he+was+promoted+to+manager

1) (in rank) promuovere, far avanzare di grado

2) (advertise) promuovere, pubblicizzare [ product]; (market) promuovere [brand, book, theory]

3) (encourage) favorire, sostenere [democracy, understanding]

4) BE (in football)

5) AE scol. promuovere

* * *

1) (to raise (to a higher rank or position): He was promoted to head teacher.) promuovere

2) (to encourage, organize, or help the progress of: He worked hard to promote peace / this scheme.) promuovere

3) (to encourage the buying of; to advertise: We are promoting a new brand of soap-powder.) promuovere

•

- promoter

* * *

1) (in rank) promuovere, far avanzare di grado

2) (advertise) promuovere, pubblicizzare [ product]; (market) promuovere [brand, book, theory]

3) (encourage) favorire, sostenere [democracy, understanding]

4) BE (in football)

5) AE scol. promuovere

promote

A vtr

1 ( in rank) promouvoir (to à) ; to be promoted from secretary to administrator être promu du rang de secrétaire à celui d'administrateur ; she was promoted to manager elle a été promue directrice ;

2 ( advertise) faire de la publicité pour [product] ; ( market) promouvoir [brand, book, town] ; promouvoir [theory, image] ; to promote a candidate mettre un candidat en avant ; to promote a bill Pol présenter un projet de loi ;

3 ( encourage) promouvoir [democracy, understanding etc] ;

4 GB ( in football) to be promoted from the fourth to the third division passer de quatrième en troisième division ;

5 US Sch être admis dans la classe supérieure.

B vtr to promote oneself se mettre en avant.

1) повыша́ть (в до́лжности)

2) соде́йствовать ( help)

3) реклами́ровать (това́р)

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.

In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).

At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.

The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.

In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.

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1) (to raise (to a higher rank or position): He was promoted to head teacher.) promover, ascender

2) (to encourage, organize, or help the progress of: He worked hard to promote peace / this scheme.) promover, fomentar

3) (to encourage the buying of; to advertise: We are promoting a new brand of soap-powder.) promover

•

- promoter

promote vb ascender

El gerundio de promote se escribe promoting

tr[prə'məʊt]

transitive verb

1 (in rank) promover, ascender

2 (encourage) promover, fomentar

3 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL (product) promocionar

\

to be promoted SMALLSPORT/SMALL subir (de categoría)

promote [prə'mo:t] vt, - moted ; - moting

1) : ascender (a un alumno o un empleado)

2) advertise: promocionar, hacerle publicidad a

3) further: promover, fomentar

• adelantar v.

• agenciar v.

• apoyar v.

• ascender v.

• estimular v.

• favorecer v.

• financiar v.

• fomentar v.

• gestionar v.

• promocionar v.

• promover v.

1)

a) ( raise in rank) \<\<employee\>\> ascender*

b) (AmE Educ) promover*

c) (BrE Sport)

2)

a) ( encourage) promover*, fomentar, potenciar; \<\<growth\>\> estimular

b) ( advocate) promover*

3)

a) \<\<product/service\>\> promocionar, dar(le)* publicidad a

b) \<\<concert/boxing match\>\> organizar*

[prǝ'mǝʊt]

1) (in rank)

a) [+ employee] ascender

b) (Mil) ascender

c) (Sport) [+ team] ascender

d) (US)

2) (=encourage) [+ trade, cooperation, peace] promover, fomentar; [+ growth] estimular; [+ sales, campaign, project, cause] promover; (Parl) [+ bill] presentar

3) (=advertise) [+ product] promocionar, dar publicidad a

4) (=organize, put on) [+ concert, event] organizar

5) (Chem) [+ reaction] provocar

* * *

1)

a) ( raise in rank) \<\<employee\>\> ascender*

b) (AmE Educ) promover*

c) (BrE Sport)

2)

a) ( encourage) promover*, fomentar, potenciar; \<\<growth\>\> estimular

b) ( advocate) promover*

3)

a) \<\<product/service\>\> promocionar, dar(le)* publicidad a

b) \<\<concert/boxing match\>\> organizar*

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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Davis was the son of a detective with the City of London police. At the age of 11 he entered the employment of Siebe, Gorman \& Co., manufacturers of diving and other safety equipment since 1819, at their Lambeth works. By good fortune, his neat handwriting attracted the notice of Mr Gorman and he was transferred to work in the office. He studied hard after working hours and rose steadily in the firm. In his twenties he was promoted to Assistant Manager, then General Manager, Managing Director and finally Governing Director. He retired in 1960, having been made Life President the previous year, and continued to attend the office regularly until May 1964.

Davis's entire career was devoted to research and development in the firm's special field. In 1906 he perfected the first practicable oxygen-breathing apparatus for use in mine rescue; it was widely adopted and with modifications was still in use in the 1990s. With Professor Leonard Hill he designed a deep-sea diving-bell incorporating a decompression chamber. He also invented an oxygen-breathing apparatus and heated apparel for airmen flying at high altitudes.

Immediately after the first German gas attacks on the Western Front in April 1915, Davis devised a respirator, known as the stocking skene or veil mask. He quickly organized the mass manufacture of this device, roping in members of his family and placing the work in the homes of Lambeth: within 48 hours the first consignment was being sent off to France.

He was a member of the Admiralty Deep Sea Diving Committee, which in 1933 completed tables for the safe ascent of divers with oxygen from a depth of 300 ft (91 m). They were compiled by Davis in conjunction with Professors J.B.S.Haldane and Leonard Hill and Captain G.C.Damant, the Royal Navy's leading diving expert. With revisions these tables have been used by the Navy ever since. Davis's best-known invention was first used in 1929: the Davis Submarine Escape Apparatus. It became standard equipment on submarines until it was replaced by the Built-in Breathing System, which the firm began manufacturing in 1951.

The firm's works were bombed during the Second World War and were re-established at Chessington, Surrey. The extensive research facilities there were placed at the disposal of the Royal Navy and the Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit. Davis worked with Haldane and Hill on problems of the underwater physiology of working divers. A number of inventions issued from Chessington, such as the human torpedo, midget submarine and human minesweeper. In the early 1950s the firm helped to pioneer the use of underwater television to investigate the sinking of the submarine Affray and the crashed Comet jet airliners.

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SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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Amos Ayre grew up on the Tyne with the stimulus of shipbuilding and seafaring around him. After an apprenticeship as a ship draughtsman and distinction in his studies, he held responsible posts in the shipyards of Belfast and later Dublin. His first dramatic move came in 1909 when he accepted the post of Manager of the new Employment Exchange at Govan, then just outside Glasgow. During the First World War he was in charge of fleet coaling operations on the River Forth, and later was promoted Admiralty District Director for shipyard labour in Scotland.

Before the conclusion of hostilities, with his brother Wilfrid (later Sir Wilfrid Ayre) he founded the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company in Fife. Setting up on a green field site allowed the brothers to show innovation in design, production and marketing. Such was their success that the new yard was busy throughout the Depression, building standard ships which incorporated low operating costs with simplicity of construction.

Through public service culminating in the 1929 Safety of Life at Sea Conference, Amos Ayre became recognized not only as an eminent naval architect, but also as a skilled negotiator. In 1936 he was invited to become Chairman of the Shipbuilding Conference and thereby virtual leader of the industry. As war approached he planned with meticulous care the rearrangement of national shipbuilding capacity, enabling Britain to produce standard hulls ranging from the legendary TID tugs to the standard freighters built in Sunderland or Port Glasgow. In 1939 he became Director of Merchant Shipbuilding, a position he held until 1944, when with typical foresight he asked to be released to plan for shipbuilding's return to normality.

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SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Mining and extraction technology, Railways and locomotives

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The Wylam wagonway passed Newburn, and Hedley, who went to school at Wylam, must have been familiar with this wagonway from childhood. It had been built c.1748 to carry coal from Wylam Colliery to the navigable limit of the Tyne at Lemington. In 1805 Hedley was appointed viewer, or manager, of Wylam Colliery by Christopher Blackett, who had inherited the colliery and wagonway in 1800. Unlike most Tyneside wagonways, the gradient of the Wylam line was insufficient for loaded wagons to run down by gravity and they had to be hauled by horses. Blackett had a locomotive, of the type designed by Richard Trevithick, built at Gateshead as early as 1804 but did not take delivery, probably because his wooden track was not strong enough. In 1808 Blackett and Hedley relaid the wagonway with plate rails of the type promoted by Benjamin Outram, and in 1812, following successful introduction of locomotives at Middleton by John Blenkinsop, Blackett asked Hedley to investigate the feasibility of locomotives at Wylam. The expense of re-laying with rack rails was unwelcome, and Hedley experimented to find out the relationship between the weight of a locomotive and the load it could move relying on its adhesion weight alone. He used first a model test carriage, which survives at the Science Museum, London, and then used a full-sized test carriage laden with weights in varying quantities and propelled by men turning handles. Having apparently satisfied himself on this point, he had a locomotive incorporating the frames and wheels of the test carriage built. The work was done at Wylam by Thomas Waters, who was familiar with the 1804 locomotive, Timothy Hackworth, foreman smith, and Jonathan Forster, enginewright. This locomotive, with cast-iron boiler and single cylinder, was unsatisfactory: Hackworth and Forster then built another locomotive to Hedley's design, with a wrought-iron return-tube boiler, two vertical external cylinders and drive via overhead beams through pinions to the two axles. This locomotive probably came into use in the spring of 1814: it performed well and further examples of the type were built. Their axle loading, however, was too great for the track and from about 1815 each locomotive was mounted on two four-wheeled bogies, the bogie having recently been invented by William Chapman. Hedley eventually left Wylam in 1827 to devote himself to other colliery interests. He supported the construction of the Clarence Railway, opened in 1833, and sent his coal over it in trains hauled by his own locomotives. Two of his Wylam locomotives survive— Puffing Billy at the Science Museum, London, and Wylam Dilly at the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh—though how much of these is original and how much dates from the period 1827–32, when the Wylam line was re-laid with edge rails and the locomotives reverted to four wheels (with flanges), is a matter of mild controversy.

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See also: Stephenson, George

eksistere

leve

være

verb \/biː\/, trykksvakt: \/bɪ\/ (presens:) I am, we\/you\/they are, he\/she\/it is; (preteritum:) I\/he\/she\/it was, you\/we\/they were; (perfektum partisipp:) been; (presens partisipp:) being; (konjunktiv:) be, were

1) være

• are you the manager?

• the earth is round

2) eksistere, være til, finnes

• there must be an answer

• I think, therefore I am

3) bli

• I'll be twenty next week

4) finne sted, skje, stå

• when is the wedding to be?

5) ( om tid) vare, drøye, være, holde på, ta

• the book was twenty years in the writing

• I won't be a minute

6) ( om sted) være, ligge, stå, komme, besøke

• has anyone been here?

• the book is on the table

• he is from Dundee

• we were at Auntie Ruth's

7) koste

• the ticket is £2

8) ha det, føle seg, kjenne seg

• how is the patient today?

9) være lik, utgjøre

• three times three is nine

• three threes is\/are nine

10) ( for å uttrykke noe hypotetisk) være

• if I were rich

• though he be ever so good-looking

as it were så og si, på en måte, liksom

be about handle om

• this story is about a motherless pig

• there was a lot of flu about that winter

be about to (akkurat) skulle til å

• he was about to leave

be (on) at someone mase på noen, være etter noen

be at something være opptatt med noe, ha noe for seg

• Tony was always at his gardening

been there, done that ( hverdagslig) vært der, gjort det (sagt for å vise at man er verdensvant)

be for støtte, være for

• I am all for that method

be in on something ( hverdagslig) være med på noe, være inkludert i noe

be into something ( hverdagslig) være dypt interessert i noe, være opptatt av noe

• Jane's into stamp collection in a big way

be off (skulle) dra avgårde

• I'm off!

være dårlig, være fordervet

• this meat is off

• the deal is off

be that as it may ikke desto mindre, likevel

be there for somebody ( hverdagslig) støtte noen, være der når noen trenger en

• don't worry about a thing, we're all here for you

be twice the man\/woman se ➢ man

God be with you Gud være med deg\/dere

here\/there you are ( idet man gir noe til noen) vær så god, dette er til deg\/dere

how are you? hvordan har du det?, hvordan står det til med deg?

I've been there ( hverdagslig) jeg har opplevd\/følt det samme selv, jeg vet hva det dreier seg om

let someone\/something be la noe(n) være (i fred)

• she's had enough for one day, just let her be!

now you are (in) for it nå kan du vente deg, nå skal du få gjennomgå

so be it! la det så være!, så får det bli slik!

that is ( også) det vil si, nemlig

• my whole fortune, £500 that is, was spent on doctor's bills

that was tidligere, daværende

• Miss Smith that was

there are\/is det er, der er, det finnes\/eksisterer\/foreligger

• there are many rivers in France

• there has been an accident

- to-be fremtidig, vordende

• my wife-to-be

hjelpeverb \/biː\/, trykksvakt: \/bɪ\/

1) ( danner passiv sammen med perfektum partisipp av hovedverbet) være, bli

• he was saved

• the window is closed

• when were you born?

• the firm was founded in 1985

2) (spesielt amer., i obligatoriske that-setninger etter verb, adj. eller subst. som uttrykker vilje eller plikt, f.eks. anbefaling, forslag, oppfordring e.l.) skulle bli, burde bli

• Martin insisted that Martina be thrown out of the party

• they endorsed the suggestion that he be promoted

3) ( danner samtidsform sammen med presens partisipp av hovedverbet) holde på å, komme til å

• they are building a house

• the house is being built

• he is leaving tomorrow

be to skal, kan

• when am I to come back?

• they are to get married on Saturday

• the book is not to be found

skal, skulle, ha fått i oppdrag å

• I am to inform you

was\/were to skulle, kunne

• he was never to come back again

• if I were to tell you...

• the book was not to be found anywhere

• the telegram was to inform you that he would be late

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Mining and extraction technology, Railways and locomotives

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The son of a "coal viewer", Curr was brought up in the West Durham colliery district. In 1777 he went to the Duke of Norfolk's collieries at Sheffield, where in 1880 he was appointed Superintendent. There coal was conveyed underground in baskets on sledges: Curr replaced the wicker sledges with wheeled corves, i.e. small four-wheeled wooden wagons, running on "rail-roads" with cast-iron rails and hauled from the coal-face to the shaft bottom by horses. The rails employed hitherto had usually consisted of plates of iron, the flange being on the wheels of the wagon. Curr's new design involved flanges on the rails which guided the vehicles, the wheels of which were unflanged and could run on any hard surface. He appears to have left no precise record of the date that he did this, and surviving records have been interpreted as implying various dates between 1776 and 1787. In 1787 John Buddle paid tribute to the efficiency of the rails of Curr's type, which were first used for surface transport by Joseph Butler in 1788 at his iron furnace at Wingerworth near Chesterfield: their use was then promoted widely by Benjamin Outram, and they were adopted in many other English mines. They proved serviceable until the advent of locomotives demanded different rails.

In 1788 Curr also developed a system for drawing a full corve up a mine shaft while lowering an empty one, with guides to separate them. At the surface the corves were automatically emptied by tipplers. Four years later he was awarded a patent for using double ropes for lifting heavier loads. As the weight of the rope itself became a considerable problem with the increasing depth of the shafts, Curr invented the flat hemp rope, patented in 1798, which consisted of several small round ropes stitched together and lapped upon itself in winding. It acted as a counterbalance and led to a reduction in the time and cost of hoisting: at the beginning of a run the loaded rope began to coil upon a small diameter, gradually increasing, while the unloaded rope began to coil off a large diameter, gradually decreasing.

Curr's book The Coal Viewer (1797) is the earliest-known engineering work on railway track and it also contains the most elaborate description of a Newcomen pumping engine, at the highest state of its development. He became an acknowledged expert on construction of Newcomen-type atmospheric engines, and in 1792 he established a foundry to make parts for railways and engines.

Because of the poor financial results of the Duke of Norfolk's collieries at the end of the century, Curr was dismissed in 1801 despite numerous inventions and improvements which he had introduced. After his dismissal, six more of his patents were concerned with rope-making: the one he gained in 1813 referred to the application of flat ropes to horse-gins and perpendicular drum-shafts of steam engines. Curr also introduced the use of inclined planes, where a descending train of full corves pulled up an empty one, and he was one of the pioneers employing fixed steam engines for hauling. He may have resided in France for some time before his death.

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WK / PJGR

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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After an elementary education at the public schools of Plainville and Thomaston, Connecticut, Charles H.Norton started work in 1866 at the Seth Thomas Clock Company in Thomaston. He was soon promoted to machinist, and further progress led to his successive appointments as Foreman, Superintendent of Machinery and Manager of the department making tower clocks. He designed many public clocks.

In 1886 he obtained a position as Assistant Engineer with the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and was engaged in redesigning their universal grinding machine to give it more rigidity and make it more suitable for use as a production machine. In 1890 he left to become a partner in a newly established firm, Leland, Faulconer \& Norton Company at Detroit, Michigan, designing and building machine tools. He withdrew from this firm in 1895 and practised as a consulting mechanical engineer for a short time before returning to Brown \& Sharpe in 1896. There he designed a grinding machine incorporating larger and wider grinding wheels so that heavier cuts could be made to meet the needs of the mass-production industries, especially the automobile industry. This required a heavier and more rigid machine and greater power, but these ideas were not welcomed at Brown \& Sharpe and in 1900 Norton left to found the Norton Grinding Company in Worcester, Massachusetts. Here he was able to develop heavy-production grinding machines, including special machines for grinding crank-shafts and camshafts for the automobile industry.

In setting up the Norton Grinding Company, Charles H.Norton received financial support from members of the Norton Emery Wheel Company (also of Worcester and known after 1906 as the Norton Company), but he was not related to the founder of that company. The two firms were completely independent until 1919 when they were merged. From that time Charles H.Norton served as Chief Engineer of the machinery division of the Norton Company, until 1934 when he became their Consulting Engineer.

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rank [ræŋk]

1 noun

(a) (grade) rang m, grade m;

∎ promoted to the rank of colonel promu (au rang de ou au grade de) colonel;

∎ the rank of manager le titre de directeur;

∎ to pull rank faire valoir sa supériorité hiérarchique;

∎ I don't want to have to pull rank on you je ne veux pas avoir à user de mon autorité sur vous

(b) (quality) rang m;

∎ we have very few players in the first or top rank nous avons très peu de joueurs de premier ordre

(c) (social class) rang m, condition f (sociale);

∎ the lower ranks of society les couches inférieures de la société

(d) (row, line) rang m, rangée f; (on chessboard) rangée f;

∎ a double rank of policemen une double rangée de policiers;

∎ to break ranks Military rompre les rangs; figurative se désolidariser;

∎ Military & figurative to close ranks serrer les rangs;

∎ Military close ranks! serrez!

(e) British

∎ (taxi) rank station f (de taxis)

(f) Mathematics (in matrix) rang m

(g) Finance (of debt, mortgage) rang m

2 transitive verb

(a) (rate) classer;

∎ she is ranked among the best contemporary writers elle est classée parmi les meilleurs écrivains contemporains;

∎ I rank this as one of our finest performances je considère que c'est une de nos meilleures représentations;

∎ he is ranked number 3 il est classé numéro 3

(b) (arrange) ranger

(c) American (outrank → in army) avoir un grade supérieur à; (→ in office, organization etc) être le supérieur de;

∎ a general ranks a captain un général est au-dessus d'un capitaine

3 intransitive verb

(a) (rate) figurer;

∎ to rank above sb être le supérieur de ou occuper un rang supérieur à qn;

∎ to rank below sb occuper un rang inférieur à qn;

∎ to rank equally (with sb) être au même niveau (que qn);

∎ it ranks high/low on our list of priorities c'est/ce n'est pas une de nos priorités;

∎ he hardly ranks as an expert on ne peut guère le qualifier d'expert;

∎ Chess a castle ranks above a bishop la tour est plus forte que le fou

(b) Finance (creditor, claimant)

∎ to rank before/after sb prendre rang ou passer avant/après qn;

∎ to rank equally (with sb) prendre ou avoir le même rang (que qn)

(c) Finance (share)

∎ to rank after sth être primé par qch;

∎ to rank before sth avoir la priorité sur qch

(d) American Military être officier supérieur;

∎ figurative he doesn't rank ce n'est pas quelqu'un d'important

4 adjective

(a) (as intensifier) complet(ète), véritable;

∎ it's a rank injustice c'est une injustice flagrante;

∎ he is a rank outsider in this competition il fait figure d'outsider dans cette compétition

(b) (foul-smelling) infect, fétide; (rancid) rance;

∎ to smell rank sentir fort;

∎ his shirt was rank with sweat sa chemise empestait la sueur

(c) British familiar (worthless) merdique;

∎ his last film was totally rank! son dernier film était complètement merdique!

(d) (coarse → person, language) grossier

(e) literary (profuse → vegetation) luxuriant; (→ weeds) prolifique

5 ranks plural noun

(a) (members) rangs mpl;

∎ to join the ranks of the opposition/unemployed rejoindre les rangs de l'opposition/des chômeurs

(b) Military (rank and file)

∎ the ranks, other ranks les hommes mpl du rang;

∎ to have served in the ranks avoir servi comme simple soldat;

∎ to come up through or to rise from the ranks sortir du rang;

∎ to reduce an officer to the ranks dégrader un officier

➲ rank on inseparable transitive verb

American familiar

∎ to rank on sb agonir qn d'injures^□, traiter qn de tous les noms