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81 simulation

моделирование, проведение модельных экспериментов; имитационное моделирование, проведение имитационных экспериментов

- activity-directed simulation
- analog simulation
- analog-digital simulation
- architectural simulation
- behavioral simulation
- circuit simulation
- compiled-code simulation
- compiled simulation
- compiler-driven simulation
- computer simulation
- concurrent fault simulation
- concurrent simulation
- continuous simulation
- design verification simulation
- deterministic simulation
- digital simulation
- discrete simulation
- environment simulation
- event-driven simulation
- fault simulation
- fault-free simulation
- functional-level simulation
- functional simulation
- gate-level simulation
- hand simulation
- hardware-based simulation
- hardware simulation
- hybrid simulation
- in-circuit simulation
- knowledge-based simulation
- logic simulation
- low-level simulation
- machine simulation
- man-machine simulation
- mathematical simulation
- maximum-delay simulation
- mixed-level simulation
- mixed-mode simulation
- mixed-signal simulation
- multirate simulation
- next event simulation
- no-fault simulation
- nominal-delay simulation
- nonterminating simulation
- parallel event simulation
- physical simulation
- potential-plane simulation
- rank-order simulation
- real-time simulation
- sampling simulation
- simulation of human behavior
- single-rate simulation
- software simulation
- source-to-target simulation
- stochastic simulation
- switch-level simulation
- system simulation
- terminating simulation
- three-state simulation
- time simulation
- transient simulation
- transistor-level simulation
- true-value simulation
- unit-delay simulation
- zero-delay simulation

English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > simulation
82 _різне

aim at the stars, but keep your feet on the ground all are not thieves that dogs bark at all cats are grey in the dark all roads lead to Rome always lend a helping hand among the blind the one-eyed man is king as the days grow longer, the storms are stronger at a round table, there is no dispute of place a bad excuse is better than none a bad vessel is seldom broken be just before you're generous be just to all, but trust not all the best things come in small packages the best way to resist temptation is to give in to it better alone than in bad company better an empty house than a bad tenant better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion better ride an ass that carries me than a horse that throws me better to beg than to steal, but better to work than to beg better a tooth out than always aching between two stools one goes to the ground a bird may be known by its flight a bird never flew on one wing a bit in the morning is better than nothing all day a bleating sheep loses a bite a blind man would be glad to see a blind man needs no looking glass bread always falls buttered side down a burden which one chooses is not felt butter to butter is no relish cast no dirt in the well that gives you water the chain is no stronger than its weakest link a change is as good as a rest Christmas comes but once a year circumstances after cases cleanliness is next to godliness the cobbler's wife is the worst shod a cold hand, a warm heart comparisons are odious consistency is a jewel consideration is half of conversation a creaking door hangs long on its hinges desperate diseases must have desperate remedies the devil looks after his own diamond cut diamond dirt shows the quickest on the cleanest cotton discontent is the first step in progress do as you would be done by dog does not eat dog a dog that will fetch a bone will carry a bone a dog will not cry if you beat him with a bone do not spoil the ship for a ha'porth of tar do not throw pearls before swine do your best and leave the rest with God do your duty and be afraid of none don't be a yes-man don't cut off your nose to spite your face don't drown yourself to save a drowning man don't look a gift horse in the mouth don't spur a willing horse don't strike a man when he is down don't swap the witch for the devil eagles don't catch flies eagles fly alone, but sheep flock together the English are a nation of shopkeepers even a stopped clock is right twice a day every cock sings in his own way every fish that escapes seems greater than it is every man is a pilot in a calm sea every medal has its reverse side every thing comes to a man who does not need it every tub smells of the wine it holds evil communications corrupt good manners the exception proves the rule exchange is no robbery extremes meet facts are stubborn things familiarity breeds contempt fast bind, fast find fields have eyes, and woods have ears fight fire with fire figure on the worst but hope for the best fingers were made before forks the fire which lights us at a distance will burn us when near the first shall be last and the last, first follow your own star forbearance is no acquittance the fox knows much, but more he that catches him from the day you were born till you ride in a hearse, there's nothing so bad but it might have been worse from the sweetest wine, the tartest vinegar fruit is golden in the morning, silver at noon, and lead at night gambling is the son of avarice and the father of despair the game is not worth the candles a gentleman never makes any noise the gift bringer always finds an open door the giver makes the gift precious a good horse cannot be of a bad colour a good tale is none the worse for being twice told good riddance to bad rubbish the greatest right in the world is the right to be wrong the half is more than the whole half a loaf is better than no bread half an orange tastes as sweet as a whole one hawk will not pick out hawk's eyes the heart has arguments with which the understanding is unacquainted he may well swim that is held up by the chin he that doesn't respect, isn't respected he that lies down with dogs must rise with fleas he that would live at peace and rest must hear and see and say the best he who is absent is always in the wrong he who follows is always behind the higher the climb, the broader the view history is a fable agreed upon hitch your wagon to a star the ideal we embrace is our better self if a bee didn't have a sting, he couldn't keep his honey if a sheep loops the dyke, all the rest will follow I fear Greeks even when bringing gifts if each would sweep before his own door, we should have a clean city if the cap fits, wear it if the mountain will not come to Mohammed, Mohammed must go to the mountain if you cannot bite, never show your teeth if you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have if you cannot speak well of a person, don't speak of him at all if you leave your umbrella at home, it is sure to rain if you wish to see the best in others, show the best of yourself ill news travels fast ill weeds grow apace an inch breaks no square it always pays to be a gentleman it costs nothing to ask it is easier to descend than ascend it is easier to pull down than to build up it is good fishing in troubled waters it is idle to swallow the cow and choke on the tail it is the last straw that breaks the camel's back it is sometimes best to burn your bridges behind you it is well to leave off playing when the game is at the best it is not clever to gamble, but to stop playing it's a small world it takes all sorts to make a world it takes a thief to catch a thief jealousy is a green-eyed monster jealousy is a proof of self-love keep a dress seven years and it will come back into style keep no more cats than will catch mice kindle not a fire that you cannot extinguish kissing goes by favor jam tomorrow and jam yesterday, but never jam today a joy that's shared is a joy made double justice is blind lay not the load on the lame horse learn to creep before you leap let the cock crow or not, the day will come the longest road is sometimes the shortest way home lookers-on see most of the game man does not live by bread alone many are called but few are chosen many go out for wool and come home shorn many stumble at a straw and leap over a block men cease to interest us when we find their limitations a misty morn may have a fine day the mob has many heads but no brains the moon is not seen when the sun shines the more the merrier mountain has brought forth a mouse much water runs by the mill that the miller knows not of name not a halter in his house that hanged himself the nearer the bone, the sweeter the meat never be the first by whom the new is tried nor yet the last to lay the old aside never do anything yourself you can get somebody else to do never is a long time never let your left hand know what your right hand is doing never make a bargain with the devil on a dark day never quarrel with your bread and butter never tell tales out of school a nod's as good as a wink to a blind horse no joy without alloy no man is a hero to his valet no mud can soil us but the mud we throw no names, no pack-drill no news good news no one but the wearer knows where the shoe pinches none is so blind as they who will not see none of us is perfect nothing is certain but the unforeseen nothing is easy to the unwilling nothing is so good but it might have been better nothing is stolen without hands nothing new under the sun nothing seems quite as good as new after being broken an old poacher makes the best keeper once is no rule one dog barks at nothing, the rest bark at him one good turn deserves another one half of the world does not know how the other half lives one hand washes the other one man's meat is another man's poison one picture is worth ten thousand words one volunteer is worth two pressed men one whip is good enough for a good horse; for a bad one, not a thousand opposites attract each other the orange that is squeezed too hard yields a bitter juice other people's burdens killed the ass out of the mire into the swamp painted flowers have no scent paper is patient: you can put anything on it people condemn what they do not understand pigs might fly the pitcher goes often to the well please ever; tease never plenty is no plague the porcupine, whom one must handle gloved, may be respected but is never loved the proof of the pudding is in the eating the remedy is worse than the disease reopen not the wounds once healed a rolling stone gathers no moss the rotten apple injures its neighbors scratch my back and I shall scratch yours the sea refuses no river seize what is highest and you will possess what is in between seldom seen, soon forgotten silence scandal by scandal the sharper the storm, the sooner it's over the sheep who talks peace with a wolf will soon be mutton since we cannot get what we like, let us like what we can get small faults indulged in are little thieves that let in greater solitude is at times the best society some people are too mean for heaven and too good for hell the soul of a man is a garden where, as he sows, so shall he reap sour grapes can never make sweet wine sow a thought and reap an act the sow loves bran better than roses a stick is quickly found to beat a dog with still waters run deep stoop low and it will save you many a bump through life a straw shows which way the wind blows a stream cannot rise above its source the style is the man the sun loses nothing by shining into a puddle the sun shines on all the world the sun will shine down our street too sunday plans never stand suspicion may be no fault, but showing it may be a great one sweetest nuts have the hardest shells the tail cannot shake the dog take things as they are, not as you'd have them tastes differ there are more ways of killing a dog than hanging it there is always room at the top there is life in the old dog yet there is no rose without a thorn there is small choice in rotten apples there is truth in wine there's as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it they need much whom nothing will content they that dance must pay the fiddler they walk with speed who walk alone those who hide can find three removals are as bad as a fire to the pure all things are pure to work hard, live hard, die hard, and go to hell after all would be hard indeed too far east is west translation is at best an echo a tree is known by its fruit a tree often transplanted neither grows nor thrives two can play at that game two dogs over one bone seldom agree venture a small fish to catch a great one the voice with a smile always wins wear my shoes and you'll know where they pitch we weep when we are born, not when we die what can you have of a cat but her skin what can't be cured must be endured what matters to a blind man that his father could see what you lose on the swings, you gain on the roundabouts when all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail when a dog is drowning, everyone offers him drink when in doubt, do nowt when interest is lost, memory is lost when a man lays the foundation of his own ruin, others will build on it when a river does not make a noise, it is either empty or very full when the devil is dead, he never lacks a chief mourner when two ride on one horse one must sit behind where bees are, there is honey where it is weakest, there the thread breaks who seeks what he should not finds what he would not why keep a dog and bark yourself? a wonder lasts but nine days the worth of a thing is best known by its want the world is a ladder for some to go up and some down would you persuade, speak of interest, not of reason you buy land, you buy stones; you buy meat, you buy bones you can take a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink you can tell the day by the morning you cannot lose what you never had you cannot touch pitch and not be defiled you can't put new wine in old bottles you can't walk and look at the stars if you have a stone in your shoe your looking glass will tell you what none of your friends will zeal without knowledge is a runaway horse

English-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > _різне
83 fount

I [faunt] сущ.
1) источник, ключ прям. и перен.

baptismal fount — святой источник

To the young boy his father was the fount of all knowledge. — Отец для юноши был источником, из которого он получал все знания.

Syn:

spring I 1., source, fountain

2) резервуар
II [faunt] сущ.; полигр.
комплект печатного шрифта

Syn:

type font

Англо-русский современный словарь > fount
84 material

[mə'tɪərɪəl] 1. сущ.
1)

а) вещество, материал; сырьё

sticky material — клейкое вещество

explosive materials — взрывчатые вещества

radioactive material — радиоактивное вещество

raw material — сырьё

packing material — набивочный материал, уплотняющий материал

- insulating material
- materials processing
- materials handling
б) существенная, материальная часть (чего-л.)

в) ( materials) ирл.; = matts сырьё, ингредиенты ( для приготовления пунша)

•

Syn:

matter, substance

2)

а) данные, материал, сведения, факты

promotional materials — рекламные материалы

reading materials — материалы для чтения

reference material — справочный материал

source material — исходные данные

material for a biography — биографические материалы

material for the next semester — задания на следующий семестр

to collect / gather material — собирать данные

to gather material about the case — собирать информацию об этом случае

to gather material for a dictionary — собирать материал для словаря

Syn:

data, information

б) репертуар, программа, материал

comedian's material — персональная программа артиста разговорного жанра

3) текст. материя, ткань ( обычно шерстяная)

Syn:

cloth, linen 1.

4) ( materials) принадлежности; набор инструментов, принадлежностей

- writing materials

5)

а) человек, проявляющий способности (к чему-л.), талантливый (в чём-л.)

This guy is good football material. — У этого парня задатки неплохого футболиста.

He's a not bad leadership material. — Из него выйдет неплохой лидер.

б) человеческие кадры

officer material — офицерские кадры

headmaster material — управленческие кадры

varsity material — разг. студенчество
2. прил.
1)

а) вещественный, материальный

- material world

Syn:

physical

б) телесный, физический

material needs — физические потребности

material pleasures — радости плоти

Syn:

bodily, corporeal

в) земной, приземлённый; бездуховный, бездушный

What I saw struck me... as grossly material, not poetically spiritual. (Ch. Brontë, "Villette" 1853) — Увиденное мною потрясло меня... абсолютной приземлённостью, отсутствием поэтической вдохновенности.

2) материальный, имущественный

а) ( относящийся к материальному миру)

material culture — материальная культура (какого-л. народа)

material progress — материальное развитие

material well-being / comforts — материальное благосостояние, материальные блага

б) (денежный, финансовый)

- material losses
- material damage
Syn:

financial, pecuniary, economic

3) существенный, важный; значимый, весомый

facts material to the investigation — существенные для следствия факты

- material witness
- material evidence
- material issue
Syn:

important, essential

4)

а) филос. материальный ( существующий вне сознания и вне зависимости от него)

material object / thing — материальный объект, предмет материального мира

material objectness — материальное существование

material sin — материальный грех (грех, совершённый неосознанно)

material righteousness — беспричинная добродетельность

б) эмпирический, познаваемый через опыт

material knowledge — эмпирическое знание

Syn:

empirical

5) лог. материальный (основанный на содержании, а не на форме)

material implication — материальная импликация

6) лингв. вещественный, неисчисляемый ( название класса имён существительных)

- material noun

Англо-русский современный словарь > material
85 features\ of\ scientific\ style

- logical sequence of utterances with clear indication of their interrelations and interdependence; logical coherence of ideas expressed;

- objective, precise, unemotional, devoid of any individuality, striving for the most generalised form of expression.

- developed and varied system of connectives;

- use of terms specific to each given branch of science;

- direct referential (and primary logical) meaning of the general vocabulary; self-explanatory terms; neutral and common literary words; the possibility of ambiguity is avoided;

- hardly a single word will be found here which is used in more than one meaning, nor will be any words with contextual meaning;

- sentence-patterns (postulatory, argumentative, formulative);

- based on facts already known, on facts systematised and defined;

- quotations and references;

- foot-notes, digressive in character;

- impersonality: frequent use of passive constructions;

- impersonal passive constructions are frequently used with the verbs suppose, assume, point out;

- far greater amount of preliminary knowledge;

- there may be hypotheses, pronouncements and conclusions, (backed up by strong belief);

Source: I.R.G.

English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > features\ of\ scientific\ style
86 professional\ jargonisms

профессионализмы

such jargonisms which

- connected with the technical side of some profession

"driller" = borer, digger, wrencher, hogger, brake weight

"pipeliner" = swabber, bender, cat, old cat, collar-pecker, hammerman

- are formed according to the existing word-building patterns of present existing words in new meanings, and,

- covering the field of special professional knowledge, which is semantically limited, offer a vast variety of synonymic choices for naming one and the same professional item

See: slang, vulgarisms, dialectical words

Source: V.A.K.

English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > professional\ jargonisms
87 professionalisms

профессионализмы

such jargonisms which

- connected with the technical side of some profession

"driller" = borer, digger, wrencher, hogger, brake weight

"pipeliner" = swabber, bender, cat, old cat, collar-pecker, hammerman

- are formed according to the existing word-building patterns of present existing words in new meanings, and,

- covering the field of special professional knowledge, which is semantically limited, offer a vast variety of synonymic choices for naming one and the same professional item

See: slang, vulgarisms, dialectical words

Source: V.A.K.

English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > professionalisms
88 diffusion

1. n распространение

diffusion of knowledge — распространение знаний

diffusion index — индекс распространения

news diffusion — распространение новостей

diffusion of technology — распространение технологии

2. n многословие, расплывчатость

3. n физ. рассеивание

4. n физ. диффузия

neutron diffusion — диффузия нейтронов

solid-state diffusion — диффузия в твёрдом теле

stress-enhanced diffusion — диффузия ускоренная напряжениями

p-well diffusion — диффузия для формирования кармана р-типа

gas-source diffusion — диффузия из газообразного источника

collisional diffusion — диффузия вследствие столкновений

isolation diffusion — изоляция разделительной диффузией

Синонимический ряд:

1. dissemination (noun) dispersion; dissemination; dissipation; distribution; scattering; spreading

2. spread (noun) expansion; extension; radiation; spread

English-Russian base dictionary > diffusion
89 direct

1. a прямой, открытый; правдивый; ясный, недвусмысленный

direct person — прямой человек

disk direct memory access — прямой доступ к памяти на дисках

direct reduction process — процесс прямого получения металла

direct heating furnace — нагревательная печь прямого нагрева

at direct beam of radiation — под прямым рентгеновским лучом

direct tie to a cnc — связь УЧПУ типа CNC по прямому каналу

2. a очевидный, явный

direct lie — явная ложь

3. a прямой, непосредственный

direct influence — непосредственное влияние

direct contact — непосредственный контакт

direct knowledge — сведения из первоисточника

direct communication — непосредственная связь

direct tax — прямой налог

direct method — прямой метод

direct action — прямые действия

to take direct action — объявлять забастовку, бастовать

direct evidence — прямые доказательства

direct reading — прямой отсчёт

direct drive — прямая передача

direct process — процесс непосредственного получения железа из руд, бездоменный процесс

direct hit — прямое попадание

direct fire — огонь прямой наводкой, огонь с открытых позиций

direct laying — прямая наводка

direct position — открытая позиция

direct pressure — фронтальное преследование

direct access — прямой доступ

direct radiator — радиатор с непосредственной теплопередачей

direct operating expenses — прямые производственные расходы

direct maintenance — прямой расход на ремонт и обслуживание

direct cursor positioning — прямое позиционирование курсора

direct teaching robot — робот с непосредственным обучением

4. a происходящий по прямой линии

direct ancestor — прямой предок

direct distribution expense — прямые маркетинговые расходы

direct department calling — прямой выход на телефон отдела

basic direct access method — базисный прямой метод доступа

direct transit arrangement — соглашение о прямом транзите

direct necessity — прямая, непосредственная необходимость

5. a усил. полный, абсолютный

direct opposite — полная противоположность

direct on starting — пуск от полного напряжения

direct coding — программирование в абсолютных адресах

direct code — абсолютный код; программа в абсолютных адресах

6. a вертикальный; отвесный; перпендикулярный к данной плоскости

direct sun — отвесно падающие лучи солнца

direct output — прямой вывод данных

direct data — непосредственные данные

direct after — сразу после; сразу после того, как

direct data processing — управляемая обработка данных

direct supercurrent — постоянный ток в сверхпроводнике

7. a астр. движущийся с запада на восток

direct transit area — зона прямого транзита

direct axis — продольная ось

8. a эл. постоянный

direct current — постоянный ток

direct electric power — постоянная электрическая мощность

direct current rectifier — выпрямитель постоянного тока

direct current level — уровень постоянной составляющей

direct current generator — генератор постоянного тока

direct current source — источник постоянного тока

9. adv прямо; сразу, непосредственно

to go direct to London — поехать прямо в Лондон

direct reading gauge — прибор с непосредственным отсчетом

direct latex casting — отливка непосредственно из латекса

direct voltage accelerator — ускоритель прямого действия

direct responsibility — непосредственная ответственность

direct operating costs — прямые эксплуатационные расходы

10. v направлять, наводить

to direct a telescope towards the Moon — направить телескоп на Луну

11. v направлять, обращать, устремлять

to direct attention to an interesting fact — обратить внимание на интересный факт

12. v руководить, управлять; контролировать

to direct a business — руководить предприятием

direct troops — управлять войсками

direct the course of — руководить ходом

direct a business — руководить предприятием

13. v предписывать; давать указание, распоряжение

as directed — в соответствии с указаниями

14. v решать

the judge directed the verdict for the defendant — судья решил дело в пользу ответчика

15. v наставлять; давать советы, учить; инструктировать

to direct the jury — проводить инструктаж судей

16. v показывать дорогу

can you direct me to the railway station? — не скажете ли вы, как пройти на вокзал?

direct road — прямая дорога

17. v обращать, предназначать

he never heard the words the judge directed to him — он не слышал обращённых к нему слов судьи

direct attention to — привлекать внимание к; обращать внимание на

18. v адресовать

19. v направлять, посылать

they were directed to work at the archives — они были направлены на работу в архив

20. v дирижировать

to direct an orchestra — дирижировать оркестром

21. v режиссировать, ставить кинофильм

Синонимический ряд:

1. frank (adj.) blunt; candid; explicit; forthright; frank; honest; man-to-man; openhearted; plain; plainspoken; single; single-eyed; single-hearted; single-minded; unconcealed; undisguised; undissembled; undissembling; unmannered; unreserved; unvarnished

2. immediate (adj.) evident; firsthand; immediate; immediatefirst-hand; primary; prompt; simple; unbroken

3. lineal (adj.) lineal

4. linear (adj.) linear; straight; straightforward; through; true; undeviating; uninterrupted; unswerving

5. open (adj.) categorical; downright; earnest; express; main; naked; officious; open; plump

6. personal (adj.) inside; intimate; personal

7. address (verb) address; aim; apply; bend; buckle; buckle down; cast; concentrate; dedicate; devote; focus; give; incline; lay; level; point; present; set; sight; superscribe; throw; train; turn; zero in

8. administer (verb) administer; control; dominate; govern; handle; regulate; rule

9. guide (verb) advise; dispose; escort; guide; influence; lead; oversee; pilot; route; see; shepherd; show; usher

10. instruct (verb) bid; charge; command; enjoin; inform; instruct; order; require; tell; warn; will; wish

11. manage (verb) carry on; conduct; keep; manage; operate; ordain; steer; supervise

12. run (verb) administrate; head; run; superintend

13. directly (other) dead; directly; due; right; straight; straightly; undeviatingly

14. verbatim (other) literally; literatim; verbatim; word for word

Антонимический ряд:

beguile; crooked; deceive; delude; devious; diverge; divert; follow; indirect; lead astray; meandering; mislead; obey; reflect; sly; subtle

English-Russian base dictionary > direct
90 reservoir

1. n бассейн; водоём; водохранилище

reservoir drawdown — опорожнение водохранилища

reservoir losses — потери воды из водохранилища

regulating reservoir — регулирующее водохранилище

pumped reservoir — водохранилище с насосным питанием

reservoir live storage — полезный объем водохранилища

2. n резервуар

the reservoir of an oil lamp — резервуар керосиновой лампы

auxiliary reservoir — запасный резервуар

reservoir capacity — вместимость резервуара

retention reservoir — резервуар для хранения

bootstrap reservoir — герметизированный резервуар

pressure reservoir — напорный воздушный резервуар

3. n ав. топливный бак

drain reservoir — сливной бак

lubricant reservoir — смазочный бак

measuring reservoir — измерительный бак

compressor air reservoir — бак для сжатого воздуха

4. n сокровищница; хранилище; запас; источник

reservoir of knowledge — кладезь знании

supply reservoir — источник поставок

reservoir for supplies — хранилище запасов

Синонимический ряд:

1. receptacle (noun) basin; container; holding pond; pool; receptacle; supply; tank; tub

2. spring (noun) fountain; fountainhead; river; source; spring; well

3. stock (noun) backlog; hoard; inventory; nest egg; reserve; stock; stockpile; store; treasure

English-Russian base dictionary > reservoir
91 sip

1. n глоток, небольшое количество

to take a sip — отхлебнуть, прихлебнуть

2. v пить маленькими глотками; потягивать

to sip wine — потягивать вино

3. v пробовать, отведывать

none sipped his glass — никто и не притронулся к своему стакану

4. v собирать мёд

the bee sips at every flower — пчела собирает мёд с каждого цветка

5. v набираться

6. v впитывать, глотать

he sipped knowledge at the source — он черпал знания из первоисточников

Синонимический ряд:

1. drink (noun) drag; draught; drink; potation; pull; quaff; swill

2. drop (noun) dram; drop; nip; shot; tot

3. taste (noun) sample; taste

4. drink (verb) absorb; drink; extract; imbibe; partake; quaff; sup off; sup up; swallow; toss; toss down; toss off

5. taste (verb) sample; savor; savour; taste

English-Russian base dictionary > sip
92 deep

deep ⇒ Length measurement

A n littér ( sea) the deep l'océan m.

B adj

1 ( vertically) [hole, ditch, water, wound, wrinkle, breath, sigh, curtsey, armchair] profond ; [mud, snow, carpet] épais/épaisse ; [container, drawer, saucepan, grass] haut ; deep roots Bot racines fpl profondes ; fig bases fpl ; deep cleansing Cosmet nettoyage en profondeur ; a deep-pile carpet une moquette de haute laine ; how deep is the river/wound? quelle est la profondeur de la rivière/blessure? ; the lake is 13 m deep le lac a 13 m de profondeur ; a hole 5 cm deep, a 5 cm deep hole un trou de 5 cm ; the floor was 10 cm deep in water le sol se trouvait sous 10 cm d'eau ; the sound/spring came from a source deep in the earth le son/la fontaine provenait des profondeurs de la terre ;

2 ( horizontally) [border, band, strip] large ; [shelf, drawer, cupboard, alcove, stage] profond ; a shelf 30 cm deep une étagère de 30 cm de profondeur ; people were standing six deep les gens étaient debout sur six rangées ; cars were parked three deep les voitures étaient garées sur trois files ;

3 fig ( intense) [admiration, concern, depression, dismay, love, faith, impression, sorrow] profond ; [interest, regret, shame] profond, grand ; [desire, need, pleasure] grand ; [difficulty, trouble] gros/grosse ; Physiol [coma, sleep] profond ; my deepest sympathy parfois hum toutes mes condoléances ;

4 ( impenetrable) [darkness, forest, jungle, mystery] profond ; [secret] grand ; [person] réservé ; they live in deepest Wales hum ils habitent au fin fond du pays de Galles ; you're a deep one ○ ! tu caches bien ton jeu ○ ! ;

5 ( intellectually profound) [idea, insight, meaning, truth, book, thinker] profond ; [knowledge, discussion] approfondi ; [thought] ( concentrated) profond ; ( intimate) intime ; at a deeper level plus en profondeur ;

6 ( dark) [colour] intense ; [tan] prononcé ; deep blue eyes des yeux d'un bleu intense ;

7 ( low) [voice] profond ; [note, sound] grave ;

8 (involved, absorbed) to be deep in être absorbé dans [thought, entertainment] ; être plongé dans [book, conversation, work] ; to be deep in debt être endetté jusqu'au cou ;

9 [shot, serve] en profondeur.

C adv

1 ( a long way down) [dig, bury, cut] profondément ; he thrust his hands deep into his pockets/the snow il a enfoncé ses mains dans ses poches/la neige ; she dived deep into the lake elle a plongé dans les profondeurs du lac ; he plunged the knife deep into her body il lui a planté le couteau dans le corps ; deep in the cellars tout au fond des caves ; deep beneath the sea/the earth's surface à une grande profondeur sous la mer/la surface de la terre ; to sink/dig deeper s'enfoncer/creuser plus profondément ; to dig deeper into an affair fig creuser (plus loin) une affaire ; to sink deeper into debt fig s'endetter davantage ; he drank deep of the wine littér il a bu une large rasade de vin ;

2 ( a long way in) deep in ou into au cœur de ; deep in the forest, all was still au cœur de la forêt, le silence régnait ; to go deep into the woods s'enfoncer au cœur des bois ; deep in the heart of the maquis/of Texas au cœur du maquis/du Texas ; deep in space loin dans l'espace ; deep in my heart tout au fond de mon cœur ; to be deep in thought/discussion être plongé dans ses pensées/dans une discussion ; to work/talk deep into the night travailler/causer jusque tard dans la nuit ; he gazed deep into my eyes littér il s'est noyé dans mon regard ;

3 fig (emotionally, in psyche) deep down ou inside dans mon/ton etc for intérieur ; deep down she was frightened dans son for intérieur elle avait peur ; deep down she's a nice woman elle a un bon fond ; to go deep [faith, emotion, loyalty, instinct] être profond ; his problems go deeper than that ses problèmes sont bien plus graves que cela ; to run deep [belief, feeling, prejudice] être bien enraciné ;

4 Sport [hit, kick, serve] en profondeur.

Idioms

to be in deep ○ y être jusqu'au cou ○ ; to be in deep water être dans de beaux draps ○.

Big English-French dictionary > deep
93 well

I.

well

A adj ( comp better, superl best)

1 ( in good health) to feel well se sentir bien ; are you well? vous allez bien?, tu vas bien? ; I'm very well, thank you je vais très bien, merci ; she's not well enough to travel elle n'est pas en état de voyager ; he's not a well man il a des problèmes de santé ; people who are well don't need doctors les gens qui se portent bien n'ont pas besoin de médecin ; she doesn't look at all well elle n'a pas l'air en forme du tout ; to get well se rétablir ; get well soon! rétablis-toi vite! ; ‘how is he?’-‘as well as can be expected’ ‘comment va-t-il?’-‘pas trop mal étant donné les circonstances’ ;

2 (in satisfactory state, condition) bien ; all is well tout va bien ; she began to fear that all was not well elle commençait à craindre qu'il y eût un problème ; all is not well in their marriage il y a des problèmes dans leur mariage ; I hope all is well with you j'espère que tout va bien pour vous ; all being well, I'll be home before six si tout va bien, je serai à la maison avant six heures ; that's all very well, but tout ça c'est bien beau or joli, mais ; it's all very well to go on strike, but c'est bien beau or joli de faire la grève, mais ; it's all very well for you to laugh, but tu peux rire, mais ; that's all very well for him, but some of us have to work for a living tant mieux pour lui, mais certains d'entre nous doivent gagner leur vie ; if you think you can cope on your own, well and good si tu penses que tu peux te débrouiller tout seul, c'est très bien ;

3 (advisable, prudent) it would be just as well to check il vaudrait mieux vérifier ; it would be as well for you not to get involved tu ferais mieux de ne pas t'en mêler ; it might be as well to telephone first il vaudrait mieux téléphoner d'abord, ce serait peut-être aussi bien de téléphoner d'abord ;

4 ( fortunate) it was just as well for him that the shops were still open il a eu de la chance que les magasins étaient encore ouverts ; it's just as well you're not hungry, because I didn't buy any food c'est aussi bien que tu n'aies pas faim, parce que je n'ai rien acheté à manger ; the flight was delayed, which was just as well le vol a été retardé, ce qui n'était pas plus mal.

B adv ( comp better, superl best)

1 ( satisfactorily) [treat, behave, feed, eat, sleep, perform etc] bien ; to work well [person] bien travailler, [system] bien marcher ; these scissors cut well ces ciseaux coupent bien ; he isn't eating very well il ne mange pas beaucoup ; she can play the piano as well as her sister elle joue du piano aussi bien que sa sœur ; that boy will do well ce garçon ira loin ; he hasn't done as well as he might il n'a pas réussi aussi bien qu'il aurait pu ; I did well in the general knowledge questions je me suis bien débrouillé pour les questions de culture générale ; to do well at school être bon/bonne élève ; mother and baby are both doing well la mère et l'enfant se portent bien ; the operation went well l'opération s'est bien passée ; you did well to tell me tu as bien fait de me le dire ; he would do well to remember that il ferait bien de se rappeler que ; we'll be doing well if we get there on time on aura de la chance si on arrive à l'heure ; if all goes well si tout va bien ; all went well until tout allait bien jusqu'à ce que ; well done! bravo! ; well played! bien joué! ; he has done very well for himself since he became self-employed il s'en tire très bien depuis qu'il travaille à son compte ; to do oneself well bien se soigner ; to do well by sb se montrer généreux/-euse avec qn ; they're doing quite well out of the mail-order business leur affaire de vente par correspondance marche très bien ; some businessmen did quite well out of the war certains hommes d'affaires se sont enrichis pendant la guerre ; she didn't come out of it very well ( of situation) elle ne s'en est pas très bien sortie ; (of article, programme etc) ce n'était pas très flatteur pour elle ; as I know only too well comme je ne le sais que trop bien ; he is well able to look after himself il est assez grand pour se débrouiller tout seul ;

2 ( used with modal verbs) you may well be right il se pourrait bien que tu aies raison ; I might well go there il se pourrait bien que j'y aille, je pourrais bien y aller ; the concert might very well be cancelled il est bien possible que le concert soit annulé ; I can well believe it je veux bien le croire, je n'ai pas de mal à le croire ; it may well be that il se pourrait bien que (+ subj), il est bien possible que (+ subj) ; I couldn't very well say no je pouvais difficilement dire non ; you may well ask! je me le demande bien!, alors ça, si je le savais! ; we might just as well have stayed at home on aurait aussi bien fait de rester à la maison ; we may as well go home on ferait aussi bien de rentrer ; one might well ask why the police were not informed on est en droit de se demander pourquoi la police n'a pas été informée ; ‘shall I shut the door?’-‘you might as well’ ‘est-ce que je ferme la porte?’-‘pourquoi pas’ ; he offered to pay for the damage, as well he might! il a proposé de payer pour les dégâts, c'était la moindre des choses! ; she looked shocked, as well she might elle a eu l'air choquée, ce qui n'avait rien d'étonnant ; we didn't panic, as well we might (have done) nous n'avons pas paniqué, alors qu'il y avait de quoi ;

3 ( intensifier) bien, largement ; to be well over the speed limit être bien au-dessus de la vitesse autorisée, avoir largement dépassé la vitesse autorisée ; she is well over 30 elle a bien plus de 30 ans ; she looks well over 30 elle fait largement 30 ans ; there were well over a hundred people il y avait largement plus de cent personnes ; the house is well over a hundred years old la maison a bien plus de cent ans ; the museum is well worth a visit le musée mérite vraiment la visite ; it was well worth waiting for ça valait vraiment la peine d'attendre ; the weather remained fine well into September le temps est resté au beau fixe pendant une bonne partie du mois de septembre ; she was active well into her eighties elle était toujours active même au-delà de ses quatre-vingts ans ; temperatures are well up in the twenties les températures dépassent largement vingt degrés ; profits are well above/below average les bénéfices sont nettement supérieurs/inférieurs à la moyenne ; stand well back from the kerb tenez-vous bien à l'écart du bord du trottoir ; the house is situated well back from the road la maison est située bien à l'écart de la route ; it was well after midnight il était bien après minuit ; it went on until well after midnight ça s'est prolongé bien au-delà de minuit ; the party went on well into the night la soirée a continué tard dans la nuit ;

4 ( approvingly) to speak/think well of sb dire/penser du bien de qn ;

5 to wish sb well souhaiter beaucoup de chance à qn ; I wish you well of it! iron je vous souhaite bien du plaisir! iron ;

6 as well ( also) aussi ; as well as ( in addition to) aussi bien que ; is Tom coming as well? est-ce que Tom vient aussi? ; you know as well as I do why he left tu sais aussi bien que moi pourquoi il est parti ; he is studying Italian as well as French il étudie à la fois l'italien et le français ; I worked on Saturday as well as on Sunday j'ai travaillé samedi et dimanche ; they have a house in the country as well as an apartment in Paris ils ont une maison à la campagne ainsi qu'un appartement à Paris ; by day as well as by night de jour comme de nuit ;

7 ○ GB it was well good! ou well bad! ( in approval) c'était d'enfer ○ !

C excl

1 ( expressing astonishment) eh bien! ; (expressing indignation, disgust) ça alors! ; ( expressing disappointment) tant pis! ; (after pause in conversation, account) bon ; ( qualifying statement) enfin ; well, who would have thought it! eh bien, qui aurait pu croire ça! ; well, I think so eh bien, je crois ; well, you may have a point, but bon or d'accord, ce que tu dis est peut-être vrai, mais ; well, you may be right après tout, tu as peut-être raison ; well, as I was saying bon, comme je disais ; well, that's too bad c'est vraiment dommage ; well then, what's the problem? alors, quel est le problème? ; they've gone already? oh well! ils sont déjà partis? tant pis! ; oh well, there's nothing I can do about it ma foi, je n'y peux rien ; well, well, well, if it isn't my aunt Violet! ma parole, c'est ma tante Violet! ; well, well, well, so you're off to America? alors comme ça, tu pars aux États-Unis! ; the weather was good, well, good for March il faisait beau, enfin beau pour un mois de mars ; ‘he said he'd kill himself’-‘well, did he?’ ‘il a dit qu'il se tuerait’-‘eh bien or et alors, est-ce qu'il l'a fait?’ ; very well then très bien.

Idioms

all's well that ends well Prov tout est bien qui finit bien ; to be well in with sb ○ être bien avec qn ○ ; to be well up in sth s'y connaître en qch ; to leave well alone GB ou well enough alone US ( not get involved) ne pas s'en mêler ; I would leave well alone if I were you moi à ta place je ne m'en mêlerais pas ; you're well out of it ○ ! heureusement que tu n'as plus rien à voir avec ça! ; well and truly bel et bien ; well and truly over/lost bel et bien fini/perdu.

II.

well

A n

1 ( sunk in ground) puits m ; to get one's water from a well tirer son eau d'un puits ;

2 ( pool) source f ;

3 Constr (shaft for stairs, lift) cage f ;

4 GB Jur ( in law court) barreau m.

B vi = well up.

Phrasal verb

■ well up monter ; tears welled up in my eyes les larmes me sont montées aux yeux ; anger welled up inside me j'ai senti la colère monter en moi.

Big English-French dictionary > well
94 fount

fount [faʊnt]

noun

(a) British Typography fonte f

(b) literary (spring) source f;

∎ a fount of knowledge un puits de science;

∎ he's the fount of all wisdom il est plein de sagesse

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > fount
95 have

have [hæv]

verbe auxiliaire ⇒ 1 avoir ⇒ 1, 2A (a)-(c), 2B (b)-(e), 2C (a), 2C (b), 2F (a), 2F (d), 2F (h), 2F (i) être ⇒ 1 posséder ⇒ 2A (a) disposer de ⇒ 2A (b) prendre ⇒ 2B (c) passer ⇒ 2B (d) recevoir ⇒ 2C (a), 2C (b) vouloir ⇒ 2C (c), 2F (f) tenir ⇒ 2D (a) faire faire ⇒ 2E (b), 2E (c) placer ⇒ 2F (b) devoir ⇒ 2G (a), 2G (b) concerner ⇒ 2G (c)

ⓘ GRAM Les formes négatives, haven't et hasn't, s'écrivent have not and has not dans un style plus soutenu.

ⓘ GRAM Most French verbs will conjugate with avoir to form the perfect tense. However, all reflexive verbs and many intransitive verbs - mainly of motion - will conjugate with être.

(3rd pers sing pres has [hæz], pt & pp had [hæd])

1 auxiliary verb

(a) (used to form perfect tenses) avoir, être;

∎ to have finished avoir fini;

∎ to have left être parti;

∎ to have sat down s'être assis;

∎ to have been/had avoir été/eu;

∎ has she slept? a-t-elle dormi?;

∎ have they arrived? sont-ils arrivés?;

∎ he has been ill il a été malade;

∎ when you've calmed down quand vous vous serez calmé;

∎ I will have forgotten by next week j'aurai oublié d'ici la semaine prochaine;

∎ the children will have gone to bed by the time we arrive les enfants seront couchés quand nous arriverons;

∎ you were silly not to have accepted tu es bête de ne pas avoir accepté;

∎ after or when you have finished, you may leave quand vous aurez fini, vous pourrez partir;

∎ she was ashamed of having lied elle avait honte d'avoir menti;

∎ she felt she couldn't change her mind, having already agreed to go elle sentait qu'elle ne pouvait pas changer d'avis, étant donné qu'elle avait dit être d'accord pour y aller;

∎ I have been thinking j'ai réfléchi;

∎ he has been working here for two months il travaille ici depuis deux mois, il y a deux mois qu'il travaille ici;

∎ I have known her for three years/since childhood je la connais depuis trois ans/depuis mon enfance;

∎ I had known her for years cela faisait des années que je la connaissais, je la connaissais depuis des années;

∎ she claimed she hadn't heard the news elle a prétendu ne pas avoir entendu la nouvelle;

∎ I had already gone to bed when he arrived j'étais déjà couché quand il est arrivé;

∎ we had gone to bed early nous nous étions couchés de bonne heure;

∎ when he had given his speech, I left une fois qu'il eut terminé son discours, je partis;

∎ had I known, I wouldn't have insisted si j'avais su, je n'aurais pas insisté;

∎ if I had known, I wouldn't have said anything si j'avais su, je n'aurais rien dit;

∎ they would have been happy if it hadn't been for the war ils auraient vécu heureux si la guerre n'était pas survenue;

∎ why don't you just leave him and have done with it? pourquoi donc est-ce que vous ne le quittez pas, pour en finir?;

∎ I'd as soon not j'aimerais mieux pas;

∎ he'd rather or sooner stay at home than go out dancing il aimerait mieux rester ou il préférerait rester à la maison qu'aller danser;

∎ familiar he's had it (is in trouble) il est fichu ou foutu; (is worn out) il est à bout;

∎ familiar I've had it with all your complaining! j'en ai jusque-là de tes jérémiades!;

∎ familiar I've had it up to here with him j'en ai jusque-là de ce type-là;

∎ familiar the car has just about had it la voiture va bientôt rendre l'âme;

∎ familiar this plant has had it cette plante est fichue

(b) (elliptical uses)

∎ have you ever had the measles? - yes, I have/no, I haven't avez-vous eu la rougeole? - oui/non;

∎ she hasn't finished - yes, she has! elle n'a pas fini - (mais) si!;

∎ you've forgotten his birthday - no, I haven't! tu as oublié son anniversaire - mais non!;

∎ have you ever considered going into politics? if you have.../if you haven't… avez-vous déjà envisagé de rentrer dans la vie politique? si oui…/si non…;

∎ you've forgotten your gloves - so I have! vous avez oublié vos gants - en effet! ou tiens, c'est vrai!

(c) (in tag questions)

∎ you've read 'Hamlet', haven't you? vous avez lu 'Hamlet', n'est-ce pas?;

∎ he hasn't arrived, has he? il n'est pas arrivé, si?;

∎ so she's got a new job, has she? elle a changé de travail alors?

2 transitive verb

A.

(a) (be in possession of, own) avoir, posséder;

∎ do you have or have you got a car? avez-vous une voiture?;

∎ they have (got) a lot of friends/money ils ont beaucoup d'amis/d'argent;

∎ they don't have or they haven't got any more ils n'en ont plus;

∎ she shares everything she has (got) with them elle partage tout ce qu'elle a avec eux;

∎ he has (got) £10 left il lui reste 10 livres;

∎ we have (got) six of them left il nous en reste six;

∎ do you have or have you got any children? if you have... avez-vous des enfants? si vous en avez ou si oui...;

∎ they have (got) a 50 percent interest in the business ils ont ou détiennent 50 pour cent des intérêts dans l'affaire;

∎ I have (got) a lot of work to finish j'ai beaucoup de travail à finir;

∎ do we have or have we got any milk in the house? est-ce qu'on a du lait ou est-ce qu'il y a du lait à la maison?;

∎ she has (got) a baker's shop/bookshop elle tient une boulangerie/librairie;

∎ do you have or have you got the time? avez-vous l'heure?;

∎ he doesn't have or hasn't got a job il n'a pas de travail, il est sans travail;

∎ we have (got) a deadline to meet nous avons un délai à respecter;

∎ I've got it! ça y est, j'ai trouvé ou j'y suis!;

∎ paper, envelopes and what have you du papier, des enveloppes et je ne sais quoi encore;

∎ proverb you can't have your cake and eat it on ne peut pas avoir le beurre et l'argent du beurre;

∎ familiar give it all you have or all you've got! mets-y le paquet!

(b) (enjoy the use of) avoir, disposer de;

∎ we had a couple of hours to do our errands nous disposions de ou nous avions quelques heures pour faire nos courses;

∎ I don't have time or I haven't got time to stop for lunch je n'ai pas le temps de m'arrêter pour déjeuner;

∎ he has (got) a month to finish il a un mois pour finir;

∎ he hasn't (got) long to live il ne lui reste pas longtemps à vivre;

∎ do you have or have you (got) a minute (to spare)? tu as une minute?;

∎ she had the house to herself elle avait la maison pour elle toute seule;

∎ such questions have an important place in our lives ce genre de questions occupe une place importante dans notre vie;

∎ he has (got) nothing to do/to read il n'a rien à faire/à lire

(c) (possess as quality or attribute) avoir;

∎ she has (got) red hair elle a les cheveux roux, elle est rousse;

∎ you have (got) beautiful eyes tu as de beaux yeux;

∎ the ticket has (got) a name on it il y a un nom sur le billet;

∎ to have good taste avoir bon goût;

∎ to have a bad temper avoir mauvais caractère;

∎ she has (got) a reputation for being difficult elle a la réputation d'être difficile;

∎ the house has (got) a beautiful view of the mountains de la maison, on a une belle vue sur les montagnes;

∎ she has (got) what it takes or she has it in her to succeed elle a ce qu'il faut pour réussir;

∎ you've never had it so good! vous n'avez jamais eu la vie si belle!;

∎ familiar he really has it bad for Emma il a complètement craqué pour Emma

(d) (possess knowledge or understanding of)

∎ do you have or have you got any experience of teaching? avez-vous déjà enseigné?;

∎ she has (got) a clear sense of what matters elle sait très bien ce qui est important;

∎ he has some Greek and Latin il connaît un peu le grec et le latin;

∎ I have a little Spanish je parle un peu espagnol

B.

(a) (indicating experience of a specified situation)

∎ to have a dream/nightmare faire un rêve/cauchemar;

∎ I have no regrets je n'ai aucun regret ou pas de regrets;

∎ I didn't have any trouble in finding it je n'ai eu aucune peine à le trouver;

∎ we have (got) nothing or we don't have anything against dogs on n'a rien contre les chiens;

∎ I've had my appendix out je me suis fait opérer de l'appendicite;

∎ he had all his money stolen il s'est fait voler ou on lui a volé tout son argent;

∎ I love having my back rubbed j'adore qu'on me frotte le dos;

∎ they had some strange things happen to them il leur est arrivé de drôles de choses

(b) (be infected with, suffer from) avoir;

∎ to have a cold avoir un rhume, être enrhumé;

∎ do you have or have you got a headache? avez-vous mal à la tête?;

∎ he has (got) problems with his back il a des problèmes de dos

(c) (perform, take part in → bath, lesson) prendre; (→ meeting) avoir;

∎ we had our first argument last night nous nous sommes disputés hier soir pour la première fois;

∎ to have a stroll se promener, faire un tour;

∎ I want to have a think about it je veux y réfléchir;

∎ to have a party (organize) organiser une fête; (celebrate) faire la fête;

∎ I'll have no part in it je refuse de m'en mêler

(d) (pass, spend) passer, avoir;

∎ I had a horrible day at work j'ai passé une journée atroce au travail;

∎ have a nice day! bonne journée!;

∎ to have a good time s'amuser;

∎ did you have a good time? c'était bien?, tu t'es bien amusé?;

∎ a good time was had by all tout le monde s'est bien amusé;

∎ she's had a hard time of it lately elle vient de traverser une mauvaise passe

(e) (exhibit, show) avoir, montrer;

∎ have mercy on us! ayez pitié de nous!;

∎ he had the nerve to refuse il a eu le culot de refuser;

∎ he didn't even have the decency to apologize il n'a même pas eu la décence de s'excuser

C.

(a) (obtain, receive) avoir, recevoir;

∎ I'd like him to have this picture j'aimerais lui donner cette photo;

∎ I'd like to have your advice on something j'aimerais que vous me donniez un conseil à propos de quelque chose;

∎ we had a phone call from the mayor nous avons reçu ou eu un coup de fil du maire;

∎ they've still had no news of the lost plane ils n'ont toujours pas de nouvelles de l'avion (qui a) disparu;

∎ I have it on good authority je le tiens de bonne source;

∎ I must have your answer by tomorrow il me faut votre réponse pour demain;

∎ let me have your answer by next week donnez-moi votre réponse avant la semaine prochaine;

∎ let me have your keys donne-moi tes clefs;

∎ let me have the book back when you've finished rends-moi le livre quand tu auras fini;

∎ she let them have the wardrobe for £300 elle leur a laissé ou cédé l'armoire pour 300 livres;

∎ there are plenty of flats to be had il y a plein d'appartements;

∎ familiar I let him have it (attacked him) je lui ai réglé son compte; (told him off) je lui ai passé un savon;

∎ familiar you had it coming! tu ne l'as pas volé!

(b) (invite) recevoir, avoir;

∎ she's having some people (over) for or to dinner elle reçoit ou elle a du monde à dîner;

∎ let's have him round for a drink et si on l'invitait à prendre un pot?;

∎ did you have any visitors? avez-vous eu de la visite?;

∎ after the movie we had them back for coffee après le cinéma, nous les avons invités à venir prendre le café chez nous

(c) (accept, take) vouloir;

∎ he'd like to marry but nobody will have him! il aimerait se marier mais personne ne veut de lui!;

∎ do what you want, I'm having nothing more to do with your schemes fais ce que tu veux, je ne veux plus être mêlé à tes combines

D.

(a) (clutch) tenir;

∎ to have sb in one's power avoir qn en son pouvoir;

∎ the teacher had (got) him by the arm/the ear le maître le tenait par le bras/l'oreille;

∎ he had (got) his assailant by the throat il tenait son agresseur à la gorge

(b) figurative (gain control or advantage over)

∎ you have me there! là vous me tenez!;

∎ I have (got) you right where I want you now! je vous tiens!;

∎ Sport the Bears have it! les Bears ont gagné!

(c) (bewilder, perplex)

∎ who won? - you've got me there qui a gagné? - là, tu me poses une colle

E.

(a) (cause to be)

∎ the news had me worried la nouvelle m'a inquiété;

∎ I'll have this light fixed in a minute j'en ai pour une minute à réparer cette lampe;

∎ we'll have everything ready tout sera prêt

(b) (with past participle) (cause to be done) to have sth done faire faire qch;

∎ I had my hair cut je me suis fait couper les cheveux;

∎ we must have the curtains cleaned nous devons faire nettoyer les rideaux ou donner les rideaux à nettoyer;

∎ three houses had their windows shattered trois maisons ont eu leurs fenêtres brisées;

∎ she had coffee brought up to the room elle a fait monter du café dans la chambre;

∎ I had my watch stolen je me suis fait voler ma montre

(c) (with infinitive) (cause to do) to have sb do sth faire faire qch à qn;

∎ she had him invite all the neighbours round elle lui a fait inviter tous les voisins;

∎ have them come in faites-les entrer;

∎ the boss had him up to his office le patron l'a convoqué dans son bureau;

∎ he soon had them all laughing il eut tôt fait de les faire tous rire;

∎ I had the children go to bed early j'ai couché les enfants de bonne heure;

∎ as he would have us believe comme il voudrait nous le faire croire

F.

(a) (consume → food, meal) avoir, prendre;

∎ we were having lunch nous étions en train de déjeuner;

∎ we're having dinner out tonight nous sortons dîner ce soir;

∎ to have breakfast in bed prendre le petit déjeuner au lit;

∎ would you like to have coffee? voulez-vous (prendre) un café?;

∎ do you have coffee or tea in the morning? prenez-vous du café ou du thé le matin?;

∎ I had tea with her j'ai pris le thé avec elle;

∎ we stopped and had a drink nous nous sommes arrêtés pour boire quelque chose;

∎ what will you have? - I'll have the lamb (in restaurant) qu'est-ce que vous prenez? - je vais prendre de l'agneau;

∎ we had fish for dinner nous avons mangé ou eu du poisson au dîner;

∎ he always has a cigarette after dinner il fume toujours une cigarette après le dîner;

∎ will you have a cigarette? voulez-vous une cigarette?

(b) (indicating location, position) placer, mettre;

∎ we'll have the wardrobe here and the table in there nous mettrons l'armoire ici et la table par là;

∎ she had her arm around his shoulders elle avait mis le bras autour de ses épaules;

∎ I had my back to the window je tournais le dos à la fenêtre;

∎ he had his head down il avait la tête baissée

(c) (be accompanied by)

∎ she had her mother with her sa mère était avec elle;

∎ I can't talk right now, I have someone with me je ne peux pas parler, je ne suis pas seul ou je suis avec quelqu'un

(d) (give birth to) avoir;

∎ she's had a baby elle a eu un bébé;

∎ she had her baby last week elle a accouché la semaine dernière;

∎ she's going to have a baby elle attend ou elle va avoir un bébé;

∎ he's had three children by her il a eu trois enfants d'elle;

∎ our dog has just had puppies notre chien vient d'avoir des petits

(e) (assert, claim) soutenir, maintenir;

∎ public opinion has it that he is not telling the truth on pense généralement qu'il ne dit pas la vérité;

∎ rumour has it that they're married le bruit court qu'ils sont mariés;

∎ as the government would have it comme dirait le gouvernement;

∎ as Plato has it comme dit Platon, comme l'a écrit Platon

(f) (with "will" or "would") (wish for) vouloir;

∎ what would you have me do? que voudriez-vous que je fasse?;

∎ I'll have you know I have a degree in French je vous fais remarquer que j'ai une licence de français

(g) (in negative) (allow, permit) I will not have him in my house! il ne mettra pas les pieds chez moi!;

∎ I won't have it! ça ne va pas se passer comme ça!;

∎ we can't have you sleeping on the floor nous ne pouvons pas vous laisser dormir par terre;

∎ familiar we tried to give the dog a bath but he wasn't having any of it! nous avons essayé de donner un bain au chien, mais rien n'y a fait!;

∎ familiar I'm not having any of your nonsense pas de bêtises

(h) (in passive) familiar (cheat, outwit) avoir;

∎ you've been had! tu t'es fait avoir!

(i) very familiar (sleep with) avoir

G.

(a) (with infinitive) (indicating obligation) to have (got) to do sth devoir faire qch, être obligé de faire qch;

∎ do you have to or have you got to leave so soon? êtes-vous obligé de partir ou faut-il que vous partiez si tôt?;

∎ I have (got) to go to the meeting il faut que j'aille ou je dois aller ou je suis obligé d'aller à la réunion;

∎ don't you have to or haven't you got to phone the office? est-ce que tu ne dois pas appeler le bureau?;

∎ he'll do it if he's got to il le fera s'il est obligé de le faire;

∎ you don't have to or you haven't got to go tu n'es pas obligé d'y aller;

∎ we had to take physics at school nous étions obligés de suivre des cours de physique à l'école;

∎ she had to take a blood test elle a été obligée de ou elle a dû faire un examen sanguin;

∎ I hate having to get up early j'ai horreur de devoir me lever tôt;

∎ I won't apologize - you have to je ne m'excuserai pas - il le faut;

∎ you've got to be joking! vous plaisantez!, c'est une plaisanterie!;

∎ you didn't have to tell your father what happened! tu n'avais pas besoin d'aller dire à ton père ce qui s'est passé!;

∎ ironic the train WOULD have to be late today of all days! il fallait que le train soit en retard aujourd'hui!;

∎ familiar that has (got) to be the stupidest idea I've ever heard! ça doit être l'idée la plus idiote que j'aie jamais entendue!

(b) (with infinitive) (indicating necessity) devoir;

∎ you have (got) to get some rest il faut que vous vous reposiez, vous devez vous reposer;

∎ I'll have to think about it il va falloir que j'y réfléchisse;

∎ I have (got) to know il faut que je le sache;

∎ we have to be careful about what we say on doit faire attention ou il faut qu'on fasse attention à ce qu'on dit;

∎ some problems still have to or have still got to be worked out il reste encore des problèmes à résoudre;

∎ if you finish the report this evening you won't have to come in to work tomorrow si vous finissez le rapport ce soir, vous n'aurez pas besoin de venir travailler demain;

∎ first the potatoes have (got) to be washed il faut d'abord laver les pommes de terre;

∎ I don't like housework but it has (got) to be done je n'aime pas faire le ménage mais il faut bien que quelqu'un le fasse;

∎ the plumbing has (got) to be redone la plomberie a besoin d'être refaite;

∎ you'd have to be deaf not to hear that noise il faudrait être sourd pour ne pas entendre ce bruit;

∎ do you have to turn the music up so loud? vous ne pourriez pas baisser un peu la musique?

(c) (with "to do") (idioms) the book has to do with archaeology ce livre traite de l'archéologie;

∎ their argument had to do with money ils se disputaient à propos d'argent;

∎ this has nothing to do with you ça ne te concerne ou regarde pas;

∎ I'll have nothing more to do with her je ne veux plus avoir affaire à elle;

∎ they had nothing to do with her being fired ils n'avaient rien à voir avec son licenciement

3 haves plural noun

∎ the haves les riches mpl, les nantis mpl;

∎ the haves and the have-nots les riches mpl et les pauvres mpl, les nantis mpl et les démunis mpl

➲ have around separable transitive verb

(keep available) garder ou avoir sous la main;

∎ I have the documents around somewhere les documents sont là quelque part, j'ai les documents quelque part;

∎ she's a useful person to have around il est bon de l'avoir sous la main;

∎ I don't like having children around je n'aime pas la compagnie des enfants

➲ have at inseparable transitive verb

British Fencing attaquer

➲ have away separable transitive verb

British very familiar

∎ to have it away (with sb) s'envoyer en l'air (avec qn)

➲ have down separable transitive verb

(invite from upstairs, the north) inviter;

∎ we're having his family down for the weekend sa famille vient passer le week-end chez nous

➲ have in separable transitive verb

(a) (cause to enter) faire entrer;

∎ she had him in for a chat elle l'a fait entrer pour discuter

(b) (invite)

∎ to have friends in for a drink inviter des amis à prendre un pot

(c) (doctor, workman) faire venir;

∎ we had to have the doctor in nous avons dû faire venir le médecin;

∎ they've got workmen in at the moment ils ont des ouvriers en ce moment

(d) familiar (idiom)

∎ to have it in for sb avoir une dent contre qn;

∎ they had it in for me from the day I arrived ils en ont eu après moi dès mon arrivée

➲ have off separable transitive verb

(a) (remove) retirer;

∎ the barber nearly had my ear off le coiffeur a failli me couper l'oreille

(b) (have removed) faire retirer;

∎ she's having the plaster off next week on lui retire son plâtre la semaine prochaine

(c) British very familiar (have sexual intercourse)

∎ to have it off (with sb) s'envoyer en l'air (avec qn)

➲ have on separable transitive verb

(a) (wear) porter;

∎ what does she have on? qu'est-ce qu'elle porte?, comment est-elle habillée?;

∎ she had her black dress on elle avait ou portait sa robe noire;

∎ the child had nothing on l'enfant était tout nu

(b) (radio, television)

∎ have you got the radio on? avez-vous allumé la radio?, est-ce que la radio est allumée?;

∎ he has the radio/television on all night sa radio/sa télévision est allumée toute la nuit

(c) (commitment, engagement)

∎ we have a lot on today nous avons beaucoup à faire aujourd'hui;

∎ do you have anything on for tonight? avez-vous des projets pour ou êtes-vous pris ce soir?;

∎ I have nothing on for the weekend je n'ai rien de prévu ce week-end

(d) British familiar (tease, trick) faire marcher;

∎ you're having me on! tu me fais marcher!;

∎ I was only having you on c'était juste pour te faire marcher

(e) (idiom)

∎ they have nothing on me ils n'ont aucune preuve contre moi;

∎ the police have nothing on him la police n'a rien sur lui

➲ have out separable transitive verb

(a) (tooth) se faire arracher

(b) (settle)

∎ to have it out with sb s'expliquer avec qn;

∎ she had it or the matter or the whole thing out with him elle a eu une longue explication avec lui;

∎ let's have this out once and for all mettons les choses au point une fois pour toutes

➲ have over separable transitive verb

(invite) inviter

➲ have up separable transitive verb

(a) familiar (bring before the authorities)

∎ I'll have you up for blackmail je vais vous poursuivre (en justice) pour chantage;

∎ they were had up by the police for vandalism ils ont été arrêtés pour vandalisme;

∎ he was had up (before the court) for breaking and entering il a comparu (devant le tribunal) pour effraction

(b) (invite from downstairs, the south) inviter;

∎ he had them up (to his flat) for tea il les a invités à venir prendre le thé;

∎ we're having them up from London for the weekend il sont venus nous voir de Londres pour le week-end

✾ Film 'To Have and Have Not' Hawks 'Le Port de l'angoisse'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > have
96 inside

inside

dedans ⇒ 1 (a) à l'intérieur ⇒ 1 (a) au fond ⇒ 1 (d) à l'intérieur de ⇒ 2 (a) dans ⇒ 2 (a) en moins de ⇒ 2 (b) intérieur ⇒ 3 (a), 4 (a)

1 adverb [ɪn'saɪd]

(a) (within enclosed space) dedans, à l'intérieur;

∎ there's nothing inside il n'y a rien dedans ou à l'intérieur;

∎ it's hollow inside c'est creux à l'intérieur, l'intérieur est creux;

∎ inside and out au dedans et au dehors, à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur

(b) (indoors) à l'intérieur;

∎ bring the chairs inside rentre les chaises;

∎ she opened the door and went inside elle ouvrit la porte et entra;

∎ go and play inside va jouer à l'intérieur;

∎ come inside! entrez!;

∎ British plenty of room inside! (in bus) il y a plein de place à l'intérieur!;

∎ move along inside there! avancez jusqu'au fond!

(c) familiar (in prison) en taule;

∎ he's been inside il a fait de la taule

(d) (in one's heart) au fond (de soi-même);

∎ inside I was furious au fond de moi-même, j'étais furieux

2 preposition [ɪn'saɪd]

(a) (within) à l'intérieur de, dans;

∎ inside the house à l'intérieur de la maison;

∎ figurative what goes on inside his head? qu'est-ce qui se passe dans sa tête?;

∎ familiar I'll be all right once I've got a few drinks inside me tout ira bien quand j'aurai descendu quelques verres;

∎ familiar get this inside you avale ça;

∎ a little voice inside me kept saying "no" une petite voix intérieure n'arrêtait pas de me dire "non";

∎ it's just inside the limit c'est juste (dans) la limite;

∎ the attack took place inside Turkey itself l'assaut a eu lieu sur le territoire turc même;

∎ someone inside the company must have told them quelqu'un de l'entreprise a dû le leur dire

(b) (in less than) en moins de;

∎ I'll have it finished inside 6 days je l'aurai terminé en moins de 6 jours

3 noun [ɪn'saɪd]

(a) (inner part) intérieur m;

∎ the inside of the box l'intérieur de la boîte;

∎ the door doesn't open from the inside la porte ne s'ouvre pas de l'intérieur;

∎ she has a scar on the inside of her wrist elle a une cicatrice à l'intérieur du poignet

(b) (of pavement, road)

∎ walk on the inside marchez loin du bord;

∎ Cars to overtake on the inside (driving on left) doubler à gauche; (driving on right) doubler à droite;

∎ Horseracing coming up on the inside is Golden Boy Golden Boy remonte à la corde

(c) figurative

∎ only someone on the inside would know that seul quelqu'un de la maison saurait ça

4 adjective ['ɪnsaɪd]

(a) (door, wall) intérieur; Building industry (measurement, stair etc) dans œuvre; (diameter) interne;

∎ Horseracing to be on the inside track tenir la corde; figurative être bien placé

(b) figurative

∎ he has inside information il a quelqu'un dans la place qui le renseigne;

∎ it looks like an inside job on dirait que c'est quelqu'un de la maison qui a fait le coup;

∎ I speak with inside knowledge ce que je dis je le sais de bonne source;

∎ find out the inside story essaie de découvrir les dessous de l'histoire

(c) Football

∎ inside left/right inter m gauche/droit

5 insides [ɪn'saɪdz] plural noun

familiar (stomach) estomac^□ m; (intestines) intestins^□ mpl, tripes^□ fpl;

∎ to have pains in one's insides avoir mal au ventre

6 inside of preposition familiar

(a) (in less than) en moins de^□

(b) American (within) à l'intérieur de^□, dans^□

7 inside out adverb

(a) (with inner part outwards)

∎ your socks are on inside out tu as mis tes chaussettes à l'envers;

∎ he turned his pockets inside out il a retourné ses poches;

∎ figurative they turned the room inside out ils ont mis la pièce sens dessus dessous

(b) (thoroughly)

∎ he knows this town inside out il connaît cette ville comme sa poche;

∎ she knows her job inside out elle connaît parfaitement son travail

►► Press inside back cover troisième f de couverture;

inside centre (in rugby) premier centre m;

Cars inside door portière f côté trottoir;

Football inside forward inter m, intérieur m;

Press inside front cover deuxième f de couverture;

the inside lane (in athletics) la corde, le couloir intérieur; (of road → driving on left) la voie de gauche; (→ driving on right) la voie de droite;

inside leg (measurement) hauteur f de l'entrejambe;

Typography inside margin marge f de reliure, (blanc m de) petit fond m;

the inside pages (of newspaper) les pages fpl intérieures;

inside toilet toilettes fpl à l'intérieur;

American Sport inside track la corde, le couloir intérieur;

∎ figurative to have the inside track être en position de force;

Cars inside wheel roue f côté trottoir

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > inside
97 of

of [əv, stressed ɒv]

preposition

(a) (after nouns expressing quantity, number, amount) de;

∎ a pound of onions une livre d'oignons;

∎ a loaf of bread un pain;

∎ a piece of cake un morceau de gâteau;

∎ a bottle of wine une bouteille de vin;

∎ a pair of trousers un pantalon;

∎ there are six of us nous sommes six;

∎ thousands of mosquitos des milliers de moustiques;

∎ some/many/few of us were present quelques-uns/beaucoup/peu d'entre nous étaient présents;

∎ half of them failed la moitié d'entre eux ont échoué;

∎ how much of it do you want? combien en voulez-vous?

(b) (indicating age) de;

∎ a boy/a girl of three un garçon/une fille de trois ans;

∎ at the age of nineteen à dix-neuf ans, à l'âge de dix-neuf ans;

∎ his wife of twenty years la femme avec qui il est marié depuis vingt ans

(c) (indicating composition, content) de;

∎ a photo of Lily une photo de Lily;

∎ a map of Spain une carte d'Espagne;

∎ a report of events in Parliament un compte rendu de ce qui se passe au Parlement;

∎ a rise of 25 percent une augmentation de 25 pour cent;

∎ a team of cricketers une équipe de cricket;

∎ a city of 120,000 une ville de 120 000 habitants;

∎ a series of programmes on Italy une série d'émissions sur l'Italie

(d) (created by) de;

∎ the poems of Byron les poèmes de Byron

(e) (with words expressing attitude or emotion) de;

∎ I'm ashamed of it j'en ai honte;

∎ I'm proud of it j'en suis fier;

∎ familiar I'm sick of it j'en ai assez;

∎ I'm afraid of the dark j'ai peur du noir;

∎ she dreamt of one day becoming Prime Minister elle rêvait de devenir Premier ministre un jour;

∎ I have no intention of leaving je n'ai aucune intention de partir;

∎ the fear of God la crainte de Dieu

(f) (indicating possession, relationship) de;

∎ he's a friend of mine c'est un ami à moi;

∎ a friend of mine saw me un de mes amis m'a vu;

∎ I'd like a home of my own j'aimerais avoir mon chez-moi;

∎ the corner of the street le coin de la rue;

∎ the subject of the lecture le sujet du cours;

∎ cancer of the bowel cancer des intestins;

∎ the love of a mother l'amour d'une mère;

∎ the rights of man les droits de l'homme;

∎ she's head of department elle est chef de service;

∎ doctor of medicine docteur en médecine

(g) (indicating subject of action)

∎ it was kind/mean of him c'était gentil/méchant de sa part;

∎ how clever of her comme c'est intelligent de sa part

(h) (with names of places) de;

∎ the city of New York la ville de New York;

∎ the people of Chile le peuple ou les habitants du Chili;

∎ the University of Cambridge l'université de Cambridge;

∎ the village of Carlton le village de Carlton

(i) (after nouns derived from verbs) de;

∎ the arrival/departure of Flight 556 l'arrivée/le départ du vol 556;

∎ we need the approval of the committee nous devons obtenir l'autorisation du comité;

∎ a lover of fine wine un amateur de bons vins;

∎ the success of the meeting le succès de la réunion;

∎ an outbreak of cholera une épidémie de choléra

(j) (describing a particular feeling or quality) de;

∎ a feeling of relief un sentiment de soulagement;

∎ she has the gift of mimicry elle a un talent d'imitatrice;

∎ a man of courage un homme de courage;

∎ people of foreign appearance gens à l'air étranger;

∎ a coat of many colours un manteau multicolore;

∎ a sort or kind or type of tree un type d'arbre;

∎ formal to be of sound mind être sain d'esprit;

∎ to be of a nervous disposition avoir une prédisposition à la nervosité;

∎ that fool of a sergeant cet imbécile de sergent

(k) (made from)

∎ a ring of solid gold une bague en or massif;

∎ a heart of stone un cœur de pierre;

∎ made of wood fait de ou en bois

(l) (after nouns of size, measurement etc) de;

∎ a width/length of sixty feet une largeur/longueur de soixante pieds;

∎ they reach a height of ten feet ils atteignent une hauteur de dix pieds

(m) (indicating cause, origin, source) de;

∎ the consequence/the effects of the explosion la conséquence/les effets de l'explosion;

∎ to die of cancer mourir du ou d'un cancer;

∎ of royal descent de lignée royale;

∎ of which/whom dont

(n) (indicating likeness, similarity) de;

∎ the colour of blood/of grass la couleur du sang/de l'herbe;

∎ the size of a tennis ball de la taille d'une balle de tennis;

∎ he reminds me of John Wayne il me rappelle John Wayne;

∎ it smells of coffee ça sent le café;

∎ a giant of a man un homme très grand;

∎ a huge barn of a house une énorme bâtisse

(o) (indicating specific point in time or space) de;

∎ the 3rd of May le 3 mai;

∎ in the middle of August à la mi-août;

∎ the crash of 1929 le krach de 1929;

∎ the day of our wedding le jour de notre mariage;

∎ it was the high point of the week ça a été le point culminant de la semaine;

∎ American a quarter of nine neuf heures moins le quart;

∎ in the middle of the road au milieu de la chaussée;

∎ at the far end of the room à l'autre bout de la pièce;

∎ south of au sud de;

∎ within a mile of à moins d'un mil(l)e de

(p) (indicating deprivation or absence)

∎ a lack of food un manque de nourriture;

∎ to get rid of sth se débarrasser de qch;

∎ to be cured of sth être guéri de qch;

∎ to rob sb of sth voler qch à qn

(q) (indicating information received or passed on)

∎ I've never heard of him je n'ai jamais entendu parler de lui;

∎ to learn of sth apprendre qch;

∎ her knowledge of French sa connaissance du français;

∎ of President Nixon it was said that… il a été dit du président Nixon que…

(r) (as intensifier)

∎ the best/the worst of all le meilleur/le pire de tout;

∎ today of all days! il fallait que ça arrive aujourd'hui!;

∎ he, of all men or people lui entre tous;

∎ you, of all people, should know… toi, plus que quiconque, devrais savoir que…

(s) old-fashioned

∎ or humorous I like to listen to the radio of a morning/an evening j'aime écouter la radio le matin/le soir

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > of
98 Bedson, George

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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b. 3 November 1820 Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, England

d. 12 December 1884 Manchester (?), England

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English metallurgist, inventor of the continuous rolling mill.

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He acquired a considerable knowledge of wire-making in his father's works before he took a position in 1839 at the works of James Edleston at Warrington. From there, in 1851, he went to Manchester as Manager of Richard Johnson \& Sons' wire mill, where he remained for the rest of his life. It was there that he initiated several important improvements in the manufacture of wire. These included a system of circulating puddling furnace water bottoms and sides, and a galvanizing process. His most important innovation, however, was the continuous mill for producing iron rod for wiredrawing. Previously the red-hot iron billets had to be handled repeatedly through a stand or set of rolls to reduce the billet to the required shape, with time and heat being lost at each handling. In Bedson's continuous mill, the billet entered the first of a succession of stands placed as closely to each other as possible and emerged from the final one as rod suitable for wiredrawing, without any intermediate handling. A second novel feature was that alternate rolls were arranged vertically to save turning the piece manually through a right angle. That improved the quality as well as the speed of production. Bedson's first continuous mill was erected in Manchester in 1862 and had sixteen stands in tandem. A mill on this principle had been patented the previous year by Charles While of Pontypridd, South Wales, but it was Bedson who made it work and brought it into use commercially. A difficult problem to overcome was that as the piece being rolled lengthened, its speed increased, so that each pair of rolls had to increase correspondingly. The only source of power was a steam engine working a single drive shaft, but Bedson achieved the greater speeds by using successively larger gear-wheels at each stand.

Bedson's first mill was highly successful, and a second one was erected at the Manchester works; however, its application was limited to the production of small bars, rods and sections. Nevertheless, Bedson's mill established an important principle of rolling-mill design that was to have wider applications in later years.

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Further Reading

Obituary, 1884, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 27:539–40. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 81–2.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Bedson, George
99 Daniell, John Frederick

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

b. 12 March 1790 London, England

d. 13 March 1845 London, England

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English chemist, inventor of the Daniell primary electric cell.

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With an early bias towards science, Daniell's interest in chemistry was formed when he joined a relative's sugar-refining business. He formed a lifelong friendship with W.T.Brande, Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, and together they revived the journal of the Royal Institution, to which Daniell submitted many of his early papers on chemical subjects. He made many contributions to the science of meteorology and in 1820 invented a hydrometer, which became widely used and gave precision to the measurement of atmospheric moisture. As one of the originators of the Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge, Daniell edited several of its early publications. His work on crystallization established his reputation as a chemist and in 1831 he was appointed the first Professor of Chemistry at King's College, London, where he was largely responsible for establishing its department of applied science. He was also involved in the Chemical Society of London and served as its Vice-President. At King's College he began the research into current electricity with which his name is particularly associated. His investigations into the zinc-copper cell revealed that the rapid decline in power was due to hydrogen gas being liberated at the positive electrode. Daniell's cell, invented in 1836, employed a zinc electrode in dilute sulphuric acid and a copper electrode in a solution of copper sulphate, the electrodes being separated by a porous membrane, typically an unglazed earthenware pot. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society for his invention which avoided the "polarization" of the simple cell and provided a further source of current for electrical research and for commercial applications such as electroplating. Although the high internal resistance of the Daniell cell limited the current and the potential was only 1.1 volts, the voltage was so unchanging that it was used as a reference standard until the 1870s, when J. Lattimer Clark devised an even more stable cell.

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Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1814. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1832, Copley Medal 1837, Royal Medal 1842.

Bibliography

1836, "On voltaic combinations", Phil. Transactions of the Royal Society 126:107–24, 125–9 (the first report of his experiments).

Listings of his scientific papers can be found in Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1868, Vol. II, London: Royal Society.

Further Reading

Obituary, 1845, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 5:577–80.

J.R.Partington, 1964, History of Chemistry, Vol. IV, London (describes the Daniell cell and his electrical researches).

B.Bowers, 1982, History of Electric Light and Power, London.

GW

Biographical history of technology > Daniell, John Frederick
100 Polhem, Christopher

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

[br]

b. 18 December 1661 Tingstade, Gotland, Sweden d. 1751

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Swedish engineer and inventor.

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He was the eldest son of Wolf Christopher Polhamma, a merchant. The father died in 1669 and the son was sent by his stepfather to an uncle in Stockholm who found him a place in the Deutsche Rechenschule. After the death of his uncle, he was forced to find employment, which he did with the Biorenklou family near Uppsala where he eventually became a kind of estate bailiff. It was during this period that he started to work with a lathe, a forge and at carpentry, displaying great technical ability. He realized that without further education he had little chance of making anything of his life, and accordingly, in 1687, he registered at the University of Uppsala where he studied astronomy and mathematics, remaining there for three years. He also repaired two astronomical pendulum clocks as well as the decrepit medieval clock in the cathedral. After a year's work he had this clock running properly: this was his breakthrough. He was summoned to Stockholm where the King awarded him a salary of 500 dalers a year as an encouragement to further efforts. Around this time, one of increasing mechanization and when mining was Sweden's principal industry, Pohlem made a model of a hoist frame for mines and the Mines Authority encouraged him to develop his ideas. In 1693 Polhem completed the Blankstot hoist at the Stora Kopparberg mine, which attracted great interest on the European continent.

From 1694 to 1696 Polhem toured factories, mills and mines abroad in Germany, Holland, England and France, studying machinery of all kinds and meeting many foreign engineers. In 1698 he was appointed Director of Mining Engineering in Sweden, and in 1700 he became Master of Construction in the Falu Mine. He installed the Karl XII hoist there, powered by moving beams from a distant water-wheel. His plan of 1697 for all the machinery at the Falu mine to be driven by three large and remote water-wheels was never completed.

In 1707 he was invited by the Elector of Hanover to visit the mines in the Harz district, where he successfully explained many of his ideas which were adopted by the local engineers. In 1700, in conjunction with Gabriel Stierncrona, he founded the Stiersunds Bruk at Husby in Southern Dalarna, a factory for the mass production of metal goods in iron, steel and bronze. Simple articles such as pans, trays, bowls, knives, scissors and mirrors were made there, together with the more sophisticated Polhem lock and the Stiersunds clock. Production was based on water power. Gear cutting for the clocks, shaping hammers for plates, file cutting and many other operations were all water powered, as was a roller mill for the sheet metal used in the factory. He also designed textile machinery such as stocking looms and spinning frames and machines for the manufacture of ribbons and other things.

In many of his ideas Polhem was in advance of his time and Swedish country society was unable to absorb them. This was largely the reason for the Stiersund project being only a partial success. Polhem, too, was of a disputatious nature, self-opinionated almost to the point of conceit. He was a prolific writer, leaving over 20,000 pages of manuscript notes, drafts, essays on a wide range of subjects, which included building, brick-making, barrels, wheel-making, bell-casting, organ-building, methods of stopping a horse from bolting and a curious tap "to prevent serving maids from sneaking wine from the cask", the construction of ploughs and threshing machines. His major work, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions), was printed in 1729 and is the main source of knowledge about his technological work. He is also known for his "mechanical alphabet", a collection of some eighty wooden models of mechanisms for educational purposes. It is in the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm.

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Bibliography

1729, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions).

Further Reading

1985, Christopher Polhem, 1661–1751, TheSwedish Daedalus' (catalogue of a travelling exhibition from the Swedish Institute in association with the National Museum of Science and Technology), Stockholm.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Polhem, Christopher

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