-
61 voir
voir [vwaʀ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 301. <a. to see• vous n'avez encore rien vu ! you ain't seen nothing yet! (inf)• c'est ce que nous verrons ! we'll see about that!• on aura tout vu ! we've seen everything now!• comment voyez-vous l'avenir ? how do you see the future?► voir + infinitif• notre pays voit renaître le fascisme our country is witnessing the rebirth of fascism► aller voir to go and see• fais voir ! let me have a look!• va te faire voir (ailleurs) ! (inf!) get lost! (inf!)• qu'il aille se faire voir (chez les Grecs) ! (inf!) he can go to hell! (inf!)► à le (ou te etc) voir• à le voir, on ne lui donnerait pas 90 ans to look at him, you wouldn't think he was 90b. ( = pouvoir voir, imaginer)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• est-ce que tu le vois ? can you see it?• tu me vois aller lui dire ça ? can you see me telling him that?• il va encore protester, je vois ça d'ici he's going to start protesting again, I can see it comingc. ( = examiner, étudier) [+ dossier] to look at ; [+ circulaire] to reade. (locutions)• tu vas le faire tout de suite, vu ? (inf) you're going to do it straightaway, okay?• nous n'avons pas la même façon de voir les choses we see things differently► c'est tout vu ! (inf) that's for sure!► à voir• à voir son train de vie, elle doit être très riche if her lifestyle is anything to go by, she must be very well-off• il ne fera plus cette erreur -- c'est à voir he won't make the same mistake again -- we'll see► il n'y a qu'à voir• il n'a pas de goût, il n'y a qu'à voir comment il s'habille he's got no taste, you only have to look at the clothes he wears► rien à voir• cela a quelque chose à voir avec... this has got something to do with...• son nouveau film ? rien à voir avec les précédents his new film? it's nothing like his previous work• le résultat n'a plus grand-chose à voir avec le projet initial the result bears very little relation to the initial project► pour voir just to see• essaie un peu, pour voir ! just you try!► passer voir• je suis passé le voir I went to see him► vouloir + voir• je veux voir ça ! I want to see that!• je voudrais t'y voir ! I'd like to see you try!• tu aurais dû refuser ! -- j'aurais voulu t'y voir ! you should have said no! -- I'd like to see what you'd have done!► bien voir• nous allons bien voir ! we'll soon find out!• j'ai quelques économies, ça me permettra de voir venir (inf) I've got some savings which should be enough to see me through (inf)• on va perdre, ça je le vois venir (gros comme une maison) (inf) ( = prévoir) we're going to lose, I can see it coming (a mile off (inf))• je te vois venir (avec tes gros sabots) (inf) I can see what you're leading up to► se faire mal voir• si elle ne revient pas travailler lundi, elle va se faire mal voir if she doesn't come back to work on Monday, it won't look too good2. <a. to see• dis-moi voir... tell me...• essaie voir ! (inf) just you try it!• regarde voir ce qu'il a fait ! (inf) just look what he's done!• un peu de charité, voyons ! (rappel à l'ordre) come on now, let's be charitable!• voyons voyons ! let's see now !• c'est trop lourd pour toi, voyons ! come on now, it's too heavy for you!3. <4. <► se voira. (soi-même) to see o.s.• il la trouve moche -- il ne s'est pas vu ! he thinks she's ugly -- has he looked in the mirror lately?c. ( = se trouver) se voir contraint de to find o.s. forced to• je me vois dans la triste obligation de... I have the sad task of...d. ( = être visible) [tache, couleur, sentiments] to showe. ( = se produire) cela se voit tous les jours it happens every day• cela ne s'est jamais vu ! it's unheard of!f. (fonction passive) ils se sont vu interdire l'accès du musée they were refused admission to the museum* * *vwaʀ
1.
1) ( percevoir par les yeux) to see [personne, objet]à le voir, on le prendrait pour un clochard — to look at him, you'd think he was a tramp
2) (être spectateur, témoin de) [personne] to see [film, incident]; [lieu] to see [événement, évolution]3) ( se figurer) to see4) ( juger) to seevoir favorablement quelque chose — to be favourably [BrE] disposed toward(s) something
5) (comprendre, déceler) to see [moyen, avantage]6) (constater, découvrir) to seevoir si/pourquoi — to find out ou to see if/why
on verra bien — well, we'll see
‘je ne paierai pas!’ - ‘c'est ce que nous verrons!’ — ‘I won't pay!’ - ‘we shall see about that!’
touches-y, pour voir! — ( menace) you just touch it!
7) (examiner, étudier) to see [malade]; to look at [problème, dossier]8) (recevoir, se rendre chez) to see [client, médecin, ami]9) ( visiter) to see [ville, monument]10) ( avoir un rapport avec)
2.
voyez à ce que tout soit prêt — see to it ou make sure that everything is ready
3.
verbe intransitif1) ( avec les yeux)voir, y voir — to be able to see
je or j'y vois à peine — I can hardly see
2) ( par l'esprit)voir loin — ( être prévoyant) to look ahead; ( être perspicace) to be far-sighted
il faut voir — (colloq) ( ça mérite réflexion) we'll have to see
3) ( rappel à l'ordre)voyons, sois sage! — come on now, behave yourself!
4.
se voir verbe pronominal1) (dans la glace, en imagination) to see oneself2) ( se remarquer) [tache, défaut] to showcela se voit tous les jours — it happens all the time ou every day
3) ( se trouver)se voir obligé or dans l'obligation de faire quelque chose — to find oneself forced to do
4) ( se fréquenter) to see each otherils ne peuvent pas se voir (en peinture (colloq)) — they can't stand each other
••je préfère voir venir — (colloq) I would rather wait and see
on t'a vu venir! — (colloq) they/we saw you coming! (colloq)
je te vois venir — (colloq) I can see what you're getting at GB ou where you're coming from (colloq)
qu'il aille se faire voir! — (colloq) tell him to get lost! (colloq)
* * *vwaʀ1. vi1) (sens littéral) to seeD'ici, on voit mieux. — You can see better from here.
voir loin fig — to be far-sighted
faites voir — show me, let me see
2) (prendre le temps de réfléchir) to seeVoyons ce qu'on peut faire. — Let's see what we can do.
Voyons, sois raisonnable! — Come on, be reasonable!
ni vu ni connu! — what the eye doesn't see...!, no one will be any the wiser
2. vt1) (= distinguer) to seeD'ici, on voit bien le Mont-Blanc. — You can see Mont Blanc clearly from here., You get a good view of Mont Blanc from here.
2) (= regarder) to seeIl m'a fait voir sa collection de timbres. — He showed me his stamp collection.
3) (= être témoin de) to seeJ'ai vu des cas semblables. — I have seen similar cases.
Je les ai vu humiliés. — I saw them humiliated.
4) (= rendre visite à) to seeVenez me voir quand vous serez à Paris. — Come and see me when you're in Paris.
5) (= comprendre) to seeJe ne vois pas pourquoi il a fait ça. — I don't see why he did that.
6) (= imaginer) to seeJe la voyais déjà en patronne de multinationale. — I could see her as the big boss of a multinational corporation.
7) (= supporter)ne pas pouvoir voir qn fig — not to be able to stand sb, not to be able to stand the sight of sb
Je ne peux vraiment pas la voir. — I really can't stand her., I really can't stand the sight of her.
Ça n'a rien à voir avec lui, c'est entre toi et moi. — It's nothing to do with him, it's between you and me.
je te vois venir! ironique — I can see what you're getting at!, I can see what you're after!
voir à faire qch (= s'assurer que) — to see to it that sth is done
* * *voir verb table: voirA vtr1 ( percevoir par les yeux) to see [personne, objet]; dis-moi ce que tu vois gén tell me what you see; je ne vois rien I can't ou don't see anything; je n'y vois rien I can't see a thing; il faut le voir pour le croire it has to be seen to be believed; je les ai vus de mes propres yeux or de mes yeux vu! I saw them with my own eyes!; je les ai vus comme je te vois! I saw them as plainly as I see you standing there!; que vois-je! liter what's this I see?; à la voir si triste when you see her so sad; à le voir, on le prendrait pour un clochard to look at him, you'd think he was a tramp; faire voir qch à qn to show sb sth; laisser voir son ignorance to show one's ignorance; sa jupe fendue laissait voir ses cuisses her slit skirt showed her thighs; voir qch en rêve to dream about sth; ⇒ mûr;2 (être spectateur, témoin de) [personne] to see [film, incident, événement]; [période, lieu, organisation] to see [événement, évolution, changement]; aller voir un film to go to see a film GB ou movie US; nous voyons les prix augmenter we see prices rising; je les ai vus partir/qui partaient I saw them leave/leaving; on l'a vue entrer she was seen going in, someone saw her go in; la voiture qu'il a vue passer the car he saw go by; la ville qui l'a vue naître her native town, the town where she was born; le film est à voir the film is worth seeing; c'est triste/intéressant à voir it' s sad/interesting to see; c'est beau à voir it's beautiful to look at; ce n'est pas beau à voir it's not a pretty sight; il faut voir comment○! you should see how!; j'aurais voulu que tu voies ça! you should have seen it!; je voudrais bien t'y voir! I'd like to see how you'd get on!; a-t-on jamais vu pareille audace! have you ever seen such cheek!; on n'a jamais vu ça! it's unheard of!; et vous n'avez encore rien vu! you ain't seen nothing yet○! hum; qu'est-ce qu'il ne faut pas voir, on aura tout vu! could you ever have imagined such a thing!; voyez-moi ça! just look at that!;3 ( se figurer) to see; comment vois-tu l'avenir? how do you see the future?; je le vois or verrais bien enseignant I can just see him as a teacher; je ne la vois pas faire ça toute sa vie I can't see her doing it forever; voir sa vie comme un désastre to view one's life as a disaster; on voit bien comment it's easy to see how; on ne voit guère comment, on voit mal comment it's difficult to see how; j'ai vu le moment où il allait m'étrangler I thought he was about to strangle me; je vois ça d'ici I can just imagine; tu vois un peu s'il arrivait maintenant! just imagine, if he turned up now!;4 ( juger) to see; c'est ma façon de voir (les choses) that's the way I see things; je ne partage pas ta façon de voir I see things differently from you; voir en qn un ami to see sb as a friend; je ne vois pas qu'il y ait lieu d'intervenir I don't see any reason to intervene; c'est à toi de voir it's up to you to decide; voir favorablement une réforme to be favourablyGB disposed toward(s) a reform; tu vas te faire mal voir de Sophie Sophie is going to think badly of you; je te vois mal parti you're heading for trouble;5 (comprendre, déceler) to see [cause, moyen, avantage] (dans in); je vois I see; je vois ce que tu veux dire I see what you mean; je ne vois pas qui tu veux dire I don't know who you mean; tu vois où elle veut en venir? do you see what she's getting at?; je ne vois pas où est le problème I can't see the problem; je ne vois pas l'intérêt d'attendre I can't see the point of waiting; je n'y vois aucun mal I see no harm in it; je ne vois aucun mal à ce qu'elle signe I see no harm in her signing; si tu n'y vois pas d'inconvénient if it's all right with you, if you have no objection; tu ne vois pas qu'il ment? can't ou don't you see that he's lying? ; on voit bien qu'elle n'a jamais travaillé! you can tell ou it's obvious that she's never worked!; je le vois à leur attitude I can tell by their attitude; à quoi le vois- tu? how can you tell?;6 (constater, découvrir) to see; comme vous le voyez as you can see; à ce que je vois from what I can see; voir si/combien/pourquoi to find out ou to see if/how much/why; vois si c'est sec see if it's dry; vois si ça leur convient find out ou see if it suits them; on verra bien well, we'll see; ‘je ne paierai pas!’-‘c'est ce que nous verrons!’ ‘I won't pay!’-‘we shall see about that!’; c'est à voir that remains to be seen; j'ai fait ça pour voir I did it to see what would happen; essaie pour voir try and see!; essaie un peu/touches-y, pour voir! ( menace) you just try it/touch it!; vous m'en voyez ravi I am delighted about it;7 (examiner, étudier) to see [malade]; to look at [problème, dossier]; ( dans un texte) voir page 10/le mode d'emploi see page 10/instructions for use; je verrai (ce que je peux faire) I'll see (what I can do); voyons let's see;8 (recevoir, se rendre chez, fréquenter) to see [client, médecin, ami]; je le vois peu en ce moment I don't see much of him at the moment; aller voir qn gén to go to see sb; ( à l'hôpital) to go to visit sb; je passerai la voir demain I'll call on her tomorrow, I'll pop in and see her tomorrow;10 ( avoir un rapport avec) avoir quelque chose à voir avec to have something to do with; ça n'a rien à voir! that's got nothing to do with it!; il n'a rien à voir là-dedans or à y voir it's got nothing to do with him. ⇒ chandelle.B voir à vtr ind fml ( veiller à) to see (à to); voyez à ce que tout soit prêt see to it ou make sure that everything is ready; faudrait voir à réserver des places○ we ought to see about reserving ou booking GB seats; voyez à réserver les places make sure you reserve ou book GB the seats.C vi1 ( avec les yeux) voir, y voir to be able to see; est-ce qu'un bébé (y) voit à la naissance? can a baby see at birth?; je or j'y vois à peine I can hardly see; (y) voir double to see double; je vois trouble everything is a blur; voir loin lit to see a long way off;2 ( par l'esprit) (y) voir clair dans qch to have a clear understanding of sth; voir loin ( être prévoyant) to look ahead; ( être perspicace) to be far-sighted; voir grand to think big; elle a vu juste she was right; il faut voir ( ça mérite réflexion) we'll have to see; ( c'est incroyable) you wouldn't believe it;3 ( pour insister) voyons voir let's see now; regardez voir take a look; dites voir tell me; montrez voir show me;5 ( rappel à l'ordre) voyons, sois sage! come on now, behave yourself!D se voir vpr1 (dans la glace, en imagination) to see oneself; elle se voyait déjà sur les planches she could already see herself on the stage;2 ( être conscient de) to realize; il s'est vu sombrer dans la folie he realized he was going mad;3 ( se remarquer) [tache, défaut] to show; ça se voit it shows; ça ne se voit pas qu'un peu○! it sticks out a mile!;4 ( se produire) cela se voit tous les jours it happens all the time ou every day; cela ne se voit pas tous les jours it isn't something you see every day; ça ne s'est jamais vu! it's unheard of!;5 ( se trouver) se voir obligé or dans l'obligation de faire qch to find oneself forced to do; ils se sont vu répondre que they were told that;6 (se rencontrer, se fréquenter) to see each other;7 ( sympathiser) ils ne peuvent pas se voir they can't stand each other;8 ( être vu) to be seen; la tour se voit de loin the tower can be seen from far away;9 ○ s'en voir to have a hard time (pour faire doing).ne pas voir plus loin que le bout de son nez to see no further than the end of one's nose; je préfère voir venir I would rather wait and see; on t'a vu venir○! they saw you coming○!; je te vois venir○ I can see what you're getting at GB ou where you're coming from○; je ne peux pas le voir (en peinture)○ I can't stand him; je t'ai assez vu I've had enough of you; en voir de belles or de toutes les couleurs to go through some hard times; j'en ai vu d'autres I've seen worse; en faire voir à qn to give sb a hard time; va te faire voir (ailleurs)○, va voir ailleurs or là-bas si j'y suis○! get lost○!; qu'il aille se faire voir○! tell him to get lost○!; il ferait beau voir ça! that would be the last straw![vwar] verbe transitifA.[PERCEVOIR AVEC LES YEUX]1. [distinguer] to seeil ne voit rien de l'œil gauche he can't see anything with his ou he's blind in the left eyeà les voir, on ne dirait pas qu'ils roulent sur l'or to look at them, you wouldn't think they were rolling in ità la voir si souriante, on ne dirait pas qu'elle souffre when you see how cheerful she is, you wouldn't think she's in painvoir quelqu'un faire ou qui fait quelque chose to see somebody do ou doing somethingfais voir! let me see!, show me!a. [bébé] to be bornb. [journal] to come outc. [théorie, invention] to appearil faut la voir lui répondre, il faut voir comment elle lui répond you should see the way she speaks to himvoir venir: je te vois venir, tu veux de l'argent! (familier) I can see what you're leading up to ou getting at, you want some money!le garagiste m'a fait payer 800 euros — il t'a vu venir! (familier) the mechanic charged me 800 euros — he saw you coming!Noël n'est que dans trois semaines, on a le temps de voir venir! Christmas isn 't for another three weeks, we've got plenty of time!c'est vrai, je l'ai vue le faire it's true, I saw her do itje l'ai vu faire des erreurs I saw him making ou make mistakesici, les terrains ont vu leur prix doubler en cinq ans land prices here doubled over five yearsn'avoir rien vu to be wet behind the ears ou greenils en ont vu, avec leur aînée! their oldest girl really gave them a hard time!il en a vu de toutes les couleurs ou des vertes et des pas mûres (familier) ou de belles ou de drôles he's been through quite a loten faire voir (de toutes les couleurs) à quelqu'un (familier) to give somebody a hard time, to lead somebody a merry dancerépète un peu, pour voir! (you) DARE say that again!4. [inspecter - appartement] to see, to view ; [ - rapport] to see, to (have a) look at ; [ - leçon] to go ou to look overne pas voir: il préfère ne pas voir ses infidélités he prefers to turn a blind eye to ou to shut his eyes to her affairsqui n'a pas vu l'Égypte n'a rien vu unless you've seen Egypt, you haven't lived5. [consulter, recevoir - ami, médecin] to seele médecin va vous voir dans quelques instants the doctor will be with ou see you in a few minutesil faut voir un psychiatre, mon vieux! (familier & figuré) you need your head examined, old man![fréquenter] to see[être en présence de]6. [se référer à]voir illustration p. 7 see diagram p 7voyez l'horaire des trains check ou consult the train timetableB.[PENSER, CONCEVOIR]le pull est trop large — je te voyais plus carré que cela the jumper is too big — I thought you had broader shouldersvoir d'ici quelqu'un/quelque chose: lui confier le budget? je vois ça d'ici! ask him to look after the budget? I can just see it!voir quelque chose d'un mauvais œil, ne pas voir quelque chose d'un bon œil to be displeased about somethingvoir quelque chose/quelqu'un avec les yeux de: elle le voit avec les yeux de l'amour she sees him through a lover's eyespose-moi n'importe quelle question — bon, je vais voir ask me anything — let's see ou let me think3. [comprendre - danger, intérêt] to seetu vois ce que je veux dire? do you see ou understand what I mean?je ne vois pas ce qu'il y a de drôle! I can't see what's so funny!, I don't get the joke!tu vois que mes principes n'ont pas changé as you can see, my principles haven't changedelle ne nous causera plus d'ennuis — c'est ou ça reste à voir she won't trouble us any more — that remains to be seen ou that's what YOU think!nous prenons rendez-vous? — voyez cela avec ma secrétaire shall we make an appointment? — arrange that with my secretaryvoyez si l'on peut changer l'heure du vol see ou check whether the time of the flight can be changedles photos seraient mieux en noir et blanc — hum, il faut voir the pictures would look better in black and white — mm, maybe (maybe not)7. [juger] to seetu n'es pas sur place, tu vois mal la situation you're not on the spot, your view of the situation is distorted8. (locution)avoir à voir avec [avoir un rapport avec]: je voudrais vous parler: ça a à voir avec notre discussion d'hier I would like to speak to you: it's to do with what we were talking about yesterdayn'avoir rien à voir avec [n'avoir aucun rapport avec]: l'instruction n'a rien à voir avec l'intelligence education has nothing to do with intelligenceje n'ai rien à voir avec la famille des Bellechasse I'm not related at all to the Bellechasse familycela n'a rien à voir avec le sujet that's irrelevant, that's got nothing to do with itça n'a rien à voir: tu parles de grèves, mais ça n'a rien à voir! you talk about strikes but that has nothing to do with it!tu vois, vous voyez: tu vois, je préférais ne rien savoir I preferred to remain in the dark, you seeje te l'avais dit, tu vois! what did I tell you!tu verrais, si j'avais encore mes jambes! if my legs were still up to it, there'd be no holding ou stopping me!a. (familier) [encouragement] go on, have a try!b. [défi] (you) just try!, don't you dare!voyons voirou regardons voir ce que tu as comme note (familier) let's just have a look and see what mark you gotun peu de courage, voyons! come on, be brave!voyons, tu n'espères pas que je vais te croire! you don't seriously expect me to believe you, do you?————————[vwar] verbe intransitifA.[PERCEVOIR LA RÉALITÉ - SENS PROPRE ET FIGURÉ]elle ne ou n'y voit plus she can't see ou she's blind now[exercer sa vue] to seevoir bien to see clearly, to have good eyesight2. [juger]encore une fois, tu as vu juste you were right, once againB.jeux [pour une mise]20 euros, pour voir 20 euros, and I'll see you————————voir à verbe plus préposition[veiller à]voir à faire quelque chose to see to it ou to make sure ou to ensure that something is doneil faudrait voir à ranger ta chambre/payer tes dettes you'd better tidy up your room/clear your debtsvoir à ce que quelque chose soit fait to see to it ou to make sure ou to ensure that something is done————————se voir verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)1. [se contempler] to (be able to) see oneself2. [s'imaginer] to see ou to imagine ou to picture oneself————————se voir verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque)[se rencontrer] to see each other————————se voir verbe pronominal (emploi passif)1. [être visible, évident - défaut] to show, to be visible ; [ - émotion, gêne] to be visible, to be obvious, to be apparentil porte une perruque, ça se voit bien you can tell he wears a wig2. [se manifester - événement] to happen ; [ - attitude, coutume] to be seen ou found————————se voir verbe pronominal intransitif1. [se trouver]se voir dans l'obligation de... to find oneself obliged to... -
62 touch
1. transitive verbtouch the sky — (fig.) an den Himmel stoßen
touch somebody on the shoulder — jemandem auf die Schulter tippen
touch A to B — B mit A berühren
2) (harm, interfere with) anrührenthe police can't touch you [for it] — die Polizei kann dich nicht [dafür] belangen
3) (fig.): (rival)touch something — an etwas (Akk.) heranreichen
4) (affect emotionally) rühren5) (concern oneself with) anrühren6)2. intransitive verbtouch somebody for a loan/£5 — (sl.) jemanden anpumpen (salopp) /um 5 Pfund anpumpen od. anhauen (salopp)
sich berühren; [Grundstücke:] aneinander stoßen3. noun‘please do not touch’ — "bitte nicht berühren!"
1) Berührung, diebe soft/warm etc. to the touch — sich weich/ warm usw. anfühlen
[sense of] touch — Tastsinn, der
3) (small amount)a touch of salt/pepper — etc. eine Spur Salz/Pfeffer usw.
a touch of irony/sadness — etc. ein Anflug von Ironie/Traurigkeit usw.
4) (game of tag) Fangen, dasto mention it in such a way was a clever/subtle touch — es auf eine solche Weise zu erwähnen, war ein schlauer/raffinierter Einfall
6) (manner, style) (on keyboard instrument, typewriter) Anschlag, der; (of writer, sculptor) Stil, dera personal touch — eine persönliche od. individuelle Note
lose one's touch — seinen Schwung verlieren; (Sport) seine Form verlieren
7) (communication)be in/out of touch [with somebody] — [mit jemandem] Kontakt/keinen Kontakt haben
be in/ out of touch with something — über etwas (+ Akk.) auf dem laufenden/nicht auf dem laufenden sein
get in touch [with somebody] — mit jemandem Kontakt/Verbindung aufnehmen
keep in touch [with somebody] — [mit jemandem] in Verbindung od. Kontakt bleiben
keep in touch! — lass von dir hören!
keep in touch with something — sich über etwas (Akk.) auf dem laufenden halten
we have lost touch — wir haben keinen Kontakt mehr [zueinander]
have lost touch with something — über etwas (Akk.) nicht mehr auf dem laufenden sein
9) (coll.)be an easy or a soft touch — (be a person who gives money readily) leicht rumzukriegen sein (ugs.)
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/75780/touch_down">touch down- touch on- touch up* * *1. verb1) (to be in, come into, or make, contact with something else: Their shoulders touched; He touched the water with his foot.) (sich)berühren3) (to affect the feelings of; to make (someone) feel pity, sympathy etc: I was touched by her generosity.) berühren2. noun1) (an act or sensation of touching: I felt a touch on my shoulder.) die Berührung2) ((often with the) one of the five senses, the sense by which we feel things: the sense of touch; The stone felt cold to the touch.) der Tastsinn3) (a mark or stroke etc to improve the appearance of something: The painting still needs a few finishing touches.) der Strich4) (skill or style: He hasn't lost his touch as a writer.) der Stil5) ((in football) the ground outside the edges of the pitch (which are marked out with touchlines): He kicked the ball into touch.) das Aus•- touching- touchingly
- touchy
- touchily
- touchiness
- touch screen
- in touch with
- in touch
- lose touch with
- lose touch
- out of touch with
- out of touch
- a touch
- touch down
- touch off
- touch up
- touch wood* * *[tʌtʃ]I. n<pl -es>the sense of \touch der Tastsinnthe material was soft to the \touch das Material fühlte sich weich anto be in \touch with sb/sth mit jdm/etw in Kontakt seinto get/keep in \touch [with sb/sth] [mit jdm/etw] in Kontakt treten/bleibenhe's not really in \touch with what young people are interested in er ist nicht mehr richtig auf dem Laufenden über die Interessen der jungen LeuteI admire her lightness/sureness of \touch as a cook ich bewundere ihre leichte/sichere Hand beim Kochento have the magic \touch magische Fähigkeiten habento lose one's \touch sein Gespür verlieren▪ a \touch of... ein wenig...a \touch of bitterness/irony eine Spur Bitterkeit/Ironiea \touch of flu ( fam) eine leichte Grippea \touch of the sun ein Sonnenbrand m▪ a \touch ziemlichthe weather has turned a \touch nasty das Wetter ist ziemlich schlecht gewordena \touch of genius ein genialer Einfallhe kicked the ball into \touch er schlug den Ball ins Aus9.II. vt1. (feel with fingers)▪ to \touch sb/sth jdn/etw berührento \touch the brake auf die Bremse steigen fam▪ to \touch sb somewhere jdn irgendwo berührenthe setting sun \touched the trees with red ( fig) die untergehende Sonne tauchte die Bäume in Rot2. (come in contact with)the edge of the town \touches the forest die Stadt grenzt an den Wald3. (consume)no thanks, I never \touch chocolate nein danke, ich esse keine Schokolade4. (move emotionally)5. (rival in quality)▪ to \touch sb jdm das Wasser reichenthere's no one to \touch him as an illustrator of children's books als Illustrator von Kinderbüchern ist er einfach unschlagbar6. (deal with)▪ to \touch sth etw anpackento \touch problems Probleme in Angriff nehmen7.▶ to \touch base with sb mit jdm in Kontakt treten▶ to \touch a [raw] nerve einen wunden Punkt berühreneverybody has got the flu right now except me alle haben im Moment die Grippe außer mir — toi, toi, toi!III. vi1. (feel with fingers) berührendon't \touch nicht berühren* * *[tʌtʃ]1. n1) (= sense of touch) (Tast)gefühl ntto be cold/soft to the touch — sich kalt/weich anfühlen
she thrilled to his touch — es durchzuckte sie, als er sie berührte
the wheel responds to the slightest touch — das Lenkrad reagiert sofort or reagiert auf jede Bewegung
it has the touch of genius/the professional touch — es hat etwas Geniales/Professionelles or einen genialen/professionellen Anstrich
to have the right touch with sb/sth — mit jdm/etw umgehen können
a nice touch — eine hübsche Note; (gesture) eine nette Geste
to put the final or finishing touches to sth — letzte Hand an etw (acc) legen, einer Sache (dat) den letzten Schliff geben
a touch of flu —
See:→ sun6)(= communication)
to be in (constant) touch with sb — mit jdm in (ständiger) Verbindung stehento be/keep in touch with (political) developments — (politisch) auf dem Laufenden sein/bleiben
I'll be in touch! — ich lasse von mir hören!, ich melde mich!
to be completely out of touch (with sth) ( — in Bezug auf etw acc ) überhaupt nicht auf dem Laufenden sein
you can get in touch with me at this number — Sie können mich unter dieser Nummer erreichen
a husband and wife who have lost touch with each other — ein Ehepaar, das sich fremd geworden ist or sich entfremdet hat
in touch —
to kick for touch (Rugby) — ins Aus or in die Mark schlagen
8) (inf)to make a touch — Geld schnorren (inf)
he's usually good for a touch — ihn kann man normalerweise gut anpumpen (inf) or anzapfen (inf)
to be an easy or soft touch — leicht anzupumpen (inf) or anzuzapfen (inf) sein
2. vt1) (= be in or make contact with) berühren; (= get hold of) anfassen; (= press lightly) piano keys anschlagen, leicht drücken; (= strike lightly) harp strings streichen über (+acc); (= brush against) streifenshe was so happy, her feet hardly touched the ground (fig) — sie war so glücklich, dass sie in den Wolken schwebte
to touch glasses —
the speedometer needle touched 100 —
I was touching 100 most of the way — ich fuhr fast immer 100
2) (= lay hands on) anrühren, anfassenthe police/tax authorities can't touch me — die Polizei/das Finanzamt kann mir nichts anhaben
4) (= equal) herankommen an (+acc), erreichen5) (= deal with) problem etc anrührenan ordinary detergent won't touch dirt like that — ein normales Reinigungsmittel wird mit diesem Schmutz nicht fertig
I asked them not to touch my desk — ich bat darum, nicht an meinen Schreibtisch zu gehen
6) (= concern) berühren, betreffen8) (Brit inf)he touched me for £10 — er hat mich um £ 10 angepumpt (inf)
9)3. vi(= come into contact) sich berühren; (estates etc = be adjacent also) aneinanderstoßen, aneinandergrenzen"please do not touch" — "bitte nicht berühren"
* * *touch [tʌtʃ]A s1. a) Berühren n, Berührung f:at a touch beim Berühren;at the slightest touch bei der leisesten Berührung;at the touch of a button auf Knopfdruck;that was a near touch umg das hätte ins Auge gehen können, das ist gerade noch einmal gut gegangen;2. Tastsinn m, -gefühl n:it is dry to the touch es fühlt sich trocken an;it has a velvety touch es fühlt sich wie Samt an3. Verbindung f, Kontakt m, Fühlung(nahme) f:I’ll be in touch ich melde mich, ich lass was von mir hören;be in touch with sb mit jemandem Kontakt haben oder in Verbindung stehen;a) den Kontakt mit jemandem od einer Sache verlieren,b) SPORT den Anschluss verlieren an (akk);keep in touch SPORT dranbleiben;keep in touch melde dich mal wieder, lass wieder mal was von dir hören;a) mit jemandem in Verbindung bleiben,b) SPORT den Anschluss an jemanden halten;get in touch with sb mit jemandem Fühlung nehmen oder in Verbindung treten, sich mit jemandem in Verbindung oder ins Benehmen setzen;please get in touch bitte melden (Sie sich)! (Zeugen etc);put sb in touch with jemanden in Verbindung setzen mit;a) mit jemandem keinen Kontakt mehr haben,b) über eine Sache (überhaupt) nicht mehr auf dem Laufenden sein4. leichter Anfall:5. (Pinsel- etc) Strich m:6. Anflug m:a touch of romance ein Hauch von Romantik;he has a touch of genius er hat eine geniale Ader;a touch of the macabre ein Stich ins Makabre;a touch of red ein rötlicher Hauch, ein Stich ins Rote7. Prise f, Spur f:light touch leichte Hand oder Art;with sure touch mit sicherer Hand9. (charakteristischer) Zug, besondere Note:add a personal touch to sth einer Sache eine persönliche Note verleihen10. Einfühlungsvermögen n, (Fein)Gefühl n11. fig Gepräge n, Stempel m:12. MUSa) Anschlag m (des Pianisten oder des Pianos)b) Strich m (des Geigers etc)13. Probe f:put to the touch auf die Probe stellen14. a) Fußball etc: (Seiten)Aus nin touch im Seitenaus; in der Mark;kick the ball into touch den Ball ins Aus schlagen15. sla) Anpumpen n (um Geld)b) gepumptes Geld16. sla) Klauen n, Stehlen nb) Fang m, Beute fB v/t1. berühren, angreifen, anfassen:touch wood! unberufen!, toi, toi, toi!; → bargepole, chord1 2, forelock1, nerve A 1, pole1 A 2, tongs2. befühlen, betasten3. fühlen, wahrnehmen5. miteinander in Berührung bringen6. leicht anstoßen, (leicht) drücken auf (akk):touch the bell klingeln;touch the brake AUTO die Bremse antippen;touch glasses (mit den Gläsern) anstoßen7. weitS. (meist neg) Alkohol etc anrühren:he hasn’t touched his dinner;he refuses to touch these transactions er will mit diesen Geschäften nichts zu tun haben8. in Berührung kommen oder stehen mit, Kontakt haben mit10. erreichen, reichen an (akk)11. fig erreichen, erlangen12. a) erratenb) herausfinden13. umg jemandem oder einer Sache gleichkommen, heranreichen an (akk)14. tönen, schattieren, (leicht) färben15. fig färben, (ein wenig) beeinflussen:morality touched with emotion gefühlsbeeinflusste Moral16. beeindrucken17. rühren, bewegen:I am touched ich bin gerührt;touched to tears zu Tränen gerührt18. fig treffen, verletzen19. ein Thema etc berühren20. berühren, betreffen, angehen:21. in Mitleidenschaft ziehen, angreifen, mitnehmen:a) angegangen (Fleisch),b) umg bekloppt, nicht ganz bei Trost22. a) haltmachen in (dat)for um)24. sl klauen, organisierenC v/i1. sich berühren, Berührung oder Kontakt haben2. Schwimmen: anschlagenit touches on treason es grenzt an Verrat4. touch (up)on betreffen, berühren:5. touch (up)on berühren, kurz erwähnen, streifen:* * *1. transitive verb1) (lit. or fig.) berühren; (inspect by touching) betastentouch the sky — (fig.) an den Himmel stoßen
2) (harm, interfere with) anrührenthe police can't touch you [for it] — die Polizei kann dich nicht [dafür] belangen
3) (fig.): (rival)touch something — an etwas (Akk.) heranreichen
4) (affect emotionally) rühren5) (concern oneself with) anrühren6)2. intransitive verbtouch somebody for a loan/£5 — (sl.) jemanden anpumpen (salopp) /um 5 Pfund anpumpen od. anhauen (salopp)
sich berühren; [Grundstücke:] aneinander stoßen3. noun‘please do not touch’ — "bitte nicht berühren!"
1) Berührung, diebe soft/warm etc. to the touch — sich weich/ warm usw. anfühlen
2) no pl., no art. (faculty)[sense of] touch — Tastsinn, der
a touch of salt/pepper — etc. eine Spur Salz/Pfeffer usw.
a touch of irony/sadness — etc. ein Anflug von Ironie/Traurigkeit usw.
a touch — (slightly) ein [ganz] kleines bisschen
4) (game of tag) Fangen, dasto mention it in such a way was a clever/subtle touch — es auf eine solche Weise zu erwähnen, war ein schlauer/raffinierter Einfall
add or put the final touches to something — einer Sache (Dat.) den letzten Schliff geben
6) (manner, style) (on keyboard instrument, typewriter) Anschlag, der; (of writer, sculptor) Stil, dera personal touch — eine persönliche od. individuelle Note
lose one's touch — seinen Schwung verlieren; (Sport) seine Form verlieren
be in/out of touch [with somebody] — [mit jemandem] Kontakt/keinen Kontakt haben
be in/ out of touch with something — über etwas (+ Akk.) auf dem laufenden/nicht auf dem laufenden sein
get in touch [with somebody] — mit jemandem Kontakt/Verbindung aufnehmen
keep in touch [with somebody] — [mit jemandem] in Verbindung od. Kontakt bleiben
keep in touch with something — sich über etwas (Akk.) auf dem laufenden halten
we have lost touch — wir haben keinen Kontakt mehr [zueinander]
have lost touch with something — über etwas (Akk.) nicht mehr auf dem laufenden sein
9) (coll.)be an easy or a soft touch — (be a person who gives money readily) leicht rumzukriegen sein (ugs.)
Phrasal Verbs:- touch on- touch up* * *v.berühren v.fassen v.rühren v. (keyboard) n.(§ pl.: touches)= Berührung f. -
63 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
-
64 world
wə:ld1) (the planet Earth: every country of the world.) jorda2) (the people who live on the planet Earth: The whole world is waiting for a cure for cancer.) folk, alle, (hele) verden3) (any planet etc: people from other worlds.) planet, verden4) (a state of existence: Many people believe that after death the soul enters the next world; Do concentrate! You seem to be living in another world.) verden, tilværelse5) (an area of life or activity: the insect world; the world of the international businessman.) verden, rike6) (a great deal: The holiday did him a/the world of good.) meget (godt), alt7) (the lives and ways of ordinary people: He's been a monk for so long that he knows nothing of the (outside) world.) hverdagslivet, den vanlige verden•- worldly- worldliness
- worldwide
- World Wide Web
- the best of both worlds
- for all the world
- out of this world
- what in the world? - what in the worldunivers--------verdensubst. \/wɜːld\/1) verden2) jord3) masse, mengdeall over the world over hele verden, i hele verden, verden overall the world eller the whole world hele verden alle menneskerthe animal world dyreriketas the world goes som det nå er i verden, som forholdene er nå, etter omstendighetenebe all the world to someone bety alt for noenbeat the world slå alle rekorder, stå i verdensklassenbe not long for his world ikke ha lenge igjen (å leve)be thrown\/turned (up)on the world kastes ut i verden være ensom i verdenbe the world for være i verdensklasse når det gjelderbe worlds apart være svært forskjelligebring someone into the world sette noen til verdencarry the world before oneself slå seg fram i verdencitizen of the world verdensborgercome down in the world bli fattigerecome into the world komme til verden, bli fødtcome up in the world komme seg frem i livetfor all the world as if akkurat som omfor all the world like på en prikk lik, akkurat somthe Fourth World den fjerde verden (urbefolkningene i den industrialiserte verden)from all over the world fra hele verdenget into the world komme ut i verdengive to the world offentliggjøre, publiserehow goes the world? hvordan står det til med deg?how\/what\/where in the world hvordan\/hva\/hvor i all verdenignorant of the world verdensfjernin the whole world i hele verden, på hele jordenin the world i all verden• why in the world did you not start earlier?a man of the world en verdensmannnot for the world ikke for alt i verdenout of this world ( hverdagslig) av en annen verdenround the world jorden rundtsee the world se seg omkring i verdenso goes the world slik går det her i verdenstart in\/begin the world begynne sin bane, begynne sin karrieretake the world as one finds it ta ting som de erthe best of both \/ all possible worlds det beste fra to verdener(all) the world and his wife Gud og hvermann, alle og enhverthink the world of somebody sette svært stor pris på noen, forgude noenthe wide world hele verdena world of en masse, uendelig mengde, himmelvidthe world, the flesh and the devil djevelen, verden og vårt eget kjødthe world to come\/be livet etter dettea world too wide alldeles for vid, alldeles for bredworld without end i evighetens evighetthe world's commerce verdenshandelenthe world's end verdens endeworld's fair eller world fair verdensutstilling -
65 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
-
66 Д-246
ОТДАВАТЬ/ОТДАТЬ ДОЛЖНОЕ кому-чему ОТДАВАТЬ/ОТДАТЬ (ДОЛЖНУЮ (ПОЛНУЮ» СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТЬ VP subj: human often infin with надо, нужно fixed WOto appreciate s.o. or sth., acknowledge s.o. 's merit, abilities, skills etc: X отдаёт Y-y должное = X gives Y W dueX has to hand it to Yнадо отдать Y-y должное - X has to give person Y credit(Y is...,) you've got to (X must) grant him that in all justice (fairness (to Y))... ( usu. when contrasted with the preceding statement)...(but) to do Y justice (in limited contexts) let us give credit where credit is dueнельзя (X не может) не отдать Y-y должное = X cannot but recognize thing Y (person Y's abilities, achievements etc).Гартвиг - человек особый. В чем-то я ему завидовал, за что-то глубоко его презирал... Но, разумеется, и отдавал ему должное: свой предмет он знает великолепно, и, главное, знает то, что нужно знать, и Кирилла натаскал здорово (Трифонов 5). Gartwig was no ordinary individual. There were some things about him I envied, and other things I was deeply contemptuous of....But I did of course give him his due: he knew his subject inside and out, and more to the point, he knew what it was necessary to know and did a fine job of coaching Kirill (5a).Марлен Михайлович... внимательно следил за лицами всей компании... Чаще всего взгляд Марлена Михайловича задерживался на «Видном лице» и всякий раз он отдавал ему должное - никак не проникнешь за эту маску (Аксёнов 7). Marlen Mikhailovich...kept close tabs on the faces of the entire crew....The Important Personage received more than his share of attention, of course, and Marlen Mikhailovich had to hand it to him, that mask of his was impenetrable (7a).Взяв всё это во внимание, Тюфяев, и тут нельзя ему не отдать справедливости, представлял министерству о том, чтоб им дать льготы и отсрочки (Герцен 1). Taking all this into consideration, Tyufayev —and one must give him credit for it—asked the Ministry to grant postponements and exemptions (1a).Дорн:) Да, её папенька порядочная таки скотина, надо отдать ему полную справедливость (Чехов 6). (D.:) Yes, her papa is rather a beast, I must grant him that (6d).Кончилось всё это тем, что Иванов соорудил камеру и в неё действительно уловил красный луч. И надо отдать справедливость, уловил мастерски: луч вышел жирный, сантиметра 4 в поперечнике, острый и сильный (Булгаков 10). This all ended with Ivanov finishing the construction of a chamber and actually capturing the red ray in it. And in all justice, it was an expert job: the ray came out thick,-almost four centimeters in diameter-sharp and powerful (10b).Мне приятно было думать, что Зинаида не может, однако, не отдать справедливости моей решимости, моему героизму... (Тургенев 3). I was glad to think that Zinaida could not but recognise my resolution, my heroism (3a). -
67 отдавать должное
[VP; subj: human; often infin with надо, нужно; fixed WO]=====⇒ to appreciate s.o. or sth., acknowledge s.o.'s merit, abilities, skills etc:- (Y is...,) you've got to < X must> grant him that;- in all justice (fairness < to Y>)...;- [usu. when contrasted with the preceding statement] ... (but) to do Y justice;- [in limited contexts] let us give credit where credit is due;|| нельзя < X не может> не отдать Y-y должное≈ X cannot but recognize thing Y (person Y's abilities, achievements etc).♦ Гартвиг - человек особый. В чем-то я ему завидовал, за что-то глубоко его презирал... Но, разумеется, и отдавал ему должное: свой предмет он знает великолепно, и, главное, знает то, что нужно знать, и Кирилла натаскал здорово (Трифонов 5). Gartwig was no ordinary individual. There were some things about him I envied, and other things I was deeply contemptuous of....But I did of course give him his due: he knew his subject inside and out, and more to the point, he knew what it was necessary to know and did a fine job of coaching Kirill (5a).♦ Марлен Михайлович... внимательно следил за лицами всей компании... Чаще всего взгляд Марлена Михайловича задерживался на "Видном лице" и всякий раз он отдавал ему должное - никак не проникнешь за эту маску (Аксёнов 7). Marlen Mikhailovich...kept close tabs on the faces of the entire crew....The Important Personage received more than his share of attention, of course, and Marlen Mikhailovich had to hand it to him; that mask of his was impenetrable (7a).♦ Взяв всё это во внимание, Тюфяев, и тут нельзя ему не отдать справедливости, представлял министерству о том, чтоб им дать льготы и отсрочки (Герцен 1). Taking all this into consideration, Tyufayev - and one must give him credit for it - asked the Ministry to grant postponements and exemptions (1a).♦ [Дорн:] Да, её папенька порядочная таки скотина, надо отдать ему полную справедливость (Чехов 6). [D.:] Yes, her papa is rather a beast, I must grant him that (6d).♦ Кончилось всё это тем, что Иванов соорудил камеру и в неё действительно уловил красный луч. И надо отдать справедливость, уловил мастерски: луч вышел жирный, сантиметра 4 в поперечнике, острый и сильный (Булгаков 10). This all ended with Ivanov finishing the construction of a chamber and actually capturing the red ray in it. And in all justice, it was an expert job: the ray came out thick,-almost four centimeters in diameter-sharp and powerful (10b).♦ Мне приятно было думать, что Зинаида не может, однако, не отдать справедливости моей решимости, моему героизму... (Тургенев 3). I was glad to think that Zinaida could not but recognise my resolution, my heroism (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > отдавать должное
-
68 отдавать должную справедливость
[VP; subj: human; often infin with надо, нужно; fixed WO]=====⇒ to appreciate s.o. or sth., acknowledge s.o.'s merit, abilities, skills etc:- (Y is...,) you've got to < X must> grant him that;- in all justice (fairness < to Y>)...;- [usu. when contrasted with the preceding statement] ... (but) to do Y justice;- [in limited contexts] let us give credit where credit is due;|| нельзя < X не может> не отдать Y-y должное≈ X cannot but recognize thing Y (person Y's abilities, achievements etc).♦ Гартвиг - человек особый. В чем-то я ему завидовал, за что-то глубоко его презирал... Но, разумеется, и отдавал ему должное: свой предмет он знает великолепно, и, главное, знает то, что нужно знать, и Кирилла натаскал здорово (Трифонов 5). Gartwig was no ordinary individual. There were some things about him I envied, and other things I was deeply contemptuous of....But I did of course give him his due: he knew his subject inside and out, and more to the point, he knew what it was necessary to know and did a fine job of coaching Kirill (5a).♦ Марлен Михайлович... внимательно следил за лицами всей компании... Чаще всего взгляд Марлена Михайловича задерживался на "Видном лице" и всякий раз он отдавал ему должное - никак не проникнешь за эту маску (Аксёнов 7). Marlen Mikhailovich...kept close tabs on the faces of the entire crew....The Important Personage received more than his share of attention, of course, and Marlen Mikhailovich had to hand it to him; that mask of his was impenetrable (7a).♦ Взяв всё это во внимание, Тюфяев, и тут нельзя ему не отдать справедливости, представлял министерству о том, чтоб им дать льготы и отсрочки (Герцен 1). Taking all this into consideration, Tyufayev - and one must give him credit for it - asked the Ministry to grant postponements and exemptions (1a).♦ [Дорн:] Да, её папенька порядочная таки скотина, надо отдать ему полную справедливость (Чехов 6). [D.:] Yes, her papa is rather a beast, I must grant him that (6d).♦ Кончилось всё это тем, что Иванов соорудил камеру и в неё действительно уловил красный луч. И надо отдать справедливость, уловил мастерски: луч вышел жирный, сантиметра 4 в поперечнике, острый и сильный (Булгаков 10). This all ended with Ivanov finishing the construction of a chamber and actually capturing the red ray in it. And in all justice, it was an expert job: the ray came out thick,-almost four centimeters in diameter-sharp and powerful (10b).♦ Мне приятно было думать, что Зинаида не может, однако, не отдать справедливости моей решимости, моему героизму... (Тургенев 3). I was glad to think that Zinaida could not but recognise my resolution, my heroism (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > отдавать должную справедливость
-
69 отдавать полную справедливость
[VP; subj: human; often infin with надо, нужно; fixed WO]=====⇒ to appreciate s.o. or sth., acknowledge s.o.'s merit, abilities, skills etc:- (Y is...,) you've got to < X must> grant him that;- in all justice (fairness < to Y>)...;- [usu. when contrasted with the preceding statement] ... (but) to do Y justice;- [in limited contexts] let us give credit where credit is due;|| нельзя < X не может> не отдать Y-y должное≈ X cannot but recognize thing Y (person Y's abilities, achievements etc).♦ Гартвиг - человек особый. В чем-то я ему завидовал, за что-то глубоко его презирал... Но, разумеется, и отдавал ему должное: свой предмет он знает великолепно, и, главное, знает то, что нужно знать, и Кирилла натаскал здорово (Трифонов 5). Gartwig was no ordinary individual. There were some things about him I envied, and other things I was deeply contemptuous of....But I did of course give him his due: he knew his subject inside and out, and more to the point, he knew what it was necessary to know and did a fine job of coaching Kirill (5a).♦ Марлен Михайлович... внимательно следил за лицами всей компании... Чаще всего взгляд Марлена Михайловича задерживался на "Видном лице" и всякий раз он отдавал ему должное - никак не проникнешь за эту маску (Аксёнов 7). Marlen Mikhailovich...kept close tabs on the faces of the entire crew....The Important Personage received more than his share of attention, of course, and Marlen Mikhailovich had to hand it to him; that mask of his was impenetrable (7a).♦ Взяв всё это во внимание, Тюфяев, и тут нельзя ему не отдать справедливости, представлял министерству о том, чтоб им дать льготы и отсрочки (Герцен 1). Taking all this into consideration, Tyufayev - and one must give him credit for it - asked the Ministry to grant postponements and exemptions (1a).♦ [Дорн:] Да, её папенька порядочная таки скотина, надо отдать ему полную справедливость (Чехов 6). [D.:] Yes, her papa is rather a beast, I must grant him that (6d).♦ Кончилось всё это тем, что Иванов соорудил камеру и в неё действительно уловил красный луч. И надо отдать справедливость, уловил мастерски: луч вышел жирный, сантиметра 4 в поперечнике, острый и сильный (Булгаков 10). This all ended with Ivanov finishing the construction of a chamber and actually capturing the red ray in it. And in all justice, it was an expert job: the ray came out thick,-almost four centimeters in diameter-sharp and powerful (10b).♦ Мне приятно было думать, что Зинаида не может, однако, не отдать справедливости моей решимости, моему героизму... (Тургенев 3). I was glad to think that Zinaida could not but recognise my resolution, my heroism (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > отдавать полную справедливость
-
70 отдавать справедливость
[VP; subj: human; often infin with надо, нужно; fixed WO]=====⇒ to appreciate s.o. or sth., acknowledge s.o.'s merit, abilities, skills etc:- (Y is...,) you've got to < X must> grant him that;- in all justice (fairness < to Y>)...;- [usu. when contrasted with the preceding statement] ... (but) to do Y justice;- [in limited contexts] let us give credit where credit is due;|| нельзя < X не может> не отдать Y-y должное≈ X cannot but recognize thing Y (person Y's abilities, achievements etc).♦ Гартвиг - человек особый. В чем-то я ему завидовал, за что-то глубоко его презирал... Но, разумеется, и отдавал ему должное: свой предмет он знает великолепно, и, главное, знает то, что нужно знать, и Кирилла натаскал здорово (Трифонов 5). Gartwig was no ordinary individual. There were some things about him I envied, and other things I was deeply contemptuous of....But I did of course give him his due: he knew his subject inside and out, and more to the point, he knew what it was necessary to know and did a fine job of coaching Kirill (5a).♦ Марлен Михайлович... внимательно следил за лицами всей компании... Чаще всего взгляд Марлена Михайловича задерживался на "Видном лице" и всякий раз он отдавал ему должное - никак не проникнешь за эту маску (Аксёнов 7). Marlen Mikhailovich...kept close tabs on the faces of the entire crew....The Important Personage received more than his share of attention, of course, and Marlen Mikhailovich had to hand it to him; that mask of his was impenetrable (7a).♦ Взяв всё это во внимание, Тюфяев, и тут нельзя ему не отдать справедливости, представлял министерству о том, чтоб им дать льготы и отсрочки (Герцен 1). Taking all this into consideration, Tyufayev - and one must give him credit for it - asked the Ministry to grant postponements and exemptions (1a).♦ [Дорн:] Да, её папенька порядочная таки скотина, надо отдать ему полную справедливость (Чехов 6). [D.:] Yes, her papa is rather a beast, I must grant him that (6d).♦ Кончилось всё это тем, что Иванов соорудил камеру и в неё действительно уловил красный луч. И надо отдать справедливость, уловил мастерски: луч вышел жирный, сантиметра 4 в поперечнике, острый и сильный (Булгаков 10). This all ended with Ivanov finishing the construction of a chamber and actually capturing the red ray in it. And in all justice, it was an expert job: the ray came out thick,-almost four centimeters in diameter-sharp and powerful (10b).♦ Мне приятно было думать, что Зинаида не может, однако, не отдать справедливости моей решимости, моему героизму... (Тургенев 3). I was glad to think that Zinaida could not but recognise my resolution, my heroism (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > отдавать справедливость
-
71 отдать должное
[VP; subj: human; often infin with надо, нужно; fixed WO]=====⇒ to appreciate s.o. or sth., acknowledge s.o.'s merit, abilities, skills etc:- (Y is...,) you've got to < X must> grant him that;- in all justice (fairness < to Y>)...;- [usu. when contrasted with the preceding statement] ... (but) to do Y justice;- [in limited contexts] let us give credit where credit is due;|| нельзя < X не может> не отдать Y-y должное≈ X cannot but recognize thing Y (person Y's abilities, achievements etc).♦ Гартвиг - человек особый. В чем-то я ему завидовал, за что-то глубоко его презирал... Но, разумеется, и отдавал ему должное: свой предмет он знает великолепно, и, главное, знает то, что нужно знать, и Кирилла натаскал здорово (Трифонов 5). Gartwig was no ordinary individual. There were some things about him I envied, and other things I was deeply contemptuous of....But I did of course give him his due: he knew his subject inside and out, and more to the point, he knew what it was necessary to know and did a fine job of coaching Kirill (5a).♦ Марлен Михайлович... внимательно следил за лицами всей компании... Чаще всего взгляд Марлена Михайловича задерживался на "Видном лице" и всякий раз он отдавал ему должное - никак не проникнешь за эту маску (Аксёнов 7). Marlen Mikhailovich...kept close tabs on the faces of the entire crew....The Important Personage received more than his share of attention, of course, and Marlen Mikhailovich had to hand it to him; that mask of his was impenetrable (7a).♦ Взяв всё это во внимание, Тюфяев, и тут нельзя ему не отдать справедливости, представлял министерству о том, чтоб им дать льготы и отсрочки (Герцен 1). Taking all this into consideration, Tyufayev - and one must give him credit for it - asked the Ministry to grant postponements and exemptions (1a).♦ [Дорн:] Да, её папенька порядочная таки скотина, надо отдать ему полную справедливость (Чехов 6). [D.:] Yes, her papa is rather a beast, I must grant him that (6d).♦ Кончилось всё это тем, что Иванов соорудил камеру и в неё действительно уловил красный луч. И надо отдать справедливость, уловил мастерски: луч вышел жирный, сантиметра 4 в поперечнике, острый и сильный (Булгаков 10). This all ended with Ivanov finishing the construction of a chamber and actually capturing the red ray in it. And in all justice, it was an expert job: the ray came out thick,-almost four centimeters in diameter-sharp and powerful (10b).♦ Мне приятно было думать, что Зинаида не может, однако, не отдать справедливости моей решимости, моему героизму... (Тургенев 3). I was glad to think that Zinaida could not but recognise my resolution, my heroism (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > отдать должное
-
72 отдать должную справедливость
[VP; subj: human; often infin with надо, нужно; fixed WO]=====⇒ to appreciate s.o. or sth., acknowledge s.o.'s merit, abilities, skills etc:- (Y is...,) you've got to < X must> grant him that;- in all justice (fairness < to Y>)...;- [usu. when contrasted with the preceding statement] ... (but) to do Y justice;- [in limited contexts] let us give credit where credit is due;|| нельзя < X не может> не отдать Y-y должное≈ X cannot but recognize thing Y (person Y's abilities, achievements etc).♦ Гартвиг - человек особый. В чем-то я ему завидовал, за что-то глубоко его презирал... Но, разумеется, и отдавал ему должное: свой предмет он знает великолепно, и, главное, знает то, что нужно знать, и Кирилла натаскал здорово (Трифонов 5). Gartwig was no ordinary individual. There were some things about him I envied, and other things I was deeply contemptuous of....But I did of course give him his due: he knew his subject inside and out, and more to the point, he knew what it was necessary to know and did a fine job of coaching Kirill (5a).♦ Марлен Михайлович... внимательно следил за лицами всей компании... Чаще всего взгляд Марлена Михайловича задерживался на "Видном лице" и всякий раз он отдавал ему должное - никак не проникнешь за эту маску (Аксёнов 7). Marlen Mikhailovich...kept close tabs on the faces of the entire crew....The Important Personage received more than his share of attention, of course, and Marlen Mikhailovich had to hand it to him; that mask of his was impenetrable (7a).♦ Взяв всё это во внимание, Тюфяев, и тут нельзя ему не отдать справедливости, представлял министерству о том, чтоб им дать льготы и отсрочки (Герцен 1). Taking all this into consideration, Tyufayev - and one must give him credit for it - asked the Ministry to grant postponements and exemptions (1a).♦ [Дорн:] Да, её папенька порядочная таки скотина, надо отдать ему полную справедливость (Чехов 6). [D.:] Yes, her papa is rather a beast, I must grant him that (6d).♦ Кончилось всё это тем, что Иванов соорудил камеру и в неё действительно уловил красный луч. И надо отдать справедливость, уловил мастерски: луч вышел жирный, сантиметра 4 в поперечнике, острый и сильный (Булгаков 10). This all ended with Ivanov finishing the construction of a chamber and actually capturing the red ray in it. And in all justice, it was an expert job: the ray came out thick,-almost four centimeters in diameter-sharp and powerful (10b).♦ Мне приятно было думать, что Зинаида не может, однако, не отдать справедливости моей решимости, моему героизму... (Тургенев 3). I was glad to think that Zinaida could not but recognise my resolution, my heroism (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > отдать должную справедливость
-
73 отдать полную справедливость
[VP; subj: human; often infin with надо, нужно; fixed WO]=====⇒ to appreciate s.o. or sth., acknowledge s.o.'s merit, abilities, skills etc:- (Y is...,) you've got to < X must> grant him that;- in all justice (fairness < to Y>)...;- [usu. when contrasted with the preceding statement] ... (but) to do Y justice;- [in limited contexts] let us give credit where credit is due;|| нельзя < X не может> не отдать Y-y должное≈ X cannot but recognize thing Y (person Y's abilities, achievements etc).♦ Гартвиг - человек особый. В чем-то я ему завидовал, за что-то глубоко его презирал... Но, разумеется, и отдавал ему должное: свой предмет он знает великолепно, и, главное, знает то, что нужно знать, и Кирилла натаскал здорово (Трифонов 5). Gartwig was no ordinary individual. There were some things about him I envied, and other things I was deeply contemptuous of....But I did of course give him his due: he knew his subject inside and out, and more to the point, he knew what it was necessary to know and did a fine job of coaching Kirill (5a).♦ Марлен Михайлович... внимательно следил за лицами всей компании... Чаще всего взгляд Марлена Михайловича задерживался на "Видном лице" и всякий раз он отдавал ему должное - никак не проникнешь за эту маску (Аксёнов 7). Marlen Mikhailovich...kept close tabs on the faces of the entire crew....The Important Personage received more than his share of attention, of course, and Marlen Mikhailovich had to hand it to him; that mask of his was impenetrable (7a).♦ Взяв всё это во внимание, Тюфяев, и тут нельзя ему не отдать справедливости, представлял министерству о том, чтоб им дать льготы и отсрочки (Герцен 1). Taking all this into consideration, Tyufayev - and one must give him credit for it - asked the Ministry to grant postponements and exemptions (1a).♦ [Дорн:] Да, её папенька порядочная таки скотина, надо отдать ему полную справедливость (Чехов 6). [D.:] Yes, her papa is rather a beast, I must grant him that (6d).♦ Кончилось всё это тем, что Иванов соорудил камеру и в неё действительно уловил красный луч. И надо отдать справедливость, уловил мастерски: луч вышел жирный, сантиметра 4 в поперечнике, острый и сильный (Булгаков 10). This all ended with Ivanov finishing the construction of a chamber and actually capturing the red ray in it. And in all justice, it was an expert job: the ray came out thick,-almost four centimeters in diameter-sharp and powerful (10b).♦ Мне приятно было думать, что Зинаида не может, однако, не отдать справедливости моей решимости, моему героизму... (Тургенев 3). I was glad to think that Zinaida could not but recognise my resolution, my heroism (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > отдать полную справедливость
-
74 отдать справедливость
[VP; subj: human; often infin with надо, нужно; fixed WO]=====⇒ to appreciate s.o. or sth., acknowledge s.o.'s merit, abilities, skills etc:- (Y is...,) you've got to < X must> grant him that;- in all justice (fairness < to Y>)...;- [usu. when contrasted with the preceding statement] ... (but) to do Y justice;- [in limited contexts] let us give credit where credit is due;|| нельзя < X не может> не отдать Y-y должное≈ X cannot but recognize thing Y (person Y's abilities, achievements etc).♦ Гартвиг - человек особый. В чем-то я ему завидовал, за что-то глубоко его презирал... Но, разумеется, и отдавал ему должное: свой предмет он знает великолепно, и, главное, знает то, что нужно знать, и Кирилла натаскал здорово (Трифонов 5). Gartwig was no ordinary individual. There were some things about him I envied, and other things I was deeply contemptuous of....But I did of course give him his due: he knew his subject inside and out, and more to the point, he knew what it was necessary to know and did a fine job of coaching Kirill (5a).♦ Марлен Михайлович... внимательно следил за лицами всей компании... Чаще всего взгляд Марлена Михайловича задерживался на "Видном лице" и всякий раз он отдавал ему должное - никак не проникнешь за эту маску (Аксёнов 7). Marlen Mikhailovich...kept close tabs on the faces of the entire crew....The Important Personage received more than his share of attention, of course, and Marlen Mikhailovich had to hand it to him; that mask of his was impenetrable (7a).♦ Взяв всё это во внимание, Тюфяев, и тут нельзя ему не отдать справедливости, представлял министерству о том, чтоб им дать льготы и отсрочки (Герцен 1). Taking all this into consideration, Tyufayev - and one must give him credit for it - asked the Ministry to grant postponements and exemptions (1a).♦ [Дорн:] Да, её папенька порядочная таки скотина, надо отдать ему полную справедливость (Чехов 6). [D.:] Yes, her papa is rather a beast, I must grant him that (6d).♦ Кончилось всё это тем, что Иванов соорудил камеру и в неё действительно уловил красный луч. И надо отдать справедливость, уловил мастерски: луч вышел жирный, сантиметра 4 в поперечнике, острый и сильный (Булгаков 10). This all ended with Ivanov finishing the construction of a chamber and actually capturing the red ray in it. And in all justice, it was an expert job: the ray came out thick,-almost four centimeters in diameter-sharp and powerful (10b).♦ Мне приятно было думать, что Зинаида не может, однако, не отдать справедливости моей решимости, моему героизму... (Тургенев 3). I was glad to think that Zinaida could not but recognise my resolution, my heroism (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > отдать справедливость
См. также в других словарях:
Out of the Silent Planet — This article is about the novel. For the Iron Maiden song, see Out of the Silent Planet (song). For the King s X album, see Out of the Silent Planet (album). Out of the Silent Planet … Wikipedia
The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor — one of the 56 short Sherlock Holmes stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is the tenth of the twelve stories collected in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes . The story was first published in Strand Magazine in April 1892 .The … Wikipedia
The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax — by Arthur Conan Doyle Released 1911 Series His Last Bow Client(s) Miss Dobney Set in 1901, by William S. Baring Gould Villain(s) Holy Peters and his wife The Disappearance of Lady France … Wikipedia
ordinary — [[t]ɔ͟ː(r)dɪnri, AM neri[/t]] ♦♦♦ 1) ADJ GRADED: usu ADJ n Ordinary people or things are normal and not special or different in any way. I strongly suspect that most ordinary people would agree with me... It has 25 calories less than ordinary ice … English dictionary
ordinary — or|di|nar|y [ ɔrdn,eri ] adjective *** 1. ) normal or average, and not unusual or special: He lives in an ordinary house in suburban Melbourne. It was just an ordinary Saturday morning. perfectly ordinary: From the outside it looked like a… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
The Secret Policeman's Balls — This article is about the entire series of Secret Policeman s Ball benefit shows for Amnesty International (1976 2008) : For the original 1979 show that gave the series its name see: The Secret Policeman s Ball : For the 2006 benefit show see:… … Wikipedia
ordinary */*/*/ — UK [ˈɔː(r)d(ə)n(ə)rɪ] / US [ˈɔrd(ə)nˌerɪ] adjective 1) a) normal or average, and not unusual or special He lives in an ordinary house in suburban Melbourne. It was just an ordinary Saturday morning. perfectly ordinary: From the outside it looked… … English dictionary
The Exorcist (film) — Infobox Film name = The Exorcist caption = Theatrical release poster director = William Friedkin producer = William Peter Blatty Noel Marshall writer = William Peter Blatty starring = Ellen Burstyn Linda Blair Max von Sydow Jason Miller and… … Wikipedia
ordinary*/*/*/ — [ˈɔːd(ə)n(ə)ri] adj 1) normal or average, and not unusual or special It was just an ordinary Saturday morning.[/ex] I didn t notice anything out of the ordinary (= unusual).[/ex] 2) not especially good, interesting, or impressive The inside of… … Dictionary for writing and speaking English
The Celtic Rite — The Celtic Rite † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Celtic Rite This subject will be treated under the following seven heads: I. History and Origin; II. Manuscript Sources; III. The Divine Office; IV. The Mass; V. the Baptismal Service; … Catholic encyclopedia
The Sacrament of Penance — The Sacrament of Penance † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Sacrament of Penance Penance is a sacrament of the New Law instituted by Christ in which forgiveness of sins committed after baptism is granted through the priest s absolution to… … Catholic encyclopedia