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international+reputation

  • 41 good

    [gʊd] adj <better, best>
    1)
    there's nothing like a \good book es geht nichts über ein gutes Buch;
    she speaks \good Spanish sie spricht gut Spanisch;
    dogs have a \good sense of smell Hunde haben einen guten Geruchssinn;
    he's got \good intuition about such matters er hat in diesen Dingen ein gutes Gespür;
    your reasons make \good sense but... deine Gründe sind durchaus einleuchtend, aber...;
    \good show [or job] ! gut gemacht!;
    I need a \good meal now jetzt brauche ich was Ordentliches zu essen!;
    the child had the \good sense to... das Kind besaß die Geistesgegenwart...;
    he only has one \good leg er hat nur ein gesundes Bein;
    that's a \good one ( iron) haha, der war gut! ( iron)
    \good appetite gesunder Appetit;
    to be a \good catch eine gute Partie sein;
    a \good choice/ decision eine gute Wahl/Entscheidung;
    \good ears/ eyes gute Ohren/Augen;
    to do a \good job gute Arbeit leisten;
    to be in \good shape in guter [körperlicher] Verfassung sein;
    \good thinking gute Idee;
    \good timing gutes Timing;
    to be/not be \good enough gut/nicht gut genug sein;
    that's just not \good enough! so geht das nicht!;
    if she says so that's \good enough for me wenn sie es sagt, reicht mir das;
    to be \good for nothing zu nichts taugen;
    to feel \good sich akk gut fühlen;
    I don't feel too \good today heute geht's mir nicht besonders ( fam)
    2) ( skilled) gut, begabt;
    to be \good at sth gut in etw dat sein;
    he's a \good runner [or he's \good at running] er ist ein guter Läufer;
    she's very \good at learning foreign languages sie ist sehr sprachbegabt;
    he's not very \good at maths [or (Am) in math] er ist nicht besonders gut in Mathe;
    this book is \good on international export law dieses Buch ist sehr gut, wenn man etwas über internationale Exportbestimmungen erfahren möchte;
    he is particularly \good on American history besonders gut kennt er sich in amerikanischer Geschichte aus;
    to be \good with sth with children mit etw dat gut umgehen können;
    to be \good with one's hands geschickt mit seinen Händen sein;
    to be \good in bed gut im Bett sein ( fam)
    to be \good with people gut mit Leuten umgehen können
    3) ( pleasant) schön;
    that was a really \good story, Mummy das war echt eine tolle Geschichte, Mama ( fam)
    that was the best party in a long time das war die beste Party seit langem;
    it's \good to see [or seeing] you after all these years schön, dich nach all den Jahren wiederzusehen!;
    \good morning/ evening guten Morgen/Abend;
    \good day (esp Brit, Aus) guten Tag; (dated: said at departure) guten Tag;
    to have a \good day/ evening einen schönen Tag/Abend haben;
    have a \good day schönen Tag noch!;
    \good news gute Neuigkeiten;
    to have a \good time [viel] Spaß haben;
    \good weather schönes Wetter;
    to have a \good one ( fam) einen schönen Tag haben
    4) ( appealing to senses) gut, schön;
    after a two-week vacation, they came back with \good tans nach zwei Wochen Urlaub kamen sie gut gebräunt zurück;
    most dancers have \good legs die meisten Tänzer haben schöne Beine;
    to look/ smell/ sound/taste \good gut aussehen/riechen/klingen/schmecken;
    sb looks \good in sth clothes etw steht jdm;
    to have \good looks, to be \good-looking gut aussehen
    5) ( favourable) gut;
    he made a very \good impression at the interview er hat beim Vorstellungsgespräch einen sehr guten Eindruck gemacht;
    there's a \good chance [that]... die Chancen stehen gut, dass...;
    we got a \good deal on our new fridge wir haben unseren neuen Kühlschrank günstig erstanden;
    the play got \good reviews [or a \good press] das Stück hat gute Kritiken bekommen;
    it's a \good job we didn't go camping last weekend - the weather was awful zum Glück sind wir letztes Wochenende nicht campen gegangen - das Wetter war schrecklich;
    the \good life das süße Leben;
    \good luck [on sth] viel Glück [bei etw dat];
    best of luck on your exams today! alles Gute für deine Prüfung heute!;
    a \good omen ein gutes Omen;
    to be too much of a \good thing zu viel des Guten sein;
    you can have too much of a \good thing man kann es auch übertreiben;
    \good times gute Zeiten;
    to be too \good to be true zu schön, um wahr zu sein;
    to have [got] it \good ( fam) es gut haben
    6) ( beneficial) vorteilhaft;
    to be \good for sb gut für jdn sein;
    milk is \good for you Milch ist gesund;
    to be \good for business/ for headaches gut fürs Geschäft/gegen Kopfschmerzen sein
    7) ( useful) nützlich, sinnvoll;
    we had a \good discussion on the subject wir hatten eine klärende Diskussion über die Sache;
    it's \good that you checked the door gut, dass du die Tür noch einmal überprüft hast
    8) ( on time)
    in \good time rechtzeitig;
    be patient, you'll hear the result all in \good time seien Sie geduldig, Sie erfahren das Ergebnis noch früh genug;
    in one's own \good time in seinem eigenen Rhythmus
    to be a \good time to do sth ein guter Zeitpunkt sein, [um] etw zu tun
    10) inv ( kind) freundlich, lieb;
    the college has been very \good about her health problem die Hochschule zeigte sehr viel Verständnis für ihr gesundheitliches Problem;
    it was very \good of you to help us es war sehr lieb von dir, uns zu helfen;
    he's got a \good heart er hat ein gutes Herz;
    be so \good as to... sei doch bitte so nett und...;
    would you be \good enough to... wären Sie so nett und...;
    \good deeds/ works gute Taten;
    to do a \good deed eine gute Tat tun
    11) ( moral) gut;
    the G\good Book die [heilige] Bibel;
    for a \good cause für einen guten Zweck;
    to set a \good example to sb jdm ein gutes Vorbild sein;
    sb's \good name/ reputation jds guter Name/guter Ruf;
    to be [as] \good as one's word vertrauenswürdig sein
    12) ( well-behaved) gut;
    \good dog! braver Hund!;
    be a \good girl and... sei ein liebes Mädchen [o sei so lieb] und...;
    OK, I'll be a \good sport o.k., ich will mal kein Spielverderber sein;
    she's been as \good as gold all evening sie hat sich den ganzen Abend über ausgezeichnet benommen;
    to be on \good/ one's best behaviour sich akk gut benehmen/von seiner besten Seite zeigen;
    \good loser guter Verlierer/gute Verliererin
    13) attr, inv ( thorough) gut, gründlich;
    the house needs a \good clean[ing] das Haus sollte mal gründlich geputzt werden;
    have a \good think about it lass es dir noch einmal gut durch den Kopf gehen;
    now, now - have a \good cry schon gut - wein dich mal so richtig aus;
    they have built a \good case against the suspect sie haben einen hieb- und stichfesten Fall gegen den Verdächtigen aufgebaut;
    we had some \good fun at the amusement park wir hatten so richtig viel Spaß im Vergnügungspark;
    a \good beating eine gründliche Tracht Prügel;
    to have a \good laugh ordentlich lachen;
    to have a \good look at sth sich dat etw genau ansehen;
    a \good talking to eine Standpauke
    14) pred, inv ( valid) gültig;
    ( usable) gut;
    this car should be \good for another year or so dieses Auto hält wohl schon noch ein Jahr oder so;
    he gave us a gift certificate \good for $100 er hat uns einen Geschenkgutschein über 100 Dollar überreicht;
    this ticket is only \good on weekends dieses Ticket gilt nur an Wochenenden;
    my credit card is only \good for another month meine Kreditkarte ist nur noch einen Monat gültig
    15) attr, inv ( substantial) beträchtlich;
    we walked a \good distance today wir sind heute ein ordentliches Stück gelaufen;
    she makes \good money at her new job sie verdient in ihrem neuen Job gutes Geld;
    it's a \good half hour's walk to the station from here von hier bis zum Bahnhof ist es zu Fuß eine gute halbe Stunde;
    a \good deal jede Menge;
    you're looking a \good deal better now du siehst jetzt ein gutes Stück besser aus;
    to make a \good profit einen beträchtlichen Profit machen;
    a \good few/ many eine ganze Menge
    16) pred, inv food ( not rotten) gut
    17) pred, inv ( able to provide) gut;
    he is always \good for a laugh er ist immer gut für einen Witz;
    thanks for the loan and don't worry, I'm \good for it danke für den Kredit und keine Sorge, ich zahle ihn zurück;
    her credit is \good sie ist kreditwürdig
    18) (almost, virtually)
    as \good as... so gut wie...;
    our firewood is as \good as gone unser Feuerholz ist nahezu aufgebraucht;
    to be as \good as dead/ new so gut wie tot/neu sein;
    they as \good as called me a liar sie nannten mich praktisch eine Lügnerin!
    19) attr, inv ( to emphasize) schön;
    I need a \good long holiday ich brauche mal wieder so einen richtig schönen langen Urlaub!;
    what you need is a \good hot cup of coffee was du brauchst, ist eine gute Tasse heißen Kaffee;
    \good and...;
    she's really \good and mad sie ist so richtig sauer;
    I'll do it when I'm \good and ready, and not one minute before ich mache es, sobald ich fertig bin und keine Minute früher!
    very \good sehr wohl! veraltet
    \good Lord [or heavens] ! gütiger Himmel! ( geh)
    \good gracious! ach du liebe Zeit!;
    \good grief! du meine Güte!;
    \good egg! ( Brit) (dated) ausgezeichnet!; ( iron)
    oh, - \good for you! oh, schön für dich! ( iron)
    \good old James! der gute alte James!;
    the \good old days die gute alte Zeit
    PHRASES:
    to have a \good innings ( Brit) ein schönes Leben haben;
    for \good measure als Draufgabe, obendrein;
    \good riddance Gott sei Dank!;
    to make \good time gut in der Zeit liegen;
    if you can't be \good, be careful ( prov) wenn man schon was anstellt, sollte man sich wenigstens nicht [dabei] erwischen lassen;
    it's as \good as it gets besser wird's nicht mehr;
    to give as \good as one gets es [jdm] mit gleicher Münze heimzahlen;
    to make \good zu Geld kommen;
    to make sth <-> \good ( repair) etw reparieren; mistake etw wiedergutmachen;
    ( pay for) etw wettmachen ( fam) ( do successfully) etw schaffen;
    she's \good for another few years! mit ihr muss man noch ein paar Jahre rechnen! adv
    1) (esp Am DIAL) (fam: well) gut;
    boy, she can sure sing \good, can't she? Junge, die kann aber gut singen, oder?
    2) (fam: thoroughly) gründlich;
    to do sth \good and proper etw richtig gründlich tun;
    well, you've broken the table \good and proper na, den Tisch hast du aber so richtig ruiniert! n
    1) ( moral force) Gute nt;
    \good and evil Gut und Böse;
    to be up to no \good nichts Gutes im Schilde führen;
    to do \good Gutes tun;
    the \good pl die Guten pl
    2) ( benefit) Wohl nt;
    this medicine will do you a [or the] world of \good diese Medizin wird Ihnen unglaublich gut tun;
    to do more harm than \good mehr schaden als nützen;
    for the \good of his health zum Wohle seiner Gesundheit, seiner Gesundheit zuliebe;
    for the \good of the nation zum Wohle der Nation;
    for one's own \good zu seinem eigenen Besten
    3) ( purpose) Nutzen m;
    to be no [or not to be any] /not much \good nichts/wenig nützen;
    that young man is no \good dieser junge Mann ist ein Taugenichts;
    to not do much/any \good nicht viel/nichts nützen;
    even a small donation can do a lot of \good auch eine kleine Spende kann eine Menge helfen;
    that won't do much \good das wird auch nicht viel nützen;
    it's no \good complaining all day den ganzen Tag rumzujammern bringt auch nichts! ( fam)
    what \good is sitting alone in your room? was bringt es, hier alleine in deinem Zimmer zu sitzen?; ( iron)
    a lot of \good that'll do [you]! das wird [dir] ja viel nützen! ( iron)
    4) ( profit)
    we were £7,000 to the \good when we sold our house als wir unser Haus verkauften, haben wir einen Gewinn von 7.000 Pfund eingestrichen; ( fig)
    he was two gold medals to the \good by the end of the day am Ende des Tages war er um zwei Goldmedaillen reicher
    5) ( ability)
    to be no \good at sth etw nicht gut können, bei etw dat nicht [sonderlich] gut sein
    PHRASES:
    for \good [and all] für immer [und ewig]

    English-German students dictionary > good

  • 42 live\ up

    live up to smth. live up to one's reputation (to a high praise, to his father's vision of him, etc.) оправдывать свою репутацию и т. д.; the work didn't live up to our expectations работа не оправдала наших ожиданий; he did not live up to my hopes он не оправдал моих надежд; live up to one's duty (to one's obligations, to the lofty standard of membership, to one's ideal, to one's principles, to one's faith, to the tradition, to one's promises, etc.) оказываться верным своему долгу и т. д., students are expected to live up to certain standards of behaviour звание студента обязывает вести себя надлежащим образом; live up to the conditions (to the international commitments, to our agreement, to the treaty, to the rule, etc.) выполнять условия и т. д.; live up to one's income жить по средствам /соразмерно со своим доходом/

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > live\ up

  • 43 fame

    [feɪm]
    сущ.
    1) известность, популярность, слава

    at the height of one's fame — на вершине славы, на пике популярности

    to achieve / attain / win fame — достигать известности, славы

    Syn:
    Syn:
    3) уст. молва, слухи
    Syn:

    Англо-русский современный словарь > fame

  • 44 worldwide

    1. a мировой, всемирный; распространённый во всём мире
    2. adv во всём мире
    Синонимический ряд:
    universal (adj.) catholic; cosmic; cosmopolitan; ecumenical; general; generalized; global; international; planetary; universal; widely accepted; worldly

    English-Russian base dictionary > worldwide

  • 45 Madredeus

       Portuguese musical performing group of instrumentalists and singers, in a new pop music tradition, with a growing global reputation. It was formed by musicians in the late 1980s, who practiced in the Lisbon church and convent of Madre de Deus, also the site of a museum of Portuguese tiles. MadreDeus was formed by Pedro Ayres de Magalhães, contrabass. The group soon added acoustic guitars, cello, and accordion. A fado singer, the young Teresa Salgueiro, joined the instrumentalists later. In the 1990s, the group achieved international fame and celebrity in the music world with many successful concerts, records, and CDs. In 1995, music of MadreDeus was featured in a new film, Lisbon Story, directed by filmmaker Wim Wenders of Germany, thus opening a new phase of celebrity for the group. That same year, MadreDeus added a new instrumentalist, a bass, as the group performed in Brazil and the United States.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Madredeus

  • 46 PIDE

    (Political Police)
       Commonly known as the PIDE, the Estado Novo's political police was established in 1932. The acronym of PIDE stood for Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado or International and State Defense State Police, the name it was known by from 1945 to 1969. From 1932 to 1945, it was known by a different acronym: PVDE or Polícia da Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado. After Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar was replaced in office by Marcello Caetano, the political police was renamed DGS, Direcção-Geral da Seguridade or Directorate General of Security.
       This force was the most infamous means of repression and a major source of fear among the opposition during the long history of the Estado Novo. While it was described as "secret police," nearly everyone knew of its existence, although its methods — in theory—were "secret." The PVDE/PIDE/DGS had functions much broader than purely the repression of any opposition to the regime. It combined the roles of a border police, customs inspectorate, immigration force, political police, and a regime vetting administration of credentials for government or even private sector jobs. Furthermore, this police had powers of arrest, pursued nonpolitical criminals, and administered its own prison system. From the 1950s on, the PIDE extended its operations to the empire and began to directly suppress oppositionists in various colonies in Africa and Asia.
       While this police became more notorious and known to the public after 1958-61, before that new outburst of antiregime activity, it was perhaps more effective in neutralizing or destroying oppositionist groups. It was especially effective in damaging the Communist Party of Portugal (PCP) in the 1930s and early 1940s. Yet, beginning with the unprecedented strikes and political activities of 194345, the real heyday had passed. During World War II, its top echelons were in the pay of both the Allies and Axis powers, although in later propaganda from the left, the PIDE's pro-Axis reputation was carefully groomed into a myth.
       As for its actual strength and resources, it seems clear that it employed several thousand officers and also had thousands of informants in the general population. Under new laws of 1945, this police force received the further power to institute 90-day detention without charge or trial and such a detention could easily be renewed. A who's-who of the political opposition emerges from those who spent years in PIDE prisons or were frequently arrested without charge. The PIDE remained numerous and well-funded into 1974, when the Revolution of 25 April 1974 overthrew the regime and abolished it. A major question remains: If this police knew much about the Armed Forces Movement coup conspiracy, why was it so ineffective in arresting known leaders and squashing the plot?

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > PIDE

  • 47 Abel, Sir Frederick August

    [br]
    b. 17 July 1827 Woolwich, London, England
    d. 6 September 1902 Westminster, London, England
    [br]
    English chemist, co-inventor of cordite find explosives expert.
    [br]
    His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.
    Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.
    Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Grand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1901. Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 1891 (Commander 1877). Knighted 1883. Created Baronet 1893. FRS 1860. President, Chemical Society 1875–7. President, Institute of Chemistry 1881–2. President, Institute of Electrical Engineers 1883. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1891. Chairman, Society of Arts 1883–4. Telford Medal 1878, Royal Society Royal Medal 1887, Albert Medal (Society of Arts) 1891, Bessemer Gold Medal 1897. Hon. DCL (Oxon.) 1883, Hon. DSc (Cantab.) 1888.
    Bibliography
    1854, with C.L.Bloxam, Handbook of Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Technical, London: John Churchill; 2nd edn 1858.
    Besides writing numerous scientific papers, he also contributed several articles to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1875–89, 9th edn.
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 1, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.
    CM

    Biographical history of technology > Abel, Sir Frederick August

  • 48 England, William

    [br]
    b. early 19th century
    d. 1896 London, England
    [br]
    English photographer, inventor of an early focal-plane shutter.
    [br]
    England began his distinguished photographic career taking daguerreotype portraits in London in the 1840s. In 1854 he joined the London Stereoscopic Company and became its chief photographer, taking thousands of stereoscopic views all over the world. In 1859 he travelled to America to take views of the Niagara Falls. On returning to Britain he became a freelance photographer, adding to his considerable reputation with a long series of stereoscopic alpine views. He also became interested in panoramic photography and, later, photolithography. England's most important technical innovation was a drop shutter with a horizontal slit sited immediately in front of the plate. Proposed in 1861, this was a crude device, but is usually recognized as the precursor of the modern focal-plane shutter.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Michael Aver, 1985, Photographers Encyclopedia International, Vol. I (A-K), Hermance, Switzerland.
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > England, William

  • 49 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

    [br]
    b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USA
    d. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England
    [br]
    American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.
    [br]
    Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.
    It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.
    Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.
    In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.
    Bibliography
    1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).
    Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).
    P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    CM / JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

  • 50 Nervi, Pier Luigi

    [br]
    b. 21 June 1891 Sondrio, Italy
    d. 9 January 1979 (?), Italy
    [br]
    Italian engineer who played a vital role in the use and adaptation of reinforced concrete as a structural material from the 1930s to the 1970s.
    [br]
    Nervi early established a reputation in the use of reinforced concrete with his stadium in Florence (1930–2). This elegant concrete structure combines graceful curves with functional solidity and is capable of seating some 35,000 spectators. The stadium was followed by the aircraft hangars built for the Italian Air Force at Orvieto and Ortebello, in which he spanned the vast roofs of the hangars with thin-shelled vaults supported by precast concrete beams and steel-reinforced ribs. The structural strength and subtle curves of these ribbed roofs set the pattern for Nervi's techniques, which he subsequently varied and elaborated on to solve problems that arose in further commissions.
    Immediately after the Second World War Italy was short of supplies of steel for structural purposes so, in contrast to the USA, Britain and Germany, did not for some years construct any quantity of steel-framed rectangular buildinngs used for offices, housing or industrial use. It was Nervi who led the way to a ferroconcrete approach, using a new type of structure based on these materials in the form of a fine steel mesh sprayed with cement mortar and used to roof all kinds of structures. It was a method that resulted in expressionist curves instead of rectangular blocks, and the first of his great exhibition halls at Turin (1949), with a vault span of 240 ft (73 m), was an early example of this technique. Nervi continued to create original and beautiful ferroconcrete structures of infinite variety: for example, the hall at the Lido di Roma, Ostia; the terme at Chianciano; and the three buildings that he designed for the Rome Olympics in 1960. The Palazzetto dello Sport is probably the most famous of these, for which he co-operated with the architect Annibale Vitellozzi to construct a small sports palace seating 5,000 spectators under a concrete "big top" of 194 ft (59 m) diameter, its enclosing walls supported by thirtysix guy ropes of concrete; inside, the elegant roof displays a floral quality. In 1960 Nervi returned to Turin to build his imaginative Palace of Labour for the centenary celebrations of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel in the city. This vast hall, like the Crystal Palace in England a century earlier (see Paxton), had to be built quickly and be suitable for later adaptation. It was therefore constructed partly in steel, and the metal supporting columns rose to palm-leaf capitals reminiscent of those in ancient Nile palaces.
    Nervi's aim was always to create functional buildings that simultaneously act by their aesthetic qualities as an effective educational influence. Functionalism for Nervi never became "brutalism". In consequence, his work is admired by the lay public as well as by architects. He collaborated with many of the outstanding architects of the day: with Gio Ponti on the Pirelli Building in Milan (1955–9); with Zehrfuss and Breuer on the Y-plan UNESCO Building in Paris (1953–7); and with Marcello Piacentini on the 16,000-seat Palazzo dello Sport in Rome. Nervi found time to write a number of books on building construction and design, lectured in the Universities of Rio de Janiero and Buenos Aires, and was for many years Professor of Technology and Technique of Construction in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Rome. He continued to design new structures until well into the 1970s.
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    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    RIBA Royal Gold Medal 1960. Royal Institute of Structural Engineers Gold Medal 1968. Honorary Degree Edinburgh University, Warsaw University, Munich University, London University, Harvard University. Member International Institute of Arts and Letters, Zurich; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm.
    Bibliography
    1956, Structures, New York: Dodge.
    1945, Scienza o Arte del Costruire?, Rome: Bussola.
    Further Reading
    P.Desideri et al., 1979, Pier Luigi Nervi, Bologna: Zanichelli.
    A.L.Huxtable, 1960, Masters of World Architecture; Pier Luigi Nervi, New York: Braziller.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Nervi, Pier Luigi

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