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henry's+law

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81 fall

[fɔ:l, Am esp fɑ:l] n

1) ( drop from a height) Fall m, Sturz m;

she broke her leg in the \fall sie brach sich bei dem Sturz ihr Bein;

to break sb's \fall jds Sturz m abfangen;

to have a \fall stürzen, hinfallen;

to take a \fall stürzen;

( from a horse) vom Pferd fallen

2) meteo Niederschlag m;

[heavy] \falls of rain/ snow [heftige] Regen-/Schneefälle

3) ( landslide)

\fall of earth/ rock Erd-/Felsrutsch m

4) sports ( in wrestling) Schultersieg m

5) ( downward movement) of a leaf Herabfallen nt kein pl ( geh) ( drop) of a blade, axe, guillotine Herunterfallen nt kein pl; of the level of a liquid Absinken nt kein pl

6) ( downward slope) Gefälle nt theat

the audience roared at the \fall of the curtain das Publikum brüllte, als der Vorhang fiel;

\fall of ground water levels Absinken nt des Grundwasserspiegels;

the rise and \fall of the tide Flut und Ebbe;

at the \fall of the tide bei Ebbe

7) ( decrease) Nachlassen nt kein pl, (in numbers, support, rate, prices) Sinken nt;

\fall in pressure meteo Fallen nt des Luftdrucks;

sharp \fall in temperature deutlicher Temperaturrückgang

8) (defeat, overthrow) of a city Einnahme f;

the \fall of Constantinople die Eroberung Konstantinopels;

the \fall of the Roman Empire der Untergang des Römischen Reiches;

\fall of a government/ regime/ dictator Sturz m einer Regierung/eines Regimes/eines Diktators;

the \fall of the Berlin Wall/ Iron Curtain der Fall der Berliner Mauer/des Eisernen Vorhangs;

... after the president's \fall from power... nach der Entmachtung des Präsidenten

9) (Am) ( autumn) Herbst m

10) ( waterfall)

\falls pl Wasserfall m;

[the] Niagara F\falls die Niagarafälle pl

11) no pl rel

the F\fall [of Man] der Sündenfall

PHRASES:

as innocent as Adam before the F\fall (before the F\fall) so unschuldig wie Adam vor dem Sündenfall;

to take a [or the] \fall for sb/ sth (Am) für jdn/etw Schuld auf sich akk nehmen, einstehen adj

attr, inv (Am) ( in autumn) Herbst-, herbstlich;

\fall plowing Wintersaat f;

\fall sun Herbstsonne f;

\fall weather Herbstwetter nt ( of autumn) Herbst-;

\fall clothing Herbstkleidung f;

\fall collection Herbstkollektion f vi <fell, fallen>

1) ( drop down from a height) [herunter]fallen, [hinunter]fallen; curtain fallen;

the snow had been \falling all day es hatte den ganzen Tag über geschneit;

more rain had \fallen overnight über Nacht hatte es noch mehr geregnet;

the bridge collapsed and fell into the river die Brücke brach zusammen und stürzte ins Wasser; ( fig)

the task of telling her the bad news fell on me ich hatte die Aufgabe, ihr die schlechten Nachrichten zu übermitteln;

it fell on Henry to take the final decision es war Henrys Aufgabe, eine endgültige Entscheidung zu treffen;

to \fall into sb's arms jdm in die Arme fallen;

they fell into each other's arms sie fielen sich in die Arme;

to \fall into bed ins Bett fallen;

to \fall to one's death in den Tod stürzen;

to \fall out of one's dress ( fig) ( fam) aus allen Wolken fallen ( hum) ( fam)

to \fall to the ground/ on the floor auf den Boden fallen;

to \fall from a window aus dem Fenster fallen;

to \fall downstairs die Treppe hinunterfallen [o herunterfallen];

2) ( from an upright position) hinfallen; tree, post, pillar umfallen;

he fell badly er stürzte schwer;

to \fall under a bus/ train/ truck unter einen Bus/Zug/Lastwagen kommen;

to \fall at a fence horse in einem Hindernis hängen bleiben;

to \fall to one's knees auf die Knie fallen;

to \fall [down] dead tot umfallen;

to \fall flat on one's face [vornüber] aufs Gesicht fallen ( fam)

3) (fig: fail or get no response) joke, plan, suggestion nicht ankommen;

(fig: be embarrassingly unsuccessful) auf die Schnauze fallen ( pej) (sl) thing, scheme danebengehen ( fam)

4) ( land) herunterkommen; light, bomb, shadow, gaze fallen; ( fig)

we haven't decided yet where the cuts will \fall wir haben noch nicht entschieden, was von den Kürzungen betroffen sein wird;

we don't at this stage know where the blame will \fall zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt wissen wir noch nicht, wer die Schuld trägt;

the blows continued to \fall on him die Schläge prasselten weiter auf ihn nieder;

the axe looks likely to \fall on 500 jobs 500 Stellen werden wahrscheinlich gestrichen werden;

suspicion immediately fell on him der Verdacht fiel sofort auf ihn;

silence fell on the group of men Schweigen überkam die Männern ling

the accent \falls on the second syllable der Akzent liegt auf der zweiten Silbe

5) (become lower, decrease) demand, numbers, prices, standard sinken; prices fallen meteo; temperature, pressure fallen, sinken; barometer fallen;

the temperature could well \fall below zero this evening die Temperatur könnte heute Abend auf unter null absinken;

water supplies have fallen to danger levels der Wasservorrat ist auf einen gefährlich niedrigen Level abgesunken;

the attendance fell well below the expected figure die Besucherzahlen blieben weit hinter den erwarteten Zahlen zurück;

to \fall to a whisper in einen Flüsterton verfallen

6) ( move to a lower position) in einer Tabelle/in den Charts fallen;

to \fall to the bottom of the league table ganz unten auf der Tabelle stehen;

to \fall in sb's estimation bei jdm im Ansehen sinken

7) ( be defeated or overthrown) gestürzt werden, untergehen;

( be conquered) a city, town eingenommen werden, fallen; person zerbrechen;

to \fall to pieces plan, relationship in die Brüche gehen; person zerbrechen;

to \fall from power seines Amtes enthoben werden;

to \fall to sb jdm in die Hände fallen;

Basildon finally fell to Labour at the last election Basildon fiel in der letzten Wahl Labour zu

8) (liter: die in battle) fallen

9) rel (do wrong, sin) von Gott abfallen

10) ( happen at a particular time)

Easter \falls early/ late this year Ostern ist dieses Jahr früh/spät;

to \fall on a Monday/ Wednesday auf einen Montag/Mittwoch fallen

11) ( happen)

darkness \falls early in the tropics in den Tropen wird es früh dunkel;

night was already \falling es begann bereits dunkel zu werden

12) ( belong)

this matter \falls outside the area for which we are responsible diese Sache fällt nicht in unseren Zuständigkeitsbereich;

any offence committed in this state \falls within the jurisdiction of this court für jedes Vergehen, das in diesem Staat begangen wird, ist die Rechtsprechung dieses Gerichts zuständig;

to \fall into a category/ class in eine Kategorie/Klasse gehören;

the text \falls into three categories der Text gliedert sich in drei Kategorien

13) ( hang down) herabhängen ( geh), fallen;

her hair fell to her waist ihr Haar reichte ihr bis zur Taille

14) (slope, go downward) cliff [steil] abfallen

15) + n

to \fall prey [or victim] to sb/ sth jdm/etw zum Opfer fallen

16) + adj ( become)

to \fall asleep einschlafen;

to \fall due fällig sein;

to \fall foul of sb mit jdm Streit bekommen;

to \fall foul of a law [or regulation] ein Gesetz übertreten;

to \fall ill [or sick] krank werden;

to \fall open a book, magazine aufklappen;

to \fall silent verstummen;

to \fall vacant a room frei werden; a position, post vakant werden

17) ( enter a particular state)

to \fall for sb sich akk in jdn verknallen (sl)

they all fell into hysterics sie kringelten sich alle vor Lachen;

he fell into a reflective mood er fing an zu grübeln;

to \fall into debt sich akk verschulden;

to \fall into disrepute in Misskredit geraten;

to \fall into disrepair [or decay] verkommen;

to \fall into disuse nicht mehr benutzt werden;

to \fall into error/ sin rel sich akk versündigen;

to \fall out of favour [or (Am) favor] [with sb] [bei jdm] nicht mehr gefragt sein ( fam)

to \fall into the habit of doing sth sich dat angewöhnen, etw zu tun;

to \fall under the influence of sb/ sth unter den Einfluss einer Person/einer S. gen geraten;

to \fall in love [with sb/sth] sich akk [in jdn/etw] verlieben;

to \fall out of love [with sb/sth] nicht mehr [in jdn/etw] verliebt sein;

to have fallen under the spell of sb/ sth von jdm/etw verzaubert sein;

to \fall into a/ sb's trap ( fig) [jdm] in die Falle gehen;

I was afraid that I might be \falling into a trap ich hatte Angst, in eine Falle zu laufen; ( fig)

they fell into the trap of overestimating their own ability to deal with the situation sie haben ihre eigene Fähigkeit, mit der Situation umzugehen, völlig überschätzt

18) ( be deceived by)

to \fall for sth auf etw akk hereinfallen

19) (old);

to \fall among thieves unter die Räuber fallen veraltet

20) ( attack)

to \fall on sb über jdn herfallen

21) (form: be responsibility of)

the worst job fell to me die schlimmste Arbeit musste ich erledigen;

clearing up fell to Tim and Stephen für das Aufräumen waren Tim und Stephen zuständig;

it \falls to the committee to... es ist Aufgabe des Komitees,...;

to \fall under sth zu etw dat gehören;

that side of the business \falls under my department dieser Geschäftsteil fällt in meinen Zuständigkeitsbereich;

( be classified)

that \falls under the heading... das fällt unter die Rubrik...

22) (liter: embrace)

to \fall on sb jdn in die Arme schließen ( liter)

they fell on each other sie fielen sich in die Arme

PHRASES:

to \fall on deaf ears auf taube Ohren stoßen;

sb's face fell jdm fiel das Gesicht herunter ( fam), jd macht ein langes Gesicht;

to \fall on stony ground auf felsigen Grund fallen ( liter)

to \fall into the hands [or clutches] of sb jdm in die Hände fallen;

to \fall in [or into] line [with sth] sich akk [an etw akk] anpassen;

to \fall into place sich von selbst ergeben;

( making sense) Sinn machen;

to \fall on hard times harte Zeiten durchleben;

to \fall short [of sth] etw nicht erreichen;

to \fall short of sb's expectations hinter jds Erwartungen zurückbleiben

English-German students dictionary > fall
82 Norris-La Guardia Act

закон Норриса - Лагуардии

Принят в 1932 по инициативе Дж. Норриса [ Norris, George William] и Ф. Лагуардии [ La Guardia, Fiorello Henry]. Ограничил вмешательство федеральных властей в трудовые конфликты, если они не сопряжены с насилием или мошенничеством. Запрещал использование судебных запретов [ injunction], заключение "контрактов желтой собаки" [ yellow-dog contract]. Позволял профсоюзам выдвигать экономические требования. Во многих штатах также существуют подобные законы, называемые "маленькими законами Норриса-Лагуардии" ["little Norris-La Guardia acts"].

тж Anti-Injunction Law

English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Norris-La Guardia Act
83 Vanderbilt, George Washington II

(1862-1914) Вандербилт, Джордж Вашингтон II

Сын У. Вандербилта [ Vanderbilt, William Henry]. В конце XIX в. построил имение Билтмор [Biltmore (Estate)] в окрестностях г. Ашвилла, шт. Северная Каролина. Дом представляет собой замок с 250 комнатами, окруженный садом, созданным по проекту Ф. Олмстеда [ Olmsted, Frederick Law]. Сейчас на территории усадьбы проводятся фестивали и выставки, здесь собрана крупная коллекция произведений искусства

English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Vanderbilt, George Washington II
84 Nebraska

[nɪˊbræskǝ] Небраска, штат на Среднем Западе США <инд. плоская вода>. Сокращение: NE. Прозвища: «штат лущильщиков кукурузы» [*Cornhusker State], «штат сажающих деревья» [Tree-Planters State], «штат антилоп» [*Antelope State], «штат чёрной воды» [*Blackwater State], «штат питающихся кузнечиками» [*Bug-Eating State]. Житель штата: небраскец [Nebraskan]. Столица: г. Линкольн [*Lincoln]. Девиз: «Равенство перед законом» [*‘Equality before law’]. Цветок: золотарник [*goldenrod]. Дерево: тополь трёхгранный [*cottonwood]. Птица: жаворонок луговой [*western meadow lark]. Насекомое: пчела [*honeybee]. Драгоценный камень: голубой агат [blue agate]. Животное: мамонт [mammoth]. Песня: «Прекрасная Небраска» [‘Beautiful Nebraska’]. Площадь: 198091 кв. км. (77,355 sq. mi.) (15- е место). Население (1992): св. 1,6 млн. (36- е место). Крупнейшие города: Омаха [*Omaha], Линкольн [*Lincoln]. Экономика. Основные отрасли: сельское хозяйство ( основной производитель зерновых культур), пищевая и обрабатывающая промышленности, машиностроение. Основная продукция: продовольствие, машины, электрооборудование и электроника, металл и металлоизделия, транспортное оборудование, инструменты. Сельское хозяйство. Основные культуры: кукуруза, пшеница, овёс, бобовые, сорго, соя, картофель, сахарная свёкла. Животноводство (1990): скота — 6 млн., свиней — 4,2 млн., овец — 160 тыс., птицы — 6,2 млн. Полезные ископаемые: нефть, природный газ, щебень, строительный песок и гравий. История. Ещё до покупки Луизианы Соединёнными Штатами в 1803 этот район посещали испанские и французские исследователи и скупщики пушнины. В 1804—06 гг. здесь прошла экспедиция Льюиса и Кларка. Первым постоянным поселением был посёлок Белвью [Bellevue] вблизи Омахи. Западная Небраска была присоединена в 1848 после войны с Мексикой. По окончании Гражданской войны (1865) на территории Небраски поселилось много участников войны, получивших землю по Закону о гомстедах [*Homestead Act]. Между ними и владельцами скотоводческих ранчо начались стычки. В состав США как штат вступила в 1867. Достопримечательности: капитолий своеобразной архитектуры в столице штата Линкольне; Музей Стура [Stuhr Museum], посвящённый жизни первых поселенцев в районе Гранд-Айленда [Grand Island]; Картинная галерея Шелдона [Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery] в Университете штата Небраска в Линкольне; Музей стратегической авиации [*Strategic Air Command Museum]; «Мальчишечий город» [*Boys Town] в Белвью, основанный Фланаганом [*Flanagan, Edward]; ранчо и дом Буффало Билла [*Buffalo Bill Ranch] с экспозицией, посвящённой «Шоу Дикого Запада» [*‘Wild West Show']; выходы на поверхность залежей агата [Agate Fossil Beds]; мемориал «Гомстед» [Homestead]; заповедник «Скалы Скоттса» [Scotts Bluff National Monument]; Национальный исторический заповедник «Чимни-Рок» [Chimney Rock National Historic Site]; реставрированное поселение пионеров в Миндене [Minden] и др. Знаменитые небраскцы: Астэр, Фред [*Astaire, Fred], танцор и киноактёр; Карсон, Джонни [*Carson, Johnny], актёр-комик; Катер, Уилла [*Cather, Willa], писательница; Коди, «Буффало Билл» [Cody, William F.], охотник на бизонов, организатор «Шоу Дикого Запада»; Фланаган, Эдвард [*Flanagan, Edward J.], священник; Фонда, Генри [*Fonda, Henry], киноактёр; Форд, Джералд [*Ford, Gerald R.], 38-й президент США; Ллойд, Гарольд [*Lloyd, Harold], киноактёр; Першинг, Джон [*Pershing, John], генерал; Сандоз, Мари [Sandoz, Mari], писательница; Малколм Экс [*Malcolm X], негритянский лидер. Ассоциации: типичный фермерский штат, часть «кукурузного пояса» [*Corn Belt]; бескрайняя равнина, настолько ровная, что «идёшь ли на запад и посмотришь на восток, идёшь ли на восток и посмотришь на запад, никакой разницы — земля плоская»

США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Nebraska
85 treat

( перевод зависит от контекста)

1. Eisenhower implied that... (calculations of national interest) ran counter to the American value system, in which all nations and peoples are treated equally (Henry Kissinger). —...противоречит американской системе ценностей, для которой все нации и народы равны между собой.

2. A President is not above the law, but he's treated differently in that system because if a prosecutor could use the power of the judicial branch to sanction a president to get his testimony, to imprison a president, then one branch could utterly disable... the executive branch, and we can't have that (Associated Press). — Президент не должен стоять выше закона, но он занимает в системе особое положение...

3. Mr. Starr should agree to a compromise whereby Mr. Clinton gives videotaped evidence from the White House. It may smack of special treatment, but Mr. Clinton is — in this constitutional sense — a special person (Financial Times). —...Может показаться, что это ставит Клинтона в особое (привилегированное) положение, но в данном — конституционном — контексте Клинтон и находится в таком положении (обладает определенными привилегиями).

The English annotation is below. (English-Russian) > treat
86 clause

1) статья; пункт; оговорка; клаузула; условие | делить на статьи

2) формулировать

•

clause in contract — пункт, статья, условие договора

cruel and unusual punishments clause — пункт ( поправки VIII к конституции США) о запрете жестоких и необычных наказаний

- clause of accrual
- acceleration clause
- ad damnum clause
- adjustment clause
- alienation clause
- all the estate clause
- American clause
- approval-of-order clause
- arbitration clause
- assignment clause
- attestation clause
- best endeavour clause
- binding clause
- both to blame collision clause
- bunkering deviation clause
- burned and unburned clause
- cancelling clause
- cease clause
- cession clause
- c.i.f. sound delivered clause
- coefficient clause
- collision clause
- commander-in-chief clause
- commerce clause
- compromise clause
- compromissary clause
- conflicting clauses
- confrontation clause
- continuation clause
- contractual clause
- contract clause
- craft clause
- currency clause
- debate clause
- detention clause
- deviation clause
- double jeopardy clause
- due process clause
- efforts clause
- elastic clause
- enacting clause
- equal protection clause
- escalation clause
- escape clause
- establishment clause
- excepted perils clause
- exception clause
- excessive bail and fines clause
- exchange clause
- executive power clause
- exemption clause
- ex post facto clause
- faithful execution clause
- freight clause
- full faith and credit clause
- general ice clause
- general participation clause
- general strike clause
- gold clause
- gold-bullion clause
- gold-coin clause
- gold-value clause
- grandfather clause
- grant-back clause
- habendum clause
- Henry VIII clause
- ice clause
- immunities clauses
- impairment of contracts clause
- inability clause
- indemnity clause
- insurance clause
- interpretation clause
- introductory clause
- irritant clause
- law of the land clause
- let-out clause
- lien clause
- lost or not lost clause
- maintenance-of-membership clause
- manufacturing clause
- memorandum clause
- metalling clause
- most favoured nation clause
- necessary and proper clause
- negligence clause
- obligation of contract clause
- off hire clause
- omnibus clause
- opening clause
- optional clause
- penal clause
- penalty clause
- perils of the sea clause
- perils clause
- policy proof of interest clause
- postal clause
- prepayment clause
- privileges and immunities clause
- productivity clause
- proviso clause
- reciprocity clause
- reddendum clause
- redelivery clause
- release clause
- religion clause
- reprieves and pardons clause
- repugnant clauses
- reservation clause
- residuary clause
- resolutive clause
- riots and civil commotion clause
- running-down clause
- safe port clause
- salvage clause
- saving clause
- self-incrimination clause
- sister ship clause
- speech clause
- standard clause
- subrogation clause
- sue and labour clause
- supremacy clause
- sweeping clause
- take care clause
- telle quelle clause
- termination clause
- testimonium clause
- trademarks clause
- union signatory clause
- warehouse to warehouse clause
- warehouse clause
- whereas clause
- clause of accruer
- cesser clause

Англо-русский юридический словарь > clause
87 treat

•• treat, treatment

•• Treat 1. to act or behave toward (a person or thing) in a certain way. 2. to consider or regard in a certain way.... 7. to deal with a subject in speech or writing (The Random House Dictionary).
•• Эти слова легко воспринимаются – интуитивно их значение понятно, но часто с трудом переводятся, особенно в устном переводе.
•• 1. Возьмем, например, такой заголовок из газеты Los Angeles Times: Jiang Will Get the 7-City Treatment During His Visit to US. Здесь слово treatment означает особое отношение, даже почет. В переводе можно было бы сказать: Во время визита в США Цзян Цземиню устроят турне по семи городам США. Как видим, от слов типа отношение или обращение (первый и наиболее широкий «словарный эквивалент») в переводе надо отойти. Такая рекомендация достаточно часто оказывается полезной, когда мы встречаемся со словами широкой семантики;
•• 2. Аналогичный пример: Eisenhower implied that... [calculations of national interest] ran counter to the American value system, in which all nations and peoples are treated equally (Henry Kissinger). Здесь возможен такой перевод:...противоречит американской системе ценностей, для которой все нации и народы равны между собой;
•• 3. Еще один пример: Mr. Weld suggested that his arbitrary treatment at the hands of the chairman... was unfair (Washington Post). Здесь arbitrary treatment – произвол;
•• 4. А вот предложение, в котором слово treatment ближе по значению к русскому оценка: Your treatment of Elvis Presley was shabby in the extreme (из письма читателя в Time). – Ваша оценка Элвиса Пресли была до обидного несправедливой.
•• Слово to treat характерно и для письменной, литературной, и для устной речи. Вот пример его употребления из дословной записи высказывания бывшего юрисконсульта Белого дома (речь идет о возможности вызова президента Клинтона в суд): A President is not above the law, but he’s treated differently in that system because if a prosecutor could use the power of the judicial branch to sanction a president to get his testimony, to imprison a president, then one branch could utterly disable... the executive branch, and we can’t have that (Associated Press). Запись хорошо передает устный характер речи, ее «колебательный контур». Обратим также внимание на слово sanction – здесь оно означает принудить (вытекает из второго значения слова санкция – принудительная мера). А как быть переводчику со словом treated? Здесь можно прибегнуть к так называемому «смысловому развитию» – заменить следствие причиной: Президент не должен стоять выше закона, но он занимает в системе особое положение... и т.д. Аналогичное употребление слова treatment (из статьи на ту же тему в Financial Times): Mr. Starr should agree to a compromise whereby Mr. Clinton gives videotaped evidence from the White House. It may smack of special treatment, but Mr. Clinton is – in this constitutional sense – a special person. И тот же прием в переводе: ...Может показаться, что это ставит Клинтона в особое (привилегированное) положение, но в данном – конституционном – контексте Клинтон и находится в таком положении (обладает определенными привилегиями).
•• Итак, в предложениях со словами treat, treatment надо стремиться отвлечься от «словарных значений». Однако надо иметь в виду, что это слово часто имеет терминологические значения, которые нужно просто знать. Например, общеизвестный most favored nation treatment – режим наибольшего благоприятствования в торговле; tax treatment of foreign investment – налоговый режим иностранных инвестиций; treatment of offenders – обращение с правонарушителями; treatment - в кинотерминологии нечто вроде предварительной сценарной разработки и т.п.

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > treat
88 treatment

•• treat, treatment

•• Treat 1. to act or behave toward (a person or thing) in a certain way. 2. to consider or regard in a certain way.... 7. to deal with a subject in speech or writing (The Random House Dictionary).
•• Эти слова легко воспринимаются – интуитивно их значение понятно, но часто с трудом переводятся, особенно в устном переводе.
•• 1. Возьмем, например, такой заголовок из газеты Los Angeles Times: Jiang Will Get the 7-City Treatment During His Visit to US. Здесь слово treatment означает особое отношение, даже почет. В переводе можно было бы сказать: Во время визита в США Цзян Цземиню устроят турне по семи городам США. Как видим, от слов типа отношение или обращение (первый и наиболее широкий «словарный эквивалент») в переводе надо отойти. Такая рекомендация достаточно часто оказывается полезной, когда мы встречаемся со словами широкой семантики;
•• 2. Аналогичный пример: Eisenhower implied that... [calculations of national interest] ran counter to the American value system, in which all nations and peoples are treated equally (Henry Kissinger). Здесь возможен такой перевод:...противоречит американской системе ценностей, для которой все нации и народы равны между собой;
•• 3. Еще один пример: Mr. Weld suggested that his arbitrary treatment at the hands of the chairman... was unfair (Washington Post). Здесь arbitrary treatment – произвол;
•• 4. А вот предложение, в котором слово treatment ближе по значению к русскому оценка: Your treatment of Elvis Presley was shabby in the extreme (из письма читателя в Time). – Ваша оценка Элвиса Пресли была до обидного несправедливой.
•• Слово to treat характерно и для письменной, литературной, и для устной речи. Вот пример его употребления из дословной записи высказывания бывшего юрисконсульта Белого дома (речь идет о возможности вызова президента Клинтона в суд): A President is not above the law, but he’s treated differently in that system because if a prosecutor could use the power of the judicial branch to sanction a president to get his testimony, to imprison a president, then one branch could utterly disable... the executive branch, and we can’t have that (Associated Press). Запись хорошо передает устный характер речи, ее «колебательный контур». Обратим также внимание на слово sanction – здесь оно означает принудить (вытекает из второго значения слова санкция – принудительная мера). А как быть переводчику со словом treated? Здесь можно прибегнуть к так называемому «смысловому развитию» – заменить следствие причиной: Президент не должен стоять выше закона, но он занимает в системе особое положение... и т.д. Аналогичное употребление слова treatment (из статьи на ту же тему в Financial Times): Mr. Starr should agree to a compromise whereby Mr. Clinton gives videotaped evidence from the White House. It may smack of special treatment, but Mr. Clinton is – in this constitutional sense – a special person. И тот же прием в переводе: ...Может показаться, что это ставит Клинтона в особое (привилегированное) положение, но в данном – конституционном – контексте Клинтон и находится в таком положении (обладает определенными привилегиями).
•• Итак, в предложениях со словами treat, treatment надо стремиться отвлечься от «словарных значений». Однако надо иметь в виду, что это слово часто имеет терминологические значения, которые нужно просто знать. Например, общеизвестный most favored nation treatment – режим наибольшего благоприятствования в торговле; tax treatment of foreign investment – налоговый режим иностранных инвестиций; treatment of offenders – обращение с правонарушителями; treatment - в кинотерминологии нечто вроде предварительной сценарной разработки и т.п.

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > treatment
89 come to pieces

( come (или go) (all) to pieces)

1) пропасть, погибнуть, опуститься, потерять человеческий облик

...he knew that except for me he'd go all to pieces. (W. S. Maugham, ‘Up at the Villa’, ch. III) —...мой муж понимал, что, если бы не я, он спился бы и погиб.

I began to go to pieces... I got careless about my duties. I began to drink. (Gr. Greene, ‘The Power and the Glory’, part III, ch. III) — Я опустился... забросил свои дела и начал пить.

‘Sometimes I think you're just going to pieces, Barney.’ ‘Well, if I am going to pieces whose fault is that?’ (I. Murdoch, ‘The Red and the Green’, ch. 10) — - Сдается мне, ты катишься на дно, Барни. - Ну а если и так, кто в этом виноват?

It was many years since he had seen his aunt, and although he retained intact, like old snapshots, some attractive memories of her, these had been gradually overlaid by his mother's continual though vague remarks about Millie's being so "tiresome", or being about to "go to pieces", a fate which was for some reason persistently foreseen by her sister-in-law. (I. Murdoch, ‘The Red and the Green’, ch. 4) — Эндрю не видел тетку много лет, но хранил смутные и теплые воспоминания о ней, как хранят любительские снимки. На эти воспоминания постепенно наслоились многозначительные замечания матери насчет того, что Милли "невыносима", что вот-вот "сорвется" - судьба, которую невестка почему-то упорно ей предрекала.

2) рухнуть, развалиться; ≈ пойти прахом; трещать по всем швам (тж. fall to pieces)

He made more money breaking and dealing in horses than he did farming, he said, by way of explaining why the homestead at July Creek was falling to pieces. (K. S. Prichard, ‘Working Bullocks’, ch. IV) — А если Уолли Берна спрашивали, почему усадьба на Июльском ручье пришла в такой упадок, он отвечал, что объезжает лошадей, так как на лошадях можно заработать больше, чем ковыряя землю.

She could hardly ever be persuaded to take a day off, because she felt, with some justification, that the hotel would go to pieces without her. (M. Dickens, ‘The Winds of Heaven’, ch. 61) — Сибилу нельзя было убедить взять выходной. Она считала, и не без оснований, что без нее гостиница развалится как карточный домик.

‘And so the case fell to pieces?’ said Dr. Pender. ‘And so the case fell to piecies,’ said Sir Henry gravely. ‘We could not take the risk of arresting Jones with nothing to, so upon.’ (A. Christie, ‘The Thirteen Problems’, ch. 1) — - Выходит, дело провалилось? - спросил доктор Пендер. - Выходит, провалилось, - ответил сэр Генри мрачно. - Не могли же мы пойти на такой риск - арестовать Джонса без всяких оснований.

When he fell in love with Brett his tennis game went all to pieces. People beat him who had never had a chance with him. (E. Hemingway, ‘The Sun Also Rises’, ch. VI) — После того как Роберт Кол влюбился в Бретт, все его мастерство пошло прахом. Он стал проигрывать таким теннисистам, которые никогда и не мечтали побить его.

3) потерять самообладание, душевный покой, присутствие духа; расстроиться

He went all to pieces on cross-examination at the trial yesterday. (E. S. Gardner, ‘The Case of the Restless Redhead’, ch. 4) — Вчера на перекрестном допросе Гарри Боулс потерял самообладание.

The poor girl went all to pieces. She was on the verge of a nervous breakdown when she came from the... Motel after you'd embarrassed her in front of Clint Huffman and Stanley Prichard. (E. Caldwell, ‘Jenny by Nature’, ch. XIV) — Бедная девушка совсем расстроилась. Она вернулась из... мотеля чуть ли не в истерике, после того как вы ее так опозорили перед Клинтом Хафменом и Стэнли Причардом.

‘I'm sorry,’ she said quietly. ‘I don't know what's come over me in the past few months. I chatter and gabble and can't seem to stop myself. It's as if I were going to pieces.’ (M. Wilson, ‘Live with Lightning’, book II, ch. VII) — - Простите меня, - тихо сказала она. - Я сама не понимаю, что со мной происходит в последнее время. Я болтаю и трещу без умолку и никак не могу остановиться. Я просто не могу взять себя в руки.

4) расшататься ( о нервах)

His nerves had gone to pieces. The sound of the doorbell made his heart palpitate madly. (A. J. Cronin, ‘The Citadel’, ch. 20) — Нервы его вконец расшатались, сердце бешено колотилось даже от дверного звонка.

5) подорвать здоровье; ≈ выйти из строя

Faye was never really well again. She would make a little gain and then go to pieces. (J. Steinbeck, ‘East of Eden’, part II, ch. 21) — Фей никак не могла поправиться. То ей становилось лучше, то она опять выходила из строя.

It was horrible, terrifying, as if he was coming all to pieces. (J. B. Priestley, ‘Faraway’, ch. IX) — Уильям чувствовал себя ужасно, хуже некуда. Ему казалось, его разламывает на части.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > come to pieces
90 show a clean pair of heels

(show a clean pair of heels (тж. take to one's heels))

убраться, удрать, улизнуть; улепётывать, бежать без оглядки; показать пятки, только пятки засверкали; ≈ дать стрекача, дать тягу, навострить лыжи, пуститься наутёк

The next moment each of us had taken to his heels in a different direction. (R. L. Stevenson, ‘Treasure Island’, ch. XIX) — И в тот же миг мы оба бросились в разные стороны.

Men who smash windows do not remain to parley with the law's minions. They take to their heels. (O. Henry, ‘The Four Million’, ‘The Cop and the Anthem’) — Люди, разбивающие окна, не останавливаются поговорить с полицейскими, а быстрее дают тягу.

It was evident that Captain Buller feared the worst, for he crowded on all canvas and it seemed for a time, that he would show the strange ship a clean pair of heels. (Gr. Greene, ‘The Heart of the Matter’, book II, part I, ch. I) — Капитан Буллер, видно, понял, что дело плохо; он приказал поднять все паруса, и некоторое время казалось, что им удастся уйти от погони.

Loraine... took to her heels and ran still clasping the brown paper packet. (A. Christie, ‘The Seven Dials Mystery’, ch. XX) — Лорен... пустилась бежать без оглядки, прижимая к себе пакет из коричневой бумаги.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > show a clean pair of heels
91 Friedlander, Louis

1901-1962 (o Lew Landers)

   Louis Friedlander, o Lew Landers, es un caso notable de fecundidad filmica. Mas de 150 peliculas lo contemplan entre 1934 y 1962, ano de su muerte.

   Dirigio dramas, peliculas de aventuras, comedias, peliculas belicas y de ciencia-ficcion, de ambiente criminal y, por supuesto, westerns. Un buen punado de ellos, sobre todo filmes de serie y un par de seriales. Estamos ante un director competente que hizo todo lo que se podia hacer con el material que se ponia en sus manos. Son justamente famosas El cuervo (The Raven, 1935), con Boris Karloff, basada en el relato de Edgar Allan Poe, Blind Alibi (1938), de ambiente opresivo, y el western Bad Lands, donde hace gala de un uso preciso de los primeros planos. Estas dos ultimas peliculas son productos RKO, productora para la que Friedlander trabajo extensamente, como, por otra parte, para Universal, Columbia, Republic o PRC.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    The Red Rider. 1934. 15 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Buck Jones, Grant Whiters, Marion Shilling.

    The Rustlers of Red Dog. 1935. 231 minutos. 12 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Johnny Mack Brown, Raymond Hatton, Joyce Compton.

    Stormy (La marca de Cain). 1935. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Fred Kohler, Jean Rogers.

    Border Cafe. 1937. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Harry Carey, Armida.

    The Girl and the Gambler. 1939. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Leo Carrillo, Tim Holt, Steffi Duna.

    Bad Lands. 1939. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Robert Barrat, Noah Beery, Jr., Guinn Williams, Francis Ford.

    Wagons Westward (La caravana del Oeste). 1940. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Chester Morris, Anita Louise, Buck Jones.

    Ridin’ on a Rainbow. 1941. 79 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, Carol Adams.

    Back in the Saddle. 1941. 73 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, Jacqueline Wells.

    The Singing Hill. 1941. 75 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, Virginia Dale.

    Deerslayer. 193. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bruce Kellogg, Jean Parker, Larry Parks.

    Cowboy Canteen. 1944. 72 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Jane Frazee, Tex Ritter, Barbara Jo Allen.

    Swing in the Saddle. 1944. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Jane Frazee, Guinn Williams, Slim Summerville.

    Black Arrow (Flecha negra) (co-d.: B. Reeves Eason). 1944. 15 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Robert Scott, Adele Jergens.

    Death Valley. 1946. 72 minutos. Cinecolor. Screen Guild. Lobert Lowery, Nat Pendleton, Helen Gilbert.

    Thunder Mountain. 1947. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Tim Holt, Martha Hyer, Richard Martin.

    Under the Tonto Rim. 1947. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Tim Holt, Nan Leslie, Richard Martin.

    Adventures of Gallant Bess. 1948. 71 minutos. Cinecolor. Eagle-Lion. Cameron Mitchell, Audrey Long, Fuzzy Knight.

    Stagecoach Kid. 1949. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Tim Holt, Richard Martin, Carolyn Hugues.

    Law of the Barbary Coast. 1949. 65 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Gloria Henry, Stephen Dunne, Adele Jergens.

    Davy Crockett, Indian Scout. 1950. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. George Montomery, Ellen Drew, Philip Reed.

    Dynamite Pass. 1950. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Tim Holt, Richard Martin, Lynne Roberts.

    When the Redskins Rode. 1951. 78 minutos. Supercinecolor. Columbia. Jon Hall, Mary Castle.

    California Conquest (El hidalgo). 1952. 79 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Cornel Wilde, Teresa Wright.

    Captain John Smith and Pocahontas. 1953. 75 minutos. Pathecolor. UA. Anthony Dexter, Jody Lawrence, Alan Hale, Jr.

English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Friedlander, Louis
92 Nigh, William

1881-1955

   Excelente profesional de la serie B, realiza un punado de peliculas de genero de factura sumamente correcta, especialmente thrillers y filmes de accion. Trabajo siempre para pequenas productoras. En el western, retoma al celebre personaje creado por O Henry, el Cisco Kid, ahora interpretado por Gilbert Roland, el penultimo actor que lo encarno.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    Fighting Thru (El heroe de la pradera). 1930. 61 minutos. B y N. Tiffany. Ken Maynard, Jeannette Loff, Wallace MacDonald, Carmelita Geraghty.

    Without Honors. 1932. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Artclass. Harry Carey, Mae Busch, George Hayes, Gibson Gowland.

    Border Devils. 1932. 65 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Artclass. Harry Carey, Kathleen Collins, Al Smith, George Hayes.

    The Night Rider. 1932. 72 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Artclass. Harry Carey, Eleanor Fair, George Hayes, Bob Kartman.

    The Old Homestead. 1935. 73 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Liberty. Mary Carlisle, Lawrence Gray, Dorothy Lee, Willard Robertson.

    North of Nome. 1936. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Jack Holt, Evelyn Venable, Guinn Williams.

    The Law Commands. 1937. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Crescent. Tom Keene, Budd Buster, Lorraine Hayes.

    Rose of the Rio Grande (El nuevo Zorro). 1938. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. John Carroll, Movita, Lina Basquette, Antonio Moreno.

    The Gay Cavalier. 1946. 65 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Gilbert Roland, Nacho Galindo, Ramsay Ames, Martin Galarraga.

    South of Monterrey. 1946. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Gilbert Roland, Marjorie Riordan, Iris Flores, Frank Yaconelli, Martin Galarraga.

    Beauty and the Bandit. 1946. 77 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Gilbert Roland, Ramsay Ames, Frank Yaconelli, Vida Aldana, Martin Galarraga.

    Riding the California Trail. 1947. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Gilbert Roland, Teala Loring, Frank Yaconelli, Inez Cooper, Martin Galarraga.

English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Nigh, William
93 Sherman, George

1908-1991

   Nacido en Nueva York. Ayudante de direccion desde 1932 y director de mas de cien peliculas desde 1937, primero para Republic hasta 1944, mas tarde para Columbia hasta 1948, y despues hasta 1956 para Universal. A medida que pasaba de una productora a otra los presupuestos de sus peliculas iban siendo mas holgados, por lo que no es de extranar que su ultimo western, que es tambien su ultima pelicula, El gran Jack, sea la de presupuesto mas amplio y, dicho sea de paso, la mejor. Sherman es, sin lugar a dudas, uno de los grandes especialistas del western. Una ojeada a su filmografia hace innecesarias otras explicaciones; entre 1937 y 1943 trabaja a un ritmo frenetico para satisfacer las necesidades de algunas de las estrellas del genero, destacando, en particular, su dedicacion a la serie The Three Mes quiteers. A partir de 1946 realiza sus obras mas personales, que, sin pasar de discretas, cumplen sobradamente su cometido.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    Wild Horse Rodeo. 1937. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, June Martel.

    The Purple Vigilantes. 1938. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Joan Barclay.

    Outlaws of Sonora. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Jean Joyce.

    Riders of the Black Hills. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Ann Evers.

    Heroes of the Hills. 1938. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Priscilla Lawson.

    Pals of the Saddle. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Wayne, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Doreen McKay.

    Overland Stage Raiders. 1938. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Wayne, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Louise Brooks.

    Rhythm of the Saddle. 1938. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, Peggy Moran.

    Santa Fe Stampede. 1938. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Wayne, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, June Martel.

    Red River Range. 1938. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Wayne, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Polly Moran, Lorna Gray.

    Mexicali Rose. 1939. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, Luana Walters.

    The Night Riders. 1939. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Way ne, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Doreen McKay, Ruth Rogers.

    Three Texas Steers. 1939. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Wayne, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Carole Landis.

    Wyoming Outlaw. 1939. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Wayne, Ray Corrigan, Raymond Hatton, Adele Pearce.

    Colorado Sunset. 1939. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, June Storey.

    New Frontier. 1939. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Wayne, Ray Corrigan, Raymond Hatton, Phyllis Isley (Jennifer Jones).

    The Kansas Terrors. 1939. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Raymond Hatton, Duncan Renaldo, Jacqueline Wells (Julie Bishop).

    Rovin’ Tumbleweeds. 1939. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, Mary Carlisle.

    The Cowboys from Texas. 1939. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Raymond Hatton, Duncan Renaldo, Carole Landis.

    South of the Border. 1939. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, June Storey, Lupita Tovar.

    Ghost Valley Raiders. 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lona Andre, LeRoy Mason.

    Covered Wagon Days. 1940. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Raymond Hatton, Duncan Renaldo, Kay Griffith, Ruth Robinson.

    Rocky Mountain Rangers. 1940. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Raymond Hatton, Duncan Renaldo, Rosella Towne.

    One Man’s Law. 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Janet Waldo, Dub Taylor.

    The Tulsa Kid. 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Luana Walters, Jimmy Wakely.

    Under Texas Skies. 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Bob Steele, Rufe Davis, Lois Ranson.

    Frontier Vengeance (co-d.: Nate Watt). 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Betty Moran.

    The Trail Blazers. 1940. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Bob Steele, Rufe Davis, Pauline Moore.

    Texas Terrors. 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Julie Duncan, Al St. John.

    Lone Star Raiders. 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Robert Livingston, Bob Steele, Rufe Davis, June Johnson, Sarah Padden.

    Wyoming Wildcat. 1941. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Julie Duncan, Syd Taylor.

    The Phantom Cowboy. 1941. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Virginia Carroll, Rex Lease.

    Two Gun Sheriff. 1941. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick.

    Desert Bandit. 1941. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick.

    Kansas Cyclone. 1941. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick.

    The Apache Kid. 1941. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick, Al St.John.

    Death Valley Outlaws. 1941. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick.

    A Missouri Outlaw. 1941. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick.

    Arizona Terror. 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick, Al St.John.

    Stagecoach Express. 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick, Al St.John.

    Jesse James, Jr. 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick, Al St. John.

    Cyclone Kid. 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick, Lloyd Andrews.

    The Sombrero Kid. 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Barry, Lynn Merrick, Lloyd Andrews.

    The West Side Kid. 1943. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Don Ba rry, Dale Evans, Henry Hull.

    Renegades (Renegados). 1946. 88 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Eve lyn Keyes, Willard Parker, Larry Parks.

    Last of the Redmen. 1947. 77 minutos. Cinecolor. Key Pictures (Columbia). Jon Hall, Julie Bishop, Evelyn Ankers, Michael O’Shea.

    Relentless. 1948. 93 minutos. Technicolor. Cavalier Productions (Colum bia). Robert Young, Marguerite Chapman, Willard Parker, Akim Tamiroff.

    Black Bart (El enmascarado). 1948. 80 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. Yvonne De Carlo, Dan Duryea, Jeffrey Lynn.

    River Lady (Rio abajo). 1948. 78 minutos. Universal. Yvonne De Carlo, Dan Duryea, Rod Cameron, Helena Carter.

    Red Canyon (Huracan). 1949. 82 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. Ann Blyth, Howard Duff, George Brent.

    Calamity Jane and Sam Bass. 1949. 85 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. Yvonne De Carlo, Howard Duff, Dorothy Hart, Willard Parker.

    Comanche Territory (Orgullo de comanche). 1950. 76 minutos. Techni color. Universal. Maureen O’Hara, MacDonald Carey, Will Geer.

    Tomahawk (El piel roja). 1951. 82 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. Yvo n ne De Carlo, Van Heflin, Preston Foster, Rock Hudson.

    The Battle at Apache Pass. 1951. 85 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. John Lund, Jeff Chandler, Beverly Tyler, Susan Cabot.

    The Lone Hand. 1953. 80 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. Joel McCrea, Barbara Hale, Alex Nicol.

    War Arrow (Asalto al Fuerte Clark). 1954. 78 minutos. Technicolor. Uni versal. Jeff Chandler, Maureen O’Hara, John McIntire, Suzan Ball.

    Border River. 1954. 81 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. Joel McCrea, Yvon ne De Carlo, Pedro Armendariz.

    Dawn at Socorro. 1954. 80 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. Rory Calhoun, Piper Laurie, David Brian, Kathleen Hugues.

    Chief Crazy Horse (El gran jefe). 1955. 86 minutos. Technicolor. Cinema - Scope. Universal. Victor Mature, Suzan Ball, John Lund, Ray Danton.

    Count Three and Pray. 1955. 102 minutos. Technicolor. CinemaScope. Co pa Productions (Columbia). Van Heflin, Joanne Woodward, Phil Carey.

    The Treasure of Pancho Villa (El tesoro de Pancho Villa). 1955. 96 min. Technicolor. Superscope. RKO. Rory Calhoun, S. Winters, Gilbert Roland.

    Comanche (Duelo de razas). 1956. 87 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Cinema Sco pe. UA. Dana Andrews, Kent Smith, John Litel, Linda Cristal.

    Reprisal! 1956. 74 minutos. Technicolor. Lewis J. Rachmil (Columbia). Guy Madison, Felicia Farr, Kathryn Grant.

    The Hard Man. 1957. 80 minutos. Technicolor. Romson (Columbia). Guy Madison, Valerie French, Lorne Greene.

    The Last of the Fast Guns. 1958. 82 minutos. Eastmancolor. CinemaScope. Universal. Jock Mahoney, Eduard Franz, Gilbert Roland, Linda Cristal.

    Ten Days to Tulara. 1958. 77 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. Sterling Hay den, Grace Raynor.

    Hell Bent for Leather. 1960. 82 minutos. Eastmancolor. Panavision. Uni versal. Audie Murphy, Stephen McNally, Felicia Farr.

    For the Love of Mike. 1960. 87 minutos. Color DeLuxe. CinemaScope. Fox. Richard Basehart, Stuart Edwin, Elsa Cardenas.

    Joaquin Murrieta. 1965. 108 minutos. Eastmancolor. Pro-Artis Iberica. Jeffrey Hunter, Arthur Kennedy, Sara Lezana, Diana Lorys.

    Smoky. 1966. 103 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Fox. Fess Parker, Katy Jurado, Diana Hyland.

    Big Jake (El gran Jack). 1971. 110 minutos. Technicolor. Panavision. Natio nal General. John Wayne, Richard Boone, Maureen O’Hara.

English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Sherman, George
94 Introduction

   Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.

   Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.

   Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.

   Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).

   Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.

   Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.

   LAND AND PEOPLE

   The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).

   For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.

   Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the

   Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.

   Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:

   1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)

   1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)

   1864 4,287,000 first census

   1890 5,049,700

   1900 5,423,000

   1911 5,960,000

   1930 6,826,000

   1940 7,185,143

   1950 8,510,000

   1960 8,889,000

   1970 8,668,000* note decrease

   1980 9,833,000

   1991 9,862,540

   1996 9,934,100

   2006 10,642,836

   2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction
95 presume

presume [prɪ'zju:m]

1 transitive verb

(a) (suppose) présumer, supposer;

∎ I presume he isn't coming je présume ou suppose qu'il ne viendra pas;

∎ I presumed them to be aware or that they were aware of the difficulties je supposais qu'ils étaient au courant des difficultés;

∎ Military missing, presumed dead manque à l'appel ou porté disparu, présumé mort;

∎ he was presumed dead (by family etc) on le croyait mort; (by authorities) on a présumé qu'il était mort, on l'a considéré comme décédé;

∎ Law every man is presumed innocent until proven guilty tout homme est présumé innocent tant qu'il n'a pas été déclaré coupable;

∎ I presume so je suppose, je présume que oui

(b) (take liberty) oser, se permettre;

∎ I wouldn't presume to contradict you je ne me permettrais pas de vous contredire;

∎ I wouldn't presume so far as to… je n'aurais pas la présomption de…;

∎ you're presuming rather a lot tu es bien présomptueux

(c) (presuppose) présupposer;

∎ presuming they agree à supposer qu'ils soient d'accord

2 intransitive verb

∎ I don't want to presume je ne voudrais pas m'imposer;

∎ to presume on or upon sb abuser de la gentillesse de qn

ⓘ Dr Livingstone, I presume Ce sont les mots que Sir Henry Stanley aurait adressés au Docteur Livingstone lorsqu'il le retrouva dans la jungle africaine où il s'était perdu en 1871. Stanley avait été envoyé à la recherche de l'explorateur par un journal américain. Cette phrase ("Docteur Livingstone, je présume") est utilisée sur le mode humoristique lorsqu'on fait la connaissance de quelqu'un dont on a entendu parler auparavant, le plus souvent en remplaçant Doctor Livingstone par le nom de la personne en question.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > presume
96 time

time [taɪm]

temps ⇒ 1 (a)-(e), 1 (m), 1 (o) durée ⇒ 1 (e) heure ⇒ 1 (f), 1 (g), 1 (m) moment ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (j) fois ⇒ 1 (k) époque ⇒ 1 (o) fin ⇒ 1 (r) mesure ⇒ 1 (u) chronométrer ⇒ 2 (a) fixer l'heure de ⇒ 2 (b) choisir le moment de ⇒ 2 (c) régler ⇒ 2 (d)

1 noun

(a) (continuous stretch of time) temps m;

∎ as time goes by avec le temps;

∎ the price has gone up over time le prix a augmenté avec le temps;

∎ it's only a matter or a question of time ce n'est qu'une question de temps;

∎ these things take time cela ne se fait pas du jour au lendemain;

∎ to have time on one's hands or time to spare avoir du temps;

∎ time hangs heavy on his hands le temps lui pèse, il trouve le temps long;

∎ since the dawn of time depuis la nuit des temps;

∎ time flies le temps passe vite;

∎ doesn't time fly! comme le temps passe vite!;

∎ time heals all wounds le temps guérit tout;

∎ only time will tell seul l'avenir nous le dira;

∎ time will prove me right l'avenir me donnera raison;

∎ it's a race against time c'est une course contre la montre;

∎ they're working against time to save her ils ne disposent que de très peu de temps pour la sauver;

∎ time is on our side le temps joue en notre faveur;

∎ time out of mind de temps immémorial, de toute éternité;

∎ time is money le temps, c'est de l'argent;

∎ proverb time and tide wait for no man les événements n'attendent personne

(b) (period of time spent on particular activity) temps m;

∎ there's no time to lose il n'y a pas de temps à perdre;

∎ he lost no time in telling me il s'est empressé de me le dire;

∎ to make up for lost time rattraper le temps perdu;

∎ to make good/poor time doing sth mettre peu de temps/longtemps à faire qch;

∎ I passed the time reading j'ai passé mon temps à lire;

∎ take your time prenez votre temps;

∎ take your time over it prenez le temps qu'il faudra;

∎ it took me all my time just to get here! avec le temps que j'ai mis pour arriver ici!;

∎ you took your time about it! tu en as mis du temps!;

∎ she took the time to explain it to us elle a pris le temps de nous l'expliquer;

∎ she made the time to read the report elle a pris le temps de lire le rapport;

∎ I can always make time for you pour vous, je suis toujours là;

∎ I spend half/all my time cleaning up je passe la moitié de/tout mon temps à faire le ménage;

∎ half the time he doesn't know what he's doing la moitié du temps il ne sait pas ce qu'il fait;

∎ most of the time la plupart du temps;

∎ he was ill part or some of the time il a été malade une partie du temps;

∎ it rained part or some of the time il a plu par moments;

∎ we spend the better part of our time working nous passons le plus clair de notre temps à travailler;

∎ I start in three weeks' time je commence dans trois semaines;

∎ they'll have finished the project in three weeks' time ils auront terminé le projet dans trois semaines;

∎ all in good time! chaque chose en son temps!;

∎ I'll finish it in my own good time je le finirai quand bon me semblera;

∎ in no time (at all), in next to no time en un rien de temps, en moins de rien

(c) (available period of time) temps m;

∎ I haven't (the) time to do the shopping je n'ai pas le temps de faire les courses;

∎ I've no time for gossip je n'ai pas de temps à perdre en bavardages;

∎ I've no time for that sort of attitude je ne supporte pas ce genre de mentalité;

∎ he has no time for sycophants/for laziness il n'a pas de temps à perdre avec les flatteurs/les paresseux;

∎ my time is my own mon temps m'appartient;

∎ my time is not my own je ne suis pas libre de mon temps;

∎ we've just got time to catch the train on a juste le temps d'attraper le train;

∎ that doesn't leave them much time to get ready cela ne leur laisse guère de temps pour se préparer;

∎ you'll have to find the time to see her il faut que tu trouves le temps de la voir;

∎ you have plenty of time to finish it vous avez largement le temps de le finir;

∎ we've got plenty of time or all the time in the world nous avons tout le temps

(d) (while) temps m;

∎ after a time après un (certain) temps;

∎ a long time longtemps;

∎ a long time ago il y a longtemps;

∎ it's a long time since we've been out for a meal together ça fait longtemps que nous ne sommes pas sortis dîner ensemble;

∎ she's been dreaming of this for a long time now voilà longtemps qu'elle en rêve;

∎ he waited for a long time il a attendu longtemps;

∎ I worked for a long time as a translator j'ai travaillé (pendant) longtemps comme traducteur;

∎ for a long time he refused to eat meat il a (pendant) longtemps refusé de manger de la viande;

∎ it'll be a long time before I do that again je ne suis pas près de recommencer, je ne recommencerai pas de si tôt ou de sitôt;

∎ the car takes a long time to warm up la voiture met longtemps à chauffer;

∎ you took a long time! tu en as mis du temps!, il t'en a fallu du temps!;

∎ familiar long time no see! ça faisait longtemps!;

∎ a short time peu de temps;

∎ after a short time peu (de temps) après;

∎ a short time before their wedding peu avant leur mariage;

∎ she's going to stay with us for a short time elle va rester avec nous pendant quelque temps;

∎ in the shortest possible time dans les plus brefs délais, le plus vite ou tôt possible;

∎ after some time au bout de quelque temps, après un certain temps;

∎ some time after their trip quelque temps après leur voyage;

∎ some time ago il y a quelque temps;

∎ for some time past depuis quelque temps;

∎ for some time (to come) pendant quelque temps;

∎ it's the best film I've seen for some time c'est le meilleur film que j'aie vu depuis un moment;

∎ it will take (quite) some time to repair il va falloir pas mal de temps pour le réparer;

∎ all this time pendant tout ce temps

(e) (time taken or required to do something) temps m, durée f;

∎ the flying time to Madrid is two hours la durée du vol pour Madrid est de deux heures;

∎ the cooking time is two hours le temps de cuisson est de deux heures;

∎ the winner's time was under four minutes le gagnant a fait un temps de moins de quatre minutes;

∎ 1 minute 34 seconds is her best/a good time 1 minute 34 secondes, c'est son meilleur temps/un bon temps;

∎ it takes time cela prend du temps;

∎ how much time will it take? combien de temps cela prendra-t-il?;

∎ she finished in half the time it took me to finish elle a mis deux fois moins de temps que moi pour finir

(f) (by clock) heure f;

∎ what time is it?, what's the time? quelle heure est-il?;

∎ what time do you make it? quelle heure avez-vous?;

∎ do you have the time? vous avez l'heure?;

∎ have you got the right time on you? avez-vous l'heure juste?;

∎ the time is twenty past three il est trois heures vingt;

∎ what time are we leaving? à quelle heure partons-nous?;

∎ do you know how to tell the time? est-ce que tu sais lire l'heure?;

∎ could you tell me the time? pourriez-vous me dire l'heure (qu'il est)?;

∎ have you seen the time? avez-vous vu l'heure?;

∎ I looked at the time j'ai regardé l'heure;

∎ this old watch still keeps good time cette vieille montre est toujours à l'heure ou exacte;

∎ at this time of day à cette heure de la journée;

∎ we'll have to keep an eye on the time il faudra surveiller l'heure;

∎ it is almost time to leave/for my bus il est presque l'heure de partir/de mon bus;

∎ it's time I was going il est temps que je parte;

∎ it's dinner time, it's time for dinner c'est l'heure de dîner;

∎ there you are, it's about time! te voilà, ce n'est pas trop tôt!;

∎ I wouldn't give him the time of day je ne lui dirais même pas bonjour;

∎ to pass the time of day with sb échanger quelques mots avec qn

(g) (system)

∎ local time heure f locale;

∎ it's 5 o'clock Tokyo time il est 5 heures, heure de Tokyo

(h) (schedule)

∎ is the bus running to time? est-ce que le bus est à l'heure?;

∎ within the required time dans les délais requis

(i) (particular point in time) moment m;

∎ at that time I was in Madrid à ce moment-là, j'étais à Madrid ou j'étais alors à Madrid;

∎ I worked for her at one time à un moment donné j'ai travaillé pour elle;

∎ at the present time en ce moment, à présent;

∎ he is president at the present time il est actuellement président;

∎ at the time of delivery au moment de la livraison;

∎ at a later time plus tard;

∎ at a given time à un moment donné;

∎ at any one time à la fois;

∎ there's room for 15 people at any one time il y a de la place pour 15 personnes à la fois;

∎ an inconvenient time un moment inopportun;

∎ you called at a most inconvenient time vous avez appelé à un très mauvais moment;

∎ there are times when I could scream il y a des moments où j'ai envie de hurler;

∎ at the best of times même quand tout va bien;

∎ even at the best of times he is not that patient même dans ses bons moments il n'est pas particulièrement patient;

∎ at no time did I agree to that je n'ai jamais donné mon accord pour cela;

∎ by the time you get this… le temps que tu reçoives ceci…, quand tu auras reçu ceci…;

∎ by that time it will be too late à ce moment-là il sera trop tard;

∎ by that time we'll all be dead d'ici là nous serons tous morts;

∎ by this time next week d'ici une semaine, dans une semaine;

∎ this time next week la semaine prochaine à cette heure-ci;

∎ this time last week il y a exactement une semaine;

∎ from that time on we had nothing to do with them à partir de ce moment-là, nous avons refusé d'avoir affaire à eux;

∎ in between times entre-temps;

∎ some time or other un jour ou l'autre;

∎ some time next month dans le courant du mois prochain;

∎ until such time as I hear from them jusqu'à ce que ou en attendant que j'aie de leurs nouvelles

(j) (suitable moment) moment m;

∎ she chose her time badly elle a mal choisi son moment;

∎ this is no time for you to leave ce n'est pas le moment de partir;

∎ now's our time to tell her c'est maintenant que nous devrions ou voici venu le moment de le lui dire;

∎ now is the time to invest c'est maintenant qu'il faut investir;

∎ when the time comes le moment venu, quand le moment sera venu;

∎ we'll talk about that when the time comes nous en parlerons en temps utile;

∎ the time has come to make a stand c'est le moment d'avoir le courage de ses opinions;

∎ the time for talking is past ce n'est plus le moment de parler;

∎ it's about time we taught her a lesson il est grand temps que nous lui donnions une bonne leçon;

∎ there's no time like the present (let's do it now) faisons-le maintenant;

∎ there's a time and a place for everything il y a un temps et un lieu pour ou à tout

(k) (occasion, instance) fois f;

∎ I'll forgive you this time je vous pardonne cette fois-ci ou pour cette fois;

∎ each or every time chaque fois;

∎ she succeeds every time elle réussit à chaque fois;

∎ the last time he came la dernière fois qu'il est venu;

∎ the time before la fois précédente ou d'avant;

∎ another or some other time une autre fois;

∎ I called her three times je l'ai appelée trois fois;

∎ many times bien des fois, très souvent;

∎ many a time I've wondered… je me suis demandé plus d'une ou bien des fois…;

∎ several times plusieurs fois;

∎ several times in the past plusieurs fois déjà;

∎ he asked me several times if… il m'a demandé plusieurs fois si…;

∎ it costs 15 cents a time ça coûte 15 cents à chaque fois;

∎ the one time I'm winning, he wants to stop playing pour une fois que je gagne, il veut arrêter de jouer;

∎ nine times out of ten the machine doesn't work neuf fois sur dix la machine ne marche pas;

∎ we'll have to decide some time or other tôt ou tard ou un jour ou l'autre il va falloir nous décider;

∎ do you remember that time we went to Germany? tu te rappelles la fois où nous sommes allés en Allemagne?;

∎ there's always a first time il y a un début à tout;

∎ I've told you a hundred times! je te l'ai dit vingt ou cent fois!;

∎ give me a good detective story every time! rien ne vaut un bon roman policier!

(l) (experience)

∎ to have a good time bien s'amuser;

∎ she's had a terrible time of it elle a beaucoup souffert;

∎ I had the time of my life jamais je ne me suis si bien ou autant amusé;

∎ we had an awful time at the picnic nous nous sommes ennuyés à mourir au pique-nique;

∎ it was a difficult time for all of us c'était une période difficile pour nous tous;

∎ she had a hard time bringing up five children alone ça a été difficile pour elle d'élever cinq enfants seule;

∎ to give sb a hard or rough or tough time en faire voir de dures à qn, en faire voir de toutes les couleurs à qn;

∎ what a time I had with him! (fun) qu'est-ce que j'ai pu m'amuser avec lui!; (trouble) qu'est-ce qu'il m'en a fait voir!

(m) (hours of work)

∎ to put in time faire des heures (de travail);

∎ to work part/full time travailler à temps partiel/à plein temps;

∎ British in company time, American on company time pendant les heures de travail;

∎ British in your own time, American on your own time pendant votre temps libre, en dehors des heures de travail

(n) (hourly wages)

∎ we pay time and a half on weekends nous payons les heures du week-end une fois et demie le tarif normal;

∎ overtime is paid at double time les heures supplémentaires sont payées ou comptées double

(o) (usu plural) (era) époque f, temps m;

∎ in Victorian times à l'époque victorienne;

∎ in the time of Henry IV à l'époque d'Henri IV, du temps d'Henri IV;

∎ in times past, in former times autrefois, jadis;

∎ in times to come à l'avenir;

∎ at one time, things were different autrefois ou dans le temps les choses étaient différentes;

∎ the house has seen better times la maison a connu des jours meilleurs;

∎ in happier times en un ou des temps plus heureux;

∎ in time or times of need/war en temps de pénurie/de guerre;

∎ time was when doctors made house calls il fut un temps où les médecins faisaient des visites à domicile;

∎ those were happy times! c'était le bon (vieux) temps!;

∎ times are hard les temps sont durs;

∎ in our time de nos jours;

∎ the times we live in l'époque f où nous vivons;

∎ in my time children didn't talk back de mon temps, les enfants ne répondaient pas;

∎ she was probably a good singer in her time en son temps, c'était sûrement une bonne chanteuse;

∎ it was a very popular car in its time c'était une voiture très populaire à l'époque (où elle est sortie);

∎ very advanced for its time très en avance sur son temps ou sur l'époque;

∎ to be ahead of or before one's time être en avance sur son époque ou sur son temps;

∎ to be behind the times être en retard sur son époque ou sur son temps;

∎ to keep up with the times vivre avec son temps;

∎ to move with the times évoluer avec son temps;

∎ times have changed autres temps, autres mœurs

(p) (lifetime)

∎ I've heard some odd things in my time! j'en ai entendu, des choses, dans ma vie!;

∎ it won't happen in our time nous ne serons pas là pour voir ça;

∎ if I had my time over again si j'avais à recommencer (ma vie);

∎ at my time of life à mon âge;

∎ that was before your time (birth) vous n'étiez pas encore né; (arrival) vous n'étiez pas encore là;

∎ her time has come (childbirth) elle arrive à son terme; (death) son heure est venue ou a sonné; (success) son heure est venue;

∎ he died before his time il est mort avant l'âge

(q) (season)

∎ it's hot for the time of year il fait chaud pour la saison

(r) (end of period) fin f;

∎ time's up (on exam, visit) c'est l'heure; (on meter, telephone) le temps est écoulé;

∎ British time (gentlemen), please! (in pub) on ferme!;

∎ Sport the referee called time l'arbitre a sifflé la fin du match

(s) American Commerce (credit)

∎ to buy sth on time acheter qch à tempérament ou à terme ou à crédit

(t) familiar (in prison)

∎ to do time faire de la taule;

∎ he's serving time for murder il est en taule pour meurtre

(u) Music (tempo) mesure f; (note value) valeur f (d'une note);

∎ to keep time, to be in time être en mesure;

∎ he beat time with his foot il battait ou marquait la mesure du pied;

∎ in triple or three-part time à trois temps

(v) Radio & Television espace m;

∎ to buy/to sell time on television acheter/vendre de l'espace publicitaire à la télévision

(w) American familiar (idiom)

∎ to make time with sb (pursue) draguer qn; (be with) être avec qn^□ (en couple) ; (have sex with) s'envoyer en l'air avec qn

2 transitive verb

(a) (on clock → runner, worker, race) chronométrer;

∎ they timed her at four minutes a mile ils l'ont chronométrée ou ils ont chronométré son temps à quatre minutes au mille;

∎ time how long she takes to finish regardez combien de temps elle met pour finir;

∎ he timed his speech to last twenty minutes il a fait en sorte que son discours dure vingt minutes;

∎ to time an egg minuter le temps de cuisson d'un œuf

(b) (schedule) fixer ou prévoir (l'heure de); Photography (exposure) calculer;

∎ they timed the attack for 6 o'clock l'attaque était prévue pour 6 heures

(c) (choose right moment for) choisir ou calculer le moment de;

∎ she timed her entrance well elle a bien choisi le moment pour faire son entrée;

∎ he timed the blow perfectly il a frappé au bon moment;

∎ your remark was perfectly/badly timed votre observation est venue au bon/au mauvais moment

(d) (synchronize) régler, ajuster;

∎ she tried to time her steps to the music elle essayait de régler ses pas sur la musique

3 times

1 plural noun

(indicating degree) fois f;

∎ she's ten times cleverer than or as clever as he is elle est dix fois plus intelligente que lui;

∎ he ate four times as much cake as I did il a mangé quatre fois plus de gâteau que moi

2 preposition

∎ Mathematics 3 times 2 is 6 3 fois 2 font ou égalent 6;

∎ 1 times 6 is 6 une fois six fait ou égale six

4 ahead of time adverb

en avance;

∎ I'm ten minutes ahead of time j'ai dix minutes d'avance

5 all the time adverb

∎ he talked all the time we were at lunch il a parlé pendant tout le déjeuner;

∎ he's been watching us all the time il n'a pas cessé de nous regarder;

∎ I knew it all the time je le savais depuis le début

6 any time adverb

n'importe quand;

∎ come over any time venez quand vous voulez;

∎ you're welcome any time vous serez toujours le bienvenu;

∎ thanks for all your help - any time merci de votre aide - de rien

7 at a time adverb

∎ for days at a time pendant des journées entières, des journées durant;

∎ to do two things at a time faire deux choses à la fois;

∎ take one book at a time prenez les livres un par un ou un (seul) livre à la fois;

∎ she ran up the stairs two at a time elle a monté les marches quatre à quatre

8 at all times adverb

à tous moments

9 at any time adverb

à toute heure;

∎ hot meals at any time repas chauds à toute heure;

∎ at any time of day or night à n'importe quelle heure du jour ou de la nuit;

∎ at any time during office hours n'importe quand pendant les heures de bureau;

∎ he could die at any time il peut mourir d'un moment à l'autre;

∎ if at any time… si à l'occasion…

10 at the same time adverb

(a) (simultaneously) en même temps;

∎ they all spoke at the same time ils se sont mis à parler tous en même temps;

∎ they arrived at the same time (as) he did ils sont arrivés en même temps que lui

(b) (yet) en même temps;

∎ she was pleased but at the same time a bit concerned elle était contente mais en même temps un peu inquiète

(c) (nevertheless) pourtant, cependant;

∎ at the same time, we must not forget… pourtant ou cependant, il ne faut pas oublier…

11 at the time adverb

∎ at the time of their wedding au moment de leur mariage;

∎ I didn't pay much attention at the time sur le moment, je n'ai pas fait vraiment attention

12 at times adverb

parfois, par moments

13 behind time adverb

en retard;

∎ we're a bit behind time nous sommes légèrement en retard;

∎ the project was running behind time le projet avait du retard

14 for a time adverb

pendant un (certain) temps;

∎ for a time, he was unable to walk pendant un certain temps, il n'a pas pu marcher

15 for all time adverb

pour toujours

16 for the time being adverb

pour le moment

17 from time to time adverb

de temps en temps, de temps à autre

18 in time adverb

(a) (eventually)

∎ she'll come to her senses in time elle finira par revenir à la raison;

∎ he'll forget about it in (the course of) time il finira par l'oublier (avec le temps)

(b) (not too late)

∎ let me know in (good) time prévenez-moi (bien) à l'avance;

∎ she arrived in time for the play elle est arrivée à l'heure pour la pièce;

∎ you're just in time to greet our guests tu arrives juste à temps pour accueillir nos invités;

∎ I'll be back in time for the film je serai de retour à temps pour le film

(c) Music en mesure;

∎ to be or keep in time (with the music) être en mesure (avec la musique)

19 in (next to) no time, in no time at all adverb

en un rien de temps

20 of all time adverb

de tous les temps

21 of all times adverb

∎ why now of all times? pourquoi faut-il que ce soit juste maintenant?

22 on time adverb

à l'heure;

∎ to run on time (trains etc) être à l'heure;

∎ she arrived right on time elle est arrivée juste à l'heure;

∎ is the bus on time? est-ce que le bus est à l'heure?

23 out of time adverb

∎ Music he got out of time il a perdu la mesure

24 time after time, time and (time) again adverb

maintes et maintes fois

25 time off noun

temps m libre;

∎ what do you do in your time off? qu'est-ce que vous faites de votre temps libre?

26 time out noun

(a) Sport temps m mort; (in chess match) temps m de repos;

∎ Sport to take time out faire un temps mort

(b) (break)

∎ I took time out to travel (from work) je me suis mis en congé pour voyager; (from studies) j'ai interrompu mes études pour voyager;

∎ she took time out to read the report elle a pris le temps de lire le rapport

►► time of arrival heure f d'arrivée;

Stock Exchange time bargain marché m à terme;

Finance time bill traite f à terme; also figurative time bomb bombe f à retardement;

∎ figurative a demographic time bomb une situation démographique qui menace d'exploser;

∎ the situation is like a time bomb ticking away la situation est explosive;

∎ figurative they're sitting on a time bomb ils sont assis sur un volcan;

time capsule capsule f témoin (qui doit servir de témoignage historique aux générations futures);

Industry time card carte f ou fiche f de pointage;

time chart (showing time zones) carte f des fuseaux horaires; (showing events) table f d'événements historiques; (showing planning) calendrier m, planning m;

time check (on radio) rappel m de l'heure; (in cycling, skiing, motor racing) contrôle m du temps intermédiaire;

Grammar time clause proposition f temporelle;

Industry time clock pointeuse f;

time code code m temporel;

time of departure heure f de départ;

American Finance time deposit dépôt m à terme;

time difference décalage m horaire;

Finance time draft traite f à terme;

time exposure (of film) (temps m de) pose f; (photograph) photo f prise en pose;

time frame délai m;

∎ what's our time frame? de combien de temps disposons-nous?;

time fuse détonateur m ou fusée f à retardement;

time lag (delay) décalage m dans le temps; (in time zones) décalage m horaire;

time lapse intervalle m, laps m de temps;

time limit (gen) délai m, date f limite; Law délai m de forclusion;

∎ there is a strict time limit for applications il y a un délai impératif ou de rigueur pour la remise des dossiers de candidature;

∎ we'll have to set ourselves a time limit for the work il va falloir nous imposer un délai pour finir ce travail;

∎ the work must be completed within the time limit le travail doit être terminé avant la date limite;

Finance time loan emprunt m à terme;

time machine machine f à voyager dans le temps;

time management gestion f du temps de travail;

Marketing time pricing fixation f des prix en fonction du moment;

time sheet feuille f de présence;

Radio time signal signal m ou top m horaire;

Music time signature indication f de la mesure;

Computing time slice tranche f de temps;

Computing time slicing temps m partagé;

time slot créneau m ou tranche f horaire;

time switch (for oven, heating) minuteur m; (for lighting) minuterie f;

time travel voyage m dans le temps;

time traveller personne f qui voyage dans le temps;

Sport time trial course f contre la montre, contre-la-montre m inv;

Telecommunications time unit unité f;

time value Music valeur f (d'une note); Finance valeur f temporelle;

time warp (in science fiction) faille f spatio-temporelle;

∎ it's like living in a time warp c'est comme si on vivait hors du temps;

∎ the country seems to have entered a time warp le temps semble s'être arrêté dans le pays;

∎ the house/company seems to be caught in a 19th century time warp la maison/la société semble ne pas avoir changé depuis le XIXème siècle;

time zone fuseau m horaire

✾ Book 'The Time Machine' Wells 'La Machine à explorer le temps'

ⓘ I may be some time Ce sont les mots ("je risque d'en avoir pour un certain temps") qu'aurait prononcés le capitaine Oates lorsqu'il sortit de la tente qu'il occupait avec le capitaine Scott au cours de leur expédition de 1912 au pôle sud. Oates souffrait de gelures multiples et afin de ne pas ralentir la progression de ses camarades, il décida de se sacrifier en disparaissant dans la tourmente. Cet épisode est censé symboliser les qualités d'héroïsme et d'abnégation associées au caractère britannique. Aujourd'hui, on emploie cette formule par allusion à Oates sur le mode humoristique lorsque l'on sort d'une pièce ou bien lorsqu'on va aux toilettes.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > time
97 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Weapons and armour

[br]

b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, England

d. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England

[br]

English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.

[br]

The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.

Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.

The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.

In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.

Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.

Further Reading

E.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.

D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
98 Gillette, King Camp

SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors, Metallurgy

[br]

b. 5 January 1855 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, USA

d. 9 July 1932 Los Angeles, California, USA

[br]

American inventor and manufacturer, inventor of the safety razor.

[br]

Gillette's formal education in Chicago was brought to an end when a disastrous fire destroyed all his father's possessions. Forced to fend for himself, he worked first in the hardware trade in Chicago and New York, then as a travelling salesman. Gillette inherited the family talent for invention, but found that his successful inventions barely paid for those that failed. He was advised by a previous employer, William Painter (inventor of the Crown Cork), to look around for something that could be used widely and then thrown away. In 1895 he succeeded in following that advice of inventing something which people could use and then throw away, so that they would keep coming back for more. An idea came to him while he was honing an old-fashioned razor one morning; he was struck by the fact that only a short piece of the whole length of a cutthroat razor is actually used for shaving, as well as by the potentially dangerous nature of the implement. He "rushed out to purchase some pieces of brass, some steel ribbon used for clock springs, a small hand vise and some files". He thought of using a thin steel blade sharpened on each side, placed between two plates and held firmly together by a handle. Though coming from a family of inventors, Gillette had no formal technical education and was entirely ignorant of metallurgy. For six years he sought a way of making a cheap blade from sheet steel that could be hardened, tempered and sharpened to a keen edge.

Gillette eventually found financial supporters: Henry Sachs, a Boston lamp manufacturer; his brother-in-law Jacob Heilbron; and William Nickerson, who had a considerable talent for invention. By skilled trial and error rather than expert metallurgical knowledge, Nickerson devised ways of forming and sharpening the blades, and it was these that brought commercial success. In 1901, the American Safety Razor Company, later to be renamed the Gillette Safety Razor Company, was set up. When it started production in 1903 the company was badly in debt, and managed to sell only fifty-one razors and 168 blades; but by the end of the following year, 90,000 razors and 12.4 million blades had been sold. A sound invention coupled with shrewd promotion ensured further success, and eight plants manufacturing safety razors were established in various parts of the world. Gillette's business experiences led him into the realms of social theory about the way society should be organized. He formulated his views in a series of books published over the years 1894 to 1910. He believed that competition led to a waste of up to 90 per cent of human effort and that want and crime would be eliminated by substituting a giant trust to plan production centrally. Unfortunately, the public in America, or anywhere else for that matter, were not ready for this form of Utopia; no omniscient planners were available, and human wants and needs were too various to be supplied by a single agency. Even so, some of his ideas have found favour: air conditioning and government provision of work for the unemployed. Gillette made a fortune from his invention and retired from active participation in the business in 1913, although he remained President until 1931 and Director until his death.

[br]

Bibliography

"Origin of the Gillette razor", Gillette Blade (February/March).

Further Reading

Obituary, 1932, New York Times (11 July).

J.Jewkes, D.Sawers and R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention, London: Macmillan.

LRD / IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Gillette, King Camp
99 Malouin, Paul-Jacques

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

b. 29 June 1701 Caen, France

d. 3 January 1778 Versailles, France

[br]

French medical practitioner who suggested producing tin plate with zinc.

[br]

Setting out to study law, Malouin turned to scientific studies, settling in Paris to teach and practice medicine. He retained his scientific interest in the field of chemistry, producing memoirs on zinc and tin, and. as early as 1742 suggested that a type of tin plate might instead be produced with zinc. A method of zinc-coating hammered-iron saucepans was introduced briefly at Rouen in the early 1780s.

His contribution to early volumes of Diderot's Encyclopédie included those on "Alchemy", "Antimony", "Acid" and "Alkali". Malouin also applied his scientific knowledge to articles on milling and baking for the Academy in Descriptions des arts et métiers.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Elected to Academy 1742. FRS 1753.

Further Reading

Dumas, 1831, Treatise de chimie appliqué aux arts 3, 218.

J.R.Partington, 1961, A History of Chemistry, Vol. III (refers to Malouin's work in chemistry).

John Percy, 1864, Metallurgy: Iron and Steel, London: John Murray, 155 (provides brief references to his theories on zinc coatings).

See also: Craufurd, Henry William

JD

Biographical history of technology > Malouin, Paul-Jacques
100 Stevens, John

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Ports and shipping, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 1749 New York, New York, USA

d. 6 March 1838 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA

[br]

American pioneer of steamboats and railways.

[br]

Stevens, a wealthy landowner with an estate at Hoboken on the Hudson River, had his attention drawn to the steamboat of John Fitch in 1786, and thenceforth devoted much of his time and fortune to developing steamboats and mechanical transport. He also had political influence and it was at his instance that Congress in 1790 passed an Act establishing the first patent laws in the USA. The following year Stevens was one of the first recipients of a US patent. This referred to multi-tubular boilers, of both watertube and firetube types, and antedated by many years the work of both Henry Booth and Marc Seguin on the latter.

A steamboat built in 1798 by John Stevens, Nicholas J.Roosevelt and Stevens's brother-in-law, Robert R.Livingston, in association was unsuccessful, nor was Stevens satisfied with a boat built in 1802 in which a simple rotary steam-en-gine was mounted on the same shaft as a screw propeller. However, although others had experimented earlier with screw propellers, when John Stevens had the Little Juliana built in 1804 he produced the first practical screw steamboat. Steam at 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm²) pressure was supplied by a watertube boiler to a single-cylinder engine which drove two contra-rotating shafts, upon each of which was mounted a screw propeller. This little boat, less than 25 ft (7.6 m) long, was taken backwards and forwards across the Hudson River by two of Stevens's sons, one of whom, R.L. Stevens, was to help his father with many subsequent experiments. The boat, however, was ahead of its time, and steamships were to be driven by paddle wheels until the late 1830s.

In 1807 John Stevens declined an invitation to join with Robert Fulton and Robert R.Living-ston in their development work, which culminated in successful operation of the PS Clermont that summer; in 1808, however, he launched his own paddle steamer, the Phoenix. But Fulton and Livingston had obtained an effective monopoly of steamer operation on the Hudson and, unable to reach agreement with them, Stevens sent Phoenix to Philadelphia to operate on the Delaware River. The intervening voyage over 150 miles (240 km) of open sea made Phoenix the first ocean-going steamer.

From about 1810 John Stevens turned his attention to the possibilities of railways. He was at first considered a visionary, but in 1815, at his instance, the New Jersey Assembly created a company to build a railway between the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. It was the first railway charter granted in the USA, although the line it authorized remained unbuilt. To demonstrate the feasibility of the steam locomotive, Stevens built an experimental locomotive in 1825, at the age of 76. With flangeless wheels, guide rollers and rack-and-pinion drive, it ran on a circular track at his Hoboken home; it was the first steam locomotive to be built in America.

[br]

Bibliography

1812, Documents Tending to Prove the Superior Advantages of Rail-ways and Steam-carriages over Canal Navigation.

He took out patents relating to steam-engines in the USA in 1791, 1803, and 1810, and in England, through his son John Cox Stevens, in 1805.

Further Reading

H.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin (provides technical details of Stevens's boats).

J.T.Flexner, 1978, Steamboats Come True, Boston: Little, Brown (describes his work in relation to that of other steamboat pioneers).

J.R.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1927) 7: 114 (discusses tubular boilers).

J.R.Day and B.G.Wilson, 1957, Unusual Railways, F.Muller (discusses Stevens's locomotive).

See also: Allen, Horatio; Cooper, Peter

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Stevens, John

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Henry's law — may sometimes refer to Lenz s Law In chemistry, Henry s law is one of the gas laws, formulated by William Henry. It states that:: At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly… … Wikipedia
Henry's law — Thermodynam. the principle that at a constant temperature the concentration of a gas dissolved in a fluid with which it does not combine chemically is almost directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas at the surface of the fluid. Cf … Universalium
Henry's law — noun (chemistry) law formulated by the English chemist William Henry; the amount of a gas that will be absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure increases • Topics: ↑chemistry, ↑chemical science • Hypernyms: ↑law, ↑law of nature … Useful english dictionary
Henry's law — Hen·ry s law (henґrēz) [William Henry, English chemist, 1774â€“1836] see under law … Medical dictionary
Henry's law — noun Chemistry a law stating that the mass of a dissolved gas in a given volume of solvent at equilibrium is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. Origin C19: named after the English chemist William Henry … English new terms dictionary
Henry's law — /hɛnriz ˈlɔ/ (say henreez law) noun the principle that the mass of a gas dissolved by a given volume of liquid at constant temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. {named after William Henry, 1774–1836, English… …
Henry's law — the solubility of a gas in a liquid solution at constant temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solution … Medical dictionary
Henry — is an English male given name and a surname, derived from Heinrich of Germanic origin. Equivalents in other languages are Henrik (Scandinavian), Eanruig (Scots Gaelic), Enrico (Italian), Henri (French), Enrique (Spanish), Henrik (Hungarian),… … Wikipedia
Henry , William — (1774–1836) British physician and chemist Henry s father, Thomas Henry, was a manufacturing chemist in Manchester and an analytical chemist of some repute. Initially qualifying as a physician from Edinburgh University, Henry practiced for five… … Scientists
law of nature — noun a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature (Freq. 3) the laws of thermodynamics • Syn: ↑law • Hypernyms: ↑concept, ↑conception, ↑construct • … Useful english dictionary
Henry, William — ▪ British chemist born Dec. 12, 1775, Manchester died Sept. 2, 1836, Pendlebury, Lancashire, Eng. English physician and chemist who in 1803 proposed what is now called Henry s law, which states that the amount of a gas absorbed by a liquid is in … Universalium

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