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61 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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62 spłacać
impf ⇒ spłacić* * *spłacać dług/pożyczkę — to pay off a debt/loan
spłacać coś ratami lub w ratach — to pay sth off in instalments (BRIT) lub installments (US)
* * *ipf.spłacić pf. (pożyczkę, dług) pay off, repay; ( długi) square, clear, acquit; spłacać ratami l. w ratach pay back in installments; spłacić kogoś buy sb off; spłacić wierzycieli get square with one's creditors; spłacić dług hipoteczny pay off l. redeem a mortgage; spłacić dług wdzięczności repay sb's kindness, return a favor; Br. return a favour; spłacić dług innym długiem rob Peter to pay Paul.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > spłacać
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63 mañana2
2 = tomorrow, morrow.Nota: Obsoleto.Ex. As we will probably hear from Mr. Welsh tomorrow, we are at the point where the Library of Congress has all but committed itself to close its catalogs.Ex. The text around the rim of the teacup, from Marcel Proust, reads: 'Dispirited after a dreary day, with the prospect of a depressing morrow'.----* como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.* hasta mañana = I'll see you on the flipside, I'll catch you on the flipside.* hoy por mí y mañana por ti = You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours, quid pro quo.* mañana por la noche = tomorrow night.* pan para hoy y hambre para mañana = rob Peter to pay Paul.* pasado mañana = the day after tomorrow. -
64 тришкин кафтан
(И. Крылов) ирон.Trishka's coat; smth. is patched up (fig.) at the expense of smth. else; cf. rob one's belly to cover one's back; rob Peter to pay PaulОни подвели итоги дня и, как тришкин кафтан латая сегодняшние потери в полку, обсудили, кого и куда переместить, чтобы заткнуть все дыры. (К. Симонов, Живые и мёртвые) — They were summing up the day's action, patching up the day's losses in the regiment and discussing whom to send where so as to plug the gaps.
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65 aerumna
aerumna, ae (pleb. er-), f. [contr. from aegrimonia; as to the suppressed g, cf. jumentum from jugum, Doed. Syn. IV. p. 420. Others explain aerumna (with Paul. ex Fest. s. v. aerumnula, p. 24 Müll.) orig. for a frame for carrying burdens upon the back; hence trop.], need, want, trouble, toil, hardship, distress, tribulation, calamity, etc. (objectively; while aegrimonia, like aegritudo, denotes, subjectively, the condition of mind, Doed. 1. c.; for the most part only ante-class., except in Cic., who uses it several times, in order to designate by one word the many modifications and shadings of the condition of mental suffering; in Quintilian's time the word was obsolete, v. Quint. 8, 3, 26): tibi sunt ante ferendae aerumnae, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 47 Vahl.); cf.: Ilia dia nepos, quas erumnas tetulisti, id. ap. Charis. p. 70 P. (Ann. v. 56 ib.): quantis cum aerumnis exantlavi diem, id. ap. Non. 292, 8 (Trag. v. 127 ib.):II.uno ut labore absolvat aerumnas duas (of the pains of parturition),
Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 26:animus aequos optimum est aerumnae condimentum,
id. Rud. 2, 3, 71; id. Ep. 2, 1, 10;so,
id. Capt. 5, 4, 12; id. Curc. 1, 2, 54; id. Pers. 1, 1, 1: lapit cor cura, aerumna corpus conficit, Pac. ap. Non. 23, 8; Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 8; Lucr. 3, 50:aerumna gravescit,
id. 4, 1065:quo pacto adversam aerumnam ferant,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 12:maeror est aegritudo flebilis: aerumna aegritudo laboriosa: dolor aegritudo crucians,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 8, 18:Herculis aerumnas perpeti: sic enim majores nostri labores non fugiendos tristissimo tamen verbo aerumnas etiam in Deo nominaverunt,
id. Fin. 2, 35; cf. id. ib. 5, 32, 95:mors est aerumnarum requies,
Sall. C. 51, 20; so id. J. 13, 22: Luculli miles collecta viatica multis Aerumnis, ad assem Perdiderat, with much difficulty, * Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 26:multiplicabo aerumnas tuas,
Vulg. Gen. 3, 16:in labore et aerumnā (fui),
ib. 2 Cor. 11, 27.—In later Lat. for defeat (of an army), Amm. 15, 4; cf. id. 15, 8 al.► At a later period, also, ĕrumna was written with short e, Paulin.Petric. Vit. D. Mart. 1, 66. Hence, Enn. ap. Charis. p. 76 P. derives it from eruere (quod mentem eruat). Cf. Doed. Syn. IV. p. 420. -
66 andruare
andruāre, to run back: a Graeco verbo anadramein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 9 Müll.< -
67 armita
armīta, ae, f. [armus], a virgin sacrificing, with the lappet of her toga thrown back over her shoulder, Paul. ex Fest. p. 4 Müll. -
68 calcis
1.calx, calcis, f. (m., Pers. 3, 105 dub.; Sil. 7, 696; cf. App. M. 7, p. 483 Oud.; Pers. 3, 105; Grat. Cyn. 278. Whether Lucil. ap. Charis, p. 72 P. belongs here or to 2. calx is undecided) [Sanscr. kar-, wound, kill; akin with lax, calcar, calceus], the heel.I.Lit.:2.calces deteris,
you tread on my heels, Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 111:quod si ipsa animi vis In capite aut umeris aut imis calcibus esse Posset,
Lucr. 3, 792; 5, 136: incursare pug nis, calcibus, pux kai lax, Plaut. Poen. 4, 1, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 53:certare pugnis, calcibus, unguibus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 27, 77:uti pugnis et calcibus,
id. Sull. 25, 71:concisus pugnis et calcibus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 56:subsellium calce premere,
Auct. Her. 4, 55, 68:ferire pugno vel calce,
Quint. 2, 8, 13:quadrupedemque citum ferratā (al. ferrato) calce fatigat,
Verg. A. 11, 714:nudā calce vexare ilia equi,
Stat. S. 5, 2, 115; Sil. 7, 697; 13, 169; 17, 541:nudis calcibus anguem premere,
Juv. 1, 43.—Also of the heels of animals, Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 8; Col. 8, 2, 8:quadrupes calcibus auras Verberat,
Verg. A. 10, 892.—Hence, caedere calcibus, to kick, laktizô, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 71:calce petere aliquem,
to kick, Hor. S. 2, 1, 55:ferire,
Ov. F. 3, 755:extundere frontem,
Phaedr. 1, 21, 9:calces remittere,
to kick, Nep. Eum. 5, 5; so,reicere,
Dig. 9, 1, 5:aut dic aut accipe calcem,
take a kick, Juv. 3, 295 al. —Prov.: adversus stimulum calces (sc. jactare, etc.) = laktizein pros kentron (Aesch Agam. 1624; Pind. Pyth. 2, 174;B.W. T. Act. 9, 5),
to kick against the pricks, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 28 Don. and Ruhnk.; cf. Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 55, and s. v. calcitro: calcem impingere alicui rei, to abandon any occupation:Anglice,
to hang a thing on the nail, Petr. 46.—Meton. (pars pro toto), the foot, in gen.:II.calcemque terit jam calce,
Verg. A. 5, 324 Serv. and Heyne. —Transf. to similar things.A.In architecture: calces scaporum, the foot of the pillars of a staircase; Fr. patin de l'échiffre, Vitr. 9, praef. § 8.—B.Calx mali, the foot of the mast, Vitr. 10, 3, 5.—C.In agriculture, the piece of wood cut off with a scion, Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 156.2.calx, calcis, f. (m., Varr. ap. Non. p. 199, 24, and Cato, R. R. 18, 7; Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 86; dub. Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 15; and id. Rep. Fragm. ap. Sen. Ep. 108 fin.; cf. Rudd. I. p. 37, n. 3; later collat. form calcis, is, f., Ven. Fort. Carm. 11, 11, 10) [chalix].I.Liv.A.A small stone used in gaming, a counter (less freq. than the dim. calculus, q. v.), Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 86; Lucil. ap. Prisc. p. 687 P.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 46 Müll.—B.Limestone, lime, whether slaked or not, Lucr. 6, 1067; Cic. Mil. 27, 74:II.viva,
unslaked, quicklime, Vitr. 8, 7:coquere,
to burn lime, Cato, R. R. 16; Vitr. 2, 5, 1: exstincta, slaked, id. l. l.:macerata,
id. 7, 2; Plin. 36, 23, 55, § 177:harenatus,
mixed with sand, mortar, Cato, R. R. 18, 7:materies ex calce et harenā mixta,
Vitr. 7, 3.— Since the goal or limit in the race-ground was designated by lime (as later by chalk, v. creta), calx signifies,Trop., the goal, end, or limit in the race-course (anciently marked with lime or chalk; opp. carceres, the starting-point; mostly ante-Aug.;b.esp. freq. in Cic.): supremae calcis spatium,
Lucr. 6, 92 Lachm.; Sen. Ep. 108, 32; Varr. ap. Non. p. 199, 24:ad calcem pervenire,
Cic. Lael. 27, 101; so,ad carceres a calce revocari,
i. e. to turn back from the end to the beginning, id. Sen. 23, 83:nunc video calcem, ad quam (al. quem) cum sit decursum,
id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15: ab ipsā (al. ipso) calce revocati, id. Rep. Fragm. ap. Sen. l.l.; Quint. 8, 5, 30 dub.; v. Spald. N. cr. —Prov., of speech:B.extra calcem decurrere,
to digress from a theme, Amm. 21, 1, 14.—In gen., the end, conclusion of a page, book, or writing (mostly post-class.):si tamen in clausulā et calce pronuntietur sententia,
Quint. 8, 5, 30:in calce epistulae,
Hier. Ep. 9; 26 fin.; 84 init.: in calce libri, id. Vit. St. Hil. fin. -
69 calculus
calcŭlus, i, m. dim. [2. calx; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 46].I.In gen., a small stone, a pebble:B.conjectis in os calculis,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261:Demosthenes calculos linguā volvens dicere domi solebat,
Quint. 11, 3, 54; Vitr. 7, 2:argilla et dumosis calculus arvis,
gravel in the thorny fields, Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 180; Plin. 4, 8, 15, § 37; 28, 9, 33, § 124.—Trop., of discourse:II.qui tenui venulā per calculos fluunt,
Quint. 12, 10, 25.—Esp.A.A stone in the bladder or kidneys, the gravel, stone, Cels. 7, 26:B.curare,
Plin. 20, 21, 86, § 234:comminuere et eicere,
id. 20, 4, 13, § 23; cf.eicere,
Suet. Aug. 80:movere,
Plin. 20, 22, 91, § 248:exturbare,
id. 20, 10, 42, § 109:frangere,
id. 22, 21, 29, § 59:rumpere,
id. 23, 8, 80, § 153. —A draughtsman, a stone or counter used in playing draughts. called duodecim scripta, in which, as in chess, by driving a piece from one square to another, the person beaten could not finally move at all (ad incitas redactus est):2.in lusu duodecim scriptorum cum prior calculum promovisset, etc.,
Quint. 11, 2, 38; cf. Ov. A. A. 2, 207; 3, 357; id. Tr. 2, 478; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 5; Mart. 14, 20; Isid. Orig. 18, 67:calculorum ludus,
Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 5, 165.—Trop.: calculum reducere, to take back a move: tibi concedo, quod in XII. scriptis solemus, ut calculum reducas, si te alicujus dati paenitet, Cic. ap. Non. p. 170, 28 (Hortens. Fragm. 51 B. and K.): quā re nunc saltem ad illos calculos revertamur, quos tum abjecimus, i. e. those principles of action, id. Att. 8, 12, 5.—C.A stone used in reckoning on the counting-board; hence meton., a reckoning, computing, calculating:2.calculi et rationes,
Quint. 11, 3, 59; 7, 4, 35; 8, 3, 14;12, 11, 18 Spald.: calculos subducere,
to compute, reckon, cast up, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 60:ponere,
Col. 3, 3, 7:ponere cum aliquo,
Plin. Pan. 20, 5:de posteris cogitanti in condicionibus deligendus ponendus est calculus,
id. ib. 1, 14, 9:amicitiam ad calculos vocare,
to subject to an accurate reckoning, hold to a strict account, Cic. Lael. 16, 58:si ad calculos eum respublica vocet,
settles accounts, reckons, Liv. 5, 4, 7:revocare aliquid ad calculos,
Val. Max. 4, 7, 1:ratio calculorum,
Col. 1, 3, 8.—Trop.:D.cum aliquā re parem calculum ponere,
i.e. to render equal for equal, Plin. Ep. 5, 2, 1:quos ego movi calculos,
considerations which I have suggested, id. ib. 2, 19, 9.—In the most ancient per., a stone used in voting; a vote, sentence, decision, suffrage; a white one for assent or acquittal, a black for denial or condemnation; cf. Ov. M. 15, 41 sq.; App. M. 10, p. 242.— Hence judicialis, Imp. Just. Cod. 3, 1, 12: deteriorem reportare, i. e. an adverse decision, Impp. Diocl. et Max. Cod. 7, 62, 10:E.calculis omnibus,
by a unanimous vote, App. M. 7, p. 191, 21.— Trop.:si modo tu fortasse errori nostro album calculum adjeceris,
i. e. approve, Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 5.—The Thracians were accustomed to preserve the recollection of fortunate occurrences by white stones, and of unfortunate by black, Plin. 7, 40, 41, § 131.—Hence,2.Trop.:F.o diem laetum, notandumque mihi candidissimo calculo!
i. e. a most happy day! Plin. Ep. 6, 11, 3; cf. Mart. 12, 34, 9, § 53; Pers. 2, 1 sq.—In late Lat., a small weight: calculus constat ex granis ciceris duobus, Auct. Ponder ap. Goes. Agr. p. 322 (in Isid. Orig. 16, 25, 8, called calcus). -
70 calx
1.calx, calcis, f. (m., Pers. 3, 105 dub.; Sil. 7, 696; cf. App. M. 7, p. 483 Oud.; Pers. 3, 105; Grat. Cyn. 278. Whether Lucil. ap. Charis, p. 72 P. belongs here or to 2. calx is undecided) [Sanscr. kar-, wound, kill; akin with lax, calcar, calceus], the heel.I.Lit.:2.calces deteris,
you tread on my heels, Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 111:quod si ipsa animi vis In capite aut umeris aut imis calcibus esse Posset,
Lucr. 3, 792; 5, 136: incursare pug nis, calcibus, pux kai lax, Plaut. Poen. 4, 1, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 53:certare pugnis, calcibus, unguibus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 27, 77:uti pugnis et calcibus,
id. Sull. 25, 71:concisus pugnis et calcibus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 56:subsellium calce premere,
Auct. Her. 4, 55, 68:ferire pugno vel calce,
Quint. 2, 8, 13:quadrupedemque citum ferratā (al. ferrato) calce fatigat,
Verg. A. 11, 714:nudā calce vexare ilia equi,
Stat. S. 5, 2, 115; Sil. 7, 697; 13, 169; 17, 541:nudis calcibus anguem premere,
Juv. 1, 43.—Also of the heels of animals, Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 8; Col. 8, 2, 8:quadrupes calcibus auras Verberat,
Verg. A. 10, 892.—Hence, caedere calcibus, to kick, laktizô, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 71:calce petere aliquem,
to kick, Hor. S. 2, 1, 55:ferire,
Ov. F. 3, 755:extundere frontem,
Phaedr. 1, 21, 9:calces remittere,
to kick, Nep. Eum. 5, 5; so,reicere,
Dig. 9, 1, 5:aut dic aut accipe calcem,
take a kick, Juv. 3, 295 al. —Prov.: adversus stimulum calces (sc. jactare, etc.) = laktizein pros kentron (Aesch Agam. 1624; Pind. Pyth. 2, 174;B.W. T. Act. 9, 5),
to kick against the pricks, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 28 Don. and Ruhnk.; cf. Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 55, and s. v. calcitro: calcem impingere alicui rei, to abandon any occupation:Anglice,
to hang a thing on the nail, Petr. 46.—Meton. (pars pro toto), the foot, in gen.:II.calcemque terit jam calce,
Verg. A. 5, 324 Serv. and Heyne. —Transf. to similar things.A.In architecture: calces scaporum, the foot of the pillars of a staircase; Fr. patin de l'échiffre, Vitr. 9, praef. § 8.—B.Calx mali, the foot of the mast, Vitr. 10, 3, 5.—C.In agriculture, the piece of wood cut off with a scion, Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 156.2.calx, calcis, f. (m., Varr. ap. Non. p. 199, 24, and Cato, R. R. 18, 7; Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 86; dub. Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 15; and id. Rep. Fragm. ap. Sen. Ep. 108 fin.; cf. Rudd. I. p. 37, n. 3; later collat. form calcis, is, f., Ven. Fort. Carm. 11, 11, 10) [chalix].I.Liv.A.A small stone used in gaming, a counter (less freq. than the dim. calculus, q. v.), Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 86; Lucil. ap. Prisc. p. 687 P.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 46 Müll.—B.Limestone, lime, whether slaked or not, Lucr. 6, 1067; Cic. Mil. 27, 74:II.viva,
unslaked, quicklime, Vitr. 8, 7:coquere,
to burn lime, Cato, R. R. 16; Vitr. 2, 5, 1: exstincta, slaked, id. l. l.:macerata,
id. 7, 2; Plin. 36, 23, 55, § 177:harenatus,
mixed with sand, mortar, Cato, R. R. 18, 7:materies ex calce et harenā mixta,
Vitr. 7, 3.— Since the goal or limit in the race-ground was designated by lime (as later by chalk, v. creta), calx signifies,Trop., the goal, end, or limit in the race-course (anciently marked with lime or chalk; opp. carceres, the starting-point; mostly ante-Aug.;b.esp. freq. in Cic.): supremae calcis spatium,
Lucr. 6, 92 Lachm.; Sen. Ep. 108, 32; Varr. ap. Non. p. 199, 24:ad calcem pervenire,
Cic. Lael. 27, 101; so,ad carceres a calce revocari,
i. e. to turn back from the end to the beginning, id. Sen. 23, 83:nunc video calcem, ad quam (al. quem) cum sit decursum,
id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15: ab ipsā (al. ipso) calce revocati, id. Rep. Fragm. ap. Sen. l.l.; Quint. 8, 5, 30 dub.; v. Spald. N. cr. —Prov., of speech:B.extra calcem decurrere,
to digress from a theme, Amm. 21, 1, 14.—In gen., the end, conclusion of a page, book, or writing (mostly post-class.):si tamen in clausulā et calce pronuntietur sententia,
Quint. 8, 5, 30:in calce epistulae,
Hier. Ep. 9; 26 fin.; 84 init.: in calce libri, id. Vit. St. Hil. fin. -
71 cesso
cesso, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. n. and a. [1. cedo]; lit., to stand back very much; hence, to be remiss in any thing, to delay, loiter, or, in gen., to cease from, stop, give over (indicating a blamable remissness; while desinere, intermittere, requiescere do not include that idea: cessat desidiosus, requiescit fessus, Don. ad Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 15. Diff. from cunctari in this, that the latter designates inaction arising from want of resolution, but cessare that which is the result of slothfulness; cf. Doed. Syn. 3, p. 300 sq.;b.class. in prose and poetry): paulum si cessassem,
Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 5; 4, 6, 16; id. Ad. 4, 2, 49:si tabellarii non cessarint,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 7, 15:in suo studio atque opere,
id. Sen. 5, 13:ne quis in eo, quod me viderit facientem, cesset,
Liv. 35, 35, 16; cf. id. 35, 18, 8:ab apparatu operum ac munitionum nihil cessatum,
id. 21, 8, 1; 34, 16, 3; 31, 12, 2; Tac. A. 3, 28:quidquid apud durae cessatum est moenia Trojae,
whatever delay there was, Verg. A. 11, 288:audaciā,
to be deficient in spirit, Liv. 1, 46, 6; cf.:nullo umquam officio,
id. 42, 6, 8:ad arma cessantes Concitet,
Hor. C. 1, 35, 15 et saep.—So in admonitions:quid cessas?
Ter. And. 5, 6, 15; Tib. 2, 2, 10:quid cessatis?
Curt. 4, 16, 5:quor cessas?
Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 69; cf.: cessas in vota precesque ( poet. for cessas facere vota), Tros, ait, Aenea? cessas? Verg. A. 6, 51 sq.; Tib. 3, 6, 57.— With dat. incommodi: it dies;ego mihi cesso,
i. e. to my own injury, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 12 Lorenz ad loc.; id. Ep. 3, 2, 8:sed ego nunc mihi cesso, qui non umerum hunc onero pallio,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 4.—With inf.:II.ego hinc migrare cesso,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 2, 6 sq.:numquid principio cessavit verbum docte dicere?
id. Pers. 4, 4, 3; so,alloqui,
Ter. And. 2, 2, 6; 5, 2, 4:adoriri,
id. Heaut. 4, 5, 9:pultare ostium,
id. ib. 3, 1, 1; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 30:introrumpere,
id. Eun. 5, 5, 26:detrahere de nobis,
Cic. Att. 11, 11, 2:mori,
Hor. C. 3, 27, 58 et saep.—In gen.A.To be inactive, idle, at leisure, to do nothing:b.cur tam multos deos nihil agere et cessare patitur? cur non rebus humanis aliquos otiosos deos praeficit?
Cic. N. D. 3, 39, 93; cf. id. ib. 1, 9, 22; id. Off. 3, 1, 1: nisi forte ego vobis cessare nunc videor;cum bella non gero,
id. de Sen. 6, 18:et si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbrā,
Verg. E. 7, 10:cessabimus una,
Prop. 3 (4), 23, 15; Ov. M. 4, 37:cur alter fratrum cessare et ludere et ungi praeferat, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 183 (cessare otiari et jucunde vivere, Schol. Crucq.); so id. ib. 1, 7, 57:per hibernorum tempus,
Liv. 36, 5, 1:cessatum usque adhuc est: nunc porro expergiscere,
Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 23:cessatum ducere curam,
put to rest, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 31:non timido, non ignavo cessare tum licuit,
Curt. 3, 11, 5.—Of things, to be at rest, to rest, be still, inactive, unemployed, or unused, etc.:(β).si cessare putas rerum primordia posse, Cessandoque novos rerum progignere motus,
Lucr. 2, 80 sq.:quid ita cessarunt pedes?
Phaedr. 1, 9, 5:et grave suspenso vomere cesset opus,
Tib. 2, 1, 6; Ov. F. 6, 348:Achilles cessare in Teucros pertulit arma sua,
Prop. 2, 8, 30:cur Berecyntiae Cessant flamina tibiae,
Hor. C. 3, 19, 19:cessat voluntas?
id. ib. 1, 27, 13:cessat ira deae,
Liv. 29, 18, 10:solas sine ture relictas Praeteritae cessasse ferunt Letoïdos aras,
i. e. remained unsought, unapproached, Ov. M. 8, 278; cf.:at nunc desertis cessant sacraria lucis,
Prop. 3 (4), 13, 47; and:cessaturae casae,
Ov. F. 4, 804:cessans honor,
a vacant office, Suet. Caes. 76.—Of land, to lie uncultivated, fallow (cf. cessatio):c.alternis idem tonsas cessare novales,
Verg. G. 1, 71; Plin. 18, 23, 52, § 191; cf. Suet. Aug. 42.— Pass.:cessata arva,
Ov. F. 4, 617.— Trop., of a barren woman, Paul. Nol. Carm. 6, 48.—Sometimes cessare alicui rei, like vacare alicui rei, to have leisure for something, i.e. to attend to, apply one ' s self to:B.amori,
Prop. 1, 6, 21.—Rarely (prob. not ante-Aug.), not to be at hand or present, to be wanting:2.cessat voluntas? non aliā bibam Mercede,
Hor. C. 1, 27, 13:augendum addendumque quod cessat,
Quint. 2, 8, 10.—Hence,Judic. t. t.a.Of persons, not to appear before a tribunal, to make default:b.culpāne quis an aliquā necessitate cessasset,
Suet. Claud. 15 (where, [p. 323] just before, absentibus; cf.absum, 8.): quoties delator adesse jussus cessat,
Dig. 49, 14, 2, § 4; so ib. 47, 10, 17, § 20.—Of things (a process, verdict), to be invalid, null, void:C.cessat injuriarum actio,
Dig. 47, 10, 17, § 1:revocatio,
ib. 42, 8, 10, § 1:edictum,
ib. 39, 1, 1:senatus consultum,
ib. 14, 6, 12 et saep.—Also rare, in a moral view, to depart from a right way, i.e. to mistake, err:ut scriptor si peccat... Sic qui multum cessat,
Hor. A. P. 357:oratoris perfecti illius, ex nullā parte cessantis,
Quint. 1, 10, 4. -
72 Chalcis
1.chalcis, ĭdis, f., = chalkis.I.A fish of the herring kind, Col. 8, 17, 12; Plin. 9, 47, 71, § 154; 9, 51, 74, § 162.—II.A lizard with copper-colored spots on its back, Plin. 32, 3, 13, § 30; 32, 5, 17, § 46.2.Chalcis, ĭdis or ĭdŏs, f., = Chalkis.I.Chief town of the island Eubœa, opposite to Aulis, connected by a bridge with the main land, now Egribo or Negroponte; also called Chalcis Euboica, or Chalcis Eubœœ, Col. 1, 4, 9; Luc. 5, 227; Mel. 2, 7, 9; Plin. 4, 12, 21, § 64; 11, 37, 74, § 191; Nep. Timoth. 3, 5; Vell. 1, 4, 1; gen. Gr. Chalcidos, Luc. 5, 227; acc. Gr. Chalcida, id. 2, 710.—B.Hence, the adjj.,1.Chalcĭ-dĭcus, a, um, of Chalcis, in Eubœa, Chalcidian:(β).Euripus,
Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 24:creta,
Varr. R. R. 1, 57, 1:galli,
id. ib. 3, 9, 6:gallinae,
Col. 8, 2, 4 and 13:ficus,
Varr. R. R. 1, 41, 6; Col. 5, 10, 11; 5, 10, 414:harenae,
Val. Fl. 1, 454: versus, of the poet Euphorion, a native of Chalcis, Verg. E. 10, 50; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 56:Nola,
founded by the Chalcidians, Sil. 12, 161.—Since Cumæ was a colony of Chalcis, Cumœan:b.arx,
Cumœ, Verg. A. 6, 17:turres,
Stat. S. 2, 2, 94 - litora, id. ib. 4, 4, 78:carmen,
of the Cumœan Sibyl, id. ib. 5, 3, 182.—Subst.: Chalcĭdĭcum, i, n., a chamber at the corner of a basuica, on each side of the tribunal, Aug. Mon. Ancyr. 4, 1; Vitr. 5, 1; Hyg. Fab. 184; Inscr. Orell. 1303; 3287; 3290 sq.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 52 Müll.— Also a spacious chamber in Grecian houses, Aus. Per. Odyss. 1; 23; Arn. 4, p. 149; 3, p. 105.—2.Chalcĭdensis, e, adj., Chalcidian: Timagoras, of Chalcis, Chalkideus, Plin. 35, 9, 35, § 58; Liv. 35, 49, 6.—In plur. subst., the inhabitants of Chalcis, Liv. 35, 38, 10 al.—3. II.A town in Arabia, Plin. 6, 28, 32, § 159.—III.A town in Syria, Plin. 5, 23, 19, § 81. -
73 chalcis
1.chalcis, ĭdis, f., = chalkis.I.A fish of the herring kind, Col. 8, 17, 12; Plin. 9, 47, 71, § 154; 9, 51, 74, § 162.—II.A lizard with copper-colored spots on its back, Plin. 32, 3, 13, § 30; 32, 5, 17, § 46.2.Chalcis, ĭdis or ĭdŏs, f., = Chalkis.I.Chief town of the island Eubœa, opposite to Aulis, connected by a bridge with the main land, now Egribo or Negroponte; also called Chalcis Euboica, or Chalcis Eubœœ, Col. 1, 4, 9; Luc. 5, 227; Mel. 2, 7, 9; Plin. 4, 12, 21, § 64; 11, 37, 74, § 191; Nep. Timoth. 3, 5; Vell. 1, 4, 1; gen. Gr. Chalcidos, Luc. 5, 227; acc. Gr. Chalcida, id. 2, 710.—B.Hence, the adjj.,1.Chalcĭ-dĭcus, a, um, of Chalcis, in Eubœa, Chalcidian:(β).Euripus,
Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 24:creta,
Varr. R. R. 1, 57, 1:galli,
id. ib. 3, 9, 6:gallinae,
Col. 8, 2, 4 and 13:ficus,
Varr. R. R. 1, 41, 6; Col. 5, 10, 11; 5, 10, 414:harenae,
Val. Fl. 1, 454: versus, of the poet Euphorion, a native of Chalcis, Verg. E. 10, 50; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 56:Nola,
founded by the Chalcidians, Sil. 12, 161.—Since Cumæ was a colony of Chalcis, Cumœan:b.arx,
Cumœ, Verg. A. 6, 17:turres,
Stat. S. 2, 2, 94 - litora, id. ib. 4, 4, 78:carmen,
of the Cumœan Sibyl, id. ib. 5, 3, 182.—Subst.: Chalcĭdĭcum, i, n., a chamber at the corner of a basuica, on each side of the tribunal, Aug. Mon. Ancyr. 4, 1; Vitr. 5, 1; Hyg. Fab. 184; Inscr. Orell. 1303; 3287; 3290 sq.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 52 Müll.— Also a spacious chamber in Grecian houses, Aus. Per. Odyss. 1; 23; Arn. 4, p. 149; 3, p. 105.—2.Chalcĭdensis, e, adj., Chalcidian: Timagoras, of Chalcis, Chalkideus, Plin. 35, 9, 35, § 58; Liv. 35, 49, 6.—In plur. subst., the inhabitants of Chalcis, Liv. 35, 38, 10 al.—3. II.A town in Arabia, Plin. 6, 28, 32, § 159.—III.A town in Syria, Plin. 5, 23, 19, § 81. -
74 condico
con-dīco, xi, ctum, 3, v. a.I.To talk a thing over together, to agree upon, to concert, to promise (most freq. as publicists' t. t.): condixit pater patratus populi Romani Quiritium patri patrato priscorum Latinorum, etc., old form ap. Liv. 1, 32, 11: status condictusve dies cum hoste, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 4, 4; Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 5; cf.:* 2.quoniam pactum atque condictum cum rege populi Romani perfide ruperat,
Gell. 20, 1, 54:sic constituunt, sic condicunt,
Tac. G. 11:inducias,
Just. 3, 7, 14:tempus et locum coëundi,
id. 15, 2, 16:ruptā quiete condictā,
the truce, Amm. 20, 1, 1:in diem tertium,
Gell. 10, 24, 9:in vendendo fundo quaedam etiam si non condicantur praestanda sunt,
Dig. 18, 1, 66.—Trop.: cum hanc operam (scribendi) condicerem, obligated myself to it, i. e. undertook it, Plin. praef. § 6 Jan.—Hence,B.Esp.1.To proclaim, announce, publish: condicere est dicendo denuntiare, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64, 16 Müll.; cf.:2.sacerdotes populi Romani cum condicunt in diem tertium, diem perendini dicunt,
Gell. 10, 24, 9.—Condicere alicui ad cenam or cenam, to engage one's self as guest at an entertainment:3.ad cenam aliquo condicam foras,
Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 16; id. Stich. 3, 1, 38:seni cenam eā lege condixit,
Suet. Tib. 42; cf.:velut ad subitam condictamque cenulam invitare,
i. e. without previous preparation, id. Claud. 21.— Absol.:nam cum mihi condixisset, cenavit apud me in mei generi hortis,
Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 20:ad balneas,
Tert. adv. Uxor. 2, 4.—In the jurists: condicere aliquid alicui, lit., to give notice that something should be returned; hence, to demand back, make a formal claim of restitution (from any one):II.rem,
Dig. 39, 6, 13:pecuniam alicui,
ib. 12, 1, 11; or for satisfaction: quia extinctae res, licet vindicari non possunt, condici tamen furibus et quibusdam aliis possessoribus possunt, Gai Inst. 2, 79; cf. id. 4, 5, and v. condictio and condicticius.—In late Lat., to assent or agree unanimously, = consentire, Tert. Anim. 8; id. adv. Marc. 2, 2; id. Coron. 11. -
75 erumna
aerumna, ae (pleb. er-), f. [contr. from aegrimonia; as to the suppressed g, cf. jumentum from jugum, Doed. Syn. IV. p. 420. Others explain aerumna (with Paul. ex Fest. s. v. aerumnula, p. 24 Müll.) orig. for a frame for carrying burdens upon the back; hence trop.], need, want, trouble, toil, hardship, distress, tribulation, calamity, etc. (objectively; while aegrimonia, like aegritudo, denotes, subjectively, the condition of mind, Doed. 1. c.; for the most part only ante-class., except in Cic., who uses it several times, in order to designate by one word the many modifications and shadings of the condition of mental suffering; in Quintilian's time the word was obsolete, v. Quint. 8, 3, 26): tibi sunt ante ferendae aerumnae, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 47 Vahl.); cf.: Ilia dia nepos, quas erumnas tetulisti, id. ap. Charis. p. 70 P. (Ann. v. 56 ib.): quantis cum aerumnis exantlavi diem, id. ap. Non. 292, 8 (Trag. v. 127 ib.):II.uno ut labore absolvat aerumnas duas (of the pains of parturition),
Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 26:animus aequos optimum est aerumnae condimentum,
id. Rud. 2, 3, 71; id. Ep. 2, 1, 10;so,
id. Capt. 5, 4, 12; id. Curc. 1, 2, 54; id. Pers. 1, 1, 1: lapit cor cura, aerumna corpus conficit, Pac. ap. Non. 23, 8; Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 8; Lucr. 3, 50:aerumna gravescit,
id. 4, 1065:quo pacto adversam aerumnam ferant,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 12:maeror est aegritudo flebilis: aerumna aegritudo laboriosa: dolor aegritudo crucians,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 8, 18:Herculis aerumnas perpeti: sic enim majores nostri labores non fugiendos tristissimo tamen verbo aerumnas etiam in Deo nominaverunt,
id. Fin. 2, 35; cf. id. ib. 5, 32, 95:mors est aerumnarum requies,
Sall. C. 51, 20; so id. J. 13, 22: Luculli miles collecta viatica multis Aerumnis, ad assem Perdiderat, with much difficulty, * Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 26:multiplicabo aerumnas tuas,
Vulg. Gen. 3, 16:in labore et aerumnā (fui),
ib. 2 Cor. 11, 27.—In later Lat. for defeat (of an army), Amm. 15, 4; cf. id. 15, 8 al.► At a later period, also, ĕrumna was written with short e, Paulin.Petric. Vit. D. Mart. 1, 66. Hence, Enn. ap. Charis. p. 76 P. derives it from eruere (quod mentem eruat). Cf. Doed. Syn. IV. p. 420. -
76 exdorso
ex-dorsŭo or - dorso, āre, v. a. [dorsum; lit., to deprive of the back; hence, in partic.], of fishes, to take out the backbone, to bone (ante- and post-class.):congrum, muraenam exdorsua, quantum potes,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 9, 2:pisces (with desquamare),
App. Mag. p. 301, 3; cf.:exdorsuare, dorso nudare,
Non. 17, 29: exdorsua dorsum confringe; alii, exime, Paul. ex Fest. p. 79, 12 Müll. -
77 exdorsuo
ex-dorsŭo or - dorso, āre, v. a. [dorsum; lit., to deprive of the back; hence, in partic.], of fishes, to take out the backbone, to bone (ante- and post-class.):congrum, muraenam exdorsua, quantum potes,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 9, 2:pisces (with desquamare),
App. Mag. p. 301, 3; cf.:exdorsuare, dorso nudare,
Non. 17, 29: exdorsua dorsum confringe; alii, exime, Paul. ex Fest. p. 79, 12 Müll. -
78 genuini
1. I.Lit. (rare but class.): genuinae domesticaeque virtutes, * Cic. Rep. 2, 15, 29:II. 2.naturales et genuini honores,
Gell. 2, 2, 9:pietas,
Dig. 43, 28, 3, § 4:nequitia,
App. M. 9, p. 230.—gĕnŭīnus, a, um, adj. [genae; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 94 Müll.], of or belonging to the cheek:dentes,
jaw-teeth, back-teeth, Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 134; Plin. 11, 37, 63, § 166; also as subst.: gĕnŭīni, orum, m., Verg. Cat. 5, 36; and in sing.: gĕnŭīnus, i, m., Juv. 5, 69.—Prov.: genuinum frangere in aliquo, to break one's jaw-tooth on a person, i. e. to criticise him severely, Pers. 1, 115. -
79 genuinus
1. I.Lit. (rare but class.): genuinae domesticaeque virtutes, * Cic. Rep. 2, 15, 29:II. 2.naturales et genuini honores,
Gell. 2, 2, 9:pietas,
Dig. 43, 28, 3, § 4:nequitia,
App. M. 9, p. 230.—gĕnŭīnus, a, um, adj. [genae; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 94 Müll.], of or belonging to the cheek:dentes,
jaw-teeth, back-teeth, Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 134; Plin. 11, 37, 63, § 166; also as subst.: gĕnŭīni, orum, m., Verg. Cat. 5, 36; and in sing.: gĕnŭīnus, i, m., Juv. 5, 69.—Prov.: genuinum frangere in aliquo, to break one's jaw-tooth on a person, i. e. to criticise him severely, Pers. 1, 115. -
80 ille
ille (old orthog., olle), a, ud ( ollus, a, um, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 42 Müll.; Verg. A. 5, 197; in dramat. poets often ĭlle, v. Corss. Ausspr. II. p. 624), gen. illīus (usu. illĭus in epic and lyric poets; Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183; illīus in the time of Quint; cf. Ritschl, Opusc. 2, 683 sqq.; 696; gen. sing. m. illi, Cato ap. Prisc. p. 694; dat. sing. f. olli, Verg. A. 1, 254; Cato, R. R. 153 and 154; abl. plur. ‡ ab oloes = ab illis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 19 Müll.); pron. demonstr. [Etym. dub., v. Corss. Beitr. p. 301], points (opp. hic) to something more remote, or which is regarded as more remote, and, in contrast with hic and iste, to something near or connected with a third person, that; he, she, it ( absol.).I.In gen.(α).With substantives: ille vir haud magna cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. de Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 342 Vahl.): si quid vos per laborem recte feceritis, labor ille a vobis cito recedet... nequiter factum illud apud vos semper manebit, Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1 fin.:(β).sol me ille admonuit,
that sun, Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 209:in illa tranquillitate atque otio jucundissime vivere,
id. Rep. 1, 1:cum omnis arrogantia odiosa est, tum illa ingenii atque eloquentiae multo molestissima,
id. Div. in Caecil. 11, 36:in illa vita,
id. ib. 1, 3:illum Aurora nitentem Luciferum portet,
Tib. 1, 3, 93.—Absol.: illos bono genere gnatos, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17:B.ergo ille, cives qui id cogit, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 2:tum ille, Non sum, inquit, nescius, etc.,
id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; cf. id. Rep. 1, 9; 1, 10:illum ab Alexandrea discessisse nemo nuntiat,
id. Att. 11, 17, 3; cf.:de illius Alexandrea discessu nihil adhuc rumoris,
id. ib. 11, 18, 1:ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur,
Sall. C. 52, 12.—In neutr. with gen.:Galba erat negligentior, quam conveniret principi electo atque illud aetatis,
Suet. Galb. 14:illud horae,
id. Ner. 26.—With other pronouns:C.itaque cum primum audivi, ego ille ipse factus sum: scis quem dicam,
Cic. Fam. 2, 9, 1; cf.:qui cum illis una ipsum illum Carneadem diligenter audierat,
id. de Or. 1, 11, 45:ille quoque ipse confessus est,
Cels. 1, 3:huic illi legato,
Cic. Fl. 22, 52:hunc illum fatis Portendi generum,
Verg. A. 7, 255; cf.:hic est enim ille vultus semper idem quem, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 15, 31:hic est ille status quantitatis,
Quint. 7, 4, 15:est idem ille tyrannus deterrimum genus,
Cic. Rep. 1, 42:eandem illam (sphaeram),
id. ib. 1, 14:cum et idem qui consuerunt et idem illud alii desiderent,
id. Off. 2, 15 fin.:illum reliquit alterum apud matrem domi,
Plaut. Men. prol. 26.—Opp. to hic, to indicate that object which is the more remote, either as regards the position of the word denoting it, or as it is conceived of by the writer; v. hic, I. D.—D.Pleon., referring back to a subject or object already mentioned in the same sentence:II.sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat,
Verg. A. 3, 490; cf. Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 91:non ille timidus perire, etc.,
Hor. C. 4, 9, 51; id. S. 2, 3, 204:Parmenides, Xenophanes, minus bonis quamquam versibus, sed tamen illi versibus increpant, etc.,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74.In partic.A.Pregn., that, to indicate some well-known or celebrated object, equivalent to the ancient, the wellknown, the famous: si Antipater ille Sidonius, quem tu probe, Catule, meministi, Cic. de Or. 3, 50, 194:B.Xenophon, Socraticus ille,
id. ib. 2, 14, 58:auditor Panaetii illius,
id. ib. 1, 11, 45:a qua (gratia) te flecti non magis potuisse demonstras, quam Herculem Xenophontium illum a voluptate,
id. Fam. 5, 12, 3:ut ex eodem Ponto Medea illa quondam profugisse dicitur,
id. de Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:magno illi Alexandro simillimus,
Vell. 2, 41:honestum illud Solonis est,
Cic. de Sen. 14, 50:illa verba,
Quint. 10, 7, 2:velocitas,
id. ib. 8.—Particular phrases.a.Hic... ille, this... that, the one... the other, of single objects in opp. to the whole: non dicam illinc hoc signum ablatum esse et illud;b.hoc dico, nullum te Aspendi signum, Verres, reliquisse,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 20, § 53.—Ille aut or et ille, that or that, such and such:c.quaesisse, num ille aut ille defensurus esset,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:commendo vobis illum et illum,
Suet. Caes. 41.—Ille quidem... sed (autem, etc.), certainly, to be sure, indeed, etc.,... but still:d.philosophi quidam, minime mali illi quidem, sed, etc.,
Cic. Off. 3, 9, 39:ludo autem et joco uti illo quidem licet, sed, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 29, 103:Q. Mucius enucleate ille quidem et polite, ut solebat, nequaquam autem, etc.,
id. Brut. 30, 115:alter bellum comparat, non injustum ille quidem, suis tamen civibus exitiabile,
id. Att. 10, 4, 3:sequi illud quidem, verum, etc.,
id. Fat. 18, 41.—Ex illo, from that time, since then ( poet. and very rare):1.ex illo fluere et retro sublapsa referri Spes Danaūm,
Verg. A. 2, 169 (for which in full:tempore jam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis Trojanae,
id. ib. 1, 623):solis ex illo vivit in antris,
Ov. M. 3, 394:scilicet ex illo Junonia permanet ira,
id. H. 14, 85.— Hence, advv.illā (sc. viā=ab hac parte), in that way, in that direction, there (very rare):2. A.nunc ego me illa per posticum ad congerrones conferam,
Plaut. Most. 3, 3, 27; id. Mil. 2, 3, 17:hac vel illa cadit,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 18:ac ne pervium illa Germanicis exercitibus foret, obsaepserat,
Tac. H. 3, 8; 5, 18; id. A. 2, 17:ipsum quin etiam Oceanum illa tentavimus,
id. G. 34:forte revertebar festis vestalibus illa, qua, etc.,
Ov. F. 6, 395 Merk. (vulg. illac).—Lit., with verbs of motion, = illuc:B.principio ut illo advenimus, ubi primum terram tetigimus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 48:neque enim temere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam,
Caes. B. G. 4, 20, 3:nam illo non saxum, non materies advecta est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 56, § 147; Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 28; Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 328: To. Vin' huc vocem? Do. Ego illo accessero, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 26:positiones huc aut illo versae,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 11, 1.—Transf.a.To that end, thereto:b.haec omnia Caesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur, ut, etc.,
to that very purpose, Caes. B. G. 4, 11, 4:spectat,
Dig. 47, 10, 7.—Post-class. for ibi, there, Dig. 48, 5, 23.—3.illim, adv., an early form (cf.: istim, exim) for illinc (i. e. illim-ce), from that place, thence (ante-class. and a few times in Cic.): sarculum hinc illo profectus illim redisti rutrum, Pompon. ap. Non. 18, 21 (Fragm. Com. v. 90 Rib.); Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 98; Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 17; Lucr. 3, 879:illim equidem Gnaeum profectum puto,
Cic. Att. 9, 14, 2 (al. illinc):quid illim afferatur,
id. ib. 7, 13, b, 7 (al. illinc); id. ib. 11, 17, 3:omnem se amorem abjecisse illim atque in hanc transfudisse,
i. e. from her, id. Phil. 2, 31, 77; id. Harusp. Resp. 20, 42.
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