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later+patent

  • 41 Smith, J.

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1830s Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of the first endless chain of flats for carding.
    [br]
    Carding by hand required a pair of hand cards. The lump of tangled fibres was teased out by pulling one card across the other to even out the fibres and transfer them onto one of the cards from which they could be rolled up into a rollag or slubbing. When Arkwright began to use cylinder cards, the fibres were teased out as they passed from one cylinder to the next. In order to obtain a greater carding area, he soon introduced smaller cylinders and placed strips of flat card above the periphery of the main cylinder. These became clogged with short fibres and dirt, so they had to be lifted off and cleaned or "stripped" at intervals. The first to invent a self-stripping card was Archibald Buchanan, at the Catrine mills in Ayrshire, with his patent in 1823. In his arrangement each flat was turned upside down and stripped by a rotary brush. This was improved by Smith in 1834 and patented in the same year. Smith fixed the flats on an endless chain so that they travelled around the periphery of the top of the main cylinder. Just after the point where they left the cylinder, Smith placed a rotary brush and a comb to clear the brush. In this way each flat in turn was properly and regularly cleaned.
    Smith was an able mechanic and Managing Partner of the Deanston mills in Scotland. He visited Manchester, where he was warmly received on the introduction of his machine there at about the same time as he patented it in Scotland. The carding engine he designed was complex, for he arranged a double feed to obtain greater production. While this part of his patent was not developed, his chain or endless flats became the basis used in later cotton carding engines. He took out at least half a dozen other patents for textile machinery. These included two in 1834, the first for a self-acting mule and the second with J.C. Dyer for improvements to winding on to spools. There were further spinning patents in 1839 and 1844 and more for preparatory machinery including carding in 1841 and 1842. He was also interested in agriculture and invented a subsoil plough and other useful things.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1834, British patent no. 6,560 (self-stripping card). 1834, British patent no. 656 (self-acting mule). 1839, British patent no. 8,054.
    1841, British patent no. 8,796 (carding machine). 1842, British patent no. 9,313 (carding machine).
    1844, British patent no. 10,080.
    Further Reading
    E.Leigh, 1875, The Science of Modern Cotton Spinning Manchester (provides a good account of Smith's carding engine).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers the development of the carding engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Smith, J.

  • 42 Haynes, Elwood

    [br]
    b. 14 October 1857 Portland, Indiana, USA
    d. 13 April 1925 Kokomo, Indiana, USA
    [br]
    American inventor ofStellite cobalt-based alloys, early motor-car manufacturer and pioneer in stainless steels.
    [br]
    From his early years, Haynes was a practising Presbyterian and an active prohibitionist. He graduated in 1881 at Worcester, Massachusetts, and a spell of teaching in his home town was interrupted in 1884–5 while he attended the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. In 1886 he became permanently diverted by the discovery of natural gas in Portland. He was soon appointed Superintendent of the local gas undertaking, and then in 1890 he was hired by the Indiana Natural Gas \& Oil Company. While continuing his gas-company employment until 1901, Haynes conducted numerous metallurgical experiments. He also designed an automobile: this led to the establishment of the Haynes- Apperson Company at Kokomo as one of the earliest motor-car makers in North America. From 1905 the firm traded as the Haynes Automobile Company, and before its bankruptcy in 1924 it produced more than 50,000 cars. After 1905, Haynes found the first "Stellite" alloys of cobalt and chromium, and in 1910 he was publicizing the patented material. He then discovered the valuable hardening effect of tungsten, and in 1912 began applying the "improved" Stellite to cutting tools. Three years later, the Haynes Stellite Company was incorporated, with Haynes as President, to work the patents. It was largely from this source that Haynes became a millionaire in 1920. In April 1912, Haynes's attempt to patent the use of chromium with iron to render the product rustless was unsuccessful. However, he re-applied for a US patent on 12 March 1915 and, although this was initially rejected, he persevered and finally obtained recognition of his modified claim. The American Stainless Steel Company licensed the patents of Brearley and Haynes jointly in the USA until the 1930s.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    John Scott Medal 1919 (awarded for useful inventions).
    Bibliography
    Haynes was the author of more than twenty published papers and articles, among them: 1907, "Materials for automobiles", Proceedings of the American Society of Mechanical
    Engineers 29:1,597–606; 1910, "Alloys of nickel and cobalt with chromium", Journal of Industrial Engineering
    and Chemistry 2:397–401; 1912–13, "Alloys of cobalt with chromium and other metals", Transactions of the American Institute of 'Mining Engineers 44:249–55;
    1919–20, "Stellite and stainless steel", Proceedings of the Engineering Society of West
    Pennsylvania 35:467–74.
    1 April 1919, US patent no. 1,299,404 (stainless steel).
    The four US patents worked by the Haynes Stellite Company were: 17 December 1907, patent no. 873,745.
    1 April 1913, patent no. 1,057,423.
    1 April 1913, patent no. 1,057, 828.
    17 August 1915, patent no. 1,150, 113.
    Further Reading
    R.D.Gray, 1979, Alloys and Automobiles. The Life of Elwood Haynes, Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society (a closely documented biography).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Haynes, Elwood

  • 43 Meikle, Andrew

    [br]
    b. 1719 Scotland
    d. 27 November 1811
    [br]
    Scottish millwright and inventor of the threshing machine.
    [br]
    The son of the millwright James Meikle, who is credited with the introduction of the winnowing machine into Britain, Andrew Meikle followed in his father's footsteps. His inventive inclinations were first turned to developing his father's idea, and together with his own son George he built and patented a double-fan winnowing machine.
    However, in the history of agricultural development Andrew Meikle is most famous for his invention of the threshing machine, patented in 1784. He had been presented with a model of a threshing mill designed by a Mr Ilderton of Northumberland, but after failing to make a full-scale machine work, he developed the concept further. He eventually built the first working threshing machine for a farmer called Stein at Kilbagio. The patent revolutionized farming practice because it displaced the back-breaking and soul-destroying labour of flailing the grain from the straw. The invention was of great value in Scotland and in northern England when the land was becoming underpopulated as a result of heavy industrialization, but it was bitterly opposed in the south of England until well into the nineteenth century. Although the introduction of the threshing machine led to the "Captain Swing" riots of the 1830s, in opposition to it, it shortly became universal.
    Meikle's provisional patent in 1785 was a natural progression of earlier attempts by other millwrights to produce such a machine. The published patent is based on power provided by a horse engine, but these threshing machines were often driven by water-wheels or even by windmills. The corn stalks were introduced into the machine where they were fed between cast-iron rollers moving quite fast against each other to beat the grain out of the ears. The power source, whether animal, water or wind, had to cause the rollers to rotate at high speed to knock the grain out of the ears. While Meikle's machine was at first designed as a fixed barn machine powered by a water-wheel or by a horse wheel, later threshing machines became mobile and were part of the rig of an agricultural contractor.
    In 1788 Meikle was awarded a patent for the invention of shuttered sails for windmills. This patent is part of the general description of the threshing machine, and whilst it was a practical application, it was superseded by the work of Thomas Cubitt.
    At the turn of the century Meikle became a manufacturer of threshing machines, building appliances that combined the threshing and winnowing principles as well as the reciprocating "straw walkers" found in subsequent threshing machines and in conventional combine harvesters to the present day. However, he made little financial gain from his invention, and a public subscription organized by the President of the Board of Agriculture, Sir John Sinclair, raised £1,500 to support him towards the end of his life.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1831, Threshing Machines in The Dictionary of Mechanical Sciences, Arts and Manufactures, London: Jamieson, Alexander.
    7 March 1768, British patent no. 896, "Machine for dressing wheat, malt and other grain and for cleaning them from sand, dust and smut".
    9 April 1788, British patent no. 1,645, "Machine which may be worked by cattle, wind, water or other power for the purpose of separating corn from the straw".
    Further Reading
    J.E.Handley, 1953, Scottish Farming in the 18th Century, and 1963, The Agricultural Revolution in Scotland (both place Meikle and his invention within their context).
    G.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of the early development of harvesting and cereal treatment machinery).
    KM / AP

    Biographical history of technology > Meikle, Andrew

  • 44 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson

    [br]
    b. 31 October 1828 Sunderland, England
    d. 27 May 1914 Warlingham, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English chemist, inventor in Britain of the incandescent electric lamp and of photographic processes.
    [br]
    At the age of 14 Swan was apprenticed to a Sunderland firm of druggists, later joining John Mawson who had opened a pharmacy in Newcastle. While in Sunderland Swan attended lectures at the Athenaeum, at one of which W.E. Staite exhibited electric-arc and incandescent lighting. The impression made on Swan prompted him to conduct experiments that led to his demonstration of a practical working lamp in 1879. As early as 1848 he was experimenting with carbon as a lamp filament, and by 1869 he had mounted a strip of carbon in a vessel exhausted of air as completely as was then possible; however, because of residual air, the filament quickly failed.
    Discouraged by the cost of current from primary batteries and the difficulty of achieving a good vacuum, Swan began to devote much of his attention to photography. With Mawson's support the pharmacy was expanded to include a photographic business. Swan's interest in making permanent photographic records led him to patent the carbon process in 1864 and he discovered how to make a sensitive dry plate in place of the inconvenient wet collodian process hitherto in use. He followed this success with the invention of bromide paper, the subject of a British patent in 1879.
    Swan resumed his interest in electric lighting. Sprengel's invention of the mercury pump in 1865 provided Swan with the means of obtaining the high vacuum he needed to produce a satisfactory lamp. Swan adopted a technique which was to become an essential feature in vacuum physics: continuing to heat the filament during the exhaustion process allowed the removal of absorbed gases. The inventions of Gramme, Siemens and Brush provided the source of electrical power at reasonable cost needed to make the incandescent lamp of practical service. Swan exhibited his lamp at a meeting in December 1878 of the Newcastle Chemical Society and again the following year before an audience of 700 at the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Swan's failure to patent his invention immediately was a tactical error as in November 1879 Edison was granted a British patent for his original lamp, which, however, did not go into production. Parchmentized thread was used in Swan's first commercial lamps, a material soon superseded by the regenerated cellulose filament that he developed. The cellulose filament was made by extruding a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetic acid through a die under pressure into a coagulating fluid, and was used until the ultimate obsolescence of the carbon-filament lamp. Regenerated cellulose became the first synthetic fibre, the further development and exploitation of which he left to others, the patent rights for the process being sold to Courtaulds.
    Swan also devised a modification of Planté's secondary battery in which the active material was compressed into a cellular lead plate. This has remained the central principle of all improvements in secondary cells, greatly increasing the storage capacity for a given weight.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1904. FRS 1894. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1898. First President, Faraday Society 1904. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1904. Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881.
    Bibliography
    2 January 1880, British patent no. 18 (incandescent electric lamp).
    24 May 1881, British patent no. 2,272 (improved plates for the Planté cell).
    1898, "The rise and progress of the electrochemical industries", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 27:8–33 (Swan's Presidential Address to the Institution of Electrical Engineers).
    Further Reading
    M.E.Swan and K.R.Swan, 1968, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan F.R.S., Newcastle upon Tyne (a detailed account).
    R.C.Chirnside, 1979, "Sir Joseph Swan and the invention of the electric lamp", IEE
    Electronics and Power 25:96–100 (a short, authoritative biography).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson

  • 45 Whitney, Eli

    [br]
    b. 8 December 1765 Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 8 January 1825 New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the cotton gin and manufacturer of firearms.
    [br]
    The son of a prosperous farmer, Eli Whitney as a teenager showed more interest in mechanics than school work. At the age of 15 he began an enterprise business manufacturing nails in his father's workshop, even having to hire help to fulfil his orders. He later determined to acquire a university education and, his father having declined to provide funds, he taught at local schools to obtain the means to attend Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, in preparation for his entry to Yale in 1789. He graduated in 1792 and then decided to study law. He accepted a position in Georgia as a tutor that would have given him time for study; this post did not materialize, but on his journey south he met General Nathanael Greene's widow and the manager of her plantations, Phineas Miller (1764–1803). A feature of agriculture in the southern states was that the land was unsuitable for long-staple cotton but could yield large crops of green-seed cotton. Green-seed cotton was difficult to separate from its seed, and when Whitney learned of the problem in 1793 he quickly devised a machine known as the cotton gin, which provided an effective solution. He formed a partnership with Miller to manufacture the gin and in 1794 obtained a patent. This invention made possible the extraordinary growth of the cotton industry in the United States, but the patent was widely infringed and it was not until 1807, after amendment of the patent laws, that Whitney was able to obtain a favourable decision in the courts and some financial return.
    In 1798 Whitney was in financial difficulties following the failure of the initial legal action against infringement of the cotton gin patent, but in that year he obtained a government contract to supply 10,000 muskets within two years with generous advance payments. He built a factory at New Haven, Connecticut, and proposed to use a new method of manufacture, perhaps the first application of the system of interchangeable parts. He failed to supply the firearms in the specified time, and in fact the first 500 guns were not delivered until 1801 and the full contract was not completed until 1809.
    In 1812 Whitney made application for a renewal of his cotton gin patent, but this was refused. In the same year, however, he obtained a second contract from the Government for 15,000 firearms and a similar one from New York State which ensured the success of his business.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Mirsky and A.Nevins, 1952, The World of Eli Whitney, New York (a good biography). P.J.Federico, 1960, "Records of Eli Whitney's cotton gin patent", Technology and Culture 1: 168–76 (for details of the cotton gin patent).
    R.S.Woodbury, 1960, The legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts', Technology and Culture 1:235–53 (challenges the traditional view of Eli Whitney as the sole originator of the "American" system of manufacture).
    See also Technology and Culture 14(1973):592–8; 18(1977):146–8; 19(1978):609–11.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Whitney, Eli

  • 46 derecho

    adj.
    1 right-hand, right.
    2 straight, upright, erect, standing.
    3 uncurved, unbowed.
    4 dextral.
    5 according to law, uncrooked.
    adv.
    straight on, straight, straightly.
    m.
    1 right, legitimate faculty, individual right, just claim.
    2 law.
    3 prerogative.
    * * *
    1 right
    2 (recto) straight, upright
    1 straight
    1 (leyes) law
    2 (privilegio) right
    3 (de una tela, calcetín, etc) right side
    1 (impuestos) duties, taxes; (tarifa) fees
    \
    con derecho a with the right to
    ¿con qué derecho...? what right...?
    ■ ¿con qué derecho te marchaste? what right did you have to leave?
    dar derecho to entitle to
    de derecho by right
    estar en su derecho to be within one's rights
    no hacer nada a derechas figurado to do nothing right
    ¡no hay derecho! it's not fair!
    'Reservados todos los derechos' "All rights reserved"
    'Se reserva el derecho de admisión' "The management reserves the right to refuse admission"
    tener derecho a to be entitled to, have the right to
    derecho civil civil law
    derecho de admisión right sing to refuse admission
    derecho mercantil commercial law, mercantile law
    derecho penal criminal law
    derecho político constitutional law
    derechos civiles civil rights
    derechos de aduana customs duties
    derechos de matrícula registration fees
    derechos de sucesión death duties
    derechos humanos human rights
    el derecho al voto the right to vote
    ————————
    1 straight
    * * *
    1. noun m.
    1) law
    •
    - derechos de autor 2. (f. - derecha)
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [línea, dirección] (=recto) straight; (=vertical) upright, straight

    anda derecha — walk upright, stand straight when you walk

    • poner algo derecho — (=no torcido) to put sth straight, straighten sth; (=no caído) to stand sth upright

    2) (=del lado derecho) [brazo, pierna, oreja] right; [lado, cajón] right-hand
    brazo 1), ojo 1)
    3) (=honrado) honest, straight
    4) CAm (=afortunado) lucky
    2. ADV
    1) (=en línea recta)

    seguir derecho — to carry o go straight on

    siga todo derecho — carry o go straight on

    2) (=directamente) straight

    después del cine, derechito para casa — after the cinema, straight home

    3. SM
    1) (Jur) (=estudios, legislación) law; (=justicia) justice

    • conforme a derecho — in accordance with the law

    • propietario en derecho — legal owner

    • por derecho — in law, legally

    lo que me corresponde por derecho — what is legally mine, what is mine by law

    • por derecho propio — in one's own right

    derecho del trabajo — labour o (EEUU) labor law

    derecho foral — legislation pertaining to those Spanish regions which have charters called "fueros"

    derecho laboral — labour law, labor law (EEUU)

    2) [de persona, entidad] right

    ¿con qué derecho me hablas así? — what right have you to talk to me that way?

    ¡no hay derecho! — it's not fair!

    • derecho a la educación — right to education

    lo único que nos queda es el derecho al pataleo — hum the only thing we can do is kick up a fuss *

    derecho al voto, derecho a votar — [gen] right to vote; [como derecho civil] franchise, right to vote

    • con derecho a algo — entitled to sth

    entrada con derecho a consumición — entrance ticket including one free drink

    • dar derecho a hacer algo — to give the right to do sth

    • estar en su derecho — to be within one's rights

    claro, estás en tu derecho de decir lo que quieras — of course, you are perfectly entitled to say whatever you like

    • tener derecho a algo — to be entitled to sth

    tener derecho a hacer algo — to have a o the right to do sth

    derecho de paso — right of way, easement (EEUU)

    derecho de pernada — ( Hist) droit du seigneur

    derecho de retención — (Com) lien

    3) pl derechos (Com) rights

    "reservados todos los derechos" — "all rights reserved"

    derechos de emisión — (TV, Radio) broadcasting rights

    4) pl derechos (=honorarios) [de arquitecto, notario] fee(s); (=impuestos) duty sing

    sujeto a derechos — subject to duty, dutiable

    derechos aduaneros, derechos arancelarios, derechos de aduana — customs duty

    derechos de asesoría, derechos de consulta — consulting fees, consultancy fees

    derechos de enganche — (Telec) connection charges

    derechos de muelle — dock dues, docking fees (EEUU)

    derechos de peaje — (Aut) toll sing

    derechos portuarios — harbour dues, harbor dues (EEUU)

    derechos reales — tax paid after the completion of an official transaction

    5) (tb: lado derecho) [de tela, papel] right side; [de calcetín, chaqueta] outside

    ¿cuál es el derecho de esta tela? — which is the right side of this fabric?

    • poner algo al o del derecho — to put sth the right side o way up

    * * *
    I
    - cha adjetivo
    1) <mano/ojo/zapato> right; < lado> right, right-hand
    2)
    a) ( recto) straight
    b) (fam) (justo, honesto) honest, straight
    II
    a) ( en línea recta) straight

    siga todo derecho — go o keep straight on

    b) (fam) ( directamente) straight

    fue derecho al tema — he got straight o right to the point

    III
    1)
    a) (facultad, privilegio) right

    el derecho a la vida/al voto — the right to life/to vote

    derecho a + inf: tengo derecho a saber I have a o the right to know; da derecho a participar en el sorteo it entitles you to participate in the draw; tiene perfecto derecho a protestar she's perfectly within her rights to protest; tengo derecho a que se me escuche I have the right to be heard; no hay derecho! (fam) it's not fair!; no hay derecho a que la traten así a una — they've no right to treat a person like that

    b) (Com, Fin) tax
    2) (Der) law
    3) ( de prenda) right side, outside; ( de tela) right side, face
    * * *
    I
    - cha adjetivo
    1) <mano/ojo/zapato> right; < lado> right, right-hand
    2)
    a) ( recto) straight
    b) (fam) (justo, honesto) honest, straight
    II
    a) ( en línea recta) straight

    siga todo derecho — go o keep straight on

    b) (fam) ( directamente) straight

    fue derecho al tema — he got straight o right to the point

    III
    1)
    a) (facultad, privilegio) right

    el derecho a la vida/al voto — the right to life/to vote

    derecho a + inf: tengo derecho a saber I have a o the right to know; da derecho a participar en el sorteo it entitles you to participate in the draw; tiene perfecto derecho a protestar she's perfectly within her rights to protest; tengo derecho a que se me escuche I have the right to be heard; no hay derecho! (fam) it's not fair!; no hay derecho a que la traten así a una — they've no right to treat a person like that

    b) (Com, Fin) tax
    2) (Der) law
    3) ( de prenda) right side, outside; ( de tela) right side, face
    * * *
    derecho1
    1 = upright, straight [straighter -comp., straightest -sup.], standing.

    Ex: The letters are upright, narrow, and angular, standing on crooked feet, and the ascenders are usually decorated with barbs or thorns; f and p do not normally descend below the base line.

    Ex: The right tail of the Bradford distribution has been considered to be straight or drooping.
    Ex: Although this painting depicts a single standing man, his generalised features suggest that this was not meant as a portrait.
    * derecho hacia al norte = due north.
    * derecho hacia al sur = due south.
    * derecho hacia el este = due east.
    * derecho hacia el oeste = due west.
    * dos entuertos no hacen un derecho = two wrongs do not make a right.
    * hecho y derecho = full-bodied, full-scale, full-service, fully-fledged.
    * irse derecho a = make + a beeline for.

    derecho2
    2 = entitlement, law, right.

    Ex: Community education is another form of outreach that aims to educate the public about the availability of services that can help them, about their entitlement to benefits, or about their rights under the law.

    Ex: The social sciences class, 300, subsumes Economics, Politics, Law and Education.
    Ex: Access to information is a fundamental right of citizenship, in fact, the fourth right, following in the footsteps of civil rights, political rights and social rights.
    * bibliografía de derecho = legal bibliography.
    * biblioteca de derecho = law library.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de derecho = law librarian.
    * biblioteconomía para las bibliotecas de derecho = law librarianship.
    * carta de derechos = charter of rights.
    * carta de derechos humanos = charter of human rights.
    * colección de derecho = law collection.
    * colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.
    * conceder el derecho al voto = enfranchise.
    * con derecho a voto = eligible to vote.
    * con derecho de autor = copyright-protected.
    * con derechos de autor = copyrightable, royalty-paid.
    * con pleno derecho = with full rights.
    * conseguir el derecho para = win + the right to.
    * dar derecho a = entitle to.
    * Declaración de Derechos = Bill of Rights.
    * Declaración de los Derechos del Usuario = Library Bill of Rights.
    * de derecho = de jure [iure].
    * de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.
    * defender los derechos de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + rights.
    * defensor de los derechos de los animales = animal rights campaigner.
    * defensor de los derechos de los animales = animal rights activist.
    * defensor de los derechos de los ciudadanos = citizen activist.
    * defensor de los derechos humanos = human rights activist, human rights campaigner.
    * de pleno derecho = in + Posesivo + own right, rightful.
    * derecho administrativo = administrative law.
    * derecho a independizarse, el = right to secede, the.
    * derecho a la lectura = right to read.
    * derecho a la libertad de expresión = right to free speech, right of free speech.
    * derecho a la muerte = right to die.
    * derecho a la privacidad = privacy right.
    * derecho a la vida = right to live.
    * derecho a leer = right to read.
    * derecho al veto = veto power.
    * derecho al voto = suffrage, voting rights, right to vote, the.
    * derecho a vivir = right to live.
    * derecho a votar = suffrage, voting rights, right to vote, the.
    * derecho a voto = voting rights, suffrage, right to vote, the.
    * derecho básico = natural right, basic right.
    * derecho canónico = canon law.
    * derecho civil = civil law.
    * derecho comunitario = Community law.
    * derecho constitucional = constitutional right, constitutional law.
    * derecho consuetudinario = common law.
    * derecho de acceso = access right.
    * derecho de acceso a la información = right of access to information.
    * derecho de alquiler = rental right.
    * derecho de autor de la Corona = Crown copyright.
    * derecho de grabación de ondas sonoras o televisivas = off-air recording right.
    * derecho de la comunidad = community right.
    * derecho del consumidor = consumer law.
    * derecho del individuo = individual's right.
    * derecho del trabajo = employment law.
    * derecho de nacimiento = birthright.
    * derecho de paso = the right of way, right of entry.
    * derecho de patentes = patent law.
    * derecho de préstamo = lending right.
    * derecho de reproducción = reprographic right.
    * derecho de retención = lien.
    * derecho de servidumbre = easement.
    * derecho de sucesión = inheritance law.
    * derecho de voto = suffrage, voting rights, right to vote, the.
    * derecho divino = divine right, divine law.
    * derecho eclesiástico = ecclesiastical law.
    * derecho eterno = eternal right.
    * derecho exclusivo = exclusive right.
    * derecho humano = human right.
    * derecho inalienable = inalienable right, birthright, unalienable right.
    * derecho internacional = international law.
    * derecho laboral = employment law.
    * derecho legal = legal right.
    * derecho medioambiental = environmental law.
    * derecho natural = natural right, natural law.
    * derecho penal = criminal law, penal law.
    * derecho preferente de compra = preemption [pre-emption].
    * derecho público = civic right, public law.
    * derechos = rights.
    * derechos afines = neighbouring rights.
    * derechos cívicos = civil rights.
    * derechos civiles = civil rights, civil liberties.
    * derechos de aduana = customs duties.
    * derechos de amarre = moorage.
    * derechos de atraque = moorage.
    * derechos de autor = copyright, royalty [royalties, -pl.].
    * derechos de la mujer = women's rights.
    * derechos de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property rights.
    * derechos del ciudadano = civil liberties.
    * derechos del consumidor = consumer rights [consumers' rights].
    * derechos de licencia = licensing rights.
    * derechos de los animales = animal rights.
    * derechos democráticos = democratic rights.
    * derechos de patente = patent rights.
    * derechos de propiedad = property rights.
    * derechos de reproducción = reproduction rights.
    * derechos en materia de procreación = reproductive rights.
    * derechos humanos específicos de la mujer = human rights of women.
    * derechos individuales = individual rights.
    * derecho soberano = sovereign right.
    * derecho sobre el préstamo al público (PLR) = public lending right (PLR).
    * derechos políticos = political rights.
    * derechos reproductivos = reproductive rights.
    * derechos sociales = social rights.
    * ejercer un derecho = exercise + right.
    * estado de derecho = rule of law.
    * facultad de derecho = law school.
    * hacer valer sus derechos = assert + Posesivo + rights.
    * igualdad de derechos = equal rights, equality of rights.
    * individualización de los derechos = individualisation of rights.
    * infracción del derecho de autor = copyright infringement.
    * infringir un derecho = infringe + right, violate + right.
    * instrucción sobre los derechos de los ciudadanos = community education.
    * ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.
    * Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.
    * libre de derechos de autor = royalty-free.
    * libro de derecho = law book.
    * luchar por los derechos = campaign for + rights.
    * material protegido por el derecho de autor = copyright material, copyrighted material.
    * mención de derecho de autor = statement of copyright.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de la mujer = women's rights movement.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de los animales = animal rights movement.
    * movimiento por los derechos civiles = civil rights movement.
    * obra amparada por el derecho de autor = copyright work.
    * obtener el derecho para = win + the right to.
    * oficina de derechos de autor = copyright office.
    * pagar derechos reales = pay + royalty.
    * propietario de los derechos de autor = rightholder.
    * protegido por el derecho de autor = copyrighted, copyright-protected.
    * reclamar el derecho a Algo = stake + Posesivo + claim.
    * reivindicar el derecho de Uno = stake + Posesivo + claim.
    * reservados todos los derechos = all rights reserved.
    * reservarse el derecho de = reserve + the right to.
    * respetar un derecho = respect + right.
    * sociedad de gestión de derechos de autor = copyright collective, copyright collecting society, copyright collecting agency.
    * tarifa de derechos de autor = royalty charge.
    * tener derecho a = be entitled to, have + a right to, entitle to, have + the right to, have + a say in.
    * tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.
    * tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.
    * tener el derecho de = have + the right to.
    * titular del derecho = payee entitled.
    * titular del derecho de autor = rights-holder [rightsholder], copyright holder.
    * titular de los derechos de autor = rights-owner.
    * todos los derechos reservados = all rights reserved.
    * violación del derecho de la gente a + Nombre = invasion of people's right to + Nombre.
    * violación de los derechos humanos = violation of human rights, human rights abuse.
    * violar los derechos = invade + rights.
    * violar un derecho = infringe + right, violate + right.

    * * *
    A ‹mano/ojo/zapato› right; ‹lado› right, right-hand
    el ángulo superior derecho the top right-hand angle
    queda a mano derecha it's on the right-hand side o on the right
    tiene el lado derecho paralizado he's paralyzed down his right side
    B
    1 (recto) straight
    ese cuadro no está derecho that picture isn't straight
    ¿tengo el sombrero derecho? is my hat (on) straight?
    ¡pon la espalda derecha! straighten your back!
    siéntate derecho sit up straight
    cortar por lo derecho ( Chi); to take drastic measures
    2 ( fam) (justo, honesto) honest, straight
    siga todo derecho por esta calle go o keep straight on down this street
    corta derecho cut it straight
    2 ( fam) (directamente) straight
    fue derecho al tema he got straight o right to the point
    y de aquí derechito a casa and from here you go straight home
    derecho viejo ( RPl fam); straight
    si no te gusta, se lo dices derecho viejo if you don't like it, tell him straight
    A
    1 (facultad, privilegio) right
    tienes que hacer valer tus derechos you have to stand up for your rights
    estás en tu derecho you're within your rights
    [ S ] reservado el derecho de admisión right of admission reserved, the management reserves the right to refuse admission
    ¿con qué derecho te apropias de lo que es mío? what right do you have to take something that belongs to me?
    derecho A algo right TO sth
    el derecho a la vida/libertad the right to life/freedom
    el derecho al voto the right to vote
    derecho A + INF:
    tengo derecho a saber I have a o the right to know
    eso no te da derecho a insultarme that doesn't give you the right to insult me
    da derecho a participar en el sorteo it entitles you to participate in the draw
    no tienes ningún derecho a hacerme esto you have no right to do this to me
    tiene perfecto derecho a protestar she's perfectly within her rights to protest
    derecho A QUE + SUBJ:
    tengo tanto derecho como tú a que se me escuche I have as much right as you to be heard
    derecho al pataleo ( fam hum): después no hay derecho al pataleo you can't start kicking up a fuss later ( colloq)
    ¡no hay derecho! ( fam); it's not fair!, it's just not on! ( colloq)
    no hay derecho a que la traten así a una they've no right to treat a person like that
    pagar el derecho de piso (CS fam); to pay one's dues
    2 ( Com, Fin) tax
    Compuestos:
    right to privacy
    right of access
    acquisition rights (pl), rights of acquisition (pl)
    right of asylum
    freedom of association o assembly
    right of self-defense*
    right to self-determination
    right of self-defense*
    prerogative of mercy
    right to strike
    registration fee
    birthright
    ● derecho de paso or servidumbre
    right of way
    patent right
    droit de seigneur
    right of ownership
    ● derecho de propiedad intelectual or literaria
    (literary) copyright
    publishing rights (pl)
    copyright
    right of abode
    lien
    right of repurchase
    right of assembly
    right to vote
    right to run for election ( AmE), right to stand for election ( BrE)
    right of first refusal
    passage
    ● derecho de or al veto
    right o power of veto
    right of access ( to children)
    divine right
    pre-emption right
    mpl vested or acquired rights (pl)
    ● derechos arancelarios or de aduana
    mpl customs duties (pl)
    mpl film rights (pl)
    mpl civil rights (pl), civil liberties (pl)
    mpl conjugal rights (pl)
    ● derechos de adaptación cinematográfica or al cine
    mpl film rights (pl), movie rights (pl) ( AmE), screen rights (pl)
    mpl broadcasting rights (pl)
    mpl royalties (pl)
    mpl examination fees (pl)
    ● derechos de exportación/importación
    mpl export/import duties (pl)
    ● derechos de interpretación or representación
    mpl performing rights (pl)
    mpl women's rights (pl)
    mpl consumer rights (pl)
    mpl rights of the individual (pl)
    mpl workers' rights (pl)
    mpl grazing rights (pl)
    mpl ( Auto) tolls (pl)
    mpl port o anchorage dues (pl)
    mpl paperback rights (pl)
    mpl copyright (pl)
    mpl publishing rights (pl)
    mpl human rights (pl)
    mpl harbor* dues (pl)
    B ( Der) law
    estudio derecho I'm studying law
    según el derecho inglés according to o under English law
    no se ajusta a derechoor no es conforme a derecho it is not lawful
    Compuestos:
    administrative law
    aviation law
    canon law
    civil law
    commercial law
    community law
    comparative law
    common law
    contract law
    family law
    patent law
    business law
    statute law
    tax law
    international law
    labor* law
    maritime law
    commercial law
    criminal law
    statute law
    private law
    procedural law
    public law
    C (de una prenda) right side, outside; (de una tela) right side, face
    es de doble faz, no tiene derecho ni revés it's reversible, it doesn't have a right and a wrong side
    no lo planches por el derecho don't iron it on the right side, iron it inside out
    póntelo al derecho put it on properly o right side out
    * * *

     

    derecho 1
    ◊ - cha adjetivo

    1 ‹mano/ojo/zapato› right;
    ‹ lado› right, right-hand;

    queda a mano derecha it's on the right-hand side o on the right
    2


    siéntate derecho sit up straight
    b) (fam) (justo, honesto) honest, straight

    derecho 2 adverbio
    straight;
    ◊ siga todo derecho go o keep straight on

    derecho 3 sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (facultad, privilegio) right;


    estás en tu derecho you're within your rights;
    derecho a algo right to sth;
    el derecho al voto the right to vote;
    tengo derecho a saber I have a o the right to know;
    esto da derecho a participar this entitles you to participate;
    ¡no hay derecho! (fam) it's not fair!
    b) (Com, Fin) tax;


    derechos de autor royalties;
    derecho de matrícula registration fee;
    derecho de reproducción copyright
    2 (Der) law
    3 ( de prenda) right side, outside;
    ( de tela) right side, face;
    ◊ póntelo al derecho put it on properly o right side out

    derecho,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (lado, acera, etc) right
    2 (recto, erguido) upright, straight
    3 (parte del cuerpo) right: le dolía el brazo derecho, her right arm was hurting
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (petición o exigencia legítima) right: está usted en su derecho, you are within your rights
    no tienes derecho a decirme eso, you have no the right to tell me that
    derecho de admisión, right to refuse admission
    los derechos del niño, children's rights
    2 Jur (conjunto de leyes) law
    derecho laboral/procesal, labour/procedural law
    derecho penal, criminal law
    3 (justicia) no hay derecho a que nos traten así, it's not fair to treat people like that
    4 Com derechos, duties
    derechos de autor, royalties
    III adv (en línea recta) sigue todo derecho, go straight ahead
    ' derecho' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    admisión
    - brazo
    - constitucional
    - derecha
    - digna
    - digno
    - disputarse
    - ejercer
    - enchufada
    - enchufado
    - foral
    - jurisprudencia
    - mercantil
    - obstáculo
    - opción
    - otorgar
    - pataleo
    - plena
    - pleno
    - poder
    - proteger
    - reclamar
    - reconocer
    - renunciar
    - rescate
    - reservarse
    - restringir
    - segundón
    - segundona
    - sostener
    - suprimir
    - unirse
    - voto
    - arancelario
    - carrera
    - ceder
    - cojo
    - cuestión
    - cursar
    - desistir
    - directamente
    - discutir
    - disfrutar
    - disputar
    - doctor
    - en
    - enderezar
    - extremo
    - fuero
    - goce
    English:
    bar
    - basic
    - check up on
    - claim
    - clause
    - commercial law
    - common law
    - criminal law
    - entitle
    - entitlement
    - entry
    - exercise
    - fair
    - forehand
    - forfeit
    - franchise
    - fully-fledged
    - grant
    - grown
    - ineligible
    - law
    - LLB
    - LLD
    - nineteenth
    - pension
    - prerogative
    - privacy
    - qualify
    - relinquish
    - right
    - right brain
    - right-hand
    - right-hand man
    - Roman law
    - sign away
    - standing
    - statutory
    - straight
    - straighten
    - straighten up
    - surrender
    - title
    - upright
    - common
    - county
    - criminal
    - crown
    - disenfranchise
    - due
    - eligible
    * * *
    derecho, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [vertical] upright;
    [recto] straight;
    este cuadro no está derecho this picture isn't straight;
    recogió la lámpara del suelo y la puso derecha she picked the lamp up off the floor and stood it upright;
    siéntate o [m5] ponte derecho o te dolerá la espalda sit straight or you'll get backache;
    siempre anda muy derecha she always walks with a very straight back
    2. [de la derecha] right;
    mano/pierna derecha right hand/leg;
    el margen derecho the right-hand margin;
    a mano derecha on the right, on the right-hand side
    ♦ nm
    1. [leyes, estudio] law;
    un estudiante de derecho a law student;
    estudiar derecho to study o read law;
    una licenciada en derecho a law graduate;
    la Facultad de Derecho the Faculty of Law;
    voy a Derecho a una conferencia I'm going to a lecture in the Faculty of Law;
    el derecho me asiste the law is on my side;
    conforme o [m5] según derecho according to the law
    derecho administrativo administrative law;
    derecho canónico canon law;
    derecho civil civil law;
    derecho constitucional constitutional law;
    derecho financiero financial law;
    derecho fiscal tax law;
    derecho foral = ancient regional laws still existing in some parts of Spain;
    derecho internacional international law;
    derecho internacional público public international law;
    derecho laboral labour law, employment law;
    derecho marítimo maritime law;
    derecho mercantil commercial law, mercantile law;
    derecho natural natural law;
    derecho de patentes patent law;
    derecho penal criminal law;
    derecho privado private law;
    derecho procesal procedural law;
    derecho público public law;
    derecho romano Roman law;
    derecho de sociedades Br company law, US corporation law;
    2. [prerrogativa] right;
    el derecho al voto the right to vote;
    los derechos de la mujer women's rights;
    los derechos y obligaciones del consumidor the rights and responsibilities of the consumer;
    Fam
    me queda el derecho al pataleo all I can do now is complain;
    ¿con qué derecho entras en mi casa sin llamar? what gives you the right to come into my house without knocking?;
    con derecho a dos consumiciones [en entrada] this ticket entitles the holder to two free drinks;
    esta tarjeta me da derecho a un 5 por ciento de descuento this card entitles me to a 5 percent discount;
    el que sea el jefe no le da derecho a tratarnos así just because he's the boss doesn't mean he can o doesn't give him the right to treat us like this;
    si quiere abstenerse, está en su derecho if she wants to abstain, she's perfectly within her rights to do so;
    hizo valer sus derechos he exercised his rights;
    ¡no hay derecho! it's not fair!;
    ¡no hay derecho a que unos tengan tanto y otros tan poco! it's not fair that some people should have so much and others so little!;
    es de derecho que consiga la indemnización que reclama it is only right that she should receive the compensation she is claiming;
    ha entrado, por derecho propio o [m5]por propio derecho, en la historia de la literatura she's gone down in literary history in her own right;
    reservado el derecho de admisión [en letrero] the management reserves the right of admission;
    reservados todos los derechos all rights reserved;
    tener derecho a algo to have a right to sth, to be entitled to sth;
    tener derecho a hacer algo to have the right to do sth, to be entitled to do sth;
    tengo derecho a descansar, ¿no? I'm entitled to be able to rest now and then, aren't I?;
    no tienes ningún derecho a insultarme you have no right to insult me
    derechos de antena broadcasting rights;
    derecho de apelación right of appeal;
    derecho de asilo right of asylum;
    derechos de autor [potestad] copyright;
    derechos civiles civil rights;
    derecho de distribución distribution rights;
    derechos especiales de giro special drawing rights;
    derecho de gracia right to show clemency;
    derechos humanos human rights;
    derecho de paso right of way;
    Hist derecho de pernada droit du seigneur;
    derechos de propiedad proprietary rights;
    derecho de réplica right to reply;
    derecho de respuesta right to reply;
    Econ derecho de retención right of retention;
    derecho de reunión right of assembly;
    derecho de visita (a los hijos) [de divorciado] visiting rights, right of access
    3. [contrario de revés] right side;
    me puse el jersey del derecho I put my jumper on the right way round o properly;
    cose los botones del derecho sew the buttons on the right side
    ♦ derechos nmpl
    [tasas] duties, taxes; [profesionales] fees derechos de aduana customs duty;
    derechos de autor [dinero] royalties;
    derechos de entrada import duties;
    derechos de examen examination fees;
    derechos de inscripción membership fee;
    derechos de matrícula matriculation fee;
    derechos de puerto harbour dues;
    derechos reales death duty
    ♦ adv
    1. [en línea recta] straight;
    fue derecho a su despacho she went straight to her office;
    se fue derecho a casa she went straight home;
    todo derecho straight ahead;
    siga todo derecho para llegar al museo carry on straight ahead and you'll come to the museum
    2. [sin rodeos] straight;
    iré derecho al asunto I'll get straight to the point;
    RP
    decir o [m5] hacer algo derecho viejo to say sth straight out, to come right out with sth
    * * *
    I adj
    1 lado right
    2 ( recto) straight
    3 C.Am. fig
    straight, honest
    II adv straight;
    siga derecho carry straight on;
    tenerse derecho stand up/sit up straight;
    poner derecho algo straighten sth; vertical right sth, set sth upright;
    vamos derecho a casa we’re going straight home
    III m
    1 ( privilegio) right;
    con derecho a with a right to;
    dar derecho a alguien a algo entitle s.o. to sth;
    la tarjeta da derecho a entrar gratuitamente the card entitles you to free entry;
    tener derecho a have a right to, be entitled to;
    tener el derecho de have the right to, be entitled to;
    estar en su derecho be within one’s rights;
    no hay derecho it’s not fair, it’s not right;
    2 JUR law;
    estudiar derecho study law
    3
    :
    del derecho vestido, jersey on the right side
    IV mpl
    :
    derechos fees;
    derechos de almacenaje storage charges
    * * *
    derecho adv
    1) : straight
    2) : upright
    3) : directly
    derecho, - cha adj
    1) : right
    2) : right-hand
    3) recto: straight, upright, erect
    1) : right
    derechos humanos: human rights
    2) : law
    derecho civil: civil law
    3) : right side (of cloth or clothing)
    * * *
    derecho1 adj
    1. (diestro) right
    2. (recto) straight
    derecho2 adv straight
    1. (facultad, posibilidad) right
    2. (leyes, ciencia) law
    3. (anverso) right side

    Spanish-English dictionary > derecho

  • 47 use

    1) польза, эффект
    2) использование, пользование, применение; употребление; использовать, пользоваться, применять; употреблять
    •
    - use for new purpose
    - used to
    - use exclusively
    - use in practice
    - use up
    - use under secrecy
    - when in use
    - use of a mark
    - use of invention
    - use of known process
    - use of monopoly
    - use of patent
    - use of patent information
    - use of patent license
    - use of patent rights
    - actual use
    - actual use of invention
    - analogous use
    - authorized use
    - commercial use
    - concurrent use
    - continued use
    - crown use
    - dead use
    - double use
    - exclusive use
    - experimental use
    - fair use
    - fair use of copyright material
    - foreign use
    - free use
    - full use
    - government use of a patented invention
    - hidden use
    - improper use of monopoly
    - improper use of patent
    - industrial use of invention
    - information use
    - infringing use
    - intended use
    - intentional improper use of monopoly
    - inventive use
    - joint use
    - later use
    - legal use
    - limited public use
    - new and full use
    - new use of known process
    - noninfringing use
    - notorious prior use
    - open use
    - patent use
    - permitted use
    - practical use
    - previous use
    - prior use
    - prior use of invention
    - prior public use
    - public use
    - secondary use of a mark
    - secret use
    - token use
    - unauthorized use
    - unlawful use
    - unlicensed use
    - unrestricted use
    - verbal use

    Patent terms dictionary > use

  • 48 Crampton, Thomas Russell

    [br]
    b. 6 August 1816 Broadstairs, Kent, England
    d. 19 April 1888 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer, pioneer of submarine electric telegraphy and inventor of the Crampton locomotive.
    [br]
    After private education and an engineering apprenticeship, Crampton worked under Marc Brunel, Daniel Gooch and the Rennie brothers before setting up as a civil engineer in 1848. His developing ideas on locomotive design were expressed through a series of five patents taken out between 1842 and 1849, each making a multiplicity of claims. The most typical feature of the Crampton locomotive, however, was a single pair of driving wheels set to the rear of the firebox. This meant they could be of large diameter, while the centre of gravity of the locomotive remained low, for the boiler barrel, though large, had only small carrying-wheels beneath it. The cylinders were approximately midway along the boiler and were outside the frames, as was the valve gear. The result was a steady-riding locomotive which neither pitched about a central driving axle nor hunted from side to side, as did other contemporary locomotives, and its working parts were unusually accessible for maintenance. However, adhesive weight was limited and the long wheelbase tended to damage track. Locomotives of this type were soon superseded on British railways, although they lasted much longer in Germany and France. Locomotives built to the later patents incorporated a long, coupled wheelbase with drive through an intermediate crankshaft, but they mostly had only short lives. In 1851 Crampton, with associates, laid the first successful submarine electric telegraph cable. The previous year the brothers Jacob and John Brett had laid a cable, comprising a copper wire insulated with gutta-percha, beneath the English Channel from Dover to Cap Gris Nez: signals were passed but within a few hours the cable failed. Crampton joined the Bretts' company, put up half the capital needed for another attempt, and designed a much stronger cable. Four gutta-percha-insulated copper wires were twisted together, surrounded by tarred hemp and armoured by galvanized iron wires; this cable was successful.
    Crampton was also active in railway civil engineering and in water and gas engineering, and c. 1882 he invented a hydraulic tunnel-boring machine intended for a Channel tunnel.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Officier de la Légion d'Honneur (France).
    Bibliography
    1842, British patent no. 9,261.
    1845. British patent no. 10,854.
    1846. British patent no. 11,349.
    1847. British patent no. 11,760.
    1849, British patent no. 12,627.
    1885, British patent no. 14,021.
    Further Reading
    M.Sharman, 1933, The Crampton Locomotive, Swindon: M.Sharman; P.C.Dewhurst, 1956–7, "The Crampton locomotive", Parts I and II, Transactions of the Newcomen Society 30:99 (the most important recent publications on Crampton's locomotives).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allen. J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles, 102–4.
    R.B.Matkin, 1979, "Thomas Crampton: Man of Kent", Industrial Past 6 (2).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Crampton, Thomas Russell

  • 49 Macintosh, Charles

    [br]
    b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.
    [br]
    As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.
    There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.
    In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.
    New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1823.
    Further Reading
    G.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).
    H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).
    RLH / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Macintosh, Charles

  • 50 Need, Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1718
    d. 14 April 1781 Bread Street, Cheapside, London, England
    [br]
    English manufacturer of hosiery who helped to finance Arkwright's spinning machine and early cotton mills.
    [br]
    Samuel Need was apprenticed as a framework knitter and entered the hosiery trade c. 1742. He was a Dissenter and later became an Independent Congregationalist. He married Elizabeth Gibson of Hacking, Middlesex, who survived him and died in 1781. He had a warehouse in Nottingham, where he was made a burgess in 1739–40. In 1747 he bought a mill there and had a house adjoining it, but in 1777 he bought an estate at Arnold, outside the city. From about 1759 he supported Jedediah Strutt and William Woollat in their development of Strutt's invention of the rib attachment to the knitting machine. Need became a partner with Strutt in 1762 over the patent and then they shared a joint hosiery business. When Arkwright sought financial assistance from Ichabod and John Wright, the Nottingham bankers, to develop his spinning mill in that town, the Wrights turned him over to Samuel Need. Need, having profited so much from the successful patent with Strutt, was ready to exploit another; on 19 January 1770 Need and Strutt, on payment of £500, became co-partners with Arkwright, Smalley and Thornley for the remainder of Arkwright's patent. In Need, Arkwright had secured the patronage of the leading hosier in Nottingham. Need was leader of the Hosiers' Federation in 1779 when the framework knitters petitioned Parliament to better their conditions. He gave evidence against the workers' demands and, when their bill failed, the Nottingham workers attacked first his Nottingham house and then the one at Arnold.
    Need was to remain a partner with Arkwright until his death in 1781. He was involved in die mill at Cromford and also with some later ones, such as the Birkacre mill near Chorley, Lancashire, in 1777. He made a fortune and died at his home in London.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    M.L.Walker, 1963, A History of the Family of Need of Arnold, Nottinghamshire, London (a good biography).
    R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (covers Need's relationship with Arkwright).
    R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830, Manchester.
    S.D.Chapman, 1967, The Early Factory Masters, Newton Abbot (describes his wider contacts with the Midlands hosiery industry).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Need, Samuel

  • 51 Wolseley, Frederick York

    [br]
    b. 1837 Co. Dublin, Ireland
    d. 1899 England
    [br]
    Irish inventor who developed the first practical sheep shears and was also involved in the development of the car which bore his name.
    [br]
    The credit for the first design of sheep shears lies with James Higham, who patented the idea in 1868. However, its practical and commercial success lay in the work of a number of people, to each of whom Frederick Wolseley provides the connecting link.
    One of three brothers, he emigrated to Australia in 1854 and worked in New South Wales for five years. In 1867 he produced a working model of mechanical sheep shears, but it took a further five years before he actually produced a machine, whilst working as Manager of a sheep station in Victoria. In the intervening period it is possible that he visited America and Britain. On returning to Australia in 1872 he and Robert Savage produced another working model in a workshop in Melbourne. Four years later, by which time Wolseley had acquired the "Euroka" sheep station at Walgett, they tested the model and in 1877 acquired joint patent rights. The machine was not successful, and in 1884 another joint patent, this time with Robert Pickup, was taken out on a cog-gear universal joint. Development was to take several more years, during which a highly skilled blacksmith by the name of George Gray joined the team. It is likely that he was the first person to remove a fleece from a sheep mechanically. Finally, the last to be involved in the development of the shears was another Englishman, John Howard, who emigrated to Australia in 1883 with the intention of developing a shearing machine based on his knowledge of existing horse clippers. Wolseley purchased Howard's patent rights and gave him a job. The first public demonstration of the shears was held at the wool stores of Goldsborough \& Co. of Melbourne. Although the hand shearers were faster, when the three sheep that had been clipped by them were re-shorn using the mechanical machine, a further 2 lb (900 g) of wool was removed.
    Wolseley placed the first manufacturing order with A.P.Parks, who employed a young Englishman by the name of Herbert Austin. A number of improvements to the design were suggested by Austin, who acquired patents and assigned them to Wolseley in 1895 in return for shares in the company. Austin returned to England to run the Wolseley factory in Birmingham. He also built there the first car to carry the Wolseley name, and subsequently opened a car factory carrying his own name.
    Wolseley resigned as Managing Director of the company in 1894 and died five years later.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    F.Wheelhouse, 1966, Digging Stock to Rotary Hoe: Men and Machines in Rural Australia (provides a detailed account of Wolseley's developments).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Wolseley, Frederick York

  • 52 Bell, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    fl. 1770–1785 Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of a calico printing machine with the design engraved on rollers.
    [br]
    In November 1770, John Mackenzie, owner of a bleaching mill, took his millwright Thomas Bell to Glasgow to consult with James Watt about problems they were having with the calico printing machine invented by Bell some years previously. Bell rolled sheets of copper one eighth of an inch (3 mm) thick into cyliders, and filled them with cement which was held in place by cast iron ends. After being turned true and polished, the cylinders were engraved; they cost about £10 each. The printing machines were driven by a water-wheel, but Bell and Mackenzie appeared to have had problems with the doctor blades which scraped off excess colour, and this may have been why they visited Watt.
    They had, presumably, solved the technical problems when Bell took out a patent in 1783 which describes him as "the Elder", but there are no further details about the man himself. The machine is described as having six printing rollers arranged around the top of the circumference of a large central bowl. In later machines, the printing rollers were placed all round a smaller cylinder. All of the printing rollers, each printing a different colour, were driven by gearing to keep them in register. The patent includes steel doctor blades which would have scraped excess colour off the printing rollers. Another patent, taken out in 1784, shows a smaller three-colour machine. The printing rollers had an iron core covered with copper, which could be taken off at pleasure so that fresh patterns could be cut as desired. Bell's machine was used at Masney, near Preston, England, by Messrs Livesey, Hargreaves, Hall \& Co in 1786. Although copper cylinders were difficult to make and engrave, and the soldered seams often burst, these machines were able to increase the output of the cheaper types of printed cloth.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1783, patent no. 1,378 (calico printing machine with engraved copper rollers). 1784, patent no. 1,443 (three-colour calico printing machine).
    Further Reading
    W.E.A.Axon, 1886, Annals of Manchester, Manchester (provides an account of the invention).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (provides a brief description of the development of calico printing).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Bell, Thomas

  • 53 Dore (Dorr), Samuel Griswold

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. USA
    d. 1794 England
    [br]
    American inventor of the first rotary shearing machine.
    [br]
    To give a smooth surface to cloth such as the old English broadcloth, the nap was raised and then sheared off. Hand-operated shears of enormous size cut the fibres standing proud of the surface while the cloth was laid over a curved table top. Great skill was required to achieve a smooth finish. Various attempts, such as that in 1784 by James Harmer, a clergyman of Sheffield, were made to mechanize the process by placing several pairs of shears in a frame and operating them by cranks, but these were not successful. The first version of a rotary machine was made by Samuel Griswold Dore (sometimes spelt Dorr), an American from Albany, New York. His first frame, patented in 1792 in America, consisted of a wheel of twelve "spring knives" that were fixed like spokes and set at an angle of about 45° to the horizontal. Under this wheel, and on the same axle, rode a second one, carrying four "tangent knives" that lay almost flat upon the cloth. As the two wheels rotated above the cloth's surface, they acted in "the manner of shears". The principle used in Dore's machine is certainly different from that in the later, successful machine of John Lewis. The machine was thought to be too complicated and expensive for American woollen manufacturers and was much better suited to circumstances in the English industry, Dore therefore moved to England. However, in his British patent in 1793, he introduced a different design, which was more like that on which both Lewis's machine and the lawnmower were based, with knives set across the periphery of a hollow cylinder or barrel. Little more was heard of his machine in Britain, possibly because of Dore's death, which is mentioned in his patent of 1794, although it was used in America and France. Dore's son and others improved the machine in America and brought new specifications to England in 1811, when several patents were taken out.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1792. US patent (rotary shearing machine).
    1793. British patent no. 1,945 (rotary shearing machine). 1794. British patent no. 1,985.
    Further Reading
    D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (examines Dore's inventions and their transfer to Britain).
    Mention of Dore can be found in: J. de L.Mann, 1971, The Cloth Industry in the West of England from 1660 to 1880, Oxford; K.G.Ponting, 1971, The Woollen Industry of South-West England, Bath.
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (discusses Dore's inventions).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Dore (Dorr), Samuel Griswold

  • 54 Stuart, Herbert Akroyd

    [br]
    b. 1864 Halifax, England
    d. 1927 Perth, Australia
    [br]
    English inventor of an oil internal-combustion engine.
    [br]
    Stuart's involvement with engines covered a period of less than ten years and was concerned with a means of vaporizing the heavier oils for use in the so-called oil engines. Leaving his native Yorkshire for Bletchley in Buckinghamshire, Stuart worked in his father's business, the Bletchley Iron and Tin Plate works. After finishing grammar school, he worked as an assistant in the Mechanical Engineering Department of the City and Guilds of London Technical College. He also formed a connection with the Finsbury Technical College, where he became acquainted with Professor William Robinson, a distinguished engineer eminent in the field of internal-combustion engines.
    Resuming work at Bletchley, Stuart carried out experiments with engines. His first patent was concerned with new methods of vaporizing the fuel, scavenging systems and improvement of speed control. Two further patents, in 1890, specified substantial improvements and formed the basis of later engine designs. In 1891 Stuart joined forces with R.Hornsby and Sons of Grantham, a firm founded in 1815 for the manufacture of machinery and steam engines. Hornsby acquired all rights to Stuart's engine patents, and their superior technical resources ensured substantial improvements to Stuart's early design. The Hornsby-Ackroyd engines, introduced in 1892, were highly successful and found wide acceptance, particularly in agriculture. With failing health, Stuart's interest in his engine work declined, and in 1899 he emigrated to Australia, where in 1903 he became a partner in importing gas engines and gas-producing plants. Following his death in 1927, under the terms of his will he was interred in England; sadly, he also requested that all papers and materials pertaining to his engines be destroyed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    July 1886, British patent no. 9,866 (fuel vapourization methods, scavenging systems and improvement of speed control; the patent describes Stuart as Mechanical Engineer of Bletchley Iron Works).
    1890, British patent no. 7,146 and British patent no. 15,994 (describe a vaporizing chamber connected to the working cylinder by a small throat).
    Further Reading
    D.Clerk, 1895, The Gas and Oil Engine, 6th edn, London, pp. 420–6 (provides a detailed description of the Hornsby-Ackroyd engine and includes details of an engine test).
    T.Hornbuckle and A.K.Bruce, 1940, Herbert Akroyd Stuart and the Development of the Heavy Oil Engine, London: Diesel Engine Users'Association, p. 1.
    KAB

    Biographical history of technology > Stuart, Herbert Akroyd

  • 55 Todd, Leonard Jennett

    [br]
    fl. 1885 London, England
    [br]
    English (?) patentee of steam engines incorporating the uniflow principle.
    [br]
    In a uniflow system, the steam enters a steam engine cylinder at one end, pushes the pistons along, and exhausts through a ring of ports at the centre of the cylinder that are uncovered by movement of the piston. The piston is returned by steam then entering the other end of the cylinder, moving the piston arrangement back, and again making its exit through the central ports. This gave the thermodynamic advantage of the cylinder ends remaining hot and the centre colder with reheating the ends of the cylinder through compression of the residual steam. The principle was first patented by Jacob Perkins in England in 1827 and was tried in America in 1856.
    Little is known about Todd. The addresses given in his patent specifications show that he was living first at South Hornsey and then Stoke Newington, both in Middlesex (now in London). No obituary notices have been traced. He took out a patent in 1885 for a "terminal exhaust engine" and followed this with two more in 1886 and 1887. His aim was to "produce a double acting steam engine which shall work more efficiently, which shall produce and maintain within itself an improved gradation of temperature extending from each of its two Hot Inlets to its common central Cold Outlet". His later patents show the problems he faced with finding suitable valve gears and the compression developing during the return stroke of the piston. It was this last problem, particularly when starting a condensing engine, that probably defeated him through excessive compression pressures. There is some evidence that he hoped to apply his engines to railway locomotives.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1885, British patent no. 7,301 (terminal exhaust engine). 1886, British patent no. 2,132.
    1887, British patent no. 6,666.
    Further Reading
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides the fullest discussion of his patents). H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.
    J.Stumpf, 1912, The Una-Flow Steam Engine, Munich: R.Oldenbourg.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Todd, Leonard Jennett

  • 56 Wyatt, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Textiles
    [br]
    b. April 1700 Thickbroom, Weeford, near Lichfield, England
    d. 29 November 1766 Birmingham, England
    [br]
    English inventor of machines for making files and rolling lead, and co-constructor of a cotton-spinning machine.
    [br]
    John Wyatt was the eldest son of John and Jane Wyatt, who lived in the small village of Thickbroom in the parish of Weeford, near Lichfield. John the younger was educated at Lichfield school and then worked as a carpenter at Thickbroom till 1730. In 1732 he was in Birmingham, engaged by a man named Heely, a gunbarrel forger, who became bankrupt in 1734. Wyatt had invented a machine for making files and sought the help of Lewis Paul to manufacture this commercially.
    The surviving papers of Paul and Wyatt in Birmingham are mostly undated and show a variety of machines with which they were involved. There was a machine for "making lead hard" which had rollers, and "a Gymcrak of some consequence" probably refers to a machine for boring barrels or the file-making machine. Wyatt is said to have been one of the unsuccessful competitors for the erection of London Bridge in 1736. He invented and perfected the compound-lever weighing machine. He had more success with this: after 1744, machines for weighing up to five tons were set up at Birmingham, Chester, Gloucester, Hereford, Lichfield and Liverpool. Road construction, bridge building, hydrostatics, canals, water-powered engines and many other schemes received his attention and it is said that he was employed for a time after 1744 by Matthew Boulton.
    It is certain that in April 1735 Paul and Wyatt were working on their spinning machine and Wyatt was making a model of it in London in 1736, giving up his work in Birmingham. The first patent, in 1738, was taken out in the name of Lewis Paul. It is impossible to know which of these two invented what. This first patent covers a wide variety of descriptions of the vital roller drafting to draw out the fibres, and it is unknown which system was actually used. Paul's carding patent of 1748 and his second spinning patent of 1758 show that he moved away from the system and principles upon which Arkwright built his success. Wyatt and Paul's spinning machines were sufficiently promising for a mill to be set up in 1741 at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, that was powered by two asses. Wyatt was the person responsible for constructing the machinery. Edward Cave established another at Northampton powered by water while later Daniel Bourn built yet another at Leominster. Many others were interested too. The Birmingham mill did not work for long and seems to have been given up in 1743. Wyatt was imprisoned for debt in The Fleet in 1742, and when released in 1743 he tried for a time to run the Birmingham mill and possibly the Northampton one. The one at Leominster burned down in 1754, while the Northampton mill was advertised for sale in 1756. This last mill may have been used again in conjunction with the 1758 patent. It was Wyatt whom Daniel Bourn contacted about a grant for spindles for his Leominster mill in 1748, but this seems to have been Wyatt's last association with the spinning venture.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, London (French collected many of the Paul and Wyatt papers; these should be read in conjunction with Hills 1970).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (Hills shows that the rollerdrafting system on this spinning machine worked on the wrong principles). A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780, Manchester (provides good coverage of the partnership of Paul and Wyatt and of the early mills).
    E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London (this publication must be mentioned, although it is now out of date).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a more recent account).
    W.A.Benton, "John Wyatt and the weighing of heavy loads", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 9 (for a description of Wyatt's weighing machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Wyatt, John

  • 57 Talbot, William Henry Fox

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1800 Melbury, England
    d. 17 September 1877 Lacock, Wiltshire, England
    [br]
    English scientist, inventor of negative—positive photography and practicable photo engraving.
    [br]
    Educated at Harrow, where he first showed an interest in science, and at Cambridge, Talbot was an outstanding scholar and a formidable mathematician. He published over fifty scientific papers and took out twelve English patents. His interests outside the field of science were also wide and included Assyriology, etymology and the classics. He was briefly a Member of Parliament, but did not pursue a parliamentary career.
    Talbot's invention of photography arose out of his frustrating attempts to produce acceptable pencil sketches using popular artist's aids, the camera discura and camera lucida. From his experiments with the former he conceived the idea of placing on the screen a paper coated with silver salts so that the image would be captured chemically. During the spring of 1834 he made outline images of subjects such as leaves and flowers by placing them on sheets of sensitized paper and exposing them to sunlight. No camera was involved and the first images produced using an optical system were made with a solar microscope. It was only when he had devised a more sensitive paper that Talbot was able to make camera pictures; the earliest surviving camera negative dates from August 1835. From the beginning, Talbot noticed that the lights and shades of his images were reversed. During 1834 or 1835 he discovered that by placing this reversed image on another sheet of sensitized paper and again exposing it to sunlight, a picture was produced with lights and shades in the correct disposition. Talbot had discovered the basis of modern photography, the photographic negative, from which could be produced an unlimited number of positives. He did little further work until the announcement of Daguerre's process in 1839 prompted him to publish an account of his negative-positive process. Aware that his photogenic drawing process had many imperfections, Talbot plunged into further experiments and in September 1840, using a mixture incorporating a solution of gallic acid, discovered an invisible latent image that could be made visible by development. This improved calotype process dramatically shortened exposure times and allowed Talbot to take portraits. In 1841 he patented the process, an exercise that was later to cause controversy, and between 1844 and 1846 produced The Pencil of Nature, the world's first commercial photographically illustrated book.
    Concerned that some of his photographs were prone to fading, Talbot later began experiments to combine photography with printing and engraving. Using bichromated gelatine, he devised the first practicable method of photo engraving, which was patented as Photoglyphic engraving in October 1852. He later went on to use screens of gauze, muslin and finely powdered gum to break up the image into lines and dots, thus anticipating modern photomechanical processes.
    Talbot was described by contemporaries as the "Father of Photography" primarily in recognition of his discovery of the negative-positive process, but he also produced the first photomicrographs, took the first high-speed photographs with the aid of a spark from a Leyden jar, and is credited with proposing infra-red photography. He was a shy man and his misguided attempts to enforce his calotype patent made him many enemies. It was perhaps for this reason that he never received the formal recognition from the British nation that his family felt he deserved.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS March 1831. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1842. Grand Médaille d'Honneur, L'Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1855. Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Edinburgh University, 1863.
    Bibliography
    1839, "Some account of the art of photographic drawing", Royal Society Proceedings 4:120–1; Phil. Mag., XIV, 1839, pp. 19–21.
    8 February 1841, British patent no. 8842 (calotype process).
    1844–6, The Pencil of Nature, 6 parts, London (Talbot'a account of his invention can be found in the introduction; there is a facsimile edn, with an intro. by Beamont Newhall, New York, 1968.
    Further Reading
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London.
    D.B.Thomas, 1964, The First Negatives, London (a lucid concise account of Talbot's photograph work).
    J.Ward and S.Stevenson, 1986, Printed Light, Edinburgh (an essay on Talbot's invention and its reception).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1977, The History of Photography, London (a wider picture of Talbot, based primarily on secondary sources).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Talbot, William Henry Fox

  • 58 date

    1) дата; число; день ( месяца)
    2) срок, период
    •
    - date of application
    - date of availability for public
    - date of commencement
    - date of conception
    - date of constructive reduction to practice
    - date of decision
    - date of expiration
    - date of filing
    - date of final rejection
    - date of first publication
    - date of forfeiture
    - date of grant
    - date of initial patent application
    - date of issuance
    - date of issue
    - date of licensing
    - date of licensing contract
    - date of mailing of the patent application
    - date of original decision
    - date of patent
    - date of patenting
    - date of payment
    - date of post-office stamp
    - date of priority
    - date of publication
    - date of rejection
    - date of the appeal
    - date of the grant of a patent
    - date of the Official Letter
    - actual filing date
    - anticipatory date
    - application date
    - citation date
    - closing date
    - conception date
    - convention date
    - convention priority date
    - due date
    - effective date
    - effective filing date
    - expiration date
    - expiry date
    - filing date of an application
    - first conception date
    - first filing date
    - foreign filing date
    - foreign priority date
    - imprimatur date
    - international filing date under the PCT
    - international registration date under the TRT
    - invention date
    - key date
    - later date of priority
    - patenting date
    - reciprocity date
    - sealing date
    - terminal date of prior patents

    Patent terms dictionary > date

  • 59 Beau de Rochas, Alphonse Eugène

    [br]
    b. 1815 France
    d. 1893 France
    [br]
    French railway engineer, patentee of a four-stroke cycle engine.
    [br]
    Renowned more for his ideas on technical matters than his practical deeds, Beau de Rochas was a prolific thinker. Within a few years he proposed a rail tunnel beneath the English Channel, a submarine telegraph, a new kind of drive for canal boats, the use of steel for high-pressure boilers and a method of improving the adhesion of locomotive wheels travelling the Alps.
    The most notable of Beau de Rochas's ideas occurred in 1862 when he was employed as Ingenieur Attaché to the Central de Chemins. With remarkable foresight, he expressed the theoretical considerations for the cycle of operations for the now widely used four-stroke cycle engine. A French patent of 1862 lapsed with a failure to pay the annuity and thus the proposals for a new motive power lapsed into obscurity. Resurrected some twenty years later, the Beau de Rochas tract figures prominently in patent litigation cases. In 1885, a German court upheld a submission by a German patent lawyer that Otto's four-stroke engine of 1876 infringed the Beau de Rochas patent. It remains a mystery why Beau de Rochas never emerged at any time to defend his claims. In France he is regarded as the inventor of the four-stroke cycle engine.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, prize of 3000 francs, 1891.
    Bibliography
    1885, The Engineer 60:441 (an English translation of the Beau de Rochas tract).
    Further Reading
    B.Donkin, 1900, The Gas, Oil and Air Engine, London: p. 467.
    See also: Langen, Eugen
    KAB

    Biographical history of technology > Beau de Rochas, Alphonse Eugène

  • 60 Cotton, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1819 Seagrave, Leicestershire, England
    d. after 1878
    [br]
    English inventor of a power-driven flat-bed knitting machine.
    [br]
    Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1863, British patent no. 1,901 (flat-frame knitting machine).
    Further Reading
    F.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry: Its History and Organisation, London (based on an article in the Knitters' Circular (Feb. 1898).
    A brief account of the background to Cotton's invention can be found in T.K.Derry and T.I. Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; C. Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    F.Moy Thomas, 1900, I. \& R.Morley. A Record of a Hundred Years, London (mentions cotton's first machines).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cotton, William

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