it+is+widely+agreed

dī-verto ( vorto), ti, sum, 3, v. n., to turn or go different ways, to part, separate, turn aside (in the verb. finit. rare; not in the class. per.).

Lit.

To turn out of the way; hence, of travellers, to stop, lodge, sojourn:

qui divertebat in proximo,

Amm. 14, 7, 15:

in cenaculum,

Vulg. 4 Reg. 4, 11:

ad hominem peccatorem,

to visit, id. Luc. 19, 7 al. —

Of a married woman, to leave her husband:

(uxor) sive diverterit, sive nupta est adhuc,

Dig. 9, 2, 27, § 30; cf.

so of divorce: si uxor a legato diverterit,

ib. 5, 1, 42:

nullis matrimoniis divertentibus,

Gell. 4, 3. V. also divortium.—

Trop., to deviate from each other, to differ:

divortunt mores virgini longe ac lupae,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 22.—Hence, dīversus ( - vorsus), a, um, P. a., turned different ways.

Set over against each other, opposite, contrary (freq. and class.; cf.: adversus, contrarius).

Lit.:

in diversum iter equi concitati,

Liv. 1, 28:

fenestrae,

opposite each other, Prop. 1, 3, 31; cf.

ripa,

Sil. 1, 264 Drak.:

iter a proposito diversum,

Caes. B. C. 1, 69, 1; cf.:

diverso ab ea regione itinere,

id. ib. 3, 41, 4:

diversis ab flumine regionibus,

id. B. G. 6, 25, 3:

diversam aciem constituit,

id. B. C. 1, 40, 5:

duo cinguli maxime inter se diversi, i. e. the two polar circles,

Cic. Rep. 6, 20 (13):

diversum ad mare dejectus,

Tac. A. 2, 60; cf.:

procurrentibus in diversa terris,

id. Agr. 11:

in diversum flectere,

Plin. 11, 45, 101, § 248:

binas per diversum coassationes substernere,

cross-wise, Plin. 36, 25, 62, § 186.—

Trop.

In gen., different, diverse, opposite, contrary, conflicting (cf.:

varius, differens, discrepans, multiplex): monstrum ex contrariis diversisque inter se pugnantibus naturae studiis cupiditatibusque conflatum,

Cic. Cael. 5 fin.; cf.:

quis non diversa praesentibus contrariaque expectatis aut speret aut timeat?

Vell. 2, 75, 2:

pessuma ac divorsa inter se mala, luxuria atque avaritia,

Sall. C. 5, 8; cf. Liv. 34, 4.—In the sup.:

ne illi falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter exspectant, ignaviae voluptatem et praemia virtutis,

Sall. J. 85, 20:

diversa sibi ambo consilia capiunt,

Caes. B. C. 3, 30, 1:

est huic diversum vitio vitium prope majus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 5; cf. Vell. 2, 80, 2:

initio reges diversi pars ingenium, alii corpus exercebant,

pursuing opposite courses, Sall. C. 2, 1:

diversi imperatoribus (sc. Scipioni et Mummio) mores, diversa fuerunt studia,

Vell. 1, 13, 3:

dividere bona diversis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 114; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 3; Vell. 2, 60 fin. et saep.—Of conflicting passions: Pentheum diripuisse aiunt Bacchas;

nugas fuisse credo, prae quo pacto ego divorsus distrahor,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 4, 2.— Comp.:

divorsius,

Lucr. 3, 803.—

In partic. (like contrarius, II. 2.), inimically opposed, of hostile or opposite opinions, unfriendly, hostile:

certa igitur cum illo, qui a te totus diversus est,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32:

regio ab se diversa,

Liv. 32, 38:

diversos iterum conjungere amantes,

Prop. 1, 10, 15:

acies,

Tac. A. 13, 57; 14, 30:

factio,

Suet. Caes. 20; id. Tib. 3 fin.; cf.

partes,

id. Caes. 1:

diversae partis advocatus,

opposite, id. Gramm. 4:

diversi ordiuntur, etc.,

Tac. A. 2, 10:

subsellia,

of the opponents, Quint. 11, 3, 133; cf. Tac. Or. 34:

minuere invidiam aut in diversum eam transferre,

Quint. 11, 1, 64:

defectio Tarentinorum utrum priore anno an hoc facta sit, in diversum auctores trahunt,

are not agreed, Liv. 25, 11 fin.; cf.:

nullo in diversum auctore,

Tac. A. 12, 69:

consistentis ex diverso patroni,

on the opposite side, Quint. 4, 1, 42:

ex diverso,

id. 5, 11, 43; Tac. A. 13, 40; id. H. 4, 16 et saep.;

also: e diverso,

Plin. 4, 4, 5, § 9; Just. 30, 4, 6; the latter in Sueton, and the elder Pliny, i. q. contra, on the contrary:

sunt qui putent, etc.... Alii e diverso, etc.,

Suet. Caes. 86; cf. id. Aug. 27; id. Dom. 9; Plin. 2, 50, 51, § 135; 5, 9, 10, § 56 al.; cf. Sillig. ad Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 35; Gai. Inst. 2, 16.

In different directions, apart, separate (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of writing).

Lit.: dispennite hominem divorsum et distennite, spread out in opposite directions, i. e. his limbs, Plaut. Mil. 5, 14:

diversae state,

id. Truc. 4, 3, 14; cf.:

diversi pugnabant,

separately, Caes. B. C. 1, 58, 4; so,

jam antea diversi audistis,

Sall. C. 20, 5; and:

sive juncti unum premant, sive id diversi gerant bellum,

Liv. 10, 25:

diversi dissipatique in omnes partes fugere,

Caes. B. G. 2, 24, 4; cf.:

ex diversa fuga in unum collecti,

Liv. 42, 8:

age diversos et disice corpora ponto,

Verg. A. 1, 70:

diversi consules discedunt,

Liv. 10, 33, 10; 22, 56; Nep. Dat. 11, 3 al.; cf.:

quo diversus abis?

away, Verg. A. 5, 166; 11, 855:

qui (portus) cum diversos inter se aditus habeant, in exitu conjunguntur et confluunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 52 fin.; cf. id. Agr. 2, 32, 87; Liv. 40, 22:

in locis disjunctissimis maximeque diversis,

very widely separated, Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 4; so,

loca,

id. ib. 16; Caes. B. G. 2, 22, 1 et saep.—Cf. in the sup.:

diversissimis locis subeundo ad moenia,

Liv. 4, 22:

itinera,

Caes. B. G. 7, 16 fin.; id. B. C. 3, 67, 2:

proelium,

fought in different places, Hirt. B. G. 8, 19, 2 et saep.: sunt ea innumerabilia, quae a diversis emebantur, by various people, individuals (as an indefinite term for persons), Cic. Phil. 2, 37. — Poet., i. q. remotus, remote, far-distant:

Aesar,

i. e. flowing in another, remote country, Ov. M. 15, 23; cf. Verg. A. 3, 4; 11, 261; 12, 621;

708: diverso terrarum distineri,

distance apart, remoteness, Tac. A. 3, 59.—

Trop.

Different, unlike, dissimilar:

varia et diversa genera et bellorum et hostium,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10 fin.; cf.:

variae et diversae et diffusae disputationes,

id. de Or. 3, 16, 61; 1, 61 fin.:

diversa ac dissimilis pars,

id. Inv. 1, 23, 33; cf.:

diversa studia in dissimili ratione,

id. Cat. 2, 5:

flumina diversa locis,

Verg. G. 4, 367; so Ov. M. 1, 40:

oris habitu simili aut diverso,

Quint. 9, 3, 34 al.:

ut par ingenio, ita morum diversus,

Tac. A. 14, 19:

a proposita ratione diversum,

Cic. Brut. 90; cf.:

ab his longe diversae litterae,

Sall. C. 34 fin.; Quint. 4, 1, 9; cf. also id. 2, 10, 7:

huic diversa sententia eorum fuit,

id. 3, 6, 32. —Cf. so with dat., Quint. 2, 3, 10; 3, 10, 3 et saep.—With gen.:

diversa omnium, quae umquam accidere, civilium armorum facies,

Tac. A. 1, 49:

diversa in hac ac supradicta alite quaedam,

Plin. 10, 12, 15, § 32:

eruca diversae est, quam lactuca, naturae,

id. 19, 8, 44, § 154.—

Divided, fluctuating, hesitating, inconsistent:

metu ac libidine divorsus agebatur,

Sall. J. 25, 6:

qui diversus animi modo numen pavescere, modo, etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 84:

diversi fremat inconstantia vulgi,

Tib. 4, 1, 45.— Adv.: dī-verse or dīvorse (acc. to II.), different ways, hither and thither; in different directions (very rarely): corpora prostrata diverse jacebant, scattered, Auct. B. Afr. 40 fin.; so,

pauci paulo divorsius conciderant,

Sall. C. 61, 3:

multifariam diverseque tendere,

Suet. Galb. 19.—

Trop. of the mind:

curae meum animum divorse trahunt,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 25:

ab eodem de eadem re diverse dicitur,

differently, Cic. Inv. 1, 50:

diversissime adfici,

very variously, Suet. Tib. 66:

uti verbo ab alicujus sententia diverse,

in a different meaning, Gell. 6, 17, 9.

generally adv

1 ( widely) [accepted, agreed, believed, denounced, recognized, regarded, welcomed] dans l'ensemble, en général ; a generally accepted definition une définition couramment acceptée ; generally available disponible pour le grand public ;

2 ( usually) généralement, en général ; it's generally best to wait en général, il vaut mieux attendre ; generally (speaking)… en règle générale… ;

3 ( overall) the industry generally will be affected l'ensemble de l'industrie sera touché ; he's generally unwell at the moment en ce moment il n'est vraiment pas en forme ; the quality is generally good dans l'ensemble la qualité est bonne ; she was dancing, drinking and generally enjoying herself elle dansait, elle buvait, en un mot elle s'amusait bien ;

4 ( vaguely) [talk, discuss, refer] d'une manière générale.

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Recording

[br]

[br]

[br]

At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.

In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.

In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).

As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

After leaving school, Vail was initially employed at his father's ironworks in Morristown, but he then decided to train for the Presbyterian ministry, graduating from New York City University in 1836. Unfortunately, he was then obliged to abandon his chosen career because of ill health. He accidentally met Samuel Morse not long afterwards, and he became interested in the latter's telegraph experiments; in return for a share of the rights, he agreed to construct apparatus and finance the filing of US and foreign patents. Working in Morristown with Morse and Leonard Gale, and with financial backing from his father, Vail constructed around his father's plant a telegraph with 3 miles (4.8 km) of wire. It is also possible that he, rather than Morse, was largely responsible for devising the so-called Morse code, a series of dot and dash codes representing the letters of the alphabet, and in which the simplest codes were chosen for those letters found to be most numerous in a case of printer's type. This system was first demonstrated on 6 January 1838 and there were subsequent public demonstrations in New York and Philadelphia. Eventually Congress authorized an above-ground line between Washington and Baltimore, and on 24 May 1844 the epoch-making message "What hath God wrought?" was transmitted.

Vail remained with Morse for a further four years, but he gradually lost interest in telegraphy and resigned, receiving no credit for his important contribution.

[br]