turnabout service
- underwriting services
- unremunerative services
- up-to-date service
- urgent service
- warranty service
- watchman service
- welfare services
- service by mail
- service by post
- services in advertising
- service in bulk
- services in publicity
- services of an agency
- service of loans
- service of notice
- service of papers
- services of personnel
- service on call
- service to customers
- services to visitors
- service without interruption
- service with waiting
- record services and archives
- in service
- fit for service
- unfit for service
- bring into service
- charge for services
- complete service
- do services
- enlist the services of smb
- employ services
- furnish services
- give services
- go into service
- maintain a service
- maintain regular service
- make use of services
- offer services
- pay for services
- perform services
- provide services
- provide customer service
- publicize services
- put into service
- render services
- require services
- resort to services
- retire from service
- run services
- sell advisory services
- start service
- supply services
- suspend the service
- tender one's services
- undertake a service
- use the services of a lawyer
- utilize services2. v1) обслуживатьEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > service
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96 standard
1. n1) стандарт, норма, норматив2) образец; эталон3) pl технические условия; технические требования5) проба (драгоценного металла)
- ABC standard
- acceptable standard
- accepted standard
- accounting standards
- applicable standard
- approved standard
- automatic standard
- basic standards
- basic reference standard
- branch standard
- commercial standard
- company standard
- consumption standard
- contractual standard
- cost standards
- credit standards
- current standard
- design standard
- direct labour standard
- double standard
- draft standard
- economic standards
- engineering standard
- enterprise standard
- environmental standards
- established standard
- existing standard
- factory standard
- fiat standard
- fiduciary standard
- flexible standard
- general standard
- Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
- gold standard
- gold-bullion standard
- gold-coin standard
- gold-exchange standard
- guaranteed standard
- health protection standards
- high standard
- home standards
- industrial standard
- industry standard
- international standard
- International Accounting Standards
- International Auditing Standards
- labour efficiency standard
- labour performance standard
- lax standards
- legal standard
- lending standards
- limping standard
- living standard
- loading standards
- local standard
- loose standards
- lot quality standard
- maintainability standard
- managerial performance standard
- mandatory standard
- manufacturing standard
- marketing standard
- metallic standard
- metric standard
- minimum standards
- monetary standard
- national standard
- normal standard
- occupational standards
- operating standards
- outdated standard
- output standard
- packing standards
- paper standard
- parallel standard
- performance standard
- permissive standard
- precise standard
- price standard
- product standard
- production standard
- productivity standard
- professional standard
- prohibitory standard
- qualitative standard
- quality standard
- recognized standard
- recommended standard
- replacement-cost standard
- safety standards
- silver standard
- single standard
- state standard
- statutory standard
- stringent standards
- summary standards
- synthetic time standard
- target standard
- tariff standard
- technical standards
- temporary standard
- tentative standard
- tight standards
- time standard
- trading standard
- universal standard
- unloading standards
- up-to-date standard
- voluntary standard
- weight standard
- working standard
- workmanship standard
- world standard
- standard of accumulation
- standard of alloy
- standard of auditing
- standard of behaviour
- standard of conduct
- standard of consumption
- standard of emergency funds
- standards of fairness
- standard of good practice
- standard of life
- standard of living
- standards of manufacturing
- standard of money
- standard of prices
- standard of quality
- standard of safety
- standard of usage
- standard of value
- standard of workmanship
- above the standard
- according to standard
- at the established standard
- below the standard
- by European standards
- up to standard
- abandon the gold standard
- be above the world standards
- be below the world standards
- be up to standard
- bypass international standards
- come under a standard
- comply with a standard
- conform to a standard
- depart from the gold standard
- devise international standards
- fall below the standard
- introduce standards
- lay down standards
- make to standard
- promulgate new standards
- raise standards
- reach market standards
- revise standards
- serve as a standard
- set standards
- violate a standard2. adjEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > standard
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97 venture
n1) предприятие, дело, фирма2) рискованное предприятие, спекуляция3) сумма, подвергаемая риску• -
98 advertising
реклама; рекламирование• -
99 firm
•- law firm -
100 manager
1) руководитель, заведующий, управляющий, администратор; менеджер; директор•Fidelity, the biggest US mutual fund manager, is set to announce steep job cuts of about 10 per cent of its US workforce. — «Фиделити», самая крупная американская компания по управлению взаимными инвестиционными фондами, планирует значительное сокращение рабочих мест своего американского персонала.
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