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1 αποστρακίζω
ἀποστρακίζωbake to a hard crust: pres subj act 1st sgἀποστρακίζωbake to a hard crust: pres ind act 1st sg -
2 ἀποστρακίζω
ἀποστρακίζωbake to a hard crust: pres subj act 1st sgἀποστρακίζωbake to a hard crust: pres ind act 1st sg -
3 αποστρακισθήναι
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4 ἀποστρακισθῆναι
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5 αποστρακίζεσθαι
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6 ἀποστρακίζεσθαι
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7 ἀποστρακίζω
A bake to a hard crust, of a quick fire, Gal.6.484.II banish by ostracism, Hsch., Suid.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀποστρακίζω
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8 κρύος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `icy cold, frost' (Hes. Op. 494, A. in lyr., Arist., Jul.).Derivatives: κρυόεις `horrible, lugubrious' (Il., Hes., Pi.), `icy-cold' (A. R., AP, Orph.) with analogical - ο- (cf. also Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28); s. also ὀκρυόεις; κρυώδης `id.' (Plu., Poll.); further perh. κρυερός `horrible, lugubrious' (Hom., Hes., Ar. in lyr.), `icy-cold' (Simon., Ar. in lyr.); cf. below. - Beside κρύος there are as independent formations: 1. κρῡμός m. `icy cold, frost, horror' (Ion., trag., hell.) with κρυμώδης `icy-cold' (Hp., Ph., AP), κρυμαλέος `id.' (S. E.; Debrunner IF 23, 22, Chantraine Formation 254), κρυμ-αίνω `make cold' (Hdn.), - ώσσω `be rigid from cold' (Theognost.). -- 2. κρύσταλλος s.v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The wordgroup has cognates in diff. languages. On κρύσταλλος, which is Pre-Greek, s.v. The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) Further one connects Toch. B krost, A kuraś etc. `cold' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 155 f.), but the -o- is difficult. One assumed for crusta the zero grade of an s-stem (so this is now wrong or irrelevant); beside it one proposed a full grade of the suffix in IE. *kruu̯-es- (?), Gr. κρύ-ος and in Latv. kruv-es-is `frozen mud'. Now *kruu̯-es- is not an admitted IE formation. It may have been * kruh₁-es-. [Not, with Frisk, to the word for `blood' Lat. cruōr \< * kreuh₂-ōs, Gr. κρέ(Ϝ)ας \< *kreu̯h₂-s-, s. v.] - With κρῡμός agrees Av. xrū-ma- `horrible'; but this word is analysed as * kruh₂-mo- and connected with the group of `blood' (above). One compared κρύος: κρῦμός with θύος: θῡμός, but the implication is not clear. The often assumed basic forms *κρύσ-ος, *κρυσ-μός are improbable (Frisk; does Chantraine accept this?) - κρυερός reminds of Skt. krūrá-, Av. xrūra- `wounded, raw, bloody, horrible', which points to * kruH-ro- (and Lat. crūdus `raw', if from * crūrus). κρυερός may have been rebuilt after the adj. in - ερός, but it can as well be an independent derivation from κρύος; cf. Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 23 n. 22. It might continue * kruh₁-er- (reconstructed above). Chantraine rejects the connection with `blood', as it would not fit semantically (but I think it fits very well) or formally. - A verbal * kreus- appears in Germanic, e.g. OWNo. *hrjósa, pret. hraus `shiver' with the zero grade verbal noun OHG hroso, -a `ice, crust'. On OIc. hrjósa see De Vries Wb., who denies that it has to do with cold or ice. - [Kluge22 s.v. Kruste derives it from `verkrustetes Blut', which must be wrong, s. above.].Page in Frisk: 2,28-29Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύος
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9 κρύσταλλος
Grammatical information: m.Derivatives: κρυστάλλιον `id.' ( PHolm.), also plant-name = ψύλλιον (Dsc.; because of the cooling effect, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 83); κρυστάλλ-ινος `icy-cold' (Hp.), `of rock-crystall' (D. C.), - ώδης `icy, crystalclear' (Ptol., PHolm.); κρυσταλλ-όομαι `freeze' (Ph.), - ίζω `glow like crystal' (Apoc.); further κρυσταίνομαι `freeze' (Nic. Al. 314), prob. free analogical formation to κρύσταλλος after other cases of the interchange ν: λ (diff. Schwyzer 706; ?).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) - As Kuiper FS Kretschmer 1, 215 n. 16 remarked the word is Pre-Greek because of the suffix - αλλο- (all Greek words in - αλλο- are of Pre-Greek origin; there are no Greek words of IE origin with this suffix; it is not - αλ- with expressively geminated λ (as Chantraine often says) and not from κρύ-ος as then the formation cannot be explained. This is confirmed by the variant κρόστ-. The word means `ice' and was also used for rock-crystal, probably because this looks like (a piece of) ice, as it is transparant (in antiquity this was very remarkable). Pliny (37, 23) still thinks it is ice. We now know that rock-crystal is a mineral; it is quartz, a silicate (SiO₂). The semi-precious amethyst and agate are varieties. S. Beekes, FS Kortlandt.See also: s. κρύοςGreek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύσταλλος
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10 σκῖρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `induration, callus, hard tumour' (medic.), `hard, scrubby ground, scrub' (Tab. Heracl.).Other forms: - ρρ-, also σκῦρ-); σκῖρος m., - ον n. `crust, rind, cheese-rind, herdened dirt' (com.); also `hard, white matter, gypsum' (sch. Ar. V. 921, Suid.), in this meaning also σκίρρα (Suid.), γῆ σκιρράς (sch. Ar. V. 921); γῆ λευκή ὥσπερ γύψος Su.Derivatives: σκιρρίτης m. `gypsum-worker' (Zonar., Redard 36). -- Abstractformation σκιρρ-ίη f. `induration' (Aret.; Scheller 56), ἀκροσκιρ-ίαι f. pl. `high scrubby lands' (Tab. Heracl.); adj. σκιρ(ρ)-ός `hard' (Plu., Them. a. o.), - ώδης `callous' (Gall., Poll.); verb - όομαι, also w. έπι- a. o., `to harden, to take root' (Sophr., medic.) with - ωμα n. `induration' (Dsc.). - ωσις f. `id.' (Sor., Gal.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unexplained. Cf. σκῦρος. -- Furnée 387 takes the word a Pre-Greek, which seems quite prob.Page in Frisk: 2,734Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκῖρος
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11 ὀστρακόω
II make the skin hard like shell,ὀ. τὸ δέρμα Arist.Pr. 869b25
:—[voice] Pass., become covered with a hard shell, Lyc.89; so of bread baked to a crust, Gal.14.50.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὀστρακόω
См. также в других словарях:
hard-crust bread — хлеб с твердой коркой tea bread хлеб к чаю rye bread ржаной хлеб egg bread сдобный хлеб heavy bread сырой хлеб white bread белый хлеб … English-Russian travelling dictionary
Crust — Crust, v. i. To gather or contract into a hard crust; to become incrusted. [1913 Webster] The place that was burnt . . . crusted and healed. Temple. [1913 Webster] || … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
hard roll — noun yeast raised roll with a hard crust • Syn: ↑Vienna roll • Hypernyms: ↑bun, ↑roll … Useful english dictionary
crust´like´ — crust «kruhst», noun, verb. –n. 1. the hard, outside part of bread: »Baking makes the crust hard and dry to protect the crumb inside. 2. a) a piece of this: »The boy was told to eat the crusts of his sandwich. b) any hard, dry piece of bread. 3.… … Useful english dictionary
crust´less — crust «kruhst», noun, verb. –n. 1. the hard, outside part of bread: »Baking makes the crust hard and dry to protect the crumb inside. 2. a) a piece of this: »The boy was told to eat the crusts of his sandwich. b) any hard, dry piece of bread. 3.… … Useful english dictionary
Crust — (kr?st), n. [L. crusta: cf. OF. crouste, F. cro[^u]te; prob. akin to Gr. ????? ice, E. crystal, from the same root as E. crude, raw. See {Raw}, and cf. {Custard}.] 1. The hard external coat or covering of anything; the hard exterior surface or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
crust — [krʌst] n [U and C] [Date: 1300 1400; : Latin; Origin: crusta crust, shell ] 1.) the hard brown outer surface of bread ▪ sandwiches with the crusts cut off 2.) the baked outer part of foods such as ↑pies or ↑pizzas ▪ a thin crust pizza 3.) a thin … Dictionary of contemporary English
crust — [krust] n. [ME cruste < OFr or L: OFr crouste < L crusta: for IE base see CRUDE] 1. a) the hard, crisp outer part of bread b) a piece of this c) any dry, hard piece of bread 2. the pastry shell of a pie … English World dictionary
Crust punk — Stylistic origins Anarcho punk Extreme metal[1] Hardcore punk[1] D beat[2] … Wikipedia
crust — [ krʌst ] noun count or uncount * 1. ) the hard brown outer part of a LOAF of bread: a crust of bread: Sparrows pecked at a crust of bread. 2. ) a layer of cooked PASTRY that forms the outer part of a PIE. The inner part is called the filling. 3 … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
crust — early 14c., hard outer part of bread, from O.Fr. crouste (13c., Mod.Fr. croûte) and directly from L. crusta rind, crust, shell, bark, from PIE *krus to that which has been hardened, from root *kreus to begin to freeze, form a crust (Cf. Skt. krud … Etymology dictionary