-
1 bě̄dà
bě̄dà Grammatical information: f. ā Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `need, poverty, misery'Page in Trubačev: II 54-56Old Church Slavic:běda `distress, need, necessity' [f ā]Russian:bedá `misfortune, trouble' [f ā]Czech:bída `poverty, misery' [f ā];běda `woe!' [interj]Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Upper Sorbian:běda `grief, woe, misery' [f ā]Lower Sorbian:běda `grief, pain' [f ā]Serbo-Croatian:bijèda `grief, misfortune' [f ā]Slovene:bẹ́da `misery' [f ā]Bulgarian:bedá `misfortune, misery' [f ā]IE meaning: forceCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 117Comments: According to Būga (RR I: 345-346), Lith. bėdà 4 `misfortune, trouble, guilt' is probably not a borrowing from Slavic because it has ė instead of the expected ie (cf. biẽdnas `poor'). Indeed, there seems to be no obvious reason why bėdà and Latv. bę̀da `sorrow, grief, distress' should not be old. These words could be connected with bãdas `hunger' and Skt. bā́dhate `oppress' (Būga l.c., Derksen 1996: 258). However, a dilemma arises if we consider that Slavic běditi `force, persuade' cannot be separated from Go. baidjan `force'. We must either declare the Baltic forms borrowings or assume that in Slavic *běd- < *bhoidh- and *běd- < *bʰēdʰ- were contaminated (cf. Anikin 1998: 39). In the latter case OCS běda `distress' and `necessity' would continue different roots. This is a possibility which cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that Lith. baidýti `to scare' < *bʰiH- `to fear' is cognate with *bē̌dà and *běditi (cf. Trubačëv II: 55-56) must be rejected, if only on formal grounds.Other cognates:Alb. be `oath' [f] \{2\}Notes:\{1\} The vocalism of Modern Polish bieda `id.' is of Mazowian origin, cf. biada `woe!'. \{2\} According to Būga (RR I: 345-346), Lith. bėdà 4 `misfortune, trouble, guilt' is probably not a borrowing from Slavic because it has ė instead of the expected ie (cf. biẽdnas `poor'). Indeed, there seems to be no obvious reason why bėdà and Latv. bę̀da `sorrow, grief, distress' should not be old. These words could be connected with bãdas `hunger' and Skt. bā́dhate `oppress' (Būga l.c., Derksen 1996: 258). However, a dilemma arises if we consider that Slavic běditi `force, persuade' cannot be separated from Go. baidjan `force'. We must either declare the Baltic forms borrowings or assume that in Slavic *běd- < *bhoidh- and *běd- < *bʰēdʰ- were contaminated (cf. Anikin 1998: 39). In the latter case OCS běda `distress' and `necessity' would continue different roots. This is a possibility which cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that Lith. baidýti `to scare' < *bʰiH- `to fear' is cognate with *bē̌dà and *běditi (cf. Trubačëv II: 55-56) must be rejected, if only on formal grounds. \{3\} Demiraj prefers *bʰeidʰ-i-s to an ā-stem (1997: 94). -
2 bȏlь
bȏlь Grammatical information: f. i Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `pain'Page in Trubačev: II 191-192Old Church Slavic:Russian:Belorussian:Ukrainian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:ból `pain, sorrow, grief' [m o], bólu [Gens] \{1\}Kashubian:bu̯ȯl `pain' [m o], bu̯ȯlu \{1\}Slovincian:bȯ́ul `pain' [m o], bȯ́ulu̇_Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:bȏl `pain, illness' [f i], bȍli [Gens];Čak. bȏl (Vrgada, Novi) `pain, illness' [f i], bȍli [Gens];Slovene:bȏɫ `pain, suffering, grief' [f i], bȏli [Gens];bȏɫ `pain, suffering, grief' [m o]Bulgarian:Macedonian:Indo-European reconstruction: bʰol(H)-i-Page in Pokorny: 125Comments: A deverbative of -> *bolěti.Other cognates:OIc. bǫl `misfortune, damage' [n], bǫlve [Dats];Notes: -
3 ȍlovo
ȍlovo Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `lead'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 76-77Old Church Slavic:ólovo (Supr.) `lead' [n o]Russian:ólovo `tin' [n o]Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:oɫów `lead' [m jo];oɫów (obs.) `lead' [m o];Serbo-Croatian:ȍlovo lead' [n o];Čak. ȍlovo (Vrgada) lead' [n o]Slovene:olǫ́v `lead' [m o]Bulgarian:élavo (dial.) `lead' [n o] \{1\}Lithuanian:álvas (DK, Bretk.) `tin' [m o] \{2\}Latvian:al̂va `tin' [f ā];al̂vas `tin' [m o]Old Prussian:alwis (EV) `lead'IE meaning: tin, leadCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: -Comments: Pokorny derives the Balto-Slavic word for `tin, lead' from *al(ǝ)- `white'. This more or less presupposes that the original meaning was `tin' (plumbum album) rather than `lead' (plumbum nigrum). In view of both the formal problems and the sphere to which this word belong it seems preferable to regard it as a borrowing from an unknown language.Notes:\{1\} Forms with *(j)e- are limited to Bulgarian, e.g. MBulg. jelovo, Bulg. (dial.) élavo. In Russian dialects, we find a form lov' (Voronež), which may reflect *olvь. The fact that we do not have *lavь < *olHvi-, as we might have expected on the basis of the Baltic forms, can be explained by assuming that the laryngeal was eliminated according to Meillet's law before the metathesis of liquids. \{2\} It's unclear to me on what grounds the LKŽ assigns AP 1 to this word. To my knowledge, the only accented form is áɫwu Isg. (DK), which points to AP 1 or 3. The Modern Lithuanian form ãlavas is a borrowing from Slavic. -
4 ògn'ь
ògn'ь Grammatical information: m. i / m. jo Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `fire'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 30-33Old Church Slavic:Russian:ogón' `fire' [m jo], ognjá [Gens];Ukrainian:ohón' (dial.) `fire' [m jo], ohnjú [Gens];ohén' (dial.) `fire' [m i], ohný [Gens]Czech:oheň `fire' [m jo]Slovak:oheň `fire' [m jo]Polish:ogień `fire' [m jo]Slovincian:vùo̯gȯu̯n `fire' [m jo]Upper Sorbian:woheń `fire' [m jo]Lower Sorbian:wogeń `fire' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:òganj `fire' [m jo], ògnja [Gens];Čak. ȍgań (Vrgada) `fire, hearth' [m jo], ȍgńa [Gens];Čak. ogáń (Novi) `fire' [m jo], ogńȁ [Gens];Čak. ugãnj (Orbanići) `fire' [m jo], ugnjȁ [Gens]Slovene:ógǝnj `fire' [m jo], ógnja [Gens]Bulgarian:ógăn `fire' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: ungnisLithuanian:ugnìs `fire' [f i] 4Latvian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₁ngw-ni-Comments: According to Kortlandt (1979: 60-61), * ogn'ь reflects a Balto-Slavic noun * ungnis, where *- ngn- blocked the operation of Winter's law. The sequence *un was lowered to *on before a tautosyllabic stop, with subsequent loss of the nasal as a result of dissimilation (cf. -> *vodà). Apparently, the latter development occurred in Baltic as well. The expected reflex of Winter's law is found in -> *vỳgъn̨ь, vỳgъn̨a.Other cognates:Skt. agní- (RV+) `fire, Agni'; -
5 olьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
6 elьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
7 rębika
rębika; rębina Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `rowan tree'Russian:rjabíka (dial.) `rowan tree' [f ā];rjabína `rowan tree' [f ā]Ukrainian:rjabýna (dial.) `rowan tree' [f ā]Serbo-Croatian:Slovene:rebíka `rowan tree' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: ri(m)ʔb-;; ru(m)ʔb-Lithuanian:ìrbė `partridge' [f ē] 1;irbẽnis `snowball-tree' [m io]Latvian:ir̃be `partridge' [f ē];irbęnājs `snowball-tree' [m o];Indo-European reconstruction: r(e)mb-Certainty: -Page in Pokorny: 334Comments: Latv. rubenis < *rub- and OIc. rjúpa < *reub- lack the nasal element of *ręb- but nevertheless seem to be cognate. Lith. ráibas, Latv. ràibs `speckled, variegated' (= Ukr. ribyj?) probably belongs here as well. The i: u alternation in the root and the traces of prenasalization (not to mention the *e- of jerębъ) definitely point to a non-Indo-European origin. The u of Latv. rubenis must have been secondarily shortened because in view of Winter's law we would have expected *rūbenis, cf. Lith. ìrbė, Latv. ir̃be `hazel-grouse'.Other cognates:OIc. rjúpa `ptarmigan' [f] \{1\} -
8 rębina
rębika; rębina Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `rowan tree'Russian:rjabíka (dial.) `rowan tree' [f ā];rjabína `rowan tree' [f ā]Ukrainian:rjabýna (dial.) `rowan tree' [f ā]Serbo-Croatian:Slovene:rebíka `rowan tree' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: ri(m)ʔb-;; ru(m)ʔb-Lithuanian:ìrbė `partridge' [f ē] 1;irbẽnis `snowball-tree' [m io]Latvian:ir̃be `partridge' [f ē];irbęnājs `snowball-tree' [m o];Indo-European reconstruction: r(e)mb-Certainty: -Page in Pokorny: 334Comments: Latv. rubenis < *rub- and OIc. rjúpa < *reub- lack the nasal element of *ręb- but nevertheless seem to be cognate. Lith. ráibas, Latv. ràibs `speckled, variegated' (= Ukr. ribyj?) probably belongs here as well. The i: u alternation in the root and the traces of prenasalization (not to mention the *e- of jerębъ) definitely point to a non-Indo-European origin. The u of Latv. rubenis must have been secondarily shortened because in view of Winter's law we would have expected *rūbenis, cf. Lith. ìrbė, Latv. ir̃be `hazel-grouse'.Other cognates:OIc. rjúpa `ptarmigan' [f] \{1\} -
9 rębь
rębь; rębъkъ Grammatical information: m. jo??; m. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `hazel-grouse, partridge'Russian:rjabók (dial.) `hazel-grouse' [m o] \{1\}Slovene:rę̑b `partridge' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: re/imbo-Lithuanian:ìrbė `partridge' [f ē] 1;jerubė̃, jerumbė̃ (dial.) `hazel-grouse' [f ē] 3bLatvian:ir̃be `partridge' [f ē];Indo-European reconstruction: r(e)mb-o-Certainty: -Page in Pokorny: 334Other cognates:OIc. rjúpa `ptarmigan' [f] \{2\}Notes:\{1\} Cf. rjábčik (the Standard Russian form), rjábuška and rjábec or rjabéc `hazel-grouse', rjábka `partridge' (Dal' s.v. rjabyj). The form rjabéc also means `trout'. \{2\} Latv. rubenis < *rub- and OIc. rjúpa < *reub- lack the nasal element of *ręb- and contain u but nevertheless seem to be cognate. Lith. raibas 3/4, Latv. ràibs `speckled, variegated' (Ukr. ribyj?) may belong here as well. The e: eu alternation and the traces of prenasalization (not to mention the *e- of jerębъ etc.) definitely point to a non-Indo-European origin. The u of Latv. rubenis poses a problem because in view of Winter's law we would have expected *rūbenis, cf. Lith. ìrbė, Latv. ir̃be `hazel-grouse'. -
10 rębъkъ
rębь; rębъkъ Grammatical information: m. jo??; m. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `hazel-grouse, partridge'Russian:rjabók (dial.) `hazel-grouse' [m o] \{1\}Slovene:rę̑b `partridge' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: re/imbo-Lithuanian:ìrbė `partridge' [f ē] 1;jerubė̃, jerumbė̃ (dial.) `hazel-grouse' [f ē] 3bLatvian:ir̃be `partridge' [f ē];Indo-European reconstruction: r(e)mb-o-Certainty: -Page in Pokorny: 334Other cognates:OIc. rjúpa `ptarmigan' [f] \{2\}Notes:\{1\} Cf. rjábčik (the Standard Russian form), rjábuška and rjábec or rjabéc `hazel-grouse', rjábka `partridge' (Dal' s.v. rjabyj). The form rjabéc also means `trout'. \{2\} Latv. rubenis < *rub- and OIc. rjúpa < *reub- lack the nasal element of *ręb- and contain u but nevertheless seem to be cognate. Lith. raibas 3/4, Latv. ràibs `speckled, variegated' (Ukr. ribyj?) may belong here as well. The e: eu alternation and the traces of prenasalization (not to mention the *e- of jerębъ etc.) definitely point to a non-Indo-European origin. The u of Latv. rubenis poses a problem because in view of Winter's law we would have expected *rūbenis, cf. Lith. ìrbė, Latv. ir̃be `hazel-grouse'.
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