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101 Latin
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102 negative
negative [ˈnegətɪv]1. adjectivenégatif ; [effect, influence] néfaste2. noun• "negative" (as answer) « négatif »c. (Photography) négatif m3. compounds* * *['negətɪv] 1.1) ( refusal) réponse f négativeto answer ou reply in the negative — répondre par la négative
2) Photography, Electricity négatif m3) Linguistics négation f2.1) gen (negating, unpleasant, pessimistic) négatif/-ive; [effect, influence] néfaste2) Photography en négatif -
103 neuter
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104 passive
passive [ˈpæsɪv]1. adjectivea. ( = unresponsive) passifb. [vocabulary, understanding, tense] passif ; [verb] au passif2. noun3. compounds* * *['pæsɪv] 1.noun Linguistics2.the passive — le passif, la voix passive
adjective ( all contexts) passif/-ive -
105 past
past [pα:st]1. nouna. passé m• in the past, many of these babies would have died autrefois, beaucoup de ces bébés seraient morts• new vaccines could make these illnesses a thing of the past de nouveaux vaccins pourraient faire disparaître ces maladiesb. ( = tense) passé m2. adjectivea. passé3. prepositionb. ( = beyond in space) au delà de• I think we've gone past it ( = missed it) je pense que nous l'avons dépasséc. ( = in front of) devantd. ( = beyond limits of) I'm past caring j'ai cessé de m'en faire4. adverb━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ devant• to go or walk past passer5. compounds• to be a past master at doing sth avoir l'art de faire qch ► past participle noun participe m passé* * *Note: For a full set of translations for past used in clocktime consult the Usage Note[pɑːst], US [pæst] 1.1) gen passé m2) Linguistics (also past tense) passé m2.1) ( preceding) dernier/-ière2) ( former) [times, achievements, problems, experience] passé; [president, incumbent] ancien/-ienne; [government] précédentin times past — autrefois, jadis
3) ( finished)3.1) ( moving)to walk ou go past somebody/something — passer devant quelqu'un/quelque chose
2) ( in time)3) ( beyond in position) après4) ( beyond a certain level)the temperature soared past 40°C — la température est montée brutalement à plus de 40°C
5) ( beyond scope of)4.1) ( onwards)to go ou walk past — passer
2) ( ago)••to be past it — (colloq) avoir passé l'âge
to be past its best — [food] être un peu avancé; [wine] être un peu éventé
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106 perfect
1. adjectivea. ( = ideal) parfaitb. ( = complete) he's a perfect stranger to me il m'est complètement inconnu2. noun[+ technique, method] mettre au point ; [+ product, design] perfectionner4. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✦ Lorsque perfect est un adjectif, l'accent tombe sur la première syllabe: ˈpɜ:fɪkt, lorsque c'est un verbe, sur la seconde: pəˈfekt.* * *1. ['pɜːfɪkt]noun Linguistics parfait m2. ['pɜːfɪkt]1) ( flawless) gen parfait ( for pour); [choice, holiday, moment, name, opportunity, place, partner, solution] idéal ( for pour); [hostess] exemplaire2) ( total) [stranger, fool] parfait (before n); [pest] véritable (before n)3) Linguistics3. [pə'fekt]transitive verb perfectionner -
107 Secondary schools
Plusieurs types d'établissements dispensent un enseignement secondaire au Royaume-Uni: Comprehensive schools: écoles publiques mixtes où la scolarité est gratuite. Elles représentent environ 85% des établissements secondaires. Grammar schools: écoles publiques ou privées, rarement mixtes. Les élèves y sont généralement admis à l'issue d'un examen d'entrée. Public schools ( private schools en Écosse): écoles privées qui sont généralement des internats. Les frais de scolarité y sont très élevés, mais elles accordent parfois des bourses d'études. Secondary modern schools (Hist): écoles publiques à orientation plus technique que les précédentes. Public schools -
108 singular
singular [ˈsɪŋgjʊlər]1. adjectivea. [noun] singulier ; [verb] au singulierb. ( = exceptional) singulier2. noun* * *['sɪŋgjʊlə(r)] 1.noun Linguistics singulier m2.1) Linguistics [noun, verb] au singulier2) ( strange) singulier/-ière -
109 sound
sound [saʊnd]1. noun• I don't like the sound of it ( = it's worrying) je n'aime pas çaa. [bell] sonner ; [car horn, siren, trumpet] retentirb. ( = suggest by sound) it sounds empty (au son) on dirait que c'est videc. ( = seem) sembler (être)• how does it sound to you? qu'en penses-tu ?sonner ; [+ trumpet] sonner de4. adjectiveb. [argument, evidence] solide ; [decision, advice, idea] sensé• he is sound enough on theory... il connaît très bien la théorie...• sound sense bon sens mc. [sleep] profond5. adverb6. compounds[recording] sonore• to break the sound barrier franchir le mur du son ► sound bite noun petite phrase f (prononcée par un homme politique et citée dans les médias)* * *[saʊnd] 1.1) Physics, Television, Radio son m2) ( noise) gen bruit m; (of bell, instrument, voice) son m3) fig ( impression from hearsay)a 24 hour flight? I don't like the sound of that! — un vol de 24 heures? cela ne me tente pas!; ( when situation is threatening)
he was in a bad temper that day, by the sound of it — il semble que ce jour-là il ait été de mauvaise humeur
4) Medicine sonde f5) Geography détroit m6) Music2. 3.1) ( in good condition) [building, heart, constitution] solide; [lungs] sain; [health] bon/bonne2) ( well-founded) gen solide; [judgment] sain; [sleep] profonda sound move — une décision or démarche avisée
3) ( of good character)4) Finance, Commerce [investment] bon/bonne, sûr; [management] sain5) (correct, acceptable)4.that is sound economics — du point de vue économique, c'est très sensé
transitive verb1) faire retentir [siren]to sound one's horn — klaxonner; lit, fig
2) Music, Military gen sonner3) Linguistics prononcer [letter] (in de)4) ( express) donner [warning]5.1) ( seem) semblerto sound banal/boring — paraître banal/ennuyeux
3) ( convey impression) faireshe calls herself Geraldine - it sounds more sophisticated — elle se fait appeler Géraldine - ça fait plus sophistiqué
it may sound silly, but... — ça a peut-être l'air idiot, mais...
4) ( make a noise) gen sonner; [siren] hurler6.Phrasal Verbs: -
110 standard
standard [ˈstændəd]1. noun2. adjectiveb. [pronunciation, grammar] correctc. [text, book] de référence3. compounds* * *['stændəd] 1.1) ( level of quality) niveau mto have high/low standards — [worker] être très/peu consciencieux; [school, institution] être d'un bon/mauvais niveau
2) ( official specification) norme f ( for de)3) ( requirement) (of student, work) niveau m requis; (of hygiene, safety) critères mpl4) ( banner) étendard m5) ( song) standard m2.1) ( normal) [size, equipment, rate] standard; [procedure] habituel/-uelle; [image] traditionnel/-elle2) ( authoritative) [work] de référence3) (also standard class) GB Railways [ticket] de seconde classe -
111 stickler
stickler [ˈstɪklər]• to be a stickler for [+ discipline] être à cheval sur ; [+ grammar, spelling] être rigoriste en matière de* * *['stɪklə(r)] -
112 element
['eləmənt]1) (an essential part of anything: Sound teaching of grammar is one of the elements of a good education.) élément2) (a substance that cannot be split by chemical means into simpler substances: Hydrogen, chlorine, iron and uranium are elements.) corps simple3) (surroundings necessary for life: Water is a fish's natural element.) milieu4) (a slight amount: an element of doubt.) élément5) (the heating part in an electric kettle etc.) résistance•- elements - in one's element -
113 hammer
['hæmə] 1. noun1) (a tool with a heavy usually metal head, used for driving nails into wood, breaking hard substances etc: a joiner's hammer.) marteau2) (the part of a bell, piano, clock etc that hits against some other part, so making a noise.) marteau3) (in sport, a metal ball on a long steel handle for throwing.) marteau2. verb1) (to hit, beat, break etc (something) with a hammer: He hammered the nail into the wood.) marteler/enfoncer à coups de marteau2) (to teach a person (something) with difficulty, by repetition: Grammar was hammered into us at school.) faire entrer qqch. dans la tête de qqn•- give someone a hammering- give a hammering - hammer home - hammer out -
114 irregular
[i'reɡjulə]1) (not happening etc regularly: His attendance at classes was irregular.) irrégulier2) (not formed smoothly or evenly: irregular handwriting.) irrégulier3) (contrary to rules.) irrégulier4) ((in grammar) not formed etc in the normal way: irregular verbs.) irrégulier•- irregularity -
115 orthodox
['o:Ɵədoks]1) ((of beliefs etc) generally accepted: orthodox views.) orthodoxe2) ((of people) holding such beliefs: She is very orthodox in her approach to grammar.) orthodoxe -
116 progressive
[-siv]1) (developing and advancing by stages: a progressive illness.) progressif2) (using, or favouring, new methods: progressive education; The new headmaster is very progressive.) progressiste3) ((grammar) (also continuous) (of a verb tense or form) indicating an activity that is, was, or will be continuing at some period of time: The progressive form of a verb is be + verb-ing (= be + present participle) (eg is working, was waiting, have been dancing).) -
117 beat
A n1 ( repeated sound) battement m ; the beat of the drum/dancers' feet le battement du tambour/des pieds des danseurs ; to the beat of the drum au son du tambour ;3 ( pulsation) ( of heart) battement m, pulsation f ; heart beat battement du cœur ; 80 beats per minute 80 pulsations à la minute ; his heart missed ou skipped a beat when he saw her son cœur s'est arrêté de battre quand il l'a vue ;5 ( in police force) ( area) secteur m de surveillance ; ( route) ronde f ; her beat covers the town centre son secteur de surveillance couvre le centre-ville ; to patrol one's beat faire sa ronde ; policeman on the beat agent qui fait la ronde ;1 ( strike aggressively) [person] battre [person, animal] ; to beat sb with a stick/whip donner des coups de bâton/de fouet à qn ; to beat sth into sb inculquer qch à qn ; beat some respect into him inculquez-lui un peu de respect ; they beat grammar into our heads on nous a inculqué la grammaire à coups de marteau ; you'll have to beat the truth out of him il te faudra lui arracher la vérité ; I had my high spirits beaten out of me on m'a fait perdre mon enthousiasme ; to beat sb into submission faire obéir qn par la manière forte ; to beat sb black and blue ○ battre qn comme plâtre ○, rouer qn de coups ; to be beaten about the head recevoir des coups sur la tête ; to beat the shit ◑ ou hell ○ out of sb tabasser ○ qn ;2 (strike with tool, fist) [person] marteler [door] (with avec) ; [person] battre [metal, carpet] (with de) ; [bird, animal] battre [air, ground] (with de) ; [hunter] battre [undergrowth] ; she beat the dust out of the rug elle a battu le tapis pour le dépoussiérer ; to beat sth into shape façonner qch ; to beat sth flat aplatir qch ; beat the steak with a mallet Culin aplatir le steak avec un attendrisseur ; to beat the dents out of a car wing marteler une aile pour la débosseler ;3 Mus, Mil ( produce sound) battre [drum, tambourine] ; marquer [rhythm] ; to beat the retreat/the tattoo Mil battre la retraite/le rappel ; to beat time battre la mesure ; to beat time to the music with one's feet rythmer la musique avec les pieds ;4 Culin ( mix vigorously) battre [mixture, eggs] ; fouetter [cream] ; beat the sugar and butter together battez ensemble le sucre et le beurre ; to beat sth into sth incorporer qch à qch en battant ;5 ( make escape) to beat one's way/a path through se frayer un chemin/un passage à travers [crowd, obstacles] ; to beat a retreat gen, Mil battre en retraite ; beat it ○ ! fiche le camp ○ ! ;6 ( flap) to beat its wings battre des ailes ;7 ( defeat) battre [opponent, team] ; vaincre [inflation, drug abuse etc] ; surmonter [illness] ; mettre fin à [child abuse, rape] ; we beat them at chess nous les avons battus aux échecs ; to be beaten at sth se faire battre à qch ;8 ( confound) [mystery] avoir raison de [person] ; a mystery which has beaten the experts un mystère qui a eu raison des spécialistes ; it beats me how/why je n'arrive pas à comprendre comment/pourquoi ; we admit to being beaten nous nous avouons vaincus ; ‘why did he leave?’-‘beats me ○ !’ ‘pourquoi est-il parti?’-‘ça me dépasse!’ ; this problem's got me beat ○ ou beaten ce problème me dépasse complètement ;9 ( arrive earlier) éviter [rush, crowds] ; devancer [person] ; he beat me to the meeting place il m'a devancé au rendez-vous ; she beat me to it elle a été plus rapide que moi ; he beat me to the door il est arrivé le premier à la porte ; I beat my sister to the altar je me suis mariée avant ma sœur ; beat the budget! n'attendez pas les augmentations! ;10 gen, Sport ( outdo) battre [score] ; dépasser [target] ; surclasser [product] ; his score will take some beating son score sera difficile à battre ; our product beats yours notre produit surclasse le vôtre ; it beats doing c'est toujours mieux que de faire ; it beats walking c'est toujours mieux que de marcher ; you can't beat Italian shoes/a nice cup of tea rien ne vaut les chaussures italiennes/une bonne tasse de thé ; our prices are difficult to beat nos prix sont imbattables ; this scenery takes some beating ces paysages sont incomparables ; your manners take some beating iron ton comportement dépasse toutes les bornes ; beat that (if you can)! qui dit mieux! ; that beats everything! ça c'est le bouquet ○ !1 to beat against ( strike repeatedly) [waves] battre [shore, cliff] ; [rain] fouetter [face] ; [rain] battre [window] ;2 to beat at ou on [person] cogner ;3 Physiol [heart, pulse] battre (with de) ;4 ( make sound) [drum] battre ;5 ( flap) [wings] battre ;6 Hunt battre les taillis ;7 Naut louvoyer ; to beat to windward louvoyer au plus près.a rod ou stick to beat sb with une arme contre qn ; if you can't beat 'em, join 'em il faut savoir hurler avec les loups ; to beat the charge US échapper à l'accusation.■ beat back:▶ beat [sth] back, beat back [sth] repousser [group, flames].■ beat down:▶ beat [sth] down, beat down [sth]▶ beat [sb] down to faire descendre [qn] à ; I beat her down to 100 dollars je l'ai fait descendre à 100 dollars.■ beat in:▶ beat [sth] in, beat in [sth] défoncer ; he'd had his skull beaten in on lui avait défoncé le crâne.■ beat off:▶ beat [sb/sth] off, beat off [sb/sth] repousser [attack, attackers] ; chasser [insects].■ beat out:▶ beat [sth] out, beat out [sth] marteler [metal] ; rythmer [tune] ; battre [rhythm] (on sur) ; étouffer [flames].■ beat up:▶ beat [sb] up, beat up [sb] tabasser ○. -
118 element
element n1 ( constituent) élément m ; a key/important element in her philosophy un élément essentiel/important de sa philosophie ; the key element in his success l'élément clé de son succès ; the poor salary was just one element in my dissatisfaction le salaire médiocre n'expliquait que partiellement mon mécontentement ;4 ( rudiment) (of courtesy, diplomacy) élément m, rudiment m ; (of grammar, mathematics etc) base f ;5 ( constituent group) élément m ; the violent element in the audience l'élément violent du public ;6 (air, water etc) élément m ; the four elements les quatre éléments ; the elements ( weather) les éléments ; to brave the elements hum affronter les éléments ; exposed to the elements exposé aux intempéries ;8 Elec résistance f.to be in/out of one's element être/ne pas être dans son élément. -
119 error
error n1 (in spelling, grammar, typing) faute f ; ( in arithmetic) erreur f ; to make a serious error ( in arithmetic) faire une erreur grave ; ( of judgment) commettre une grave erreur ; an error of/in sth une erreur de/dans qch ; by error, in error par erreur ; error of judgment erreur f de jugement ; error of 10%, 10% error erreur de 10% ; margin of error marge f d'erreur ; human error erreur f humaine ; errors and omissions excepted Comm sauf erreur ou omission ;to see the error of one's ways revenir de ses erreurs. -
120 formal
1 ( official) [agreement, announcement, application, complaint, enquiry, interview, invitation, protest, reception] officiel/-ielle ;2 ( not casual) [language, register, style] soutenu ; [occasion] solennel/-elle ; [welcome, manner] cérémonieux/-ieuse ; [clothing, outfit, jacket] habillé ; ( on invitation) ‘dress: formal’ ‘tenue de soirée’ ; ‘assistance’ is a formal word for ‘help’ ‘assistance’ est plus soutenu que ‘aide’ ; he sounded very formal il avait l'air très guindé pej ; formal teaching methods méthodes traditionnelles d'enseignement ;3 ( structured) [logic, proof, grammar, linguistics, reasoning] formel/-elle ;4 ( in recognized institution) [training] professionnel/-elle ; [qualification] reconnu ; he had no formal education il n'était jamais allé à l'école ;
См. также в других словарях:
Grammar — is the field of linguistics that covers the rules governing the use of any given natural language. It includes morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. Each language has its own distinct… … Wikipedia
Grammar — Gram mar, n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr ?, fem. of ? skilled in grammar, fr. ? letter. See {Gramme}, {Graphic}, and cf. {Grammatical}, {Gramarye}.] 1. The science which treats of the principles of language; … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
grammar — [gram′ər] n. [ME gramer < OFr gramaire < L grammatica ( ars, art) < Gr grammatikē ( technē, art), grammar, learning < gramma, something written (see GRAM1): in L & Gr a term for the whole apparatus of literary study: in the medieval… … English World dictionary
grammar — early 14c., gramarye (late 12c. in surnames), from O.Fr. gramaire learning, especially Latin and philology, grammar, (magic) incantation, spells, mumbo jumbo, irregular semi popular adoption [OED] of L. grammatica, from Gk. grammatike tekhne art… … Etymology dictionary
grammar — ► NOUN 1) the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology. 2) knowledge and use of the rules or principles of grammar: bad grammar. 3) a book on grammar. 4) the basic… … English terms dictionary
Grammar — Gram mar, v. i. To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
grammar — is the system by which words are used together to form meaningful utterances. It denotes both the system as it is found to exist in the use of a language (also called descriptive grammar) and the set of rules which form the basis of the standard… … Modern English usage
grammar — [n] language rules ABCs*, accidence, alphabet, elements, fundaments, linguistics, morphology, principles, rudiments, sentence structure, stratification, structure, syntax, tagmemics; concepts 275,276,770 … New thesaurus
grammar — grammarless, adj. /gram euhr/, n. 1. the study of the way the sentences of a language are constructed; morphology and syntax. 2. these features or constructions themselves: English grammar. 3. an account of these features; a set of rules… … Universalium
grammar — I (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) Mode of speaking and writing Nouns 1. grammar; accidence, syntax, analysis, synopsis, praxis, punctuation, syllabi[fi]cation; agreement. See speech, language, writing. 2. a. part of speech; participle;… … English dictionary for students
grammar — [[t]græ̱mə(r)[/t]] grammars 1) N UNCOUNT Grammar is the ways that words can be put together in order to make sentences. He doesn t have mastery of the basic rules of grammar. ...the difference between Sanskrit and Tibetan grammar. 2) N UNCOUNT:… … English dictionary