letter+by+letter

ἰῶτα [ῐ], τό, indecl., (Hebr.

A yôd) the letter ι, Pl.Cra. 418b, Aen. Tact.31.18, Call.Gramm. ap. Ath.10.453d, etc.

2 line, stroke, on a sundial, Bull.Soc.Alex.4.83 (iii B.C.).

3 prov., of anything very small, smallest letter, jot, Ev.Matt.5.18.

ὑπόμνημα, ατος, τό,

A reminder, memorial,

ἔχειν ὑπομνήματά τινος Th.2.44

;

ἵν' ὑ. τοῖς ἐπιγιγνομένοις ᾖ τῆς τῶν βαρβάρων ἀσεβείας Isoc. 4.156

, cf. 73;

τῆς ἀρετῆς ὑ. μᾶλλον ἢ τοῦ σώματος καταλιπεῖν Id.2.36

, cf. D.23.210; τοιούτοις χρώμενος ὑπομνήμασιν such means of remembrance, Pl.Phdr. 249c; freq. in Inscrr., e.g.

ὅπως ὑ. τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ᾖ,.. στεφανηφορεῖν Ἐρετριεῖς πάντας IG12(9).192.5

(Eretria, iv B. C.); ἀνθέμεν ὗν ἀργύρεον ὑπόμνᾱμα τᾶς ἀμαθίας ib.42 (1).121.39 (Epid., iv B. C.).

2 tomb, Ath.Mitt.29.294, al. ([place name] Mysia).

II reminder, mention, in a speech, Th.4.126; in a letter, X.An.1.6.3; esp. written reminder, memorandum, ὑ. Ζήνωνι παρὰ Διονυσίου, τῷ φέροντί σοι τὸ ὑ., PCair.Zen.307.1,19 (iii B. C.), cf. 301.1, al. (iii B. C.).

2 note or memorandum entered by a tradesman in his day-book, ὑπόμνημα ἀπεγράψατο he had a note made of it, D.49.30, cf. 28.6; of bankers, εἰώθασιν ὑπομνήματα γράφεσθαι ὧν διδόασι χρημάτων .. Id.49.5.

3 mostly in pl., memoranda, notes, Hp.Art.34 (but prob. a gloss), Pl.Phdr. 276d; ὑ. γράφειν, γράψασθαι, Id.Plt. 295c, Tht. 143a.

4 minutes of the proceedings of a public body, public records,

τὰ κατ' ἄρχοντας ὑ. Plu.2.867a

, cf. D.S. 1.4, Luc.Dem.Enc.26, etc.; τὰ τῆς βουλῆς ὑ. the acts of the Senate, D.C.78.22; ἐπὶ τῶν ὑ. τῆς συγκλήτου, = Lat. a commentariis, IG4.588 (Argos, ii A. D.), 5(1).533 (Sparta, ii A. D.);

ἐπὶ τῶν ὑ. καταστῆσαί τινα J.AJ7.5.4

, cf. LXX 2 Ki.8.16 (quoted by J.l. c.); records of a magistrate, POxy. 1252r.26 (iii A. D.), etc.; including his decisions, Mitteis Chr. 372 iv 20 (ii A. D.), POxy.911.8 (iii A. D.), etc.

5 dissertations or treatises written by philosophers, rhetoricians, and artists, Archyt. ap. D.L.8.80 sq., Sotad.Com.1.35, Demetr.Lac.Herc.1014.67, Longin.44.12, D.L.4.4; of historical or geographical works, Plb.1.1.1, 1.35.6, 3.32.4, Ptol.Geog.1.6.2, etc.; of medical works, Gal.6.460,691, al. (the same work is called ὑ. and σύγγραμμα in 15.1).

b division, section, 'book' of such a treatise, Phld.Mus.p.92 K., Po.5.26, PMed. in Arch.Pap.4.270.

c explanatory notes, commentaries, Sch.Ar.Av. 1242, etc.; of the Homeric commentaries of Aristarch., Sch.Il.2.420, al.; εἰ γὰρ τὰ συγγράμματα (Aristarchus' independent treatises on Homeric questions) τῶν ὑπομνημάτων προτάττοιμεν .. Did. ap. Sch.Il.2.111; so Gal. distinguishes ὑπομνήματα (clinical notes) from συγγράμματα of Hippocrates, 16.532,543; and the συγγράμματα of Hp. from his own commentaries ([etym.] ὑπομνήματα) on them, ib.811; commentary, οὕτω Θέων ἐν ὑ. τῷ εἰς Θεόκριτον Et.Gud.d. s.v. γρῖπος.

III draft or copy of a letter, Pl.Ep. 363e.

IV memorial, petition, addressed to a magistrate, whereas the

ἔντευξις 4

is in form addressed to the king, IG12(3).327.4 (Egypt, iii B. C.), BGU1007.1 (iii B. C.), PTeb. 30.10, al. (ii B. C.), UPZ23.2, 28.3 (ii B. C.), etc.

2 notification, e.g. of birth, PFay.28.12 (ii A. D.); of removal, POxy.251.29 (i A. D.), etc.

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: name of a letter

Other forms: (ει = closed ē)

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Sem.

Etymology: Indecl. letter-name = Semit. pē; later πῖ. Schwyzer 140 w. lit.

Page in Frisk: 2,487

Α, α, τό indecl. (s. ἄλφα) first letter of the Gk. alphabet, alpha (cp. SibOr 5, 15) hence as numeral α´=1 ( one εἷς or first πρῶτος e.g. TestSol, PVindobBosw at 18:34; oft. in pap): πρώτη (or πρωτέρα?, in pap freq.=πρότερον, q.v.) in titles of letters ἐπιστολή: 1 Cor; 1 Th; 1 Ti; 1 Pt; 1J; 1 Cl; ἐντολή Hm 1, title. As a symbolic letter Α signifies the beginning, Ω the end (FBoll, Sphaera 1903, 469ff). The two came to designate the universe and every kind of divine and superhuman power. S. Rtzst., Poim. 256ff, Erlösungsmyst. 244; FBoll, Aus d. Offb. Joh. 1914, 26f. The Sator-anagram of Pompeii (JDaniélou, Primitive Christian Symbols, tr. DAttwater ’64, 99–101) offers the earliest Christian usage. In the expr. ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ ἄλφα καὶ τὸ ὦ the letters are explained as beginning and end Rv 1:8 v.l.; 21:6 (s. OWeinreich, ARW 19, 1919, 180f); as first and last 1:11 v.l.; and as both 22:13 (cp. Mel., P. 105, 812 [B]). Is. 44:6 offers precedent for the πρῶτος/ἔσχατος in this and related rabbinic symbolism.—S. on Ω and FCabrol, Dict. d’Arch. I, 1, 1–25; FDornseiff, D. Alphabet in Mystik u. Magie² 1925, 17f; 122ff; RCharles, HDB I 70.—TW.

λόγος, ου, ὁ (verbal noun of λέγω in the sense ‘pick’; Hom.+).

① a communication whereby the mind finds expression, word

ⓐ of utterance, chiefly oral.

α. as expression, word (oratorical ability plus exceptional performance were distinguishing marks in Hellenic society, hence the frequent association of λ. and ἔργον ‘deed’; a sim. formulation as early as Il. 9, 443 μύθων τε ῥητῆρʼ ἔμεναι πρηκτῆρά τε ἔργων; Polystrat. p. 33 μὴ λόγῳ μόνον ἀλλʼ ἔργω; Just., A II, 4, 2 ἢ λόγῳ ἢ ἔργῳ and D. 35, 7 λόγον ἢ πρᾶξιν) δυνατὸς ἐν ἔργῳ κ. λόγῳ, i.e. an exceptional personage Lk 24:19; pl. of Moses Ac 7:22 (the contrast expressed w. a verb Choix 20, 6–8 ποιεῖ ἀγαθὸν ὄτι δύναται καὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ of Apollordorus, a benefactor in Cyzicus, a flourishing city in Phrygia; sim. New Docs 7, 233, no. 10, 8f πολιτευόμενος … λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ; cp. IKourion 32, 8; without contrast Diod S 13, 101, 3 ἄνδρας λόγῳ δυνατούς; for sim. constructions using λέγω and πράσσω s. Danker, Benefactor 339–43). Cp. Ro 15:18; 2 Cor 10:11; Col 3:17; 2 Th 2:17; Hb 13:21 v.l.; 1J 3:18 (cp. Theognis 1, 87f Diehl³ μή μʼ ἔπεσιν μὲν στέργε κτλ.—For the contrast λόγῳ … ἀληθείᾳ cp. Diod S 13, 4, 1). In contrast to a sinful deed we also have the λόγος ἁμαρτίας sinful word Judaicon 172, 9. W. γνῶσις: ἐν παντὶ λόγῳ κ. πάσῃ γνώσει 1 Cor 1:5. ἰδιώτης τῷ λόγῳ, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῇ γνώσει 2 Cor 11:6. (Opp. δύναμις ‘revelation of power’) 1 Cor 4:19, 20. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον οὐκ ἐγενήθη ἐν λόγῳ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν δυνάμει 1 Th 1:5 (cp. Ar. 13, 7 of mythical accounts οὐδέν εἰσιν εἰ μὴ μόνον λόγοι ‘they’re nothing but words’). W. ἐπιστολή: 2 Th 2:2, 15. W. ἀναστροφή: 1 Ti 4:12; 1 Pt 3:1b. Opp. ‘be silent’: IRo 2:1.—μόνον εἰπὲ λόγῳ just say the word Mt 8:8; cp. Lk 7:7 (Ath. 17, 1 ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν; 29, 2; Phalaris, Ep. 121, 1 λόγῳ λέγειν; cp. schol. on Pla. 341a ἐν λόγῳ μόνον εἰπεῖν). οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον no one was able to answer him a (single) word Mt 22:46; cp. 15:23 (cp. TestAbr A 16 p. 98, 11 [Stone p. 44] οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ λόγον).— The (mighty) word (of one who performs miracles) ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ Mt 8:16 (a rare use of λ. as ‘single utterance’, s. L-S-J-M s.v. VII).—διὰ λόγου by word of mouth (opp. ‘by letter’) Ac 15:27.—In the textually uncertain pass. Ac 20:24 the text as it stands in N., οὐδενὸς λόγου (v.l. λόγον) ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχὴν τιμίαν, may well mean: I do not consider my life worth a single word (cp. λόγου ἄξιον [ἄξιος 1a] and our ‘worth mention’; s. Conzelmann ad loc.).

β. The expression may take on a variety of formulations or topical nuances: what you say Mt 5:37; statement (PGM 4, 334) Lk 20:20; question (Sext. Emp., Math. 8, 295; 9, 133; Diog. L. 2, 116) ἐρωτήσω ὑμᾶς λόγον I will ask you a question (cp. TestJob 36:5; GrBar 5:1; ApcSed 13:6; Jos., Ant. 12, 99) Mt 21:24; cp. Mk 11:29; Lk 20:3; prayer (PGM 1, 25; 4, 90; 179; 230 al.; 5, 180; 196 al.) Mt 26:44; Mk 14:39. ἡγούμενος τοῦ λ. principal speaker Ac 14:12. W. epexeget. gen. λ. παρακλήσεως 13:15. W. κήρυγμα our manner of presentation and our proclamation 1 Cor 2:4a (but s. comm.). (W. διδασκαλία) preaching 1 Ti 5:17; prophecy (Biogr. p. 364 [Pythia]) J 2:22; 18:32. Command (Aeschyl., Pers. 363) Lk 4:36; 2 Pt 3:5, 7; via a letter 2 Th 3:14. Report, story (X., An. 1, 4, 7; Diod S 3, 40, 9; 19, 110, 1 λ. διαδιδόναι=spread a report; Appian, Iber. 80 §346, Maced. 4 §1 [both=rumor]; Diod S 32, 15, 3 ἦλθεν ὁ λ. ἐπί τινα=the report came to someone; Arrian, Anab. 7, 22, 1 λόγος λέγεται τοιόσδε=a story is told like this, Ind. 9, 2; Diod S 3, 18, 3 λ.=story, account; Jos., Ant. 19, 132; Tat. 27, 2 τοῦ καθʼ Ἡρακλέα λόγου) Mt 28:15; Mk 1:45; Lk 5:15 (λ. περί τινος as X., An. 6, 6, 13; Jos., Ant. 19, 127) 7:17; J 21:23. ἠκούσθη ὁ λόγος εἰς τὰ ὦτα τ. ἐκκλησίας the report came to the ears of the assembly in Jerusalem Ac 11:22. λόγον ἔχειν σοφίας have the appearance of wisdom, pass for wisdom Col 2:23 (cp. Pla., Epinomis 987b ἔχει λόγον; Demosth., C. Lept. 462 [20, 18] λόγον τινʼ ἔχον; but mng. 2f is possible). Proverb (Pla., Phdr. 17, 240c, Symp. 18, 195b, Gorg. 54, 499c, Leg. 6, 5, 757a; Socrat., Ep. 22, 1) J 4:37 (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 13, 7 ἀληθῶς ἐν τούτῳ ὁ λ. foll. by a proverb). Proclamation, instruction, teaching, message Lk 4:32; 10:39; J 4:41; 17:20; Ac 2:41; 4:4; 10:44; 20:7; 1 Cor 1:17; 2:1. In Ac18:15 ζητήματα περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου the sense appears to be someth. like this: controversial issues involving disputes about words and your way of life with λ. prob. referring to the presentation of controversial subjects, which in turn arouses heated ζητήματα debates. λόγος σοφίας proclamation of wisdom, speaking wisely 1 Cor 12:8a (Ps.-Phoc. 129 τῆς θεοπνεύστου σοφίης λ.); corresp. λ. γνώσεως vs. 8b. Cp. 14:9; 15:2; 2 Cor 1:18; 6:7; 10:10. λ. μαρτυρίας word of witness Rv 12:11. ὁ κατὰ τ. διδαχὴν πιστὸς λ. the message of faith, corresponding to the teaching Tit 1:9; the opp. 2 Ti 2:17. A speech (Aristot. p. 14b, 2; Diod S 40, 5a) διὰ λόγου πολλοῦ in a long speech Ac 15:32; cp. 20:2. λ. κολακείας flattering speech 1 Th 2:5. Speaking gener. 2 Cor 8:7; Eph 6:19; Col 4:6; D 2:5. ἐν λόγῳ πταίειν make a mistake in what one says Js 3:2.—Of God’s word, command, commission (LXX; ParJer 5:19 κατηχῆσαι αὐτοὺς τὸν λόγον; SyrBar 13:2; ApcSed 14:10; Just., D. 84, 2; Ael. Aristid. hears a ἱερὸς λ. at night fr. a god: 28, 116 K.=49, p. 529 D.; Sextus 24) ἠκυρώσατε τ. λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 15:6 (v.l. νόμον, ἐντολήν); cp. Mk 7:13.—J 5:38; 8:55; 10:35; Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6). Of God’s promise Ro 9:6, 9 (but these two vss., and Gal 5:14 below, prob. fit better under 2a), 28 (Is 10:22f). Cp. Hb 2:2; 4:2 (s. ἀκοή 4b); 7:28; 12:19. For B 15:1 see 1aδ. The whole law (as the expr. εἴ τι ἑτέρα ἐντολή indicates not limited to a narrow list of commandments), acc. to Ro 13:9. In what is prob. a play on words (s. 2a and b), Gal 5:14 (s. 2a below) is summed up in the λόγος as expressed in Lev 19:18.—That which God has created ἁγιάζεται διὰ λόγου θεοῦ 1 Ti 4:5; in line w. the context, this hardly refers to God’s creative word (so SibOr 3, 20; PtK 2; πάντα γὰρ λόγῳ ποιήσας ὁ θεός Theoph. Ant. 2, 18 [144, 8]), but to table prayers which use biblical expressions. The divine word as judge of thoughts Hb 4:12. τελεσθήσονται οἱ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 17:17; cp. 19:9.—Of the divine revelation through Christ and his messengers (Just., A I, 61, 9 λόγον … παρὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐμάθομεν τοῦτον) θεὸς ἐφανέρωσεν τὸν λ. αὐτοῦ ἐν κηρύγματι Tit 1:3. δέδωκα αὐτοῖς τὸν λ. σου J 17:14; cp. vss. 6, 17; 1J 1:10; 2:14. ἵνα μὴ ὁ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται Tit 2:5. The apostles and other preachers, w. ref. to the λόγος of God, are said to: λαλεῖν Ac 4:29, 31; 13:46; Phil 1:14; Hb 13:7; καταγγέλλειν Ac 13:5; 17:13; διδάσκειν 18:11; μαρτυρεῖν Rv 1:2. Of their hearers it is said: τὸν λ. τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούειν Ac 13:7; δέχεσθαι 8:14; 11:1. Of the λ. τοῦ θεοῦ itself we read: ηὔξανεν Ac 6:7; 12:24; 19:20; οὐ δέδεται 2 Ti 2:9. In these places and many others ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ is simply the Christian message, the gospel: Lk 5:1; 8:11, 21; 11:28 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 1, 20 μὴ μόνον ἀκουόντων ἀλλὰ πασχόντων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων=let the message have its effect on oneself); Ac 6:2 (s. καταλείπω 7c; for prob. commercial metaph. s. 2a below); 13:44 v.l. (for κυρίου); 16:32 v.l.; 1 Cor 14:36; 2 Cor 2:17; 4:2; Col 1:25; 1 Pt 1:23; Rv 1:9; 6:9; 20:4; IPhld 11:1. Cp. 1 Th 2:13ab; 1J 2:5.—Since this ‘divine word’ is brought to humanity through Christ, his word can be used in the same sense: ὁ λόγος μου J 5:24; cp. 8:31, 37, 43, 51f; 12:48; 14:23f; 15:3, 20b; Rv 3:8. ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Col 3:16; cp. Hb 6:1. ὁ λ. τοῦ κυρίου Ac 8:25; 12:24 v.l.; 13:44, 48f; 14:25 v.l.; 15:35, 36; 16:32 (cp. λ. θεοῦ); 19:10; 1 Th 1:8; 2 Th 3:1. Pl. Mk 8:38 (Lk 9:26); 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Lk 24:44; s. also 1aδ.—Or it is called simply ὁ λόγος=the ‘Word’, for no misunderstanding would be possible among Christians: Mt 13:20–23; Mk 2:2; 4:14–20, 33; 8:32 (s. 1aε below); 16:20; Lk 1:2; 8:12f, 15; Ac 6:4; 8:4; 10:36 (on the syntax s. FNeirynck, ETL 60, ’84, 118–23); 11:19; 14:25 (cp. λ. κυρίου above); 16:6; 17:11; 18:5; Gal 6:6; Phil 1:14; Col 4:3; 1 Th 1:6; 2 Ti 4:2; Js 1:21ff; 1 Pt 2:8; 3:1; 1J 2:7; AcPl Ha 7, 6 (so also Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; Ath. 2, 3).—Somet. the ‘Word’ is more closely defined by a gen.: ὁ λ. τῆς βασιλείας the word of the reign/rule (of God) Mt 13:19. τῆς σωτηρίας Ac 13:26. τῆς καταλλαγῆς 2 Cor 5:19. τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Cor 1:18. δικαιοσύνης (q.v. 3a) Hb 5:13. ζωῆς Phil 2:16. (τῆς) ἀληθείας (Theoph. Ant. 3, 4 [p. 212, 2]; cp. περὶ ἀληθείας Hippol., Ref. 10, 6, 1) Eph 1:13; Col 1:5; 2 Ti 2:15; Js 1:18; AcPl Ha 8, 8 (Just., D. 121, 2). τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) Ac 14:3; 20:32. (Differently the pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. χάριτος gracious words Lk 4:22; cp. Marcellinus, Vi. Thu. 57 Hude λόγοι εἰρωνείας.) ὁ λ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ac 15:7; ὁ τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ λ. MPol 10:1. In Rv 3:10 the gospel is described by the ‘One who has the key of David’ as ὁ λ. τῆς ὑπομονῆς μου my word of endurance (W-S. §30, 12c). λ. τῶν ὑ[πο]μονῶν AcPl Ha 6, 11. παρελάβετε τὸν λ. ὅτι AcPl Ha 8, 25.—The pastoral letters favor the expr. πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (sc. ἐστίν, and s. πιστός 1b) 1 Ti 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Ti 2:11; Tit 3:8; cp. Rv 21:5; 22:6. λ. ὑγιής sound preaching Tit 2:8; cp. the pl. ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι 2 Ti 1:13 (on medicinal use of words for the mind or soul s. VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 115–22, on Eur.).—The pl. is also used gener. of Christian teachings, the words of the gospel Lk 1:4 (s. κατηχέω 2a); 1 Th 4:18. οἱ λ. τῆς πίστεως 1 Ti 4:6. On λόγοι κυριακοί for λόγια κυριακά in the title of the Papias document s. ἐξήγησις 2.—JSchniewind, Die Begriffe Wort und Evangelium bei Pls, diss. Bonn 1910; RAsting (εὐαγγέλιον, end).

γ. of an individual declaration or remark: assertion, declaration, speech ἀκούσαντες τὸν λ. when they heard the statement Mt 15:12; cp. 19:11, 22; 22:15; Mk 5:36. διὰ τοῦτον τὸν λ. because of this statement of yours 7:29 (TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 29 [Stone p. 38] τὸν λ. τοῦτον; ApcMos 25 εἰς τὸν λόγον σου κρινῶ σε). Cp. 10:22; 12:13; Lk 1:29; 22:61 v.l. (for ῥήματος); J 4:39, 50; 6:60; 7:36, 40 v.l.; 15:20a; 18:9; 19:8; Ac 6:5; 7:29; 20:38; 22:22; 1 Th 4:15. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν εἴπῃ λόγον κατὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου whoever utters a (defamatory) word against the Son of Humanity Mt 12:32 (λ. εἰπεῖν κατά τινος as Jos., Ant. 15, 81); cp. Lk 12:10. λόγος σαπρός unwholesome talk Eph 4:29. λόγον ποιεῖσθαι make a speech Ac 11:2 D (cp. Hyperid. 3, 20; Jos., Ant. 11, 86).

δ. the pl. (οἱ) λόγοι is used, on the one hand, of words uttered on various occasions, of speeches or instruction given here and there by humans or transcendent beings (TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 19 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 4, 264; Just., D. 100, 3) ἐκ τῶν λόγων σου δικαιωθήσῃ (καταδικασθήσῃ) Mt 12:37ab; 24:35; Mk 13:31; Lk 21:33; Ac 2:40; 7:22 (ἐν λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις αὐτοῦ. On the word-deed pair cp. Dio Chrys. 4, 6 the λόγοι and ἔργα of Diogenes; s. α above). οἱ δέκα λόγοι the ten commandments (Ex 34:28; Dt 10:4; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 168, Decal. 32; Jos., Ant. 3, 138; cp. 91f; Did., Gen. 36, 10) B 15:1. Ac 15:24; 20:35; 1 Cor 2:4b, 13; 14:19ab; κενοὶ λ. Eph 5:6; AcPl Ox 6, 13 (cp. Aa 1, 241, 14); Dg 8:2; πλαστοὶ λ. 2 Pt 2:3. λ. πονηροί 3J 10.—Also of words and exprs. that form a unity, whether it be connected discourse (Jos., Ant. 15, 126; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 11, 5; 81, 3 al.), a conversation, or parts of one and the same teaching, or expositions on the same subject (Diod S 16, 2, 3 μετέσχε τῶν Πυθαγορίων λόγων; Dio Chrys. 37 [54], 1; Ael. Aristid. 50, 55 K.=26 p. 519 D.: οἱ Πλάτωνος λόγοι; PsSol 17:43 [words of the Messiah]; AscIs 3:12 οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Βελχειρά) πᾶς ὅστις ἀκούει μου τοὺς λόγους τούτους Mt 7:24; cp. vss. 26, 28; 10:14; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 10:24; Lk 1:20; 6:47; 9:28, 44. ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν ἐν λόγοις ἱκανοῖς he questioned him at some length 23:9. τίνες οἱ λ. οὗτοι οὓς ἀντιβάλλετε; what is this conversation that you are holding? 24:17; J 7:40 (s. γ); 10:19; J 14:24a; 19:13; Ac 2:22; 5:5, 24; 16:36; 2 Ti 4:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 46:7. λόγοις φθοριμαίοις AcPlCor 1:2.

ε. the subject under discussion, matter, thing gener. (Theognis 1055 Diehl; Hdt. 8, 65 μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον εἴπῃς. Cp. Hebr. דָּבָר) τὸν λ. ἐκράτησαν they took up the subject Mk 9:10; cp. Mt. 21:24 (s. 1aβ beg.). οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μερὶς ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ you have no share in this matter Ac 8:21. ἰδεῖν περὶ τ. λόγου τούτου look into this matter 15:6. ἔχειν πρός τινα λόγον have a complaint against someone (cp. Demosth. 35, 55 ἐμοὶ πρὸς τούτους ὁ λόγος; PIand 16, 3 δίκαιον λόγον ἔχει πρὸς σέ) 19:38. παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (2d is also prob.).—Perh. also Mk 8:32 he discussed the subject quite freely (but s. 1aβ above).

ⓑ of literary or oratorical productions: of the separate books of a work (Hdt. 5, 36 ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τ. λόγων; Pla., Parmen. 2, 127d ὁ πρῶτος λόγος; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 1 ὁ μὲν πρότερος λόγος ἦν ἡμῖν, ὦ Θεόδοτε, περὶ τοῦ …) treatise Ac 1:1 (s. on the prologue to Ac: AHilgenfeld, ZWT 41, 1898, 619ff; AGercke, Her 29, 1894, 373ff; RLaqueur, Her 46, 1911, 161ff; Norden, Agn. Th. 311ff; JCreed, JTS 35, ’34, 176–82; Goodsp., Probs. 119–21). Παπίας … πέντε λόγους κυριακῶν λογίων ἔγραψεν Papias (11:1; cp. 3:1 e; 11:2; 12:2).—περὶ οὗ πολὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος about this we have much to say Hb 5:11. Hb is described as ὁ λ. τῆς παρακλήσεως a word of exhortation (in literary form) 13:22. Of writings that are part of Holy Scripture ὁ λ. Ἠσαί̈ου J 12:38. ὁ λ. ὁ ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γεγραμμένος 15:25; ὁ προφητικὸς λ. 2 Pt 1:19; 2 Cl 11:2 (quot. of unknown orig.); AcPl Ha 8, 27/BMM recto 35 (Just., D. 77, 2 al.). ὁ ἅγιος λ. the holy word 1 Cl 56:3. ὁ λ. ὁ γεγραμμένος 1 Cor 15:54 (Is 25:8 and Hos 13:14 follow). Pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. προφητῶν Ac 15:15. ὡς γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ λόγων Ἠσαί̈ου Lk 3:4 (Pla., 7th Epistle 335a πείθεσθαι ἀεὶ χρὴ τοῖς παλαιοῖς καὶ ἱεροῖς λόγοις; TestJob 1:1 βίβλος λόγων Ἰώβ; ParJer 9:32 v.l. τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ἱερεμίου; ApcEsdr 1:1 καὶ ἀποκάλυψις τοῦ … Ἐσδράμ; ApcSed prol.; Just., D. 72, 3f).—Of the content of Rv: ὁ ἀναγινώσκων τ. λόγους τῆς προφητείας 1:3. οἱ λόγοι (τ. προφητείας) τ. βιβλίου τούτου 22:7, 9f, 18f.

② computation, reckoning

ⓐ a formal accounting, esp. of one’s actions, and freq. with fig. extension of commercial terminology account, accounts, reckoning λόγον δοῦναι (Hdt. 8, 100; X., Cyr. 1, 4, 3; Diod S 3, 46, 4; SIG 1099, 16; BGU 164, 21; Jos., Ant. 16, 120; Just., D. 115, 6) give account, make an accounting ἕκαστος περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λόγον δώσει τ. θεῷ Ro 14:12. Also λ. ἀποδοῦναι abs. (Just., D. 116, 1 al.; Diod S 16, 56, 4; 19, 9, 4) Hb 13:17. τινί to someone (Diod S 16, 27, 4; Plut., Alcib. 7, 3; Chariton 7, 6, 2; SIG 631, 13 τᾷ πόλει; 2 Ch 34:28; Da 6:3 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 209) τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι 1 Pt 4:5. τινὸς of someth. (SIG 1044, 46; 1105, 10 τοῦ ἀναλώματος; Jos., Ant. 19, 307) Lk 16:2 (here λ. w. the art.; on the subject of undergoing an audit cp. Aeschin. 3, 22). Likew. περί τινος (Diod S 18, 60, 2 δοὺς αὑτῷ περὶ τούτων λόγον=taking account [considering] with himself; BGU 98, 25 περὶ τούτου) Mt 12:36; Ac 19:40. ὑπέρ τινος concerning someone Hv 3, 9, 10.—αἰτεῖν τινα λόγον περί τινος call someone to account for someth. 1 Pt 3:15 (cp. Pla., Pol. 285e; Dio Chrys. 20 [37], 30; Apc4Esdr Fgm. b ἕκαστος ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔργου τὸν λόγον ἀπαιτηθήσεται; Just., A I, 17, 4. For another perspective s. d below.).—Of banking responsibility ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (PStras 72, 10 [III A.D.] ὁ τῶν θεῶν λ.; PHerm 108 [III A.D.] λ. τοῦ Σαραπείου) in wordplay Ac 6:2 (w. τράπεζα q.v. 1c); s. also 1aβ.—Of a ledger heading (POxy 1333 [II/III A.D.] δὸς αὐτῳ λόγῳ θεωρικῶν=credit him under ‘festivals’; for others s. Preisig., Wörterbuch s.v. λ. 14; s. also Fachwörter 119) Ro 9:6 (the point is that God’s ‘list’ of Israelites is accurate; on ἐκπίπτω in the sense ‘is not deficient’ s. s.v. 4); vs. 9 (the ‘count’ is subsumed by metonymy in divine promise); Gal 5:14 (all moral obligations come under one ‘entry’: ‘you shall love your neighbor as yourself’; for commercial association of ἀναλίσκω vs. 15, which rounds out the wordplay, s. s.v.). The contexts of these three passages suggest strong probability for commercial associations; for another view s. 1aβ.

ⓑ settlement (of an account) (εἰς λόγον commercial t.t. ‘in settlement of an account’ POxy 275, 19; 21) εἰς λόγον δόσεως κ. λήμψεως in settlement of a mutual account (lit., ‘of giving and receiving’, ‘of debit and credit’) Phil 4:15 (cp. Plut., Mor. 11b λόγον δοῦναι καὶ λαβεῖν; a parallel formulation POxy 1134,10 [421 A.D.] λ. λήμματος καὶ ἐξοδιασμοῦ=ledger of income and expenditures); for the linked accounting terms δόσις and λήμψις s. PCairMasp 151, 208 [VI A.D.]. The same ideas are in the background of εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν credited to your account vs 17.—συναίρειν λόγον settle accounts (BGU 775, 18f. The mid. in the same mng. PFay109, 6 [I A.D.]; POxy 113, 27f.—Dssm., LO 94 [LAE 118f]) μετά τινος Mt 18:23; 25:19.

ⓒ reflection, respect, regard εἰς λόγον τινός with regard to, for the sake of (Thu. 3, 46, 4; Demosth. 19, 142 εἰς ἀρετῆς λόγον; Polyb. 11, 28, 8; Ath. 31, 1; Ael. Aristid. 39 p. 743 D.: εἰς δεινότητος λ.) εἰς λ. τιμῆς IPhld 11:2. εἰς λ. θεοῦ ISm 10:1.

ⓓ reason for or cause of someth., reason, ground, motive (Just., D. 94, 3 δότε μοι λόγον, ὅτου χάριν … ; Ath. 30, 3 τὶς γὰρ … λόγος; Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 18 ἐκ τούτου τ. λόγου; Appian, Hann. 29 §126 τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 155) τίνι λόγω; for what reason? Ac 10:29 (cp. Pla., Gorg. 512c τίνι δικαίῳ λ.; Appian, Mithrid. 57 §232 τίνι λόγῳ;). λόγον περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος 1 Pt 3:15 (but s. a above); κατὰ λόγον Ac 18:14 (s. κατά B 5bβ). παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (though 1aε is also poss.).

ⓔ πρὸς ὸ̔ν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος (ἐστίν) with whom we have to do (i.e. to reckon) (Dio Chrys. 31, 123; other exx. in FBleek, Hb II/1, 1836, 590ff), in his capacity as judge (Libanius, Legat. Ulixis [=Declamatio IV] 2 F. τοῖς δὲ ἀδίκως ἀποκτενοῦσι καὶ πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὁ λόγος γίγνεται) Hb 4:13. οὐ πρὸς σάρκα ὁ λόγος, ἀλλὰ πρὸς θεόν he has to do not with flesh, but with God IMg 3:2.

ⓕ In Col 2:23 (s. 1aβ) λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας may= make a case for wisdom (cp. λόγος ἡμῖν οὐδείς Plut., Mor. 870b).

③ the independent personified expression of God, the Logos. Our lit. shows traces of a way of thinking that was widespread in contemporary syncretism, as well as in Jewish wisdom lit. and Philo, the most prominent feature of which is the concept of the Logos, the independent, personified ‘Word’ (of God): GJs 11:2 (word of the angel to Mary) συνλήμψῃ ἐκ Λόγου αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ πάντων Δεσπότου). J 1:1abc, 14 (cp. Just., A I, 23, 2; Mel., P. 9, 61 and oft. by all apolog., exc.. Ar.). It is the distinctive teaching of the Fourth Gospel that this divine ‘Word’ took on human form in a historical person, that is, in Jesus (s. RSeeberg, Festgabe für AvHarnack ’21, 263–81.—Λόγος w. ζωή in gnostic speculation: Iren.1, 1, 1 [Harv. 1, 10, 4]; Aelian, VH 4, 20 ἐκάλουν τὸν Πρωταγόραν Λόγον. Similarly Favorinus [II A.D.]: Vorsokr. 80 A 1 ln. 22 [in Diog. L. 9, 50] of Democritus: ἐκαλεῖτο Σοφία. Equating a divinity with an abstraction that she personifies: Artem. 5, 18 φρόνησις εἶναι νομίζεται ἡ θεός [Athena]). Cp. 1J 1:1; Rv 19:13. εἷς θεός ἐστιν, ὁ φανερώσας ἑαυτὸν διὰ Ἰ. Χριστοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ λόγος, ἀπὸ σιγῆς προελθών there is one God, who has revealed himself through Jesus Christ his Son, who is his ‘Word’ proceeding from silence (i.e., without an oral pronouncement: in a transcendent manner) IMg 8:2 (s. σιγή). The Lord as νόμος κ. λόγος PtK 1. Cp. Dg 11:2, 3, 7, 8; 12:9.—HClavier, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 81–93: the Alexandrian eternal λόγος is also implied in Hb 4:12; 13:7.—S. also the ‘Comma Johanneum’ (to the bibliography in RGG³ I, ’54 [HGreeven] add AJülicher, GGA 1905, 930–35; AvHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 572f [=Studien I ’31, 151f]; MMeinertz, Einl. in d. NT⁴ ’33, 309–11; AGreiff, TQ 114, ’33, 465–80; CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46; WThiele, ZNW 50, ’59, 61–73) ὁ πατήρ, ὁ λόγος καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα 1J 5:7 v.l. (s. N. app.; Borger, TRu 52, ’87, 57f). (Such interpolations were not unheard of. According to Diog. L. 1, 48 some people maintain that Solon inserted the verse mentioning the Athenians after Il. 2, 557.—τῆς τριάδος, τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς σοφίας αὐτοῦ Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 19].)—On the Logos: EZeller, D. Philosophie der Griechen III 2⁴ 1903, 417–34; MHeinze, D. Lehre v. Logos in d. griech. Philosophie 1872; PWendland, Philo u. d. kynisch-stoische Diatribe (Beiträge z. Gesch. der griech. Philosophie u. Religion by Wendl. and OKern 1895, 1–75); AAall, Gesch. d. Logosidee 1896, 1899; MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48f, I 482; 490 (index); LDürr, D. Wertung des göttl. Wortes im AT u. im ant. Orient ’38 (§9 of the Joh. Logos); EBréhier, Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d’Alexandrie 1907, 83–111; (² ’25); JLebreton, Les théories du Logos au début de l’ère chrétienne 1907; ESchwartz, NGG 1908, 537–56; GVos, The Range of the Logos-Title in the Prologue of the Fourth Gospel: PTR 11, 1913, 365–419; 557–602; RHarris, The Origin of the Prologue to St. John’s Gospel 1917, Athena, Sophia and the Logos: BJRL 7, 1, 1922 p. 56–72; M-JLagrange, Vers le Logos de S. Jean: RB 32, 1923, 161–84, Le Logos de Philon: ibid. 321–71; HLeisegang, Logos: Pauly-W. XIII 1926, 1035–81; TGlasson, Heraclitus’ Alleged Logos Doctr., JTS 3, ’52, 231–38.—NWeinstein, Z. Genesis d. Agada 1901, 29–90; Billerb. II 302–33.—Rtzst., Zwei religionsgeschichtl. Fragen 1901, 47–132, Mysterienrel.³ 1927, 428 index; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 304ff; 316f; JKroll, D. Lehren d. Hermes Trismegistos1914, 418 index.—RBultmann, D. religionsgesch. Hintergrund des Prol. z. Joh.: HGunkel Festschr., 1923, II 1–26, Comm. ’41, 5ff; AAlexander, The Johannine Doctrine of the Logos: ET 36, 1925, 394–99; 467–72; (Rtzst. and) HSchaeder, Studien z. antiken Synkretismus 1926, 306–37; 350; GAvdBerghvanEysinga, In den beginne was de Logos: NThT 23, ’34, 105–23; JDillersberger, Das Wort von Logos ’35; RBury, The 4th Gosp. and the Logos-Doctrine ’40; EMay, CBQ 8, ’46, 438–47; GKnight, From Moses to Paul ’49, 120–29. TW IV 76–89; 126–40 (on this s. SLyonnet, Biblica 26, ’45, 126–31); CStange, ZST 21, ’50, 120–41; MBoismard, Le Prologue de St. Jean ’53; HLangkammer, BZ 9, ’65, 91–94; HRinggren, Word and Wisdom [hypostatization in Near East] ’47; WEltester, Haenchen Festschr., ’64, 109–34; HWeiss, Untersuchungen zur Kosmologie etc., TU 97, ’66, 216–82; MRissi, Die Logoslieder im Prolog des vierten Evangeliums, TZ 31, ’75, 321–36; HLausberg, NAWG, Ph. ’87, 1 pp. 1–7.—B. 1262. DELG s.v. λέγω B 1. M-M. EDNT. TW.

οὖν (Hom.+) a particle, never found at the beginning of a sentence. In our lit. it is an inferential and then mainly a transitional conjunction (so Hdt.+ [Kühner-G. II p. 326].—B-D-F §451, 1; Rob. 1191f; Mlt-Turner 337f).

① inferential, denoting that what it introduces is the result of or an inference fr. what precedes, so, therefore, consequently, accordingly, then.

ⓐ in declarative sentences (PTebt 37, 15 [73 B.C.] ἐγὼ οὖν … γέγραφα=‘consequently I … am writing’; difft. 4 below) Mt 1:17; 3:10 (s. also 3 below); 7:24; Lk 3:9; 11:35; J 6:13; Ac 1:21; 5:41; Ro 5:1; 6:4; 11:5; 13:10; 16:19; 1 Cor 4:16; 7:26; 2 Cor 3:12; Eph 4:1, 17; Phil 2:28; 1 Pt 2:7; 3J 8 al.; AcPlCor 2:10, 19.—ἀπόδοτε οὖν well, then, give back Mt 22:21 (here οὖν=mod. Gk. λοιπόν).

ⓑ in commands and invitations, with intensive force (PTebt 33, 2 [φρόν]τισον οὖν ἵνα γένη(ται) ἀκολύθως=‘take care, then, that its (the letter’s) stipulations are followed’. Here οὖν picks up on the suggestion of the letter’s importance because of the prestige of the addressee; difft. 3 below) ποιήσατε οὖν καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας Mt 3:8 (also s. 3 below); ἔσεσθε οὖν ὑμεῖς τέλειοι 5:48. μὴ οὖν φοβεῖσθε 10:31 (cp. ApcEsdr 7:2; Just., D. 9, 2). προσερχώμεθα οὖν μετὰ παρρησίας Hb 4:16. Cp. Mt 6:8, 9, 31; 9:38; Mk 10:9; 13:35; Lk 8:18; 10:2, 40; Ac 2:36; 3:19; 8:22; 23:15, 21 (also s. 4 below); Ro 6:12 (WNauck, Das οὖν-paräneticum: ZNW 49, ’58, 134f); 1 Cor 10:31; 2 Cor 7:1; Gal 5:1; Phil 2:29; Col 2:16 al. νῦν οὖν πορεύεσθε ἐν εἰρήνῃ Ac 16:36.

ⓒ in questions

α. in real questions θέλεις οὖν; do you want, then? Mt 13:28. σὺ οὖν εἶ; are you, then? Lk 22:70. Cp. J 18:39. νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν; μὴ γένοιτο Ro 3:31; cp. Gal 3:21.—1 Cor 6:15. τί οὖν; why then? (Menand., Her. 40, Epitr. 313 S. [137 Kö.]; Dio Chrys. 2, 9; Just., D. 3, 2) Mt 17:10; cp. 19:7; J 1:25; what then? (Menand., Epitr. 226 S. [50 Kö], Peric. 744 [321 Kö.]; TestJob 38:7; Just., D. 3, 6; 67, 10) Mt 27:22; Mk 15:12; Lk 3:10; 20:15, 17; J 6:30b. τίς οὖν; (Menand., Epitr. 221 S. [45 Kö.]; TestJob 38:3; Just., D. 7, 1; Ath. 35, 1) Lk 7:42. διὰ τί οὖν οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε; Mt 21:25; Mk 11:31 (TestJob 38:1; Just., D. 47, 2). πῶς οὖν; (Menand., Epitr. 441 S. [265 Kö.]; TestJob 19:2; Ar. 9, 9; 10, 7 al.) Mt 22:43; J 9:19; Ro 4:10; Ox 1081, 25=Otero p. 83 (SJCh 90, 2); AcPl Ha 10, 9. πότε οὖν; Lk 21:7. πόθεν οὖν; Mt 13:27, 56; J 4:11. ποῦ οὖν; (TestJob 32:2ff) Ro 3:27; Gal 4:15.

β. Certain formulas are favorite expressions, esp. in Paul: τί οὖν; what, then, are we to conclude? (Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 55; 60; 17 [34], 28; Jos., Bell. 2, 364) J 1:21; Ro 3:9; 6:15; 11:7. τί οὖν ἐστιν; what, then, is to be done? Ac 21:22; 1 Cor 14:15, 26. τί οὖν ἐστιν Ἀπολλῶς; what is Apollos, really? 3:5 (s. 3 below). τί οὖν φημι; 1 Cor 10:19. τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν; what, then, are we to say? Ro 6:1; 7:7; 9:14, 30. τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν πρὸς ταῦτα; 8:31. τί οὖν ὁ νόμος; Gal 3:19.

γ. in rhetorical questions πόσῳ οὖν διαφέρει ἄνθρωπος προβάτου how much more, then, is a human being worth than a sheep? Mt 12:12. πῶς οὖν σταθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ; how then will (Beelzebul’s) kingdom endure? vs. 26.—26:54; Lk 7:31; Ro 10:14 (s. also 4 below).

② marker of continuation of a narrative, so, now, then (s. Rob. 1191: ‘a transitional particle relating clauses or sentences loosely together by way of confirmation’)

ⓐ οὖν serves to resume a subject once more after an interruption: so, as has been said ἔλεγεν οὖν τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις Lk 3:7 (connecting w. vs. 3). Cp. 19:12; J 4:6, 9, 28; Ac 8:25; 12:5; cp. 25:4 (s. 4 below).—Cp. 1 Cor 8:4 (reaching back to vs. 1); 11:20.

ⓑ οὖν serves to indicate a transition to someth. new. So esp. in the Gospel of John (Rob. 1191: ‘John boldly uses οὖν alone and needs no apology for doing so. It just carries along the narrative with no necessary thought of cause or result’.) now, then, well J 1:22; 2:18, 20; 3:25; 4:33, 46, 48; 5:10, 19; 6:60, 67; 7:25, 28, 33, 35, 40; 8:13, 21, 22, 25 (καὶ ἔλεγον P⁶⁶), 31, 57; 9:7f, 10, 16; 20:30 (s. also 3 below); and oft.; Ac 25:1; 26:9 (also s. 3 below) al. Prob. also J 9:18 οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαίοι Well, the Judeans refused to believe (s. 4 below). Cp. 1 Cor 3:5 (s. also 3 below).

ⓒ οὖν serves to indicate a response (HDana and JMantey, Manual Grammar of the Gk. NT 1927, p. 254) where the transl. in reply, in turn (Ex 8:6) is prob. J 4:9, 48; 6:53 al. In Ac 28:5 (s. also 4 below) Paul’s action is a response in narrative terms to the perception of the islanders: ὁ μὲν οὖν ἀποτινάξας τὸ θήριον he, in turn, shook off the creature.

ⓓ Frequently used w. other particles in continuation of discourse or narrative: ἄρα οὖν s. ἄρα 2b. ἐὰν οὖν Mt 5:19, 23; 24:26; J 6:62; 2 Ti 2:21; Js 4:4; Rv 3:3b; 2 Cl 3:3. ἐάν τε οὖν Ro 14:8. εἰ οὖν s. εἰ 6k. εἰ μὲν οὖν s. εἰ 6g. εἴτε οὖν … εἴτε 1 Cor 10:31; 15:11. ἐπεὶ οὖν s. ἐπεί 2. μὲν οὖν … δέ (Jos., Ant. 13, 76f; Just., D. 43, 7) Mk 16:19f; Lk 3:18f; J 19:24f; Ac 8:4f; 11:19f; 1 Cor 9:25.—Also without δέ denoting contrast (TestJob 40:14; Jos., Ant. 19, 337; Just., A I, 8, 3; Tat. 15, 1) Ac 1:6, 18; 2:41; 5:41; 8:25 al. νῦν οὖν (TestJob 23:7; ApcMos 11:30) Ac 10:33b; 23:15; also 15:10 (s. νῦν 2a).—ὅταν οὖν (Just., D. 138, 2; Ath. 7, 1; 13, 1; 32, 1 al.) Mt 6:2; 21:40; 24:15. ὅτε οὖν J 2:22; 4:45; 6:24; 13:12, 31; 19:6, 8, 30; 21:15. τότε οὖν (ApcEsdr 3:14; Just., D. 56, 19) 11:14; 19:1, 16; 20:8. ὡς οὖν (Jos., Ant. 6, 145, Vi. 292; Just., D. 43, 1; 49, 7) 4:1, 40; 11:6; 18:6; 20:11; 21:9; AcPlCor 1:6. ὥσπερ οὖν Mt 13:40.—οὐκ οὖν s. οὐκοῦν.

③ It has been proposed that some traces of older Gk. usage in which οὖν is emphatic, = certainly, really, to be sure etc. (s. L-S-J-M s.v. 1) remain in the pap (e.g. PLond I, 28, 4, p. 43 [c. 162 B.C.]; PTebt 33, 2 [on this s. 1b above]) and in the NT (so M-M., s.v. 3 and Dana and Mantey, op. cit. p. 255f) Mt 3:8 (s. also 1b above), 10; J 20:30 (s. also 2b above); indeed, of course Ac 26:9 (s. also 2b above); 1 Cor 3:5 (s. also 1cβ above) al. On the other hand, as indicated by the cross references, there is little semantic justification for making a separate classification. (On this s. esp. Rob. 1191–92.)

④ It has also been proposed that οὖν may be used adversatively (M-M., s.v. 4: ‘slightly adversative sense’, and w. ref. to PTebt 37, 15 [73 B.C.]; cp. 1b above; so also Dana and Mantey, op. cit. p. 256f) in some NT pass., e.g. J 9:18 (s. 2b above); Ac 23:21; 25:4; 28:5; Ro 10:14 (s. 1cγ above) in the sense but, however—JMantey, Newly Discovered Mngs. for οὖν: Exp., 8th ser., 22, 1921, 205–14. But s. Rob. 1191–92; B-D-F §451, 1.—Denniston 415–30.—DELG. M-M.

παρακαλέω impf. παρεκάλουν; fut. παρακαλέσω LXX; 1 aor. παρεκάλεσα. Pass.: 1 fut. παρακληθήσομαι; 1 aor. παρεκλήθην; pf. παρακέκλημαι (Aeschyl., Hdt.+).

① to ask to come and be present where the speaker is, call to one’s side

ⓐ τινά w. inf. foll., to indicate the purpose of the call; so perh. παρεκάλεσα ὑμᾶς ἰδεῖν I have summoned you to see you Ac 28:20 (but s. 3 below).

ⓑ invite τινά someone w. inf. foll. (this can be supplied fr. context) παρεκάλει αὐτὸν εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὸν οἶκον Lk 8:41. παρεκάλει αὐτόν (i.e. εἰσελθεῖν) 15:28 (but s. 5 below). παρεκάλεσεν τὸν Φίλιππον καθίσαι Ac 8:31 (cp. Jos., Ant. 12, 172). The content of the invitation follows in direct discourse 9:38; introduced by λέγουσα 16:15. Cp. ἀνὴρ Μακεδών τις ἦν παρακαλῶν αὐτὸν καὶ λέγων … βοήθησον ἡμῖν vs. 9. Pass., w. inf. foll. παρακληθέντες δειπνῆσαι when you are invited to dine Mt 20:28 D.—Some of the passages in 5 may fit here.

ⓒ summon to one’s aid, call upon for help (Hdt. et al.) so esp. of God, upon whom one calls in time of need (Thu. 1, 118, 3; Pla., Leg. 2, 666b; 11 p. 917b; X., Hell. 2, 4, 17; Epict. 3, 21, 12; Jos., Ant. 6, 25; SIG 1170, 30f in an account of a healing: περὶ τούτου παρεκάλεσα τὸν θεόν. POxy 1070, 8f [III A.D.] τὸν μέγαν θεὸν Σάραπιν παρακαλῶ περὶ τῆς ζωῆς ὑμῶν; cp. the restoration in the pap letter of Zoilus, servant of Sarapis, in Dssm., LO 121, 11 [LAE 153, 4; the letter, ln. 8: ἐμοῦ δ̣ὲ̣ π[α]ρ̣[ακαλέσαντος τὸν θεὸν Σάραπιν]) τινά: τὸν πατέρα μου Mt 26:53. ὑπὲρ τούτου τὸν κύριον παρεκάλεσα, ἵνα 2 Cor 12:8. θεὸς … παρακαλούμενος ἀκούει God heeds, when called upon AcPt Ox 849, 27.

② to urge strongly, appeal to, urge, exhort, encourage (X. et al.; LXX) w. acc. of pers. Ac 16:40; 2 Cor 10:1; 1 Th 2:12 (but s. 5 below); 5:11; Hb 3:13; ITr 12:2; IRo 7:2. The acc. is found in the immediate context Ac 20:1; 1 Ti 5:1 (but s. 5 below). Pass. 1 Cor 14:31. τινὰ λόγῳ πολλῷ someone with many words Ac 20:2; also τινὰ διὰ λόγου πολλοῦ 15:32. τινὰ διʼ ὀλίγων γραμμάτων IPol 7:3. W. acc. of pers. and direct discourse 1 Cor 4:16; 1 Th 5:14; Hb 13:22; 1 Pt 5:1; direct discourse introduced by λέγων (B-D-F §420) Ac 2:40. W. acc. of pers. and inf. foll. (SIG 695, 43 [129 B.C.]) 11:23; 27:33f; Ro 12:1 (EKäsemann, Gottesdienst im Alltag, ’60 [Beih. ZNW], 165–71); 15:30; 16:17; 2 Cor 2:8; 6:1; Eph 4:1; Phil 4:2; Tit 2:6; 1 Pt 2:11 (cp. Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36 II, 4 Jac. p. 1172, 19; ELohse, ZNW 45, ’54, 68–89); Jd 3 (the acc. is found in the immediate context, as Philo, Poster Cai. 138); ITr 6:1; IPhld 8:2; IPol 1:2a; Pol 9:1 al. W. inf. (acc. in the context), continued by καὶ ὅτι (s. B-D-F §397, 6; Rob. 1047) Ac 14:22. W. acc. of pers. and ἵνα foll. (PRyl 229, 17 [38 A.D.]; EpArist 318; Jos., Ant. 14, 168.—B-D-F §392, 1c; Rob. 1046) 1 Cor 1:10; 16:15f; 2 Cor 8:6; 1 Th 4:1 (π. w. ἐρωτάω as BGU 1141, 10; POxy 294, 29) 2 Th 3:12; Hm 12, 3, 2; AcPl Ha 7, 32. The ἵνα-clause expresses not the content of the appeal, as in the pass. referred to above, but its aim: πάντας παρακαλεῖν, ἵνα σῴζωνται IPol 1:2b.—Without acc. of pers.: w. direct discourse foll. ὡς τοῦ θεοῦ παρακαλοῦντος διʼ ἡμῶν• δεόμεθα since God as it were makes his appeal through us: ‘We beg’ 2 Cor 5:20. Paul serves as God’s agent (like a ‘legate of Caesar’ Dssm. LO 320 [LAE 374]) and functions as mediator (like Alexander the Great, Plut., Mor. 329c διαλλακτής; cp. also the mediatorial role of a judge IPriene 53, esp. 10f; s. also CBreytenbach, Versöhnung ’89, 64–66). W. inf. foll. 1 Ti 2:1. Abs. Ro 12:8 (mng. 4 is also poss.); 2 Ti 4:2; Tit 1:9; Hb 10:25; 1 Pt 5:12 (w. ἐπιμαρτυρεῖν); B 19:10.—W. acc. of thing impress upon someone, urge, exhort πολλὰ ἕτερα Lk 3:18. ταῦτα δίδασκε καὶ παρακάλει 1 Ti 6:2. ταῦτα λάλει καὶ παρακάλει καὶ ἔλεγχε Tit 2:15. In the case of several of the passages dealt with in this section, it is poss. that they could as well be classed under

③ to make a strong request for someth., request, implore, entreat (H. Gk.: Polyb., Diod S, Epict., Plut., ins, pap, LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 6, 143; 11, 338) w. acc. of pers. Mt 8:5; 18:32; Mk 1:40; 2 Cor 12:18. πολλά implore urgently (4 Macc 10:1) Mk 5:23. τινὰ περί τινος someone concerning someone or for someone Phlm 10 (for the constr. w. περί cp. POxy 1070, 8). Acc. w. direct discourse foll. (s. BGU 846, 10 παρακαλῶ σαι [= σε], μήτηρ• διαλλάγηθί μοι; PGiss 12, 4; ParJer 1:4 al.), introduced w. λέγων: Mt 8:31; 18:29; Mk 5:12; Lk 7:4 (v.l. ἠρώτων). W. acc. of pers. and inf. foll. (PTebt 12, 21 [II B.C.]; 1 Macc 9:35; Jos., Ant. 6, 25) Mk 5:17; cp. Ac 19:31. Pass. Ac 28:14. W. acc. of pers. (easily supplied fr. the context, if not expressed) and ὅπως foll. (Plut., Demetr. 907 [38, 11]; SIG 563, 4; 577, 44f [200/199 B.C.]; UPZ 109, 9 [98 B.C.]; PFlor 303, 3; 4 Macc 4:11; Jos., Ant. 13, 76) Mt 8:34 (v.l. ἵνα); Ac 25:2; IEph 3:2. W. acc. of pers. and ἵνα foll. (Epict. 2, 7, 11; PRyl 229, 17; EpArist 318.—B-D-F §392, 1c; Rob. 1046) Mt 14:36; Mk 5:18; 6:56; 7:32; 8:22; Lk 8:31f; 2 Cor 9:5. πολλά τινα, ἵνα beg someone earnestly to (cp. TestNapht 9:1) Mk 5:10; 1 Cor 16:12. W. acc. of pers. and μή w. subj. foll. IRo 4:1. W. acc. and inf. foll. Ac 24:4; pass. 13:42 (Just., D. 58, 1). Foll. by subst. inf. w. acc. (B-D-F §400, 7; 409, 5; Rob. 1068; 1085) 21:12. παρεκάλεσα ὑμᾶς ἰδεῖν I have requested to be permitted to see you 28:20 (but s. 1a above). Abs., but in such a way that the acc. is easily restored fr. the context Phlm 9 (ParJer 9:4; Just., D. 46, 2; 74, 2 [always παρακαλῶ ‘please’]; cp. New Docs 8 p. 24 ln. 7 [I B.C.]).

④ to instill someone with courage or cheer, comfort, encourage, cheer up (Plut., Otho 1074 [16, 2]; Gen 37:35; Ps 118:50; Job 4:3) w. acc. of pers. (Sir 48:24; Jos., Bell. 1, 667; TestReub 4:4) 2 Cor 1:4b; 7:6a; 1 Cl 59:4; B 14:9 (Is 61:2); Hm 8:10. παρακαλεῖν τινα ἔν τινι comfort someone with someth. 2 Cor 7:6b. π. τινα ἐπί τινι comfort someone w. regard to someth. 1:4a. π. τινα ὑπέρ τινος encourage someone in someth. 1 Th 3:2. παρακαλεῖτε ἀλλήλους ἐν τοῖς λόγοις τούτοις comfort one another w. these words 4:18.—Pass. be comforted, receive comfort through words, or a favorable change in the situation Mt 5:4; Lk 16:25; Ac 20:12; 2 Cor 1:6; 7:13; 13:11; let oneself be comforted Mt 2:18 (Jer 38:15 v.l.). παρεκλήθημεν ἐφʼ ὑμῖν we have been comforted concerning you 1 Th 3:7. ἐν τῇ παρακλήσει ᾗ παρεκλήθη ἐφʼ ὑμῖν 2 Cor 7:7. διά τῆς παρακλήσεως, ἧς (on attraction, for ᾗ, s. B-D-F §294, 2; Rob. 716) παρακαλούμεθα αὐτοί by the comfort with which we ourselves are comforted 1:4c.—W. acc. of thing τὰς καρδίας Eph 6:22; Col 4:8; 2 Th 2:17; pass. Col 2:2.—Abs. 2 Cor 2:7; Ro 12:8 (but s. 2 above). παρακαλεῖν ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ encourage (others) with the teaching Tit 1:9.—ἐλθόντες παραεκάλεσαν αὐτούς (the officials) came and reassured them Ac 16:39 (s. 5 below).

⑤ In several places παρ. appears to mean simply treat someone in an inviting or congenial manner, someth. like our ‘be open to the other, have an open door’: invite in, conciliate, be friendly to or speak to in a friendly manner (cp. 2 Macc 13:23; Ar. 15, 5 [χριστιανοὶ] τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας αὐτοὺς παρακαλοῦσιν) Lk 15:28 (but s. 1b: the father tries repeatedly [impf.] to get the son to join the party); Ac 16:39 (the officials are conciliatory, but ‘apologize to’ may be overinterpretation; s. 4); 1 Cor 4:13 (somewhat like our ‘keep the door open’); 1 Th 2:12; 1 Ti 5:1. These last three pass. may also fit in 1b.—CBjerkelund, Parakalō ’67.—M-M. EDNT. TW.

πρός prep. expressing direction ‘on the side of’, ‘in the direction of’: w. gen. ‘from’, dat. ‘at’, or acc. (the most freq. usage in our lit.) ‘to’ (s. the lit. s.v. ἀνά. beg.) (Hom.+).

① w. gen. (pseudepigr. only TestSol 10:4 C; apolog. exc. Ar.) marker of direction or aspect from which someth. is determined, to the advantage of, advantageous for (Thu. 3, 59, 1 οὐ πρὸς τῆς ὑμετέρας δόξης τάδε; Hdt. 1, 75; Dionys. Hal. 10, 30, 5; Diod S 18, 50, 5; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 20, 3; Mel., HE 4, 26, 8; Ath. 36, 1; B-D-F §240; Rob. 623f) οἱ πρ. ζωῆς μαζοί the life-giving breasts 1 Cl 20:10. πρ. τῆς σωτηρίας in the interest of safety Ac 27:34 (πρὸς τῆς ς. as Jos., Ant. 16, 313).

② w. dat. (pesudepigr. only TestSol 6:4 D; TestAbr [s. below]; JosAs 19:1.—Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 7; Ath., R. 22 p. 75, 10) marker of closeness of relation or proximity

ⓐ of place near, at, by (Hom. et al. incl. Aristarch. Samos 398, 20; LXX; TestSol 6:4 D; Jos., Ant 8, 349; 381) Mk 5:11; around Rv 1:13. πρ. τῇ θύρᾳ ἑστηκέναι stand at the door (Menand., Fgm. 420, 1; 830 K.=352, 1; 644 Kö.; JosAs 19:1) J 18:16; cp. 20:11. πρὸς τῇ πύλῃ GJs 4:4; ἐγγίζοντος αὐτοῦ πρ. τῇ καταβάσει τοῦ ὄρους when he came close to the slope of the mountain Lk 19:37 (s. κατάβασις). πρ. τῇ κεφαλῇ, τοῖς ποσίν at the head, at the feet J 20:12. τὰ πρ. ταῖς ῥίζαις the parts near the roots Hs 9, 1, 6; 9, 21, 1. In geographical designations Μαγνησία ἡ πρ. Μαιάνδρῳ Magnesia on the Maeander IMagnMai ins.—(Cp. the temporal use: πρὸς ἑσπέρᾳ ἐστίν it takes place at evening TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 7 [Stone p. 60]; cp. Just., D. 105, 3 and 5; 142, 1.)

ⓑ in addition to (Hom. et al.; Polyb., Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 7; Ath., R. 22 p. 75, 10; ins) πρὸς τούτοις (SIG 495, 105; 685, 70 and 100; 796 B, 30; 888, 35 al.; UPZ 26, 18; 25 [163 B.C.]; 2 Macc 4:9; 5:23; 9:17, 25; 14:4, esp. 12:2; Philo, Aet. M. 67 al.; Just., A I, 40, 5; D. 93, 4 al.) 1 Cl 17:1.

③ w. acc. (pseudepigr. and apolog. throughout) marker of movement or orientation toward someone/someth.

ⓐ of place, pers., or thing toward, towards, to, after verbs

α. of going; s. ἄγω 5, ἀναβαίνω 1aα, ἀνακάμπτω 1a, ἀπέρχομαι 1b, διαβαίνω, διαπεράω, εἴσειμι, εἰσέρχομαι 1bα, ἐκπορεύομαι 1c, also ἐπισυνάγομαι Mk 1:33, ἔρχομαι 1aβ, ἥκω 1d et al.—προσαγωγὴ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα Eph 2:18. εἴσοδος 1 Th 1:9a.

β. of sending; s. ἀναπέμπω Lk 23:7, 15; Ac 25:21, ἀποστέλλω 1bα, πέμπω.

γ. of motion gener.; s. βληθῆναι (βάλλω 1b), ἐπιστρέφω 1a, 4ab, κεῖμαι 2, πίπτω 1bαא and ב, προσκολλάω, προσκόπτω 1, προσπίπτω.

δ. of leading, guiding; s. ἄγω 1a, ἀπάγω 2a and 4, also ἕλκω 2 end J 12:32, κατασύρω, etc.

ε. of saying, speaking; s. ἀποκρίνομαι 1, also δημηγορέω Ac 12:21, εἶπον 1a, λαλέω 2aγ and 2b, λέγω 1bγ et al. Hebraistically λαλεῖν στόμα πρὸς στόμα speak face to face (Jer 39:4; ApcEsdr 6:6 p. 31, 10 Tdf.) 2J 12b; 3J 14 (cp. PGM 1, 39 τὸ στόμα πρὸς τὸ στόμα). πρὸς ἀλλήλους to one another, with each other, among themselves: s. ἀντιβάλλω, διαλαλέω, also διαλέγομαι Mk 9:34, διαλογίζομαι 8:16; Lk 20:14, εἶπον 24:32; J 16:17; 19:24, λαλέω, λέγω et al. πρὸς ἑαυτούς to themselves, to each other: s. διαλογίζομαι 1; εἶπον Mk 12:7; J 7:35; λέγω (Ps.-Callisth. 2, 15, 7 πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἔλεγεν; Just., D. 62, 2) Mk 10:26; 16:3. διαθήκην ὁ θεὸς διέθετο πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας ὑμῶν, λέγων πρὸς Ἀβραάμ God made a covenant with your fathers, when he said to Abraham Ac 3:25 (διατίθημι 1). ὅρκον ὀμνύναι πρ. τινα (ὀμνύω, end) Lk 1:73.

ζ. of asking, praying δέομαι Ac 8:24. εὔχομαι (s. εὔχομαι 1; cp. 2 Macc 9:13) 2 Cor 13:7. προσεύχομαι (cp. 1 Km 12:19; 2 Esdr 12: 4; 2 Macc 2:10) Hv 1, 1, 9. γνωρίζεσθαι πρὸς τὸν θεόν Phil 4:6 (γνωρίζω 1).—Also after nouns like δέησις, λόγος et al. Ro 10:1; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:18 al.

ⓑ of time near, at, or during (a certain time)

α. denoting approach toward (X., Pla. et al.) πρὸς ἑσπέραν toward evening Lk 24:29 (so Just., D. 97, 1; s. ἑσπέρα).

β. of temporal duration for πρὸς καιρόν for a time, for a while (καιρός 1a) Lk 8:13; 1 Cor 7:5. πρὸς καιρὸν ὥρας (καιρός 1a) 1 Th 2:17. πρὸς ὥραν for an hour, i.e. for a short time J 5:35; 2 Cor 7:8; Gal 2:5a; Phlm 15; MPol 11:2. πρὸς ὀλίγας ἡμέρας Hb 12:10. Also πρὸς ὀλίγον Js 4:14; GJs 19:2 (ὀλίγος 3). πρὸς τὸ παρόν for the present Hb 12:11 (πάρειμι 1b).

ⓒ of goal (aiming) at or (striving) toward

α. with conscious purpose for, for the purpose of, on behalf of οὗτος ἦν ὁ πρὸς τὴν ἐλεημοσύνην καθήμενος this was the one who sat (and begged) for alms Ac 3:10. πρὸς τὴν ἔνδειξιν τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ Ro 3:26. τοῦτο πρὸς τὸ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν σύμφορον λέγω 1 Cor 7:35a; cp. 35b. ἐγράφη πρὸς νουθεσίαν ἡμῶν 10:11. Cp. Ro 15:2; 1 Cor 6:5; 2 Cor 4:6; 7:3; 11:8; Eph 4:12.—W. acc. of the inf. (Polyb. 1, 48, 5; PRyl 69, 16; BGU 226, 22; Jer 34:10; 2 Macc 4:45; TestJob 45:4; Jos., Ant. 14, 170; 15, 148 al.; Just., D. 132, 1) πρὸς τὸ θεαθῆναι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις in order to be seen by men Mt 23:5; cp. 6:1. πρὸς τὸ κατακαῦσαι αὐτά 13:30. πρὸς τὸ ἐνταφιάσαι με 26:12. πρὸς τὸ ἀποπλανᾶν εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ἐκλεκτούς Mk 13:22. πρὸς τὸ μὴ ἀτενίσαι υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ 2 Cor 3:13. Cp. Eph 6:11a; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8; Js 3:3 v.l.

β. gener. of design, destiny (Demetr.[?]: 722 Fgm. 7 Jac. πρὸς τὴν κάρπωσιν; TestJob 42:7 τὰ πρὸς θυσίαν; Jos., Bell. 4, 573 τὸ πρ. σωτηρίαν φάρμακον) τῷ θεῷ πρὸς δόξαν for the glory of God 2 Cor 1:20 (on πρὸς δόξαν cp. SIG 456, 15; 704e, 21; 3 Macc 2:9; Just., A I, 15, 10 μηδὲν πρὸς δόξαν ποιεῖν). τῇ πυρώσει πρὸς πειρασμὸν ὑμῖν γινομένῃ 1 Pt 4:12.—After adjectives and participles for ἀγαθὸς πρὸς οἰκοδομήν Eph 4:29 (ἀγ. 1a) ἀδόκιμος Tit 1:16. ἀνεύθετος πρὸς παραχειμασίαν Ac 27:12. γεγυμνασμένος Hb 5:14. δυνατός 2 Cor 10:4. ἐξηρτισμένος 2 Ti 3:17. ἕτοιμος (q.v. b) Tit 3:1; 1 Pt 3:15. ἱκανός (q.v. 2) 2 Cor 2:16. ὠφέλιμος 1 Ti 4:8ab; 2 Ti 3:16.

γ. of the result that follows a set of circumstances (so that) πάντα πρὸς οἰκοδομὴν γινέσθω everything is to be done in such a way that it contributes to edification 1 Cor 14:26; cp. vs. 12; Col 2:23 (but see eδ below); 1 Ti 4:7. ὁ βλέπων γυναῖκα πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθυμῆσαι αὐτήν one who looks at a woman with sinful desire Mt 5:28, but s. eε below. λευκαί εἰσιν πρὸς θερισμόν they (the fields) are white, so that the harvest may begin J 4:35. αὕτη ἡ ἀσθένεια οὐκ ἔστιν πρὸς θάνατον this disease is not of the kind that will lead to death 11:4. Cp. ἁμαρτία πρὸς θάνατον 1J 5:16f.

ⓓ of relationship (hostile or friendly), against, for

α. hostile against, with after verbs of disputing, etc.; s. ἀνταγωνίζομαι, γογγύζω, διακρίνομαι (διακρίνω 5b), διαλέγομαι 1, πικραίνομαι (πικραίνω 2), στασιάζω, ἔστην (ἵστημι B3). ἐστίν τινι ἡ πάλη πρός Eph 6:12. ἔχειν τι πρός τινα have anything (to bring up) against someone Ac 24:19. μομφὴν ἔχειν πρός τινα Col 3:13. πρᾶγμα ἔχειν πρός τινα 1 Cor 6:1 (πρᾶγμα 4). ἐγένετο γογγυσμὸς τῶν Ἑλληνιστῶν πρὸς τοὺς Ἑβραίους Ac 6:1. τὸ στόμα ἡμῶν ἀνέῳγεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς 2 Cor 6:11 (ἀνοίγω 7). ἐν ἔχθρᾳ ὄντες πρὸς αὐτούς Lk 23:12. βλασφημίαι πρὸς τὸν θεόν Rv 13:6 (cp. TestJob 25:10 εἰπὲ ἓν ῥῆμα πρὸς τὸν θεόν). ἀσύμφωνοι πρ. ἀλλήλους unable to agree among themselves Ac 28:25 (Tat. 25, 2); cp. the structure of Col 2:23.

β. friendly to, toward, with, before ἐργάζεσθαι τὸ ἀγαθόν Gal 6:10ab (ἐργάζομαι 2a). μακροθυμεῖν 1 Th 5:14. εἰρήνην ἔχειν πρὸ τὸν θεόν Ro 5:1 (s. εἰρήνη 2b). παρρησίαν ἔχειν πρὸς τ. θεόν 1J 3:21; cp. 5:14. πίστιν ἔχειν πρὸς τ. κύριον Ἰ. Phlm 5. πεποίθησιν ἔχειν πρὸς τ. θεόν 2 Cor 3:4. ἔχειν χάριν πρὸς ὅλον τὸν λαόν Ac 2:47 (FCheetham, ET 74, ’63, 214f). πραΰτητα ἐνδείκνυσθαι Tit 3:2. ἐν σοφίᾳ περιπατεῖν Col 4:5. ἤπιον εἶναι πρὸς πάντας 2 Ti 2:24.—After substantives: πίστις 1 Th 1:8 (cp. 4 Macc 15:24; Just., D. 121, 2); παρρησία 2 Cor 7:4; κοινωνία 6:14; συμφώνησις vs. 15 (cp. Is 7:2).

ⓔ to indicate a connection by marking a point of reference, with reference/regard to

α. with reference to (Ocellus Luc. c. 42 πρὸς ἡμᾶς=with reference to us) ἔγνωσαν ὅτι πρὸς αὐτοὺς τὴν παραβολὴν εἶπεν they recognized that he had spoken the parable with reference to them Mk 12:12; Lk 20:19; cp. 12:41 (Vita Aesopi cod. G 98 P. οἱ Σάμιοι νοήσαντες πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς εἰρῆσθαι τοὺς λόγους; Just., D. 122, 3 ταῦτα … πρὸς τὸν χριστὸν … εἴρηται). ἔλεγεν παραβολὴν πρὸς τὸ δεῖν προσεύχεσθαι he told them a parable about the need of praying 18:1 (Just., D. 90, 5 σύμβολον … πρὸς τὸν χριστόν). οὐδεὶς ἔγνω πρὸς τί εἶπεν αὐτῷ nobody understood with respect to what (= why) he said (this) to him J 13:28. πρὸς τὴν σκληροκαρδίαν ὑμῶν with reference to (i.e. because of) your perversity Mt 19:8; Mk 10:5 (Just., D. 45, 3). Cp. Ro 10:21a; Hb 1:7f. οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ πρὸς οὐδὲ ἓν ῥῆμα he did not answer him a single word with reference to anything Mt 27:14 (s. ἀποκρίνομαι 1). ἀνταποκριθῆναι πρὸς ταῦτα Lk 14:6 (s. ἀνταποκρίνομαι). ἀπρόσκοπον συνείδησιν ἔχειν πρὸς τὸν θεόν have a clear conscience with respect to God Ac 24:16.

β. as far as … is concerned, with regard to (Maximus Tyr. 31, 3b) πρὸς τὴν πληροφορίαν τῆς ἐλπίδος Hb 6:11. συνιστάνοντες ἑαυτοὺς πρὸς πᾶσαν συνείδησιν ἀνθρώπων we are recommending ourselves as far as every human conscience is concerned = to every human conscience (πρός w. acc. also stands simply for the dative; s. Mayser II/2 p. 359) 2 Cor 4:2. τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν that which concerns God or as adverbial acc. with reference to what concerns God (Soph., Phil. 1441; X., De Rep. Lac. 13, 11; Ps.-Isocr. 1, 13 εὐσεβεῖν τὰ πρὸς τ. θεούς; SIG 204, 51f; 306, 38; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 109, 3 εὐσεβὴς τὰ πρὸς θεούς; Ex 4:16; 18:19; Jos., Ant. 9, 236) Ro 15:17; Hb 2:17; 5:1. τὰ πρός τι that which belongs to someth.; that which is necessary for someth. (Plut., Mor. 109b; Jos., Ant. 12, 405 τὰ πρὸς τὴν μάχην; 14, 27; a standard term in state documents) τὰ πρὸς ἀπαρτισμόν Lk 14:28 v.l. τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην (TestJud 9) vs. 32; what makes for peace 19:42. Cp. Ac 28:10; 2 Pt 1:3.

γ. elliptically τί πρὸς ἡμᾶς (sc. ἐστιν); what is that to us? Mt 27:4. τί πρὸς σέ; how does it concern you? J 21:22f (cp. Epict. 4, 1, 10 τί τοῦτο πρὸς σέ; Plut., Mor. 986b; Vi. Aesopi I 14 p. 265, 4 Eberh. τί πρὸς ἐμέ; ApcMos 11 οὐ πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἡ πλεονεξία σου).

δ. in accordance with ὀρθοποδεῖν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν Gal 2:14. πρὸς τὸ κένωμα in accordance with the emptiness Hm 11:3. πρὸς τὸ θέλημα in accordance w. the will Lk 12:47; Hs 9, 5, 2. πρὸς ἃ ἔπραξεν 2 Cor 5:10. πρὸς ὅ Eph 3:4.—In comparison with, to be compared to (Pind., Hdt. et al.; Ps.-Luc., Halc. 3 πρὸς τὸν πάντα αἰῶνα=[life is short] in comparison to all eternity; Sir 25:19; TestJob 18:8; 23:8; Just., D. 19, 2 οὐδὲν … πρὸς τὸ βάπτισμα τοῦτο τὸ τῆς ζωῆς ἐστι; Tat. 29, 1 ὀρθοποδεῖν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν) ἄξια πρός Ro 8:18 (RLeaney, ET 64, ’52f; 92 interprets Col 2:23 in the light of this usage). Cp. IMg 12.

ε. expressing purpose πρὸς τό w. inf. (s. Mayser II/1 p. 331f) in order to, for the purpose of Mk 13:22; Ac 3:19 v.l. Perh. Mt 5:28 (s. cγ above).

ⓕ in adverbial expressions (cp. πρὸς ὀργήν = ὀργίλως Soph., Elect. 369; Jos., Bell. 2, 534. πρὸς βίαν = βιαίως Aeschyl., Prom. 208, 353, Eum. 5; Menand., Sam. 559 S. [214 Kö.]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 3. πρὸς ἡδονήν Jos., Ant. 7, 195; 12, 398; Just., A II, 3, 2 πρὸς χάριν καὶ ἡδονὴν τῶν πολλῶν) πρὸς φθόνον prob.=φθονερῶς jealously Js 4:5 (s. φθόνος, where the lit. is given). πρὸς εὐφρασίαν w. joy AcPl Ox 6, 9f (cp. Aa 1 p. 241, 1 ὑπερευφραινομένη).

ⓖ by, at, near πρός τινα εἶναι be (in company) with someone Mt 13:56; Mk 6:3; 9:19a; 14:49; Lk 9:41; J 1:1f; 1 Th 3:4; 2 Th 2:5; 3:10; 1J 1:2. διαμένειν Ac 10:48 D; Gal 2:5b. ἐπιμένειν 1:18; 1 Cor 16:7. παραμένειν 16:6 (v.l. κατα-). μένειν Ac 18:3 D. παρεῖναι 12:20; 2 Cor 11:9; Gal 4:18, 20; cp. παρουσία πρὸς ὑμᾶς Phil 1:26. παρεπιδημεῖν 1 Cl 1:2. ἐποίησεν τρεῖς μῆνας πρὸς τὴν Ἐλισάβεδ GJs 12:3. πρὸς σὲ ποιῶ τὸ πάσχα Mt 26:18b. Cp. also 2 Cor 1:12; 7:12; 12:21; 2 Th 3:1; Phlm 13; 1J 2:1; Hm 11:9b v.l.—πρὸς ἑαυτούς among or to themselves Mk 9:10 (in case πρὸς ἑ. belongs w. τὸν λόγον ἐκράτησαν; B-D-F §239, 1). πρὸς ἑαυτὸν προσηύχετο he uttered a prayer to himself Lk 18:11. Cp. 24:12.—δεδεμένον πρὸς θύραν tied at a door Mk 11:4. τὴν πᾶσαν σάρκα ἀνθρώπων πρὸς ἡδονὴν ἐδέσμευεν (Satan) bound all humankind to self-gratification AcPlCor 2:11. πρὸς τ. θάλασσαν by the seaside Mk 4:1b. On πρὸς τὸ φῶς at the fire Mk 14:54; Lk 22:56 s. B-D-F §239, 3; Rob. 625 (perh. w. the idea of turning toward the fire; s. also 4 Km 23:3). πρὸς ἓν τῶν ὀρέων at one of the mountains 1 Cl 10:7. τὰ πρὸς τὴν θύραν the place near the door Mk 2:2. πρὸς γράμμα letter by letter Hv 2, 1, 4.—On πρός τι terms s. PWouters, The Treatment of Relational Nouns in Ancient Grammar: Orbis 38, ’95, 149–78 (lit.). M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Φιλήμων, ονος, ὁ a name freq. found, Philemon (‘Affectionate-one’), a Christian, prob. at Colossae, a convert of Paul. Philemon’s slave, Onesimus, ran away, met Paul, and was also won for Christianity by him. Paul sent him back to his master, and gave him a short letter, our Phlm., explaining the circumstances, Phlm 1; subscr.—Zahn, Einl.³ I 312ff; Pölzl (Τιμόθεος, end) 293ff; MMitchell, John Chrysostom on Philemon, A Second Look: HTR 88, ’95, 135–48. On the letter s. JKnox, Phlm among the Letters of Paul, a New View of Its Place and Importance ’35 (2d ed. ’59) and on this HGreeven, TLZ 79, ’54, 373–78, also WRollins, JBL 78, ’59, 277f; WDoty, Letters in Primitive Christianity ’73; SWinter, NTS 33, ’87, 1–15; JHElliott, Forum 3/4, ’87, 39–48; WSchenk, Der Brief des Paulus an Philemon in der neureren Forschung (’45–’87) in ANRW 2/25/4, ’87, 3135–55; WKümmel, Einleitung.²⁰ ’80, 306–8, 572 lit. and comm.; ABD V 305–10.—DELG s.v. φίλος. New Docs 3 p. 91 no. 79. LGPN I. M-M.

χαίρω mid. by-form χαίρεται TestAbr s. below; impf. ἔχαιρον; fut. χαρήσομαι (B-D-F §77; Mlt-H. 264); 2 aor. pass. ἐχάρην (Hom.+).

① to be in a state of happiness and well-being, rejoice, be glad opp. κλαίειν J 16:20; Ro 12:15ab (Damasc., Vi. Isid. 284 χαρίεις πρὸς τοὺς χαρίεντας); 1 Cor 7:30ab; Hv 3, 3, 2. Opp. λύπην ἔχειν J 16:22. W. ἀγαλλιᾶσθαι (Hab 3:18; TestJob 43:15; ParJer 6:20; cp. TestAbr A 11 p. 89, 17 [Stone p. 26]) Mt 5:12; 1 Pt 4:13b; cp. Rv 19:7; GJs 17:2. W. εὐφραίνεσθαι (Jo 2:23 al. in LXX) Lk 15:32; Rv 11:10. W. σκιρτᾶν Lk 6:23. W. acc. of inner obj. (B-D-F §153, 1; Rob. 477) χ. χαρὰν μεγάλην be very glad (Jon 4:6; JosAs 3:4 al.) Mt 2:10. τῇ χαρᾷ ᾗ (by attraction for ἥν) χαίρομεν 1 Th 3:9. Also χαρᾷ χ., which prob. betrays the infl. of the OT (Is 66:10), J 3:29 (B-D-F §198, 6; Rob. 531; 550). The ptc. is used w. other verbs with joy, gladly (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 40 §169 ἄπιθι χαίρων; 3 Km 8:66; Eutecnius 4 p. 43, 7 ἄπεισι χαίρουσα; Laud. Therap. 12 χαίρων ἐστέλλετο) ὑπεδέξατο αὐτον χαίρων Lk 19:6; cp. vs. 37; 15:5; Ac 5:41; 8:39.—The obj. of or reason for the joy is denoted in var. ways: w. simple dat. τοῖς τὰ πολλὰ λέγουσιν those who are (merely) garrulous Papias (2:3) (Aristonous 1, 45 [p. 164 Coll. Alex.]; Just., A I, 5, 3 al.; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 69, 20; s. also below on Ro 12:12) or prep. χαίρειν ἐπί τινι rejoice over someone or someth. (Soph. et al.; X., Cyr. 8, 4, 12, Mem. 2, 6, 35; Pla., Leg. 5, 729d; Diod S 1, 25, 2; Plut., Mor. 87e; 1088e; BGU 531 I, 4 [I A.D.]; POxy 41, 17; Tob 13:15ab; Pr 2:14; 24:19; Bar 4:33; JosAs 4:4; Jos., Ant. 1, 294; 3, 32; Ar. 15, 7; Just., D. 28, 4; Iren. 1, 16, 3 [Harv I 163, 9]) Mt 18:13; Lk 1:14; 13:17; Ac 15:31; Ro 16:19; 1 Cor 13:6; 16:17; 2 Cor 7:13; Rv 11:10; Hs 5, 2, 5 and 11; 8, 1, 16; 8, 5, 1 and 6; Dg 11:5. Also διά w. acc. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 102 §428; EpArist 42) J 3:29; 11:15 the ὅτι-clause gives the reason, and δί ὑμᾶς is for your sakes = in your interest; cp. 1 Th 3:9. ἔν τινι (Soph., Trach. 1118; Pla., Rep. 10, 603c; En 104:13) Hs 1:11. ἐν τούτῳ over that Phil 1:18a (for other functions of ἐν s. below). περί τινος in someth. (Pla., Ep. 2, 310e.—περὶ πλοῦτον Did., Gen. 150, 8) 1 Cl 65:1. ἵνα μὴ λύπην σχῶ ἀφʼ ὧν ἔδει με χαίρειν (either ἀπὸ τούτων ἀφʼ ὧν or ἀπὸ τούτων οἷς) 2 Cor 2:3. The reason or object is given by ὅτι (Lucian, Charon 17; Ex 4:31; Just., A II, 2, 7) Lk 10:20b; J 11:15 (s. above); 14:28; 2 Cor 7:9, 16; Phil 4:10; 2J 4. χ. ἐν τούτῳ ὅτι Lk 10:20a. χ. ὅταν 2 Cor 13:9. χ. … γάρ Phil 1:18b (19). The reason or obj. is expressed by a ptc. (X., Cyr. 1, 5, 12; Pla., Rep. 5, 458a; Dio Chrys. 22 [39], 1 al.; PGM 4, 1212 χαίρεις τοὺς σοὺς σῴζων; 1611; Just., D. 114, 4): ἰδόντες τὸν ἀστέρα ἐχάρησαν Mt 2:10; cp. Lk 23:8; J 20:20; Ac 11:23; Phil 2:28; Hv 3, 12, 3. ἀκούσαντες ἐχάρησαν they were delighted by what they heard Mk 14:11; cp. Ac 13:48; Hv 3, 3, 2.—1 Cl 33:7; Dg 5:16. λαβόντες τὰ ἐδέμσματα ἐχάρησαν Hs 5, 2, 10. W. gen. and ptc. (as Just., D. 85, 6) 9, 11, 7. If χαίρειν is also in the ptc., καί comes betw. the two participles: χαίρων καὶ βλέπων (and) it is with joy that I see Col 2:5. ἐχάρην ἐρχομένων ἀδελφῶν καὶ μαρτυρούντων I was glad when some fellow-Christians came and testified 3J 3.—τῇ ἐλπίδι χαίρ. Ro 12:12 is not ‘rejoice over the hope’ (the dat. stands in this mng. X., Mem. 1, 5, 4; Theopompus [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 114 Jac.; Epict., App. D, 3 [p. 479 Sch.] ἀρετῇ χ.; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 137 οἷς ὁ θεὸς χ.; Pr 17:19), but rather rejoice in hope or filled with hope (B-D-F §196). τὸ ἐφʼ ὑμῖν χαίρω as far as you are concerned, I am glad Ro 16:19 v.l. In the majority of cases in our lit. ἐν does not introduce the cause of the joy (s. above): χαίρω ἐν τοῖς παθήμασιν I rejoice in the midst of (though because of is also poss.) (the) suffering(s) Col 1:24 (the Engl. ‘in’ conveys both ideas). χαίρ. ἐν κυρίῳ Phil 3:1; 4:4a, 10 (the imperatives in 3:1; 4:4ab are transl. good-bye [so Hom. et al.] by Goodsp., s. Probs. 174f; this would class them under 2a below). Abs. Lk 22:5; J 4:36; 8:56 (EbNestle, Abraham Rejoiced: ET 20, 1909, 477; JMoulton, ‘Abraham Rejoiced’: ibid. 523–28); 2 Cor 6:10; 7:7; 13:11; Phil 2:17f; 4:4b (s. Goodsp. above); 1 Th 5:16; 1 Pt 4:13a; cp. 13b; GPt 6:23; Hv 3, 3, 3f; Hs 1:11; 5, 3, 3; GJs 16:3.—On the rare mid. χαιρόμενος (TestAbr A 11 p. 89, 21 [Stone p. 26] χαίρεται καὶ ἀγάλλεται) Ac 3:8 D, s. Mlt. 161 w. note 1; B-D-F §307.

② in impv., a formalized greeting wishing one well, also in indicative, to use such a greeting (in effect, to express that one is on good terms w. the other, cp. Soph., Oed. R. 596 νῦν πᾶσι χαίρω=now I bid everyone good day)

ⓐ in spoken address, oft. on meeting people (Hom. et al.; also χαίροις TestAbr A 16 p. 97, 21 [Stone p. 42]; B 13 p. 117, 18 [82]; JosAs 8:2; GrBar 11:6f; loanw. in rabb.) χαῖρε, χαίρετε welcome, good day, hail (to you), I am glad to see you, somet. (e.g. Hermas)=how do you do? or simply hello Mt 26:49; 27:29; 28:9 (here perh. specif. good morning [Lucian, Laps. inter Salutandum 1 τὸ ἑωθινὸν … χαίρειν; also scholia p. 234, 13 Rabe; Cass. Dio 69, 18; Nicetas Eugen. 2, 31 H.; so Goodsp., Probs. 45f; he translates Lk 1:28 and the 2J and H passages in the same way]); Mk 15:18; Lk 1:28; GJs 11:1 (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 4, 2 Nectanebos says to Olympia upon entering her room: χαίροις Μακεδόνων βασίλεια); J 19:3 (on the sarcastic greeting as king cp. Diod S 34 + 35, Fgm. 2, 8f [Eunus]); Hv 1, 1, 4; 1, 2, 2ab; 4, 2, 2ab. χαίρειν τινὶ λέγειν greet someone, bid someone the time of day (Epict. 3, 22, 64; pass.: χαίρειν αὐτοῖς ὑφʼ ἡμῶν λέγεσθαι Iren. 1, 16, 3 [Harv. I 162, 11]) 2J 10f.—On the poss. sense farewell, good-bye for Phil 3:1; 4:4 s. 1 above, end.

ⓑ elliptically at the beginning of a letter greetings (X., Cyr. 4, 5, 27; Theocr. 14, 1; Plut., Ages. 607 [21, 10]=Mor. 213a; Aelian, VH 1, 25; Jos., Vi. 217; 365; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; pap [Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 477–82; HLietzmann, Griech. Pap.: Kl. T. 14², 1910; Witkowski, Epistulae; GMilligan, Selections fr. the Gk. Pap.² 1911]; LXX.—B-D-F §389; 480, 5; Rob. 944; 1093. GGerhard, Untersuchungen zur Gesch. des griech. Briefes, diss. Heidelb. 1903, Philol 64, 1905, 27–65; FZiemann, De Epistularum Graecarum Formulis Sollemnibus: Dissertationes Philologicae Halenses XVIII/4, 1911; PWendland, Die urchristl. Literaturformen^{2, 3} 1912, 411–17 [Suppl. 15: Formalien des Briefes]; WSchubart, Einführung in die Papyruskunde 1918; Dssm., LO 116ff=LAE 146ff [lit.]; FExler, The Form of the Ancient Gk. Letter 1923; ORoller, D. Formular d. paul. Briefe ’33; RArcher, The Ep. Form in the NT: ET 63, ’51f, 296–98; Pauly-W. III 836ff; VII 1192ff; Kl. Pauly II 324–27; BHHW I 272f) τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς … χαίρειν greetings to the brethren Ac 15:23; cp. 23:26; Js 1:1; AcPlCor 1:1; 2:1. Ign. uses the common formula πλεῖστα χαίρειν (πολύς 3bα) IEph ins; IMg ins; ITr ins; IRo ins; ISm ins; IPol ins.—The introduction to B is unique: χαίρετε, υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες, ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου, ἐν εἰρήνῃ 1:1.—JLieu, ‘Grace to you and Peace’, The Apostolic Greeting: BJRL 68, ’85, 161–78.—Schmidt, Syn. II 550–73. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἀναγι(γ)νώσκω (older Gk. -γιγν-, DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω) fut. ἀναγνώσομαι; 2 aor. ἀνέγνων, inf. ἀναγνῶναι Lk 4:16, ptc. ἀναγνούς. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. ἀναγνωσθήσονται (En 97:6); 1 aor. ἀνεγνώσθην; pf. 3 sg. ἀνέγνωσται (Mel., P. 1), ptc. ἀνεγνωσμένος LXX (Hom.+) lit. of written characters ‘to know (them) again’, to read someth. that is written or inscribed, read, normally done aloud.

ⓐ gener. (Pind., Thu. et al.; PEleph 9, 3 [222 B.C.]; 13, 3; BGU 1079, 6ff [I A.D.]; s. Preis.; SIG 785, 1f [I A.D.]; LXX; Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 160; 161; Jos., Ant. 11, 98; Just., D. 10, 3; 11, 3 al.) w. indication of that in which one reads ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ (TestDan 5:6) Mk 12:26; ἐν τῷ νόμῳ Mt 12:5; ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς 21:42. W. acc. (Jos., Ant. 20, 44 τὸν νόμον; TestLevi 13:2) τὸ ῥηθέν Mt 22:31; τὴν γραφὴν ταύτην Mk 12:10; cp. Ac 8:32; τὸν τίτλον the inscription (Lat. titulus) on the cross J 19:20; Ἠσαί̈αν Ac 8:28, 30 (the eunuch read aloud to himself); ἐπιστολήν (Diod S 15, 8, 4 ἀναγνοὺς τὴν ἐπιστολήν; Jos., Vi. 227) Col 4:16; τοῦτο Lk 6:3.—βιβλαρίδιον Hv 2, 1, 3.—W. ὅτι foll. Mt 19:4; 21:16.—W. question foll. ἀ. τί ἐποίησεν Δαυίδ Mt 12:3; Mk 2:25.—πῶς ἀναγινώσκεις; Lk 10:26.—Plays on words (cp. Pla., Ep. 2, 312d ἵνα ὁ ἀναγνοὺς μὴ γνῷ; Polyb. 23, 11, 1 μὴ μόνον ἀναγινώσκειν τὰς τραγῳδίας … ἀλλὰ καὶ γινώσκειν; POxy 1062, 13 [II A.D.] αὐτὴν δέ σοι τὴν ἐπιστολὴν πέμψω διὰ Σύρου, ἵνα αὐτὴν ἀναγνοῖς νήφων καὶ σαυτοῦ καταγνοῖς) γινώσκεις ἃ ἀναγινώσκεις; do you understand what you are reading? Ac 8:30; ἐπιστολὴ γινωσκομένη καὶ ἀναγινωσκομένη ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων known and read by everybody 2 Cor 3:2; cp. 1:13.—Abs. ὁ ἀναγινώσκων (so Socratics p. 274, 26 Malherbe; PFay 20, 23; Sb 1019; 1020 al.; Sir Prol. ln. 4) νοείτω let the reader consider (this) Mt 24:15, Mk 13:14 (b is also poss. here and in Rv 1:3, μακάριος ὁ ἀ. blessed is the reader [of this book]). εἰρήνη τῷ γράψαντι καὶ τῷ ἀναγινώσκοντι peace to the writer and the reader GJs 25:2. The obj. is usu. easy to supply: ἀναγνόντες (i.e. τὴν ἐπιστολήν) ἐχάρησαν Ac 15:31. ἀναγνοὺς (i.e. τὴν ἐπιστολήν) καὶ ἐπερωτήσας 23:34. δύνασθε ἀναγινώσκοντες (i.e. ἃ προέγραψα) νοῆσαι Eph 3:4. ἵνα καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀναγνῶτε (i.e. τὴν ἐπιστολήν) Col 4:16.

ⓑ read aloud for public hearing (X., Cyr. 4, 5, 26 al.; PGrenf I, 37, 15 [II B.C.]; POxy 59, 8; PCairGoodsp 29 III, l a will; SIG 883, 27; 789, 48; LXX; En 13:4; EpArist 310; Jos., Ant. 4, 209 ἀ. τοὺς νόμους ἅπασι, cp. 12, 52; Just., D. 67, 3f; Mel., P. 1, 1; 11, 72) of scripture reading in the services of synagogue and Christian assembly (cp. Sb 7336, 29 [III A.D.] ἀναγνώστῃ=for the reader at a Sarapis festival, who prob. read accounts of Sarapis-miracles [Ael. Aristid. 45, 29f K.]). Of Jesus ἀνέστη ἀναγνῶναι he stood up to read the scripture (GDalman, Jesus-Jeshua, Eng. tr. 1929, 38–55; s. also Billerb. IV, 1, 153–88) Lk 4:16. Μωϋσῆς κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον ἀναγινωσκόμενος read aloud every Sabbath Ac 15:21; cp. 13:27. ἡνίκα ἂν ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς whenever Moses is read 2 Cor 3:15. Letters of the apostles were read in Christian meetings at an early period (cp. Diod S 15, 10, 2 τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἀναγνόντες=after they had read the letter aloud; cp. POxy 2787, 14 and 15 [II A.D.]) Col 4:16; 1 Th 5:27 (the close of the 6th letter of Plato [323c] makes this request: ταύτην τ. ἐπιστολὴν πάντας ὑμᾶς ἀναγνῶναι χρή). ἀναγινώσκω ὑμῖν ἔντευξιν 2 Cl 19:1; παραβολάς Hv 5:5 (sense a above is also prob. here). Abs. v 1, 3, 3; 2, 4, 3. ἐτέλεσεν ἀναγινώσκουσα she stopped reading (aloud) v 1, 4, 1. Prob. Mk 13:14 and Rv 1:3 also belong here (s. a).—PGlaue, Die Vorlesung hl. Schriften im Gottesdienste I 1907.—B. 1284. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀναγι(γ)νώσκω (older Gk. -γιγν-, DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω) fut. ἀναγνώσομαι; 2 aor. ἀνέγνων, inf. ἀναγνῶναι Lk 4:16, ptc. ἀναγνούς. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. ἀναγνωσθήσονται (En 97:6); 1 aor. ἀνεγνώσθην; pf. 3 sg. ἀνέγνωσται (Mel., P. 1), ptc. ἀνεγνωσμένος LXX (Hom.+) lit. of written characters ‘to know (them) again’, to read someth. that is written or inscribed, read, normally done aloud.

ⓐ gener. (Pind., Thu. et al.; PEleph 9, 3 [222 B.C.]; 13, 3; BGU 1079, 6ff [I A.D.]; s. Preis.; SIG 785, 1f [I A.D.]; LXX; Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 160; 161; Jos., Ant. 11, 98; Just., D. 10, 3; 11, 3 al.) w. indication of that in which one reads ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ (TestDan 5:6) Mk 12:26; ἐν τῷ νόμῳ Mt 12:5; ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς 21:42. W. acc. (Jos., Ant. 20, 44 τὸν νόμον; TestLevi 13:2) τὸ ῥηθέν Mt 22:31; τὴν γραφὴν ταύτην Mk 12:10; cp. Ac 8:32; τὸν τίτλον the inscription (Lat. titulus) on the cross J 19:20; Ἠσαί̈αν Ac 8:28, 30 (the eunuch read aloud to himself); ἐπιστολήν (Diod S 15, 8, 4 ἀναγνοὺς τὴν ἐπιστολήν; Jos., Vi. 227) Col 4:16; τοῦτο Lk 6:3.—βιβλαρίδιον Hv 2, 1, 3.—W. ὅτι foll. Mt 19:4; 21:16.—W. question foll. ἀ. τί ἐποίησεν Δαυίδ Mt 12:3; Mk 2:25.—πῶς ἀναγινώσκεις; Lk 10:26.—Plays on words (cp. Pla., Ep. 2, 312d ἵνα ὁ ἀναγνοὺς μὴ γνῷ; Polyb. 23, 11, 1 μὴ μόνον ἀναγινώσκειν τὰς τραγῳδίας … ἀλλὰ καὶ γινώσκειν; POxy 1062, 13 [II A.D.] αὐτὴν δέ σοι τὴν ἐπιστολὴν πέμψω διὰ Σύρου, ἵνα αὐτὴν ἀναγνοῖς νήφων καὶ σαυτοῦ καταγνοῖς) γινώσκεις ἃ ἀναγινώσκεις; do you understand what you are reading? Ac 8:30; ἐπιστολὴ γινωσκομένη καὶ ἀναγινωσκομένη ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων known and read by everybody 2 Cor 3:2; cp. 1:13.—Abs. ὁ ἀναγινώσκων (so Socratics p. 274, 26 Malherbe; PFay 20, 23; Sb 1019; 1020 al.; Sir Prol. ln. 4) νοείτω let the reader consider (this) Mt 24:15, Mk 13:14 (b is also poss. here and in Rv 1:3, μακάριος ὁ ἀ. blessed is the reader [of this book]). εἰρήνη τῷ γράψαντι καὶ τῷ ἀναγινώσκοντι peace to the writer and the reader GJs 25:2. The obj. is usu. easy to supply: ἀναγνόντες (i.e. τὴν ἐπιστολήν) ἐχάρησαν Ac 15:31. ἀναγνοὺς (i.e. τὴν ἐπιστολήν) καὶ ἐπερωτήσας 23:34. δύνασθε ἀναγινώσκοντες (i.e. ἃ προέγραψα) νοῆσαι Eph 3:4. ἵνα καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀναγνῶτε (i.e. τὴν ἐπιστολήν) Col 4:16.

ⓑ read aloud for public hearing (X., Cyr. 4, 5, 26 al.; PGrenf I, 37, 15 [II B.C.]; POxy 59, 8; PCairGoodsp 29 III, l a will; SIG 883, 27; 789, 48; LXX; En 13:4; EpArist 310; Jos., Ant. 4, 209 ἀ. τοὺς νόμους ἅπασι, cp. 12, 52; Just., D. 67, 3f; Mel., P. 1, 1; 11, 72) of scripture reading in the services of synagogue and Christian assembly (cp. Sb 7336, 29 [III A.D.] ἀναγνώστῃ=for the reader at a Sarapis festival, who prob. read accounts of Sarapis-miracles [Ael. Aristid. 45, 29f K.]). Of Jesus ἀνέστη ἀναγνῶναι he stood up to read the scripture (GDalman, Jesus-Jeshua, Eng. tr. 1929, 38–55; s. also Billerb. IV, 1, 153–88) Lk 4:16. Μωϋσῆς κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον ἀναγινωσκόμενος read aloud every Sabbath Ac 15:21; cp. 13:27. ἡνίκα ἂν ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς whenever Moses is read 2 Cor 3:15. Letters of the apostles were read in Christian meetings at an early period (cp. Diod S 15, 10, 2 τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἀναγνόντες=after they had read the letter aloud; cp. POxy 2787, 14 and 15 [II A.D.]) Col 4:16; 1 Th 5:27 (the close of the 6th letter of Plato [323c] makes this request: ταύτην τ. ἐπιστολὴν πάντας ὑμᾶς ἀναγνῶναι χρή). ἀναγινώσκω ὑμῖν ἔντευξιν 2 Cl 19:1; παραβολάς Hv 5:5 (sense a above is also prob. here). Abs. v 1, 3, 3; 2, 4, 3. ἐτέλεσεν ἀναγινώσκουσα she stopped reading (aloud) v 1, 4, 1. Prob. Mk 13:14 and Rv 1:3 also belong here (s. a).—PGlaue, Die Vorlesung hl. Schriften im Gottesdienste I 1907.—B. 1284. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀποκτείνω, ἀποκτέννω (the latter form Mt 10:28; Mk 12:5; Lk 12:4 v.l., Tdf. in text; s. Borger, GGA 131; 2 Cor 3:6; Rv 6:11; 2 Cl 5:4; s. B-D-F §73; Rob. 1213; W-S. §15 s.v. κτείνω; mss. rdgs. vary greatly betw. ἀποκτέννω, ἀποκτένω, ἀποκτεννύω, ἀποκτιννύω) fut. ἀποκτενῶ; 1 aor. ἀπέκτεινα. Pass.: 1 aor. ἀπεκτάνθην (s. B-D-F §76, 2; 315; W-S.§15, 5); pf. ptc. ἀπεκταμμένων 1 Macc 5:51; pf. inf. ἀπεκτάνθαι 2 Macc. 4: 36 cod. L for ἀπεκτονῆσθαι (Hom.+).

① lit., to deprive of life, kill

ⓐ of bodily life Mt 14:5; 16:21; 17:23; 21:35, 38, 39; Mk 6:19; 9:31ab; Lk 11:47; J 16:2 (killing of an unbeliever considered a service to God: Synes., Ep. 4 p. 160a.—Lycophron 1172 δῆμος τὸν κτανόντʼ ἐπαινέσει by public decree every Trojan who kills one of the accursed Locrians is publicly praised; thereupon blood-lust breaks out against these unfortunates); 18:31 (Ltzm., SBBerlAk ’31 XIV; ZNW 30, ’31, 211–15; ibid. 31, ’32, 78–84; FBüchsel, ibid. 30, ’31, 202–10; 33, ’34, 84–87; MGoguel, ibid. 31, ’32, 289–301; PFiebig, StKr 104, ’32, 213–28; UHolzmeister, Biblica 19, ’38, 43–59; 151–74; HvanHille, Mnemosyne 10, ’42, 241–50; JBlinzler, D. Prozess Jesu ’51; JJeremias ZNW 43, ’51, 145–50 [lit.]); Rv 6:8; 9:5 al. Of God ὁ ἀποκτείνων κ. ζῆν ποιῶν 1 Cl 59:3. ἀ. ἑαυτόν commit suicide (Dio Chrys. 47 [64], 3; Artem. 2, 49 p. 151, 13; Jos., Ant. 9, 39) J 8:22. Also of things as causing death: of a falling tower Lk 13:4; of plagues Rv 9:18.—Mk 3:4; Lk 6:9 v.l. ἀποκτεῖναι is either abs. or to be taken w. ψυχήν (like Eur., Tro. 1214).

ⓑ of life in a transcendent sense Ro 7:11. τὸ γράμμα ἀ. the letter (of the law) kills, in so far as the legal letter causes humans to die 2 Cor 3:6. ἀ. τὴν ψυχήν Mt 10:28 (s. ψυχή 1b; cp. Epict. 3, 23, 21 [after Pla., Apol. 30c] ἐμὲ ἀποκτεῖναι μὲν δύνανται, βλάψαι δʼ οὔ. On this topic s. LAlfonsi, VigChr 16, ’62, 77f). τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν μ̣ὴ̣ ἀ̣π̣[οκτενεῖς] but my soul (opp. σῶμα) you cannot kill AcPl Ha 1, 4.

② fig. of abstract things to do away w., put to death, eliminate (Eur., Hipp. 1064 τὸ σεμνόν; Philippus [=Demosth. 12] 9 φιλίαν; Mel., P. 66, 472 πνεύματι ἀπέκτεινεν τὸν … θάνατον) the enmity τὴν ἔχθραν Eph 2:16.—B. 288. DELG s.v. κτείνω. M-M.

ἀσπάζομαι fut. ptc. ἀσπασομένους 3 Macc. 1:8; 1 aor. ἠσπασάμην (s. next entry; Hom.+) ‘greet’.

① to engage in hospitable recognition of another (w. varying degrees of intimacy), greet, welcome τινά someone Just., A I, 65, 2

ⓐ through word or gesture or both: of those entering a house Mt 10:12; Lk 1:40; Ac 21:19; Hv 5:1. Of those meeting others (Jos., Ant. 8, 321) Lk 10:4; welcome, greet someone (Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 1, 12) Mk 9:15; Hv 1, 1, 4; 1, 2, 2; 4, 2, 2; AcPl Ha 7:38; 8:3. Of those departing take leave of (X., An. 7, 1, 8; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 68, 7 Jac.; Plut., Aemil. P. 270 [29, 1] ἀσπασάμενος ἀνέζευξεν) Ac 20:1, 12 D; 21:6 v.l.; AcPl Ha 5, 13.—Mt 5:47 ἀ. here denotes more than a perfunctory salutation and requires some such rendering as spend time in warm exchange (cp. X., Cyr. 1, 4, 1; Ael. Aristid. 31, 6 K.=11 p. 128 D.; Aelian, VH 9, 4; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 79 §322 τ. ἐναντίους); w. ἀγαπάω (vs. 46), of which it is almost a synonym (as Plut., Mor. 143b; s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. das NT, ’46, 34; Ptolem., Apotel. 1, 3, 17.—W. φιλέω: Hierocles 19, 460; opp. μισέω: Simplicius in Epict. p. 31, 6). See FPorporato, Verb. Domini 11, ’31, 15–22.—Freq. in written greetings (cp. the exx. in Ltzm., Griech. Papyri [Kleine Texte 14]² 1910, nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13.—FZiemann, De Epistularum Graec. Formulis Soll., diss. Halle 1911, 325ff; FXJExler, The Form of the Ancient Gk. Letter 1923; ORoller, D. Formular d. paul. Briefe ’33, 67ff; HKoskenniemi, Studien z. Idee u. Phraseologie d. griech. Briefes ’56, 148ff); the impv. may be transl. greetings to ( someone) or remember me to ( someone); other moods than impv. may be rendered wish to be remembered, greet, send greetings Ro 16:3, 5ff; 1 Cor 16:19f; 2 Cor 13:12; Phil 4:21f; Col 4:10, 12, 14f; 2 Ti 4:19, 21; Tit 3:15; Phlm 23; Hb 13:24; 1 Pt 5:13f; 2J 13; 3J 15; IMg ins; 15; ITr ins; 12:1; 13:1; IRo ins; 9:3; IPhld ins; 11:2; ISm 11:1; 12:1f; 13:1f; IPol 8:2f. Another person than the writer of the letter sometimes adds greetings of his own Ro 16:22 (sim. POxy 1067, 25 κἀγὼ Ἀλέξανδρος ἀσπάζομαι ὑμᾶς πολλά). ἀ. πολλά (besides the pap just mentioned also PParis 18, 3 [Dssm., B 215]; POxy 930, 22; 935, 22; PGrenf II, 73, 4 [=Ltzm. Pap. nos. 13, 14, 15]) greet warmly 1 Cor 16:19; ἀ. κατʼ ὄνομα (PParis 18, 15 [Dssm., B 216]; POxy 930, 26 [=Ltzm. Pap. no. 13]) greet by name 3J 15; ISm 13:2 (πάντας κατʼ ὄνομα as PMich 206, 20ff [II A.D.]); ἄσπασαι τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει (PFay 119, 25ff ἀσπάζου τοὺς φιλοῦντες [sic] ἡμᾶς πρὸς ἀλήθιαν. Sim. BGU 814, 38) Tit 3:15. Among friends the greeting is accompanied by a kiss (Ps.-Lucian, De Asin. 17 φιλήμασιν ἠσπάζοντο ἀλλήλους; Heliod. 10, 6; φιλήματι Just., A I, 65, 2; cp. the apocryphal preface Ath. 32, 3 [Resch, Agrapha 137]), hence: ἀ. ἐν φιλήματι Ro 16:16; 1 Cor 16:20; 2 Cor 13:12; 1 Th 5:26; 1 Pt 5:14. Of homage to a king hail, acclaim (Dionys. Hal. 4, 39; Plut., Pomp. 624 [12, 4]; 13, 7; cp. Jos., Ant. 10, 211) Mk 15:18 (cp. Philo, In Flacc. 38).

ⓑ of short friendly visits, ‘look in on’ Ac 18:22; 21:7; IRo 1:1. Of official visits pay one’s respects to (Sb 8247, 13; 15 [II A.D.]; BGU 248, 12; 347 I, 3 and II, 2; 376 I, 3; Jos., Ant. 1, 290; 6, 207) Ac 25:13 (OGI 219, 43 [III B.C.]) s. Schwyzer II 301, also 297. Of the greeting given to a priest in a liturgical service τοῦ ἀσπάσασθαι αὐτὸν ἐν εὐχῇ to greet him with prayer GJs 24:1.

② to express happiness about the arrival of someth., welcome, greet, fig. ext. of 1 in ref. to someth. intangible (Eur., Ion 587; Chariton 6, 7, 12; Alciphron 1, 3, 3; Diog. L. σοφίαν ἀσπαζόμενος; POxy 41, 17 τὴν παρʼ ὑμῶν τιμήν; CPR 30 II, 39; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 21; Jos., Ant. 6, 82; 7, 187; TestGad 3:3; Just.) τὰς ἐπαγγελίας the promises Hb 11:13.—DELG. M-M. TW.

ἐγγράφω (s. preceding entry; ἐνγρ. Tdf., W-H.) fut. ἐγγράψω (Just., D. 72, 3; 80, 3; Ath., R. 69, 12); 1 aor. ἐνέγραψα; pass. 2 fut. ἐγγραφήσομαι; pf. pass. ἐγγέγραμμαι (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, En, Philo, Joseph.) mostly a tech. term for recording of information.

① to record information, esp. names in official documents (inscribed on pillars Hdt. 2, 102 and SIG 966, 38) write in, record ἐγγράφειν εἰς τ. ἀριθμόν enroll among the number Hs 9, 24, 4; 5, 3, 2 (Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 5 p. 336e εἰς τ. ἐφήβους; Appian, Maced. 4 §2; SIG 736, 163f ἐ. εἰς τοὺς πολεμάρχους; 858, 10). τὰ ὀνόματα ἐγγέγραπται ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς the names are recorded in heaven Lk 10:20; cp. ISm 5:3 (s. SAalen, NTS 13, ’67, 7 on En 104:1), ἐγγραφήσονται εἰς τὰς βίβλους τῆς ζωῆς they will be recorded in the books of life Hv 1, 3, 2; cp. m 8:6 (Lucian, Philops. 38; SIG 921, 97 ἐ. εἰς τὸ γραμματεῖον).

② to communicate a message in writing, write down, inscribe (cp. schol. on Pla. 504d ἐ. ἐν τῷ πίνακι; in a letter Jos., Vi. 261) in imagery ἐπιστολὴ ἐγγεγραμμένη ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν a letter, inscribed on our hearts 2 Cor 3:2 (cp. Pind., O. 10, 2f; Plut., Mor. 779b; En 103:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 210 νόμους … ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐγγραφέντας). In the continuation vs. 3 the imagery of a handwritten document ἐγγεγραμμένη οὐ μέλανι, ἀλλὰ πνεύματι θεοῦ, written not w. ink. but w. God’s Spirit points to ἐγγρ. as equivalent to γράφω (as PLond II 358, 15 p. 172 [c. 150 A.D.]; Herm. Wr. 13, 15; Nägeli 48), but the related clause οὐκ ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις ἀλλʼ ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις suggests engraved letters. Like the Gk. term ἐγγρ., which can be used of handwriting as well as engraving, the Eng. rendering ‘inscribe’ does double duty for Paul’s imagery and is in harmony with the official flavor (numerous official letters were inscribed on stone) of his prose in 2 Cor.—DELG s.v. γράφω. M-M. TW.

ἔρχομαι impv. ἔρχου, ἔρχεσθε; impf. ἠρχόμην; fut. ἐλεύσομαι; 2 aor. ἦλθον, and the mixed forms ἦλθα (W-S. §13, 13; B-D-F §81, 3; Mlt-H. 208f), ἤλθοσαν (LXX; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 12 [Stone p. 54]), ἤλθωσαν (GJs 21:1; ἤλθωσιν17:3; s. deStrycker p. 246f); pf. ἐλήλυθα; plpf. 3 sg. ἐληλύθει 3 Km 10:10, 12 (Hom.+). This multipurpose marker is not readily susceptible to precise classification, but the following outline of usage covers the principal lines:

① of movement from one point to another, with focus on approach from the narrator’s perspective, come

ⓐ of movement itself

α. abs. ἔρχου καὶ ἔρχεται Mt 8:9; Lk 7:8; cp. Mt 22:3; Lk 14:17; J 5:7; Ac 10:29; 1 Cor 11:34; Rv 8:3 al. κραυγὴ γέγονεν• ἰδοὺ ὁ νυμφίος ἔρχεται Mt 25:6 v.l. (Jos., Bell. 5, 272 βοῶντες• ὁ υἱὸς ἔρχεται). οἱ ἐρχόμενοι καὶ οἱ ὑπάγοντες Mk 6:31. ἦλθε δρομέως came on the run AcPl Ha 4, 30 (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 24 [Stone p. 12] ἦλθεν δρομαία ἐπʼ αὐτούς=Sarah came to them on the run). Also w. the specif. mng. come back, return (Hom. et al.; Bar 4:37; 1 Esdr 5:8; Tob 2:3 BA) J 4:27; 9:7; Ro 9:9; of Joseph GJs 16:2 (foll. by κατέβη of Mary; both Joseph and Mary ‘return’ from an uninhabited area). Come before the judgment-seat of God 2 Cl 9:4. Come in a hostile sense Lk 11:22 P⁷⁵ et al. (cp. X., Hellenica 6, 5, 43).

β. used w. prepositions: ἀπό w. gen. of place (Herodian 1, 17, 8 ἀ. τοῦ λουτροῦ; ἀ. βορρᾶς PsSol 11:3; ἀ. τῆς μεγάλης πόλεως TestAbr A 2 p. 78, 30 [Stone p. 4]) Mk 7:1; 15:21; Ac 18:2; 2 Cor 11:9; w. gen. of pers. Mk 5:35; J 3:2b; Gal 2:12.—ἐκ w. gen. of place Lk 5:17; J 3:31b.—εἰς w. acc. of place into Mt 2:11; 8:14; 9:1; Mk 1:29; 5:38; Lk 23:42 (cp. 1bα below, end); J 11:30; εἰς Κόρινθον AcPl Ha 6, 2 (εἰς τὸν παράδεισον TestAbr A 11 p. 90, 1 [Stone p. 28]). to, toward J 11:38; 20:3. εἰς τὸ πέραν Mt 8:28; 16:5. εἰς τ. ἑορτήν to the festival, i.e. to celebrate it J 4:45b; 11:56. ἐκ … εἰς J 4:54.—διά w. gen. of place and εἰς Mk 7:31; ὁ … ἐρχόμενος διᾶ τῆς θύρας one who enters by the gate 10:2 (P⁷⁵).—μετά w. gen. of pers. ἵνα ἔλθῶ μετʼ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ δόξη τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ so that I might return with him in the glory of his Father AcPl Ha 10, 8. ἐν w. dat. of the thing w. which one comes Ro 15:29. ἐν ῥάβδῳ 1 Cor 4:21, also to denote the state of being in which one comes ἐν πνεύματι Lk 2:27; cp. Ro 15:32; w. dat. of the pers. who accompanies someone Jd 14.—ἐπί w. acc. of place over Mt 14:28, to (JosAs 26:5; ParJer 8:4; Jos., Ant. 7, 16; Just., D. 88, 3) Lk 19:5; Ac 12:10, 12; w. acc. of thing to (PTor I, 1; II, 29 [116 B.C.] ἔρχεσθαι ἐπὶ τὸ κριτήριον; Jos., Ant. 12, 395) Mt 3:7; Mk 11:13b; w. acc. of pers. to (ἐπὶ γυναῖκα Just., A I, 33, 3) J 19:33; Ac 24:8 v.l.; against Lk 14:31 (1 Macc 5:39 ἔρχ. ἐπί τινα εἰς πόλεμον; Jos., Ant. 7, 233; Mel., P. 17, 114).—κατά w. acc. of place to Lk 10:33; Ac 16:7; AcPl Ha 2, 5.—παρά w. acc. of place to Mt 15:29; w. gen. of pers. from Lk 8:49.—πρός w. acc. of pers. to (X., Mem. 1, 2, 27; En 106:4; JosAs 3:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 106; 11, 243; Just., D. 77, 4) Mt 3:14; 7:15; Mk 9:14; Lk 1:43; J 1:29, 47; 2 Cor 13:1 and oft. ἀπό τινος (gen. of pers.) πρός τινα 1 Th 3:6.

γ. w. an adverb of place ἄνωθεν ἔ. J 3:31. ἐκεῖ 18:3. ἐνθάδε 4:16. ὄπισθεν Mk 5:27. πόθεν (Jdth 10:12) J 3:8; 8:14; Rv 7:13. ποῦ Hb 11:8. ὧδε Mt 8:29; Ac 9:21 (ApcEsdr 5:10; ApcSed 9:4; cp. ParJer 7:16 ἐνταῦθα. The adv. w. a case funct. as prep. ἄχρι τινός Ac 11:5. ἐγγύς τινος Hv 4, 1, 9. ἕως τινός Lk 4:42 (ApcMos 34 ἐλθὲ ἕως ἐμοῦ).

δ. w. a case, without a prep.: dat. of pers. come to someone (Aeschyl., Prom. 358; Thu. 1, 13, 3; X., An. 7, 7, 30; BGU 1041, 16 [II A.D.] ὅτι ἔρχομαί σοι) Mt 21:5 (Zech 9:9); Rv 2:5, 16.

ε. The purpose of coming is expressed by an inf. (Eur., Med. 1270, also Palaeph. p. 62, 12; 1 Macc 16:22; Bel 40 Theod.; 1 Esdr 1:23; 5:63; TestSol 5 D ἦλθε θεάσασθαι; TestAbr B 5 p. 109, 21 [Stone p. 66] ἔρχομαι … κοιμηθῆναι; Just., D. 78, 7 ὸ̔ν ἐληλύθεισαν προσκυνῆσαι) Mt 2:2; 12:42; Mk 15:36; Lk 1:59; 3:12 al.; by a fut. ptc. (Hom. et al.) Mt 27:49; Ac 8:27; by a pres. ptc. Lk 13:6 (TestJob 9:8 αἰτοῦντες); by ἵνα J 10:10; 12:9b (TestJob 34:5; ApcMos 29); εἰς τοῦτο ἵνα Ac 9:21; διά τινα J 12:9a.

ζ. Single forms of ἔ. are used w. other verbs to denote that a person, in order to do someth., must first come to a certain place: in parataxis ἔρχεται καί, ἦλθεν καί etc. (Ex 19:7; 2 Km 13:36; 2 Esdr 5:16; JosAs 10:6; TestJob 8:3; ApcMos 37) Mt 13:19, 25; Mk 2:18; 4:15; 5:33; 6:29; 12:9; 14:37; Lk 8:12, 47; J 6:15; 11:48; 12:22; 19:38; 20:19, 26; 21:13; 3J 3; Rv 5:7; 17:1; 21:9. ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε J 1:46; 11:34. ἔρχεσθε καὶ ὄψεσθε 1:39. A ptc. of ἔ. followed by a finite verb ἐλθών (Hdt. 2, 115; LXX; TestJob 7:1; Just., D. 8, 4 al.) Mt 2:8; 8:7; 9:10, 18 (cp. εἷς 3b; προσέρχομαι 1a); 12:44; 14:12; 18:31; 27:64; 28:13; Mk 7:25; 12:14, 42; 14:45; 16:1; Ac 16:37, 39. ἐρχόμενος Lk 13:14; 16:21; 18:5. The participial constr. is best transl. come and. In some pass. ἐλθών is to be rendered when (someone) has come J 16:8; 2 Cor 12:20; Phil 1:27 (opp. ἀπών).—Instead of the transcription ]λη λυθεισα POxy 1081, 3, read after the Coptic SJCh 88, 19–89, 1: ἐ]ληλύθεισαν.

ⓑ of making an appearance come before the public, appear (cp. ἦλθον εἰς τόνδε τὸν κόσμον ‘I was born’ Ar. 1, 1).

α. of Jesus as Messiah Lk 3:16; J 4:25; 7:27, 31, who for this reason (on the basis of pass. like Ps 117:26; Hab 2:3; Da 7:13 Theod.) is called ὁ ἐρχόμενος Mt 11:3; Lk 7:19f; Hb 10:37 (Hab 2:3), or ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου Mt 21:9; 23:39; Mk 11:9; Lk 13:35; 19:38; J 12:13 (in all cases Ps 117:26); also in John, in whose writings the idea of Jesus having come heaven-sent to the earth is of considerable importance J 16:28: (ὁ προφήτης) ὁ ἐρχόμενος εἰς τ. κόσμον J 6:14; 11:27 (cp. ἐρχόμενος εἰς τ. κόσμον ἐπὶ τὸ ὄρος τῶν ἐλαιῶν ParJer 9:20). Of the appearance of Jesus among humans (s. Harnack, ‘Ich bin gekommen’: ZTK 22, 1912, 1–30; AFrövig, D. Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. d. Geist 1924, 129ff) Mt 11:19; Lk 7:34; J 5:43; 7:28; 8:42. Foll. by the inf. of purpose Mt 5:17; 10:34f; Lk 19:10. W. ἵνα foll. J 10:10b (ἦλθον, as here, Herm. Wr. 1, 30). W. εἰς τ. κόσμον and ἵνα foll. 12:46; 18:37; εἰς κρίμα, ἵνα 9:39; w. inf. foll. 1 Ti 1:15. ἔ. ἐν σαρκί come in the flesh 1J 4:2; 2J 7; B 5:10f. εἰς σάρκα AcPlCor 1:14. ἔ διʼ ὕδατος καὶ αἵματος 1J 5:6 w. the continuation ἐν τ. ὕδατι καὶ ἐν τ. αἵματι (on the mng. of the prep. s. B-D-F §223, 3; 198, 4). ὀπίσω w. gen. come after of Christ in relation to his forerunner Mt 3:11; Mk 1:7; J 1:15, 27, 30. The idea of coming is even plainer in connection w. the coming of the Human One (Son of Man), the return of Jesus fr. his heavenly home Mt 10:23; Ac 1:11 (opp. πορεύεσθαι); 1 Cor 4:5; 11:26; 2 Th 1:10 (Just., D. 28, 2 al.). W. ἐν τῇ δόξῃ Mt 16:27; 25:31; Mk 8:38; Lk 9:26 (cp. ἔνδοξος … ἐλεύσεται Just., D. 49, 2). ἐπὶ τ. νεφελῶν μετὰ δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης Mt 24:30 (Just., D. 31, 1). ἐν νεφέλαις, νεφέλῃ etc. Mk 13:26; Lk 21:27. ἐν τ. βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ in his kingdom Mt 16:28; Lk 23:42 v.l.

β. of forerunners of the Messiah and those who identify themselves as such: Elijah Mt 11:14; 17:10, 11, 12; Mk 9:11, 12, 13 (Just., D. 49, 1); John the Baptist Mt 11:18; Lk 7:33; J 1:31; w. εἰς μαρτυρίαν for testimony 1:7. Others, including false messiahs, false teachers, and an antichrist Mt 24:5; Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8 (ἐπὶ τ. ὀνόματί μου calling on my name); J 10:8; 2 Cor 11:4; 2 Pt 3:3; 1J 2:18.

② to proceed on a course, with destination in view, go (Hom. et al.; LXX) ὀπίσω τινός go with (lit. ‘after’) someone fig., of a disciple Mt 16:24; Mk 8:34 v.l.; Lk 9:23; 14:27. ἐπί τι go to someth. Mt 21:19; Mk 11:13a (w. indir. quest. foll.). πρός τινα Lk 15:20. σύν τινι J 21:3. ἔ. ὁδόν go on a journey (Hom. et al.) Lk 2:44. S. also 1bα above.

③ to change place or position, with implication of being brought, be brought (Hom. et al.; Thu. 6, 71, 2 χρήματα; Arrian, Anab. 2, 13, 5 ἀγγελία et al.) ὁ λύχνος the lamp is brought Mk 4:21. Sim. ἐλθούσης τ. ἐντολῆς when the commandment came Ro 7:9.

④ to take place, come

ⓐ of time

α. of temporal increments ἔρχονται ἡμέραι in future sense (1 Km 2:31; Am 8:11) Lk 23:29; Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31); ἐλεύσονται ἡμ. Mt 9:15; Mk 2:20; Lk 5:35; 17:22; 21:6 (TestSol 13:7 C; Just., D. 40, 2). ἦλθεν ἡ ἡμέρα 22:7; Rv 6:17.—ἔρχεται ὥρα ὅτε the time is coming when J 4:21, 23; 5:25; 16:25; also ἔ. ὥρα ἐν ᾗ J 5:28; ἔ. ὥρα ἵνα 16:2, 32. ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα the hour has come = the hour is here Mk 14:41b; J 16:4; Rv 14:7, 15; w. ἵνα foll. J 13:1 (ἥκω P66). ἐλήλυθεν ἡ ὥ. ἵνα 12:23; 16:32; without ἵνα 17:1; cp. 7:30; 8:20.—ἔρχεται νύξ 9:4 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 40 §159 νυκτὸς ἐρχομένης). ἡμέρα κυρίου 1 Th 5:2. καιροί Ac 3:20 (GrBar 8:1 ὁ καιρός). τὸ πλήρωμα τ. χρόνου Gal 4:4.

β. of events and situations that are connected w. a certain time ὁ θερισμός J 4:35. ὁ γάμος τ. ἀρνίου Rv 19:7. ἡ κρίσις 18:10. So also the ptc. ἐρχόμενος coming, future, imminent: αἰὼν ἐ. (=הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא) the age to come Mk 10:30; Lk 18:30; ἑορτὴ ἐ. the coming festival Ac 18:21 v.l.; σάββατον ἐ. 13:44; ὀργὴ ἐ. the wrath which will be revealed (at the Judgment) 1 Th 1:10. τὰ ἐρχόμενα what is to come (Is 44:7 τὰ ἐπερχόμενα) J 16:13. Of God in Rv ὁ ὢν κ. ὁ ἦν κ. ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1:4, 8; 4:8.

ⓑ of events and circumstances

α. of natural or sensory phenomena (Hom. et al.; also TestAbr A 19 p. 102, 10 [Stone p. 52]; βροντῆς … καὶ ἀστραπῆς ἐλθούσης; ApcEsdr 5:7 νεφέλη) ποταμοί Mt 7:25, 27. κατακλυσμός Lk 17:27. λιμός Ac 7:11. Of rain ἔ. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς come upon the earth Hb 6:7. Sim. of the coming down of birds fr. the air Mt 13:4, 32; Mk 4:4; of a voice resounding fr. heaven ἦλθεν φωνὴ ἐκ τ. οὐρανοῦ J 12:28 (Test Abr A 10 p. 88, 15 and 14 p. 94, 25 [Stone p. 24; p. 36]; Just., D. 88, 8; cp. Il. 10, 139; En 13:8; TestSol 1:3 VW; TestJob 3:1; ParJer 9:12; ApcEsdr 7:13).

β. of transcendent and moral-spiritual phenomena: of spiritual coming of God come, appear J 14:23; of Christ ibid. and vss. 3, 18, 28; of the Paraclete 15:26; 16:7, 13.—ἡ ἀποστασία 2 Th 2:3. ἡ βασιλεία τ. θεοῦ Mt 6:10; Lk 11:2 (MBurrows, JBL 74, ’55, 1–8); 17:20; 22:18 al.; 1 Cl 42:3.—τ. σκάνδαλα Mt 18:7; Lk 17:1. τὰ ἀγαθά Ro 3:8 (cp. Jer. 17:6). τὸ τέλειον 1 Cor 13:10. ἡ πίστις Gal 3:23, 25.

⑤ ἐ. in var. prepositional combinations ἔ. ἐκ τ. θλίψεως have suffered persecution Rv 7:14. ἔ. εἰς τὸ χεῖρον Mk 5:26 (Witkowski no. 36, 12=White no. 35 τοῦ παιδίου εἰς τὰ ἔσχατα ἐληλυθότος of a child in desperate circumstances; TestAbr A 20 p. 102, 27 [Stone p. 52] εἰς θάνατον ἔρχονται). εἰς τοσαύτην ἀπόνοιαν, ὥστε 1 Cl 46:7 (Hyperid. 2, 5 εἰς τοῦτο ἀπονοίας ἔ., ὥστε). εἰς πειρασμόν Mk 14:38 (cp. Himerius, Or. 48 [Or. 14], 19 εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν ἐλθεῖν). εἰς ἀπελεγμόν Ac 19:27. εἰς τὴν ὥραν ταύτην J 12:27. ἔ. εἰς κρίσιν submit to judgment (letter of Philip in Demosth. 12, 11; 16; ApcEsdr 2:26 ἔλθωμεν ὁμοῦ εἰς κρίσιν) 5:24. εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν 1 Ti 2:4; 2 Ti 3:7 (Polyb. 6, 9, 12; Appian, Mithr. 31 §123 ἔρχεσθαι ἐς γνῶσίν τινος; Cebes 12, 3 εἰς τὴν ἀληθινὴν παιδείαν ἐλθεῖν; TestSol 20:5 εἰς ἔννοιαν ἐλθεῖν; Just., D. 90, 1 οὐδʼ εἰς ἔννοιαν τούτου ἐλθεῖν). ἵνα ἔλθω εἰς τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν so that I might realize the resurrection of the dead (cp. ApcMos 10 εἰς τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς ἀναστάσεως) AcPlCor 2:35. εἰς φανερόν come to light Mk 4:22; Lk 8:17. εἰς προκοπήν result in furthering Phil 1:12 (cp. Wsd 15:5). ἔ. εἴς τι of the writer of a letter come to, i.e. deal with someth. (a new subject) 2 Cor 12:1 (cp. w. ἐπὶ Ar. 2:1 al.; Just., D. 42 ἐπὶ τὸν λόγον). εἰς ἑαυτόν come to oneself (=to one’s senses) (Diod S 13, 95, 2; Epict. 3, 1, 15; TestJos 3:9; GrBar 17:3; Sb 5763, 35) Lk 15:17. ἐπί τινα of serious misfortunes come over someone (Dt 28:15; Jos., Ant. 4, 128) J 18:4 (cp. PIand 21, 2 ἡμῶν τὰ ἐρχόμενα οὐκ οἶδα); tortures IRo 5:3; blood upon the murderers Mt 23:35; the Holy Spirit comes down upon someone (cp. Ezk 2:2; Just., D. 49, 7; 88, 1 ἐλεύσεσθαι ἐπʼ αὐτὸν τὰς δυνάμεις) Mt 3:16; Lk 11:2 v.l.; Ac 19:6; peace Mt 10:13; the wrath of God Eph 5:6; cp. Col 3:6; ἡ βασιλεία Lk 11:2 D; ἔ. πρὸς τ. Ἰησοῦν come to Jesus = become disciples of Jesus J 5:40; 6:35, 37, 44f, 65; πρὸς τ. πατέρα 14:6. ἔ. ὑπὸ τὸν ζυγόν 1 Cl 16:17 (cp. PsSol 18, 7f. ὑπὸ ῥάβδον παιδείας Χριστοῦ).—Not infreq. the pres. ἔρχομαι has the mng. of the fut.: Mt 17:11; Lk 12:54 (corresp. to καύσων ἔσται vs. 55); 19:13; J 14:3. Esp. also ἕως ἔρχομαι until I shall come J 21:22f; 1 Ti 4:13; Hs 5, 2, 2; 9, 10, 5; 6; 9, 11, 1. S. B-D-F §323; 383, 1; Rob. 869. S. also 4aα above.—B. 696. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (Hom.+; ins, pap [s. Rydbeck 88–97, w. critique of Mayser and Bl-D. on alleged rarity in pap]; LXX [Thackeray p. 191]; En 106:16; TestSol; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 15 [Stone p. 18]; TestJob, GrBar; ApcMos 22; EpArist 28; Philo; Jos., Ant. 10, 113; apolog.) demonstrative pron. (Schwyzer II 209f; B-D-F §289; Rob. 696f [on needed correction of the two last s. Rydbeck above])

① a ref. to an entity viewed as present or near in terms of the narrative context, this

ⓐ w. ref. to what follows (so predom.), esp. in the formula τάδε λέγει this is what … says (introductory formula in the decrees of the Persian kings: Hdt. 1, 69, 2 al.; IMagnMai 115, 4 [=SIG 22, s. editor’s note]; Ps.-Pla., Alcib. II, 12, 14c τ. λ. Ἄμμων; Jos., Ant. 11, 26. In the OT freq. as an introduction to prophetic utterance [Thackeray p. 11]; so also [after LXX] TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 15 [Stone p. 18]; TestJob 4:3; 7:9; GrBar and ApcMos 22 τάδε λέγει Κύριος. Also in wills: PGiss 36, 10 [161 B.C.] τάδε λέγει γυνὴ Ἐλληνὶς Ἀμμωνία; GRudberg, Eranos 11, 1911, 170–79; Mussies 180. As introd. to a letter Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 5 p. 336, 22 Jac. Cp. GGerhard, Unters. z. Gesch. d. gr. Briefes: I, D. Anfangsformel, diss. Hdlbg 1903) Ac 21:11; Rv 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14; B 6:8; 9:2 (Jer 7:3), 5 (Jer 4:3); cp. IPhld 7:2.

ⓑ w. ref. to what precedes (Soph., Hdt. et al.; Aelian, NA 4, 15 p. 85, 28; 9, 63 p. 241, 11; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 218, 25; 271, 3 al.; Jos., Ant. 17, 2; 19; Just., A II, 5, 3) γυνή τις … καὶ τῇδε ἦν ἀδελφή she had a sister Lk 10:39 (cp. Gen 25:24; 38:27; Judg 11:37 B; MJohannessohn, ZVS 66, ’39, p. 184, 7); 16:25 v.l. (Marcion; s. Zahn, Gesch. des ntl. Kanons II/2, 1892, 480) ἥδε ἀπεκρίθη 1 Cl 12:4.

ⓒ w. ref. to time as present context (Just., A I, 45, 6, A II, 12, 6) ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ ἕως τῆσδε τῆς ἡμέρας from Adam to the present 1 Cl 50:3. ἐν τῇδε τῇ ἐπιστολῇ in this letter (the one I’m writing) 63:2.

② a ref. to an entity not specified, such and such εἰς τήνδε τὴν πόλιν into this or that city, into such and such a city Js 4:13 (Eur., Orestes 508 et al.; τήνδε for Att. τὴν δεῖνα or τὴν καὶ τήν Epict. 1, 12, 28 [the two forms side by side]; not strictly a vernacular expression, pace MDibelius/HGreeven, Hermeneia Comm. ’76 ad loc; s. Rydbeck 96f. Cp. Cyr. Scyth. p. 207, 20 τῆσδε τῆς πόλεως; 185, 13; Plut., Mor. 623e τήνδε τὴν ἡμέραν [W-S. §23, 1c note 2; B-D-F §289; Rob. 696f.—The same expr. in Appian, Liby. 108 §510 and Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 384 D.]; τόνδε τὸν ἄνθρωπον [Hierocles 11, 439]; τόδε ‘this and that’ [B-D-F loc. cit.; also Plut., Mor. 168d; SIG² 737, 62]; τοῦδέ τινος = τοῦ δεῖνος [PMich 154, 24—c. 300 A.D.]; cp. the Mod. Gk. use of ὁ τάδε(ς) = ὁ δεῖνα [KBrugmann, Die Demonstrativpronomina: ASG[Leipz] 22, 1904, 133 note]; JWackernagel, Syntax I² 1928, 108). ὅδε is also found as v.l. Ac 15:23.—Rydbeck, 88–99.—DELG. M-M, but s. Rydbeck.

ἀντίγραμμα

duplicate letter: neut dat pl

ἀντίγραμμα

duplicate letter: neut dat pl

ἀντιφωνήσεω̆ν, ἀντιφώνησις

answer by letter: fem gen pl